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Journal articles on the topic 'Plasticizers'
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1
Wu, Hailong, Biyun Zhou, Chuanfu Cen, and Yu Cao. "Study on the influence of environmentally friendly plasticizers on the properties of polyvinyl chloride." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2713, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2713/1/012007.
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Abstract In this work, the torque rheology, mechanical properties, migration resistance, thermal deformation, and Vicat softening point temperature of PVC plasticized by four environmentally friendly plasticizers are investigated. The experimental results reveal that the plasticizer’s heavy metal content meets production requirements while falling below the limiting standard. Plasticizer melting points differ, as do the enthalpy and torque of the entire melting process, resulting in different energy consumption when melting plasticizers. Also, the mechanical properties of PVC are not different, but the mechanical properties of PVC plasticized by epoxy soybean oil are the most prominent. Besides, the Vicat softening point temperature of PVC plasticized by four environmentally friendly plasticizers is within the normal standard range, and the migration amount in different solvents is changed in a small range, which will not affect human health.
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Menčík, Přemysl, Radek Přikryl, Ivana Stehnová, Veronika Melčová, Soňa Kontárová, Silvestr Figalla, Pavol Alexy, and Ján Bočkaj. "Effect of Selected Commercial Plasticizers on Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer Biodegradable Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Print." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101893.
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This paper explores the influence of selected commercial plasticizers structure, which are based on esters of citric acid, on mechanical and thermal properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer biodegradable blends. These plasticizers were first tested with respect to their miscibility with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) (PHB/PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB/PLA/plasticizer blends in the weight ratio (wt %) of 60/25/15 were then prepared by single screw and corotating meshing twin screw extruders in the form of filament for further three-dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical, thermal properties, and shape stability (warping effect) of 3D printed products can be improved just by the addition of appropriate plasticizer to polymeric blend. The goal was to create new types of eco-friendly PHB/PLA/plasticizers blends and to highly improve the poor mechanical properties of neat PHB/PLA blends (with majority of PHB) by adding appropriate plasticizer. Mechanical properties of plasticized blends were then determined by the tensile test of 3D printed test samples (dogbones), as well as filaments. Measured elongation at break rapidly enhanced from 21% for neat non-plasticized PHB/PLA blends (reference) to 328% for best plasticized blends in the form of filament, and from 5% (reference) to 187% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. The plasticizing effect on blends was confirmed by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The study of morphology was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy. Significant problem of plasticized blends used to be also plasticizer migration, therefore the diffusion of plasticizers from the blends after 15 days of exposition to 110 °C in the drying oven was investigated as their measured weight loss. Almost all of the used plasticizers showed meaningful positive softening effects, but the diffusion of plasticizers at 110 °C exposition was quite extensive. The determination of the degree of disintegration of selected plasticized blend when exposed to a laboratory-scale composting environment was executed to roughly check the “biodegradability”.
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Hazrol, M. D., S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, M. Y. M. Zuhri, and N. I. Abdul Wahab. "Corn Starch (Zea mays) Biopolymer Plastic Reaction in Combination with Sorbitol and Glycerol." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020242.
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The research included corn starch (CS) films using sorbitol (S), glycerol (G), and their combination (SG) as plasticizers at 30, 45, and 60 wt %, with a traditional solution casting technique. The introduction of plasticizer to CS film-forming solutions led to solving the fragility and brittleness of CS films. The increased concentration of plasticizers contributed to an improvement in film thickness, weight, and humidity. Conversely, plasticized films reduced their density and water absorption, with increasing plasticizer concentrations. The increase in the amount of the plasticizer from 30 to 60% showed a lower impact on the moisture content and water absorption of S-plasticized films. The S30-plasticized films also showed outstanding mechanical properties with 13.62 MPa and 495.97 MPa, for tensile stress and tensile modulus, respectively. Glycerol and-sorbitol/glycerol plasticizer (G and SG) films showed higher moisture content and water absorption relative to S-plasticized films. This study has shown that the amount and type of plasticizers significantly affect the appearances, physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of the corn starch biopolymer plastic.
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Li, Huabei, Xiaolin Wang, Xinding Yao, and Hongying Chu. "Synthesis and properties of chlorine and phosphorus containing rubber seed oil as a second plasticizer for flame retardant polyvinyl chloride materials." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0015.
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Abstract The synthesis of multifunctional plasticizer using rubber seed oil can increase its added value and expand the application field of plasticized products. Recent studies on bio-based plasticizers focus on bio-based raw materials but products lack functionality. In this study, flame retardant phosphate and chlorine were introduced into the chemical structure of rubber seed oil to synthesis a nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic flame retardant plasticizer based on rubber seed oil(NPFP) and apply it to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Thermal stability, limiting oxygen index, plasticizing property, solvent extraction resistance, and microstructure of plasticized PVC materials were characterized. The results showed that NPFP with excellent solvent extraction resistance can significantly enhance the limiting oxygen index and thermal stability of plasticized PVC materials, and can partially replace dioctyl phthalate(DOP) as multifunctional auxiliary plasticizer.
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Song, Hui Jun, and Ke Yong Tang. "Effects of Various Plasticizers on the Moisture Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Gelatin-Chitosan Composite Films." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1202.
