Journal articles: 'Plastics Treaty'

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Thompson, Richard C., Sabine Pahl, and Emenda Sembiring. "Plastics treaty — research must inform action." Nature 608, no. 7923 (August 16, 2022): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-02201-0.

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Tessnow-von Wysocki, Ina, and Philippe Le Billon. "Plastics at sea: Treaty design for a global solution to marine plastic pollution." Environmental Science & Policy 100 (October 2019): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.06.005.

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Ammendolia, Justine, and Tony R. Walker. "Global plastics treaty must be strict and binding." Nature 611, no. 7935 (November 8, 2022): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-03581-z.

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Courtene-Jones, Winnie, Nathaniel J. Clark, and Richard C. Thompson. "Plastic pollution: the science we need for the planet we want." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20220019.

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Plastics are incredibly versatile materials that can bring diverse societal and environmental benefit, yet current practices of production, use and disposal have negative effects on wildlife, the environment and human health leading to growing concern across public, policy makers and industry. This Special Issue in Emerging Topics in Life Sciences describes recent advances in our understanding of the consequences of plastic pollution. In particular, it examines their potential to act as vectors for chemicals and pathogens in the environment; evaluates the effects of plastic pollution on biogeochemical cycling, ecosystem functioning and highlights the potential for enhanced effects in environments that are already subject to substantive changes in their climate. The impacts plastics pose to terrestrial ecosystems including soil communities are described and evaluated, along with evidence of potential issues for human health. With an increase in the production of plastics labelled as ‘biodegradable’ their context and ecological impacts are reviewed. Finally, we discuss the need to take an integrative, system approach when developing and evaluating solutions to plastic pollution, to achieve the ambitious yet necessary aims of the UN Plastics Treaty.

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Tiller, Rachel, and Elizabeth Nyman. "Ocean plastics and the BBNJ treaty—is plastic frightening enough to insert itself into the BBNJ treaty, or do we need to wait for a treaty of its own?" Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences 8, no. 4 (May 8, 2018): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13412-018-0495-4.

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Kirk, Elizabeth A. "The Montreal Protocol or the Paris Agreement as a Model for a Plastics Treaty?" AJIL Unbound 114 (2020): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2020.39.

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The notion that a plastics treaty is necessary is gaining traction, but there is less agreement as to its content. Some, including this author, have suggested that a plastics treaty should be modelled on treaties such as the Montreal Protocol, which sets out a broad commitment to end the use of a particular material and then introduce regulations to ban particular forms of that material over time. This approach has an immediate appeal—it sends a signal to states and to industry that they must change their behaviors and products, while giving time to adapt to the new regulation and develop alternative materials or ways of working. The potential drawback of this approach is that some states simply will not accept such rigid standards. In addition, some states may prefer a second approach that is more obviously rooted in the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, which assigns different obligations to parties according to their respective capacities. Within the climate change regime, the Paris Agreement takes both approaches, asking states to set their own nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to emissions reductions (common but differentiated responsibilities) and then to revise these NDCs over time through an iterative process to deliver progressively more ambitious targets for emissions reduction (moving toward a ban) or mitigation. In reality, neither approach is entirely suited to regulating plastics, so a new approach to treaty-making is required. This new approach should focus on the outcomes desired rather than the practices that need to be regulated.

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Deeney, Megan, Joe Yates, Rosemary Green, and Suneetha Kadiyala. "Centring human health in the global plastics treaty: a call to action." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 11 (November 2022): e011040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011040.

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Subramanian, Meera. "Plastics tsunami: Can a landmark treaty stop waste from choking the oceans?" Nature 611, no. 7937 (November 22, 2022): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-03793-3.

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Walton, D. W. H. "Waste disposal–expectations and realities." Antarctic Science 2, no. 2 (June 1990): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209000013x.

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Garbage is on everyones' minds at the moment and no more so than in the Antarctic. Thirty years ago it was publicly, legally and scientifically acceptable to burn plastics, to leave rubbish to fall through the ice and to dump hazardous waste into the sea outside the Treaty area. This is no longer the case and the recent turn round in policy poses a number of problems, especially for those countries with long-established stations.

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Gudev, Pavel. "Problems of The Antarctic Treaty System (Political and Legal Aspects)." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 6 (December 2021): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990017873-2.

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The article considers the key factors that affect the stability of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), erode its basic norms and provisions, lead to strengthening of political and legal contradictions between countries and, in general, to a prospective strengthening of interstate conflicts. Among those factors are the attempts of some claimant states to form maritime zones of sovereignty, sovereign rights and jurisdiction in the Antarctic waters and the process of defining the outer limits of the continental shelf within the framework of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf initiated by them. The author shows how justifying their actions with references to the rights and powers granted to them under modern international maritime law, and above all the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, leads to an imbalance of the entire System. The unresolved questions concerning the applicability of the concept of common heritage of mankind (CCH) to the Antarctic, the legality of the formation of maritime zones around the sub-Antarctic islands and restrictions on the exercise of national jurisdiction on the continent itself increase pressure on the sustainability of the established legal regime. It is in the interests of the Russian Federation not to allow the complete destruction of the established system of governance, and if it is inevitable, to be ready to pursue an active policy to defend its national interests.

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Rominskyi, Y. V. "The question of peace in medieval domestic international and inter-principal treaties." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 1, 2022): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-48.