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Effects of various types and amounts of plasticizer on the moisture sorption and mechanical properties of gelatin-chitosan composite films were investigated. The films were plasticized with glycerol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), polyethylene glycol 800 (PEG 800), and sorbitol, respectively. With increasig the amount of plasticizers in the composite films plasticized with the fromer three plastizers, the equilibrium moisture sorption ratio increases. For the last one, however, it decreases with increasing the plastizers content. Increasing the plasticizer content decreases the tension strength and increases the elongation at break of the samples, and the type and amount of the plasticizers affect the mechanical properties of the composite films. PEG 400 is the most effective plasticizer in the plastizers studied.
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Syafiq, Razali Mohamad Omar, Salit Mohd Sapuan, Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri, Siti Hajar Othman, and Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas. "Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0028.
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Abstract This work examines the effects of plasticizer type and concentration on mechanical, physical, and antibacterial characteristics of sugar palm nanocellulose/sugar palm starch (SPS)/cinnamon essential oil bionanocomposite films. In this research, the preparation of SPS films were conducted using glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and their blend (GS) as plasticizers at ratios of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 wt%. The bionanocomposite films were developed by the solution casting method. Plasticizer Plasticizers were added to the SPS film-forming solutions to help overcome the fragile and brittle nature of the unplasticized SPS films. Increasing plasticizer contents resulted in an increase in film thickness and moisture contents. On the contrary, the increase in plasticizer concentrations resulted in the decrease of the densities of the plasticized films. The increase in the plasticizer content from 1.5 to 4.5% revealed less influence towards the moisture content of S-plasticised films. For glycerol and glycerol-sorbitol plasticized (G and GS) films, higher moisture content was observed compared to S-plasticised films. Various plasticizer types did not significantly modify the antibacterial activity of bionanocomposite films. The findings of this study showed significant improvement in the properties of bionanocomposite films with different types and concentrations of plasticizers and their potential for food packaging applications was enhanced.
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Fu, Qinghe, Jihuai Tan, Fang Wang, and Xinbao Zhu. "Study on the Synthesis of Castor Oil-Based Plasticizer and the Properties of Plasticized Nitrile Rubber." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112584.
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A series of new environment-friendly plasticizers was synthesized from castor oil and used to plasticize nitrile rubber (NBR). The test results showed that tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength of NBR vulcanizates plasticized by castor oil-based plasticizers were found to be better than that of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The aging test taken demonstrated that the castor oil-based plasticizers could improve the hot air and oil aging resistance of NBR vulcanizates. The thermal stability test illustrated that castor oil-based plasticizers enhanced the thermal stability of NBR vulcanizates, and the initial decomposition temperatures (T10%) were about 100 °C higher than that of DOP. In general, the studies manifested that EACO and EBCO can replace DOP to plasticize NBR and are used in fields that require high mechanical properties, aging resistance, and thermal stability. This study emphasizes the effects of sustainable, cost-effective, and high-efficiency plasticizers on NBR.
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Petchwattana, Nawadon, Paramaporn Kerdsap, and Benjatham Sukkaneewat. "Plasticization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) by Non-Carcinogenic Bio-Plasticizers." Key Engineering Materials 862 (September 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.862.99.
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In this paper, three different plasticizer molecular sizes namely; glycerol (C3), tributyrin (C15) and trilaurin (C32) was used as non-carcinogenic plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The experimental results indicated that all the plasticizers play an important role of PVC toughening. Among of these plasticizers, tributyrin was the most effective for PVC plasticization due to its suitable molecular size. With the presence of tributyrin, PVC was found to tougher and softer which reflected as the increased tensile elongation at break, impact strength and the decreased tensile strength. Morphological study by scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited the localized plastic deformations in PVC/plasticized with 15 phr tributyrin. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed some shifts of the glass transition temperature (Tg) for all the plasticized PVC compositions. The maximum shift was found when PVC was blended with 15 phr tributyrin. Migration test showed that the plasticizers were easily migrated in ethanol. For the migration in water, it did only slightly.
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Jia, Puyou, Haoyu Xia, Kehan Tang, and Yonghong Zhou. "Plasticizers Derived from Biomass Resources: A Short Review." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121303.
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With rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass-based chemicals have been paid more attention. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizers derived from biomass resources (vegetable oil, cardanol, vegetable fatty acid, glycerol and citric acid) have been widely studied to replace petroleum-based o-phthalate plasticizers. These bio-based plasticizers mainly include epoxidized plasticizer, polyester plasticizer, macromolecular plasticizer, flame retardant plasticizer, citric acid ester plasticizer, glyceryl ester plasticizer and internal plasticizer. Bio-based plasticizers with the advantages of renewability, degradability, hypotoxicity, excellent solvent resistant extraction and plasticizing performances make them potential to replace o-phthalate plasticizers partially or totally. In this review, we classify different types of bio-based plasticizers according to their chemical structure and function, and highlight recent advances in multifunctional applications of bio-based plasticizers in PVC products. This study will increase the interest of researchers in bio-based plasticizers and the development of new ideas in this field.
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Czogała, Joanna, Ewa Pankalla, and Roman Turczyn. "Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040844.
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This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhancement in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer performance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend.
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Erdmann, Rafael, Stephan Kabasci, and Hans-Peter Heim. "Thermal Properties of Plasticized Cellulose Acetate and Its β-Relaxation Phenomenon." Polymers 13, no. 9 (April 21, 2021): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13091356.
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Cellulose acetate (CA), an organic ester, is a biobased polymer which exhibits good mechanical properties (e.g., high Young’s modulus and tensile strength). In recent decades, there has been significant work done to verify the thermal