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Solving the current problems of our time is impossible without turning to history. Today, in times of great war, millions of eyes are directed forward, to the unknown post-war future. Without pretending to be able to give any principled advice to contemporaries, the publication introduces how their medieval ancestors stopped wars, concluded peace treaties and organized post-war life. The Middle Ages of Ukraine are mainly associated with the activities of the East Slavic state formations headed by princes from the Rurik dynasty. Thanks to historical chronicles (so-called Litopys or Letopis) and European archives, a lot of information about peace treaties has been preserved, as well as a certain number of originals or copies of peace treaties of the 10th-14th centuries. Practically all of them are currently published and put into scientific use. Such treaties cover the relations of East Slavic state formations with each other, as well as with other states and state formations: steppe hordes, neighboring kingdoms, church military orders, independent bishoprics and self-governing cities. From the available historical sources, we learn about the principle of the current treaty, which was that not only in the event of a declaration of war, but also in the event of a change (death, deprivation of power) of the signatory of the treaty (prince, king, khan, Grand Master of the order, etc.), peaceful relations were suspended until the moment of concluding a new contract or the time of sending ambassadors with the proposal of such a contract. There is no agreement – there is no peace, because there is no one who guarantees this peace. This gave rise to the practice of renewing old treaties without revising them, which was based on the principle of respect for antiquity common to all of medieval Europe. Another principle on which all peace treaties were based is the forgetting of previous grudges. Any conflicts that occurred during the war, during the period of validity of the previous treaty or during the time between the end of the previous treaty and the conclusion of the new one (the so-called rozmir’ya) were to be resolved during the conclusion of peace and in the future there was no need to mention them. Demands to return to consideration of previous conflicts were considered a violation of the treaty and the beginning of war. The Eastern Slavic legal worldview left no room for discussion: there is a time of war (rozmir’ya) and there is a time of peace, which creates a new legal space and should not be burdened by previous conflicts. The article also highlights information about the possibility of temporary peace agreements, the practice of armistice, the possibility of arbitration, the procedure for compensation to the affected population, the participation of princely people in the contractual process, etc. Key words: East Slavic state formations, Kyivan Rus, Old Rus, Medieval Law, Old Rus Law, law-making treaty, International treaty, Source of Law, Legal history

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Vasetsky, V. Y. "The influence of socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries on the development of legal doctrine of Modern history." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-23.

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In the history of the country’s development there are periods in which significant changes in social, political and economic life take place. These undoubtedly include the period of the European Reformation of the XVI-XVII centuries. Socio-political events in critical periods are at the same time the source of development in the legal sphere, when often in the struggle crystallize new, necessary for the development of the state, legal provisions of a doctrinal nature. The aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years’ War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of Modern history, and also to provide a comparison with the peculiarities of the socio-political situation that took place in the Ukrainian lands of that time. It is noted that since the beginning of the XVI century. almost the entire world of that time was covered by the Reformation. First of all, it was a broad socio-political movement that took the form of a struggle with the Catholic Church. Against this backdrop of socio-political and economic change, Protestantism has become widespread throughout Europe, associated with the names of Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. At the same time, the Catholic Church and the Jesuits opposed the Reformation and led the Counter-Reformation. The result of this confrontation was the Thirty Years’ War - the first pan-European war of 1618 – 1648 between the Catholic Union and the coalition of Protestant states. In European history, this war has remained one of the most terrible European conflicts. Historians estimate that more than 2 million military and more than 6 million civilians were killed. Thirty Years’ War in Europe in the XVII century. ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. It is made conclusion that this treaty was the source of modern international law and had a long-term impact on the development of relations between states. Among the most important principles of doctrinal nature are the following: state sovereignty has become a universally recognized legal category; the principle of freedom of conscience is recognized with certain restrictions; the idea of sovereignty and independence of each state was opposed to the idea of a single Christian community; proclaimed the idea of ensuring certain human rights, especially the principle according to which private property and the rights of citizens of a hostile state could not be changed by war. Ukrainian ties with European events of that era also took place. This was reflected in the text of the Treaty of Osnabrück, where Ukrainians are noted as allies of Sweden, and the Treaty determined the relevant international legal status of Transylvania at that time. It is noted that the period of the Reformation coincides with the events in Ukraine, as a result of which the Ukrainian Liberation War began, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Keywords: European Reformation, Peace of Westphalia, legal doctrine, origins of law, the Revolution of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

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Suminto, Sekartaji. "Ecobrick: solusi cerdas dan kreatif untuk mengatasi sampah plastik." PRODUCTUM Jurnal Desain Produk (Pengetahuan dan Perancangan Produk) 3, no. 1 (October 16, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/productum.v3i1.1735.

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Plastics are widely used in various needs of human life, starting from food wrapping material to the needs of automotive materials. Plastic is the most popular material and most widely used as a material for automotive component making, in addition to metal in the form of iron. The most important problem of plastics is the plastic waste that can not decompose naturally. It takes a very long time to clean up plastic waste from the face of the earth, especially since the use of plastic is almost unmanageable. Plastics also make the air temperature hotter day by day, due to its non-porous polymeric properties. At the moment, most products are produced without thinking of where they are going when consumed. Many products are also designed to fail within a certain period known as "planned obsolescence". This design philosophy is the cause behind overflowing landfills, plastic islands in the sea, and becoming a scourge such as packaging and products that clog the local ecosystem. Ecobrick is one of the creative efforts to manage plastic waste into useful objects, reducing pollution and toxins caused by plastic waste. Ecobrick is one of the creative endeavors for handling plastic waste. Its function is not to destroy plastic waste, but to extend the life of these plastics and process them into something useful, which can be used for the benefit of humans in general. Making ecobrick is still not so popular among the wider community. Most people still treat used plastics as household plastic waste, pollute the environment, rivers and pollute everyday life without self-awareness.Keywords: plastic waste, contamination, ecobrick, creative effort

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Ofitserov-belsky, Dmitriy. "Problems and Prospects of the Single Financial Market and the Common Currency of the EAEU." Eurasia. Expert, no. 2 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s271332140015789-4.

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The EAEU Treaty assumes that by 2025 the community countries will complete the construction of a single financial market and will be able to move to supranational regulation. This will increase the overall competitiveness and attractiveness of small markets, optimize processes and cooperation. The article examines the existing obstacles and incentives for the formation of a single financial market, substantiates the thesis about the limits of minimizing transaction costs and the possibility of negative effects of the de-dollarization policy in the EAEU space for mutual trade in the existing economic conditions. From the position of the theory of optimal currency areas, the importance of the transition to a single currency for the development of the economies of the EAEU member states is justified.

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Biati, Lilit, Ridwan, and Arif Hariyanto. "PEMANFAATAN SAMPAH MENJADI DEKORASI BUNGA GUNA UNTUK MEMINIMALISIR SAMPAH DAN MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN EKONOMI SAMPINGAN PADA IBU-IBU PKK DI DUSUN PAELOAN DESA SUMBERBARU." As-Sidanah : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/assidanah.v2i2.926.

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the use of plastics can provide convenience and practicality, plastic also has a particularly bad impact on the environment. Plastics contain artificial inorganic materials which are composed of chemicals that are dangerous enough for the environment. This waste of plastic is very difficult to decompose naturally. To decompose plastic waste itself, it takes approximately 80 years to completely degrade. Currently the government is increasingly active in providing awareness to the public to reduce the use of plastics in life, then providing teaching on how to treat plastic waste into goods that are beneficial to life. Participatory action research has three word elements, all of which have a connection between Participation, Action and Research. In the process of carrying out social change for the better, it must involve all levels of society who are the object or target as well as the subject where the social change must be carried out. utilization of organic waste which can be used as various kinds of valuable creativity and has a selling price that can improve the community's economy, and also make the environment clean and healthy. Making society in a harmonious and peaceful environment. There won't be any problems. The village will be safe and secure.

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Vujic, Goran, Nebojsa Jovicic, Milun Babic, Nemanja Stanisavljevic, Bojan Batinic, and Aleksandar Pavlovic. "Assessment of plastic flows and stocks in Serbia using material flow analysis." Thermal Science 14, suppl. (2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100621031v.

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Material flow analysis (MFA) was used to assess the amounts of plastic materials flows and stocks that are annually produced, consumed, imported, exported, collected, recycled, and disposed in the landfills in Serbia. The analysis revealed that approximatelly 269,000 tons of plastic materials are directly disposed in uncontrolled landfills in Serbia without any preatretment, and that siginificant amounts of these materials have already accumulated in the landfills. The substantial amounts of landfilled plastics represent not only a loss of valuable recourses, but also pose a seriuos treath to the environment and human health, and if the trend of direct plastic landfilling is continued, Serbia will face with grave consecequnces.

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Kaminska, I. V. "Court of Justice of the European Union: historiography of European sources published in the period 1957-1992." INTERPRETATION OF LAW: FROM THE THEORY TO THE PRACTICE, no. 12 (2021): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2021-12-49.

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Before proceeding to the analysis and characterization of foreign publications, all the sources we found were systematized according to the time criterion, according to which all the publications found, which in one way or another examined the Court of Justice, we divided into three periods, namely: I period (1957–1992); II period (1992–2007); III period (2007-present). The division was based on the periodization of the development of European integration, or rather its main stages. And the period – the creation and functioning of the European Communities (from the Treaties of Rome to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty); II period – the formation of the European Union (signing of the Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice treaties); Period III – the functioning of the European Union in its modern form (after the signing of the Lisbon Treaty and until now). Thanks to this systematization, we were able to demonstrate what topics were relevant among scholars in a particular period of development of integration and functioning of the Court of Justice. The main presentation of the material is devoted to the results of the analysis of foreign scientific publications concerning the principles of organization and functioning of the Court of Justice published in the period 1957–1992. We found that most scientific papers were published by scientists from Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, France which account for a significant share of the work of judges and Advocates-General of the Court of Justice. All foreign sources published in this period were analyzed by us on the subject of research and grouped by subject. Thus, we found that in the period 1957–1992.current research topics on the Court of Justice of the EU were: protection of individuals in the EU law and order; methods of interpretation in the decision of the Court of Justice of the EU; judicial control in the EU; the legal nature of the interaction between national judicial institutions and the Court of Justice and their impact on the uniform application of the Community legal order and its organic combination with the national legal order; judicial activism; principles of EU law; the role of EU judges in the development of European integration. Keywords: EU Court, judicial activism, EU legal order, principles of EU law, EU court decision.

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Nura Diana, Anita Intan, Subaidillah Fansuri, and Akhmad Feri Fatoni. "An Experimental Study of Plastic Waste as Fine Aggregate Substitute for Environmentally Friendly Concrete." Advances in Technology Innovation 6, no. 3 (May 27, 2021): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46604/aiti.2021.6930.

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Decomposing plastics, including plastic bottles, is a very difficult process because it takes 50-100 years. Every year, the use of plastic bottles is increasing, but only few people are willing to treat plastic bottle waste. In this study, plastic bottle waste is used as a substitute of fine aggregate and shaped in such a way to have a sand-like gradation. The variations of graded plastic bottle waste are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 12%. The test objects for each variation consist of three specimens. Data are analyzed by using regression and classical assumption test with SPSS program. The results of the data analysis show that there is a simultaneous effect on the compressive strength with variations in plastic waste substitution. The compressive strength decreases with the increase in the percentage of plastic added. Maximum compressive strength is at the variations of 0% and 5% with19.192 MPa and 16.414 MPa, respectively.

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Pawlowski, Ryan. "Heavy Truck Driver Workload Investigation." Tire Science and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 1, 2014): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.14.420304.

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ABSTRACT Driver workload is of growing interest in the automotive society, since the number of in-vehicle technologies and vehicles on the road grows. Operational and environmental factors impact the driver's ability to negotiate a chosen course and place heavy demands on the driver in terms of mental and physical capacity. A key component of the driver's operating environment is the vehicle. In this research, the impact of various tire configurations, for example, dual and wide based, for a Class 8 tractor–semitrailer combination vehicle on driver workload performance is presented. Driver workload performance is assessed during four maneuvers: 60 m radius steady state circle, 120 m radius steady state circle, road course, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization emergency lane change maneuver. Surface electromyography (sEMG) electrodes were placed on the left and right wrist flexors (flexor carpi ulnaris) and right wrist extensors (extensor carpi ulnaris) in order to capture muscle activity during all maneuvers. Peak and integrated values of sEMG are calculated to obtain metrics of driver workload. Results of the study show distinct separation of muscle activity for each tire configuration. Differences in driving techniques were also identified based on the dominant hand of the driver and orientation of the maneuver, that is, clockwise or counterclockwise.

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Rodov, Victor, Ron Porat, Amit Sabag, Bettina Kochanek, and Haya Friedman. "Microperforated Compostable Packaging Extends Shelf Life of Ethylene-Treated Banana Fruit." Foods 11, no. 8 (April 9, 2022): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11081086.

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Plastic packaging preserves the quality of ethylene-treated bananas by generating a beneficial modified atmosphere (MA). However, petroleum-based plastics cause environmental pollution, due to their slow decomposition. Biodegradable packaging may help resolve this controversy, provided it shows adequate preservation efficacy. In this study, we tested the compostable biodegradable polyester packaging of ethylene-treated bananas in comparison with commercially available petroleum-based plastic alternatives. When compostable packaging was used in a non-perforated form, it caused hypoxic fermentation, manifested as impaired ripening, off-flavor, and excessive softening. Micro-perforation prevented fermentation and allowed MA buildup. Furthermore, no water condensation was observed in the biodegradable packages, due to their somewhat higher water vapor permeability compared to conventional plastics. The fruit weight loss in biodegradable packaging was higher than in polypropylene, but 3–4-fold lower than in open containers. The control of senescence spotting was the major advantage of microperforated biodegradable packaging, combined with the preservation of acceptable fruit firmness and flavor, and low crown rot incidence. Optimal biodegradable packages extended the shelf life of bananas by four days compared with open containers, and by two days compared with the best commercial plastic package tested. Microperforated biodegradable packages combined the advantage of improved sustainability with superior fruit preservation.

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Salhofer, Stefan, Aleksander Jandric, Souphaphone Soudachanh, Thinh Le Xuan, and Trinh Dinh Tran. "Plastic Recycling Practices in Vietnam and Related Hazards for Health and the Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 4203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084203.

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Waste plastic today is a global threat. The rapid increase in global production and use has led to increasing quantities of plastics in industrial and municipal waste streams. While in industrialized countries plastic waste is taken up by a waste management system and at least partly recycled, in low-income countries adequate infrastructure to collect and treat waste adequately is often not in place. This paper analyzes how plastic waste is handled in Vietnam, a country with a fast-growing industry and growing consumption. The recycling of plastic waste typically takes place in an informal context. To demonstrate this in more detail, two rural settlements—so-called craft villages—are taken as case studies. Technologies and processes for plastic recycling are described and related risks for human health and the environment are shown, as well as the potential for the improvement of this situation.

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Ashok, K., M. Babu, V. Jula, and Nila K. Mullai. "Digestive impact of cow when ingest plastic waste." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S1 (October 25, 2021): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns1.1597.

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Plastic ruminal impaction is a disorder that allows the ruminant ruminants to aggregate in indigestible plastic foreign bodies contributing to impacted ruminations, indigestibility, chronic tympani, and many others. The ruminants are fed indigestible plastic waste products without discrimination. In the urban regions of the developed world, the disease is mostly found in stray animals. The chemicals in the rumen, which are absorbed in the food chain by milk or meat products, are steadily discharged in the rumen. The harm to human wellbeing is done by these substances. Currently, the only alternative is to detect and treat ruminal impaction due to plastic materials in ruminants for exploratory rumenotomy. Good animal husbandry methods and proper handling of waste plastic are included in the control mechanisms. The present study examines in detail and illustrates its effect on public health on epidemiology, pathophysiology; detection, care, prevention, and regulation of ruminal impaction caused by ruminant plastics.

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Kane, Seth, Abby Thane, Michael Espinal, Kendra Lunday, Hakan Armağan, Adrienne Phillips, Chelsea Heveran, and Cecily Ryan. "Biomineralization of Plastic Waste to Improve the Strength of Plastic-Reinforced Cement Mortar." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 1949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14081949.

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The development of methods to reuse large volumes of plastic waste is essential to curb the environmental impact of plastic pollution. Plastic-reinforced cementitious materials (PRCs), such as plastic-reinforced mortar (PRM), may be potential avenues to productively use large quantities of low-value plastic waste. However, poor bonding between the plastic and cement matrix reduces the strength of PRCs, limiting its viable applications. In this study, calcium carbonate biomineralization techniques were applied to coat plastic waste and improved the compressive strength of PRM. Two biomineralization treatments were examined: enzymatically induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) and microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). MICP treatment of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resulted in PRMs with compressive strengths similar to that of plastic-free mortar and higher than the compressive strengths of PRMs with untreated or EICP-treated PET. Based on the results of this study, MICP was used to treat hard-to-recycle types 3–7 plastic waste. No plastics investigated in this study inhibited the MICP process. PRM samples with 5% MICP-treated polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and mixed type 3–7 plastic had compressive strengths similar to plastic-free mortar. These results indicate that MICP treatment can improve PRM strength and that MICP-treated PRM shows promise as a method to reuse plastic waste.

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Xianglin. "Performance Improvisation of Bituminous Roads using waste Plastic Material." International Journal of Civil, Environmental and Agricultural Engineering 1, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ijceae1918.

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Utilization of waste plastic as a aggregate in bituminous mix results in weak bonding between the plastic and bitumen. This study reports on the feasibility of using plastic waste and chemical additives to improvise the performance and mechanical properties of bituminous mixtures. The selected recycled waste plastics were used as partial aggregate replacement in bituminous mix product. Strong oxidizing mixture of dichromate and sulphuric acid was used to treat the plastic, while the bitumen was treated with a cross linking agent, polyethylene mine. Three modified bituminous mixtures were prepared and the stiffness results were compared with the control bituminous mixture. It was observed that the stiffness increased by 10% for the chemically modified bituminous mixtures. This improvement is attributed to an increase in the bonding forces between the aggregates and the bitumen. Besides, a mechanism is proposed in order to explain the effect of the chemical additives on the increase in the stiffness of the bituminous mixture.

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ARDELEAN, Florin Nicolae. "POLITICAL BOUNDARIES AND TERRITORIAL IDENTITY IN EARLY MODERN CENTRAL EUROPE: THE WESTERN FRONTIER OF TRANSYLVANIA DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY." Territorial Identity and Development 6, no. 1 (August 5, 2021): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.23740/tid120212.

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The last decades have witnessed an increased interest in the research of territorial delimitations in late medieval and early modern Europe. A significant part of the academic debate has been focused on identifying and defining the process of transition from medieval frontiers, perceived as vague areas of contact, to modern linear borders. The aim of this article is to analyse the organization of the western confines of the Transylvanian Principality during the decades in which this state was formed, from the Ottoman conquest of Buda (1541) until the ratification of the Speyer Peace Treaty (1571). Throughout this period, the territorial delimitation of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and Habsburg Hungary was an ongoing process, marked by both military confrontations and diplomatic negotiations. Through a critical reassessment of the most relevant Romanian and Hungarian literature on this complex subject and the analysis of new data from official and narrative contemporary sources, I have tried to identify which were the most important political and military events that shaped the western borderlands of Transylvania. A fundamental objective of my research is to provide an accurate definition for the western region of the Transylvanian Principality, contributing thus to the general debate on the nature of frontiers/borders in sixteenth century Europe.

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Lechleitner, Andreas E., Teresa Schubert, Wolfgang Hofer, and Markus Lehner. "Lumped Kinetic Modeling of Polypropylene and Polyethylene Co-Pyrolysis in Tubular Reactors." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010034.

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The recycling rates, especially those from plastic packaging waste, have to be increased according to the European Union directive in the next years. Besides many other technologies, the pyrolysis of plastic wastes seems to be an efficient supplementary opportunity to treat mixed and unpurified plastic streams. For this reason, a pyrolysis process was developed for the chemical recycling of hydrocarbons from waste polyolefins. The obtained products can be further processed and upgraded in crude oil refineries, so that also monomers can be recovered, which are used for the plastic polymerization again. However, to achieve a scale up to a demo plant, a kinetic model for predicting the yields of the plastic pyrolysis in a tubular reactor is needed. For this reason, a pilot plant was built, in which different plastics and carrier fluids can be tested. Based on the data generated at the pilot plant, a very practical and suitable model was found to describe the plastic co-pyrolysis of the carrier fluid with polypropylene (PP) and low density and high density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE), respectively. The physical and chemical mechanisms of the co-pyrolysis in the tubular reactor are successfully investigated.

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27

Modi, Prof Prabha. "Effect of Recycled Polymer Waste on Paraffinic Oil." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 1879–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39089.

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Abstract: Plastics has become the necessity of our daily life. Its production and consumption has been rising rapidly due to its wide range of application in the domestic and industrial usage. But due to its non-biodegradable nature, it cannot be easily decomposed in the environment and hence is a major issue of Environment pollution. So, nowadays new technology is being used to treat the waste plastic by a known chemical reaction - pyrolysis. Under the pyrolytic conditions and cracking process, the plastic wastes can be decomposed into three different states thereby the converted product can be reused in different processes. The waste plastics consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was pyrolyzed using catalyst and the recovered crude was analyzed and used as flow improvers. The liquid hydrocarbons obtained from the Pyrolysis of waste polymer products was used as diluent to change the characteristics of crude oil. The aim of the research work is to evaluate the change in the flow when blended with the Crude oil of different place. The Crude oil was Blended with the recycled diluents were in different fractions of 5%, 15%, and 25% of diluent. The plastic pyrolysis oil were then tested in a with fractions of 5, 10 and 15 volume% of diluent and their performance and characteristics analyzed and compare with it. Keywords: Catalyst, Paraffinic Oil, Recycled waste, Pour Point, Blended Oil

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28

Ermukhambetova, M. V., and S. I. Mironov. "Fifty years of nuclear nonproliferation: results, problems, prospects." Diplomaticheskaja sluzhba (Diplomatic Service), no. 5 (September 27, 2022): 361–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-01-2205-03.

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The article analyzes the preparation and conduct of the last six Review Conferences on the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) since 1995. At the same time, some historical aspects of the development of the NPT, the most important articles of this treaty are considered fi rst, and the merits of Soviet diplomacy in the formation of the most important provisions of this treaty are particularly noted. The Review Conferences of 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2022 are considered sequentially. For each conference, a brief analysis is given of the international situation that had developed by the beginning of the conference, the positions of States on the eve and during the conferences, as well as what was achieved during each of them. Thus, according to the 1995 conference, it is concluded that this conference was of particular importance for the nuclear nonproliferation regime (NWFZ), since the unconditional achievement of the 1995 conference was the indefi nite extension of the NPT, although the fi nal document was not adopted at this conference. Considering the 2000 Review Conference, it is concluded that, despite all the contradictions between the participating countries of the conference, it ended successfully. The OK participants were able to adopt the fi nal document. The statement adopted at the conference was aimed at the practical implementation of the provisions of article VI of the NPT, which contained 13 practical steps for the implementation of this article. With regard to the 2005 OK, a conclusion is made about a signifi cant deterioration of the international situation on the eve of its holding. The analysis of the events that had a negative impact on compliance with the NPT and led to the emergence of new threats is carried out. Ultimately, it is concluded that the 2005 conference ended in failure because States failed to adopt the fi nal document. On the eve of the 2010 conference, a landmark event was the conclusion of the START III Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States. At the same time, new threats emerged from the nuclear programs of Iran and North Korea. As a result of the conference, no measures were taken to suspend the nuclear programs of Iran and the DPRK, but the participants of the OK managed to form the fi nal document of the conference, which was adopted unanimously. According to the 2015 conference, it is stated that it was considered unsuccessful, since the participants of this conference failed to agree and adopt an IT document. It is noted that the main reasons for this were acute contradictions between Russia and the United States, as well as the tense international situation against the background of the Ukrainian and Syrian military-political crises. According to the tenth Review Conference, which nevertheless took place in August 2022 after its postponement due to the coronavirus pandemic, it is concluded that it also ended in failure, since States could not agree and adopt the fi nal document at it. At the same time, the responsibility for the absence of a fi nal document at the tenth OK lies entirely with the United States and its allies, since the agenda of the NPT Review Conference was interrupted by the Ukrainian issue. In conclusion, the article summarizes some results of the state of the nuclear nonproliferation regime after 50 years of its existence. The forecast estimates of changes in the international situation in the fi eld of nuclear nonproliferation in the period between the last tenth Review Conference and the next one, which will be held in 2026, are given. At the same time, it is predicted that in the next fi ve years, the situation in the fi eld of international relations and nuclear nonproliferation is likely to only become more complicated.

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29

Cheryl Hogue. "A treaty controlling plastic is coming." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 9 (March 7, 2022): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10009-polcon3.

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30

Dey, Tridibesh, Leonardo Trasande, Rebecca Altman, Zhanyun Wang, Anja Krieger, Melanie Bergmann, Deonie Allen, et al. "Global plastic treaty should address chemicals." Science 378, no. 6622 (November 25, 2022): 841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adf5410.

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31

Puiu, Elena, Dumitru Nedelcu, and Lucia Vrajitoriu. "Transport Phenomena in "Liquid Wood" Treated with a Complex Fluid Using the Scale Relativity." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.77.

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Materials are the main substances that have an important effect on company development and require some simple or complex manufacturing technologies. The future use of recyclable materials will become an extremely important factor in all fields of activity. Therefore, "liquid wood", due to its biodegradability and mechanical properties superior to other plastics, could replace some plastic materials in the near future. The injected parts can be obtained using the same injection machines used for the injection of plastic materials. The technological injection parameters such as: injection pressure, injection time, cooling time, mold temperature, etc. are different. A new study of transport fenomena in liquid wood treated with the complex fluid is proposed considering that the complex fluid and agents moving in continuous and non-differentiable curves (fractal curves). Within this framework, the transport equations of mass, energy and impulse are obtained and the fundamental theorems of complex fluid are established at well. In the end, our model and the classical results are correlated.

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32

Bondaruk, T. І. "Pré-souveraineté: Ukrainian content." ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF THE LEGAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE STATE, no. 13 (October 1, 2022): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2022-13-31.

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The article attempts to single out key ideas that preceded the modern vision of sovereignty and to analyze their development in the context of state-legal development on Ukrainian lands. In particular, attention is drawn to such of them as the idea of “own production”, independence and self-sufficiency (J. Boden), the idea of social solidarity and the rule of law (L. Dyugy), the idea of a sovereign people in the state (St. Dnistryanskyi). In particular, their formalization in the privileges of the Union of Lublin is analyzed, according to which Kyiv, Volyn and Bratslav Voivodeships received: guarantees of inviolability of borders, the right to sue under the II Lithuanian Statute, the right to use the Russian (Old Ukrainian) language as the sole language of court and administration, etc. It is claimed that the existence of these rights ensured the further creation of the Russian identity of the inhabitants of Ukrainian territories already within the Commonwealth of Nations and the creation of the territorial and legal model of the Russian (Ukrainian) people. Attention is drawn to the Union of Brest in 1596 as an attempt to implement the idea of social solidarity, the Treaty of Zborivsk in 1649, which recorded the appearance of the Zaporizhzhya Army as a Cossack state, legalized its self-government and, in a certain way, legitimized it on the international arena and the Hadiac Agreement of 1658. It is concluded that it is they who determine the modus operandi of sovereignty or pré-souveraineté and that there is an invariably high index of the “sovereignty instinct” of the Ukrainian society, which confirms its implementation of the main ideas on which the modern idea of sovereignty is based. Key words: sovereignty, ideas of sovereignty, Ukrainian statehood, state-legal process.

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33

Bergmann, Melanie, Bethanie Carney Almroth, Susanne M. Brander, Tridibesh Dey, Dannielle S. Green, Sedat Gundogdu, Anja Krieger, Martin Wagner, and Tony R. Walker. "A global plastic treaty must cap production." Science 376, no. 6592 (April 29, 2022): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abq0082.

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34

Cherebillo, V. Y., S. A. Karpischenko, N. S. Puzakov, and O. A. Stancheva. "Transsphenoidal endoscopic appro ach in the treat ment of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 178, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2019-178-2-10-14.

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Introduction. Spontaneous nasal liquorrhea is a pathological condition associated with defect between nasal cavity and intracranial structures that lead to the expiration of the CSF from the nasal cavity.The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of endoscopic endonasal approach in the CSF leak treatment.Material and methods. For the period from 2008 to 2018, 38 patients with spontaneous nasal liquorrhea were examined and treated in Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, the clinic of neurosurgery of Kirov Medical Institute and Almazov National Medical Research Centre. All patients underwent plastic surgery of the CSF fistula by endoscopic endonasal aproach.Results. Only in 4 cases, there was a large defect, the failure of the closure of which required repeated surgical intervention in 1–2 weeks after the initial operation.Conclusion. The use of autologous tissues (muscle or fat autograft) is the method of choice for repeated surgical plastics of the cerebrospinal fluid fistula or in a large size defect (more than 5 mm).

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35

Kawashima, Nobuyuki, Tadashi Yagi, and Kouya Kojima. "Pilot-Scale Composting Test of Polylactic Acid for Social Implementation." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041654.

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The chemical industry and subsequent value chain of plastics are facing significant challenges from the viewpoints of resource conversion and environmental burden. Now is the time to explore the future direction of plastics, which will require an integrated scheme using resource circulation, carbon neutrality, and a social system to promote after-use treatment under the concept of a circular economy. Polylactic acid (PLA) should help reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as a biobased material and contribute to waste management after use due to its biodegradability if managed properly. That is, it will be necessary to treat biodegradable products appropriately in closed systems such as composting facilities after use and recovery. To realize the implementation of fully approved composting facilities in society, simply evaluating biodegradability in the laboratory is insufficient. In this study, a pilot-scale test using PLA under actual composting conditions was conducted in accordance with both international standards and domestic evaluation methods. The results not only confirm its biodegradability and disintegration, but also demonstrate that the presence of a biodegradable plastic product has a negligible impact on the composting process. The obtained compost did not adversely affect plant germination or growth, demonstrating its safety and high quality. Such a multifaceted perspective makes this study unique and useful for creating a social framework.

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36

Vaughan, Adam. "Ambitious global treaty agreed to tackle plastic pollution." New Scientist 253, no. 3377 (March 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(22)00423-7.

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37

Xu, Zhuo, Victor Ierulli, Ezra Bar-Ziv, and Armando McDonald. "Thermal Degradation and Organic Chlorine Removal from Mixed Plastic Wastes." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 6058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166058.

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Plastic waste accumulation has been growing due to the increase in plastic generation and the lack of infrastructure for recycling. One of the approaches is to treat the mixed plastic waste (MPW) through thermal processes to produce feedstocks for other applications. However, the presence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in MPW would produce HCl during processing and has negative impacts (emission, catalyst poisoning, etc.). In addition, due to the high heterogeneity of MPW, it is difficult to generate consistent experimental data. In this study, MPW was homogenized through double compounding–extrusion and then formed into a sheet to be treated at 400 °C. The solid products at various mass losses were characterized by heat and chlorine content, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental composition analysis. It was found that the thermal degradation of MPW started at ~260 °C. The chlorine removal efficiency increased with mass loss and reached an asymptotic value of ~84% at ~28% mass loss, and the remaining chlorine can be attributed to inorganic sources. A PVC de-chlorination model was developed for MPW using TGA data for PVC and MPW to determine organic chlorine removal efficiency. These results show that PVC de-chlorination was not affected by other plastics at this temperature. As the mass loss increases, the heat content first increases and then decreases. It was found that mass loss is a universal parameter for organic chlorine removal efficiency and heat content. The elemental composition analysis and FTIR spectroscopy also shed more light into the chemical changes during MPW thermal degradation.

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38

Denta, S. M. "Preventing Plastic Pollution with a Global Plastic Treaty and Public-Private Partnership for the Climate." European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 17, no. 4 (2022): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2022/4/4.

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39

March, Antaya, Keiron P. Roberts, and Stephen Fletcher. "A new treaty process offers hope to end plastic pollution." Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 3, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00361-1.

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40

Tonosaki, Minehiro, Koji Kitagawa, and Yutaka Takei. "Mechanical and chemical properties of PBIID-treated plastics." Surface and Coatings Technology 156, no. 1-3 (July 2002): 338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(02)00108-1.

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41

Greenberg, J. M. "Models of elastic–perfectly plastic materials." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 1, no. 2 (June 1990): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792500000127.

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This note deals with a new model of elastic–perfectly plastic materials in which the yield stress is regarded as a threshold above which plastic flow occurs rather than a constraint which cannot be violated. This modelling change allows us to treat a number of signalling and impact problems not solvable within the classic framework of elastic–perfectly plastic materials.

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42

Greenberg, J. M. "Models of elastic–perfectly plastic materials." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 1, no. 3 (September 1990): 225–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679250000019x.

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This note deals with a new model of elastic–perfectly plastic materials in which the yield stress is regarded as a threshold above which plastic flow occurs rather than a constraint which cannot be violated. This modelling change allows us to treat a number of signalling and impact problems not solvable within the classic framework of elastic–perfectly plastic materials.

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43

Noel, Theodore A. "We don't treat air embolism in plastic models." Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 4, no. 4 (July 1992): 348–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-8180(92)90152-q.

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44

Velis, Costas A. "Plastic pollution global treaty to cover waste pickers and open burning?" Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 40, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211069583.

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45

Gjerde, Kristina M., Harriet Harden-Davies, and Kahlil Hassanali. "High seas treaty within reach." Science 377, no. 6612 (September 16, 2022): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ade8437.

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The ocean is Earth’s greatest climate mitigator, but it cannot do its work without biodiversity. Yet, accelerating climate change, unsustainable fishing, and widespread plastic and other pollutants, combined with increased resource demands, are threatening life throughout our global ocean. This is particularly acute in the two-thirds of the ocean (the high seas and seabed below) located beyond national boundaries, and as such, no state can solve these problems alone. Since 2018, member states of the United Nations have been crafting an international treaty to protect high-seas biodiversity and to ensure that human pressures are kept to a level that sustains this variety. Last month, the fifth and supposedly final session of the UN Intergovernmental Conference fell short of this goal. Unfortunately, disagreements on fundamental issues meant that negotiators ran out of time. Achieving a timely treaty requires resuming the dialogue as soon as possible with more visible public and political support to surmount remaining hurdles.

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46

Surya, Indra, C. M. Hazwan, H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Esam Bashir Yahya, A. B. Suriani, Mohammed Danish, and Azmi Mohamed. "Hydrophobicity and Biodegradability of Silane-Treated Nanocellulose in Biopolymer for High-Grade Packaging Applications." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 4147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194147.

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The growing concern about pollution produced by plastic waste and the consequent environmental dangers has led to increased interest in replacing plastics with sustainable and biodegradable alternatives. Biopolymers such as seaweed have been examined for their film-forming characteristics to make edible films for packaging applications. This study aimed to prepare biopolymeric packaging films through a solvent-casting process using natural red seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) and kenaf cellulose nanofiber (CNF), followed by film surface treatment using silane. The hydrophobic properties of the seaweed/CNF biopolymer were examined through water solubility (WS), moisture absorption capacity (MAC), water vapor permeability (WVP), and contact angle (CA) measurements. Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) film spectra clearly showed successful modification of the seaweed film (SF) by silane and the incorporation of kenaf CNF over the surface of the seaweed film. The wettability-related analysis showed positive results in determining the modified film’s hydrophobicity properties. Film degradation analysis using the soil burial method showed a lower degradation rate for films with a higher CNF loading. Overall, the characterization results of the seaweed/CNF biopolymer film predicted hydrophobicity properties. The slow degradation rate was improved with surface modification using silane treatment and the incorporation of kenaf CNF filler with the seaweed matrix. As a result, we found that the seaweed/CNF biopolymer film could be used as high-grade packaging material in many potential applications.

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47

Crépin, J., T. Bretheau, and D. Caldemaison. "Plastic deformation mechanisms of β treated zirconium." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43, no. 10 (October 1995): 3709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(95)90154-x.

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48

Namikawa, Tsutomu, and Shingo Mihira. "Elasto-plastic model for cement-treated sand." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 31, no. 1 (September 7, 2006): 71–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.550.

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49

Cioca, Lucian, Navarro Ferronato, Paolo Viotti, Elena Magaril, Marco Ragazzi, Vincenzo Torretta, and Elena Rada. "Risk Assessment in a Materials Recycling Facility: Perspectives for Reducing Operational Issues." Resources 7, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources7040085.

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Mechanical separation of light packaging waste is a useful practice for improving the quality of the recyclable waste flows and its exploitation in a frame of the circular economy. Materials Recovery Facilities can treat from 3000 to 5000 tons per year of light packaging waste. Concerning the plastic content, this is divided in four flows: PET, HDPE, other plastics, and waste rejects. The last two are generally used for energy recovery. For improving the quality of the recyclable plastic waste, a manual separation is required for reducing the impurities detectable in the final products. However, this practice could enhance the risk at work of the operators, which should be constantly monitored. This article explores the main differences of a manual separation and of a mechanical separation, assessing the costs and the health risk for the workers. The analysis started from the situation in an Italian Materials Recovery Facility, generalizing the context; a future scenario with the application of a mechanical separation is theoretically introduced. The main results obtained suggest that the manual separation plant improves the quality of the material, though increasing the risk of the operators due to the possible contact with sharp waste, sanitary danger, and risk of injuries for the mismanagement of machines, among others. The mechanical separation can be considered a real advantage from an economic point of view, since the operating costs are lower and the investment could be recovered in around 10 years, in an Italian-like context. On balance, on the one hand, the article provides indications for the private sector for improving the management of a Materials Recovery Facility, while, on the other hand, it detects the main pros and cons of both methodologies.

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Kulkarni, S. M., G. T. Hahn, C. A. Rubin, and V. Bhargava. "Elasto-Plastic Finite Element Analysis of Repeated Three-Dimensional, Elliptical Rolling Contact With Rail Wheel Properties." Journal of Tribology 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920643.

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This paper presents an elasto-plastic analysis of the repeated, frictionless, three-dimensional rolling contact similar to the ones produced by the rail-wheel geometry. This paper treats an elliptical contact rolling across a semi-infinite half space. The contact shape and loading: semi-major axis (in the rolling direction), w1 = 8 mm, and semi-minor axis, w2 = 5.88 mm, reflect standard rail and wheel curvatures and a wheel load of 149 KN (33,000 lb). A three-dimensional, elasto-plastic finite element model, developed earlier, is employed together with the elastic-linear-kinematic-hardening-plastic (ELKP) idealization of the cyclic plastic behaviour of a material similar to rail and wheel steels. The calculations present the displacements, the stress-strain distributions, stress-plastic strain histories and the plastic strain ranges in the half-space. The cyclic plasticity approaches a steady state after one contact with further contacts producing open but fully reversed stress-strain hysteresis loops, i.e., plastic shakedown.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastics Treaty'

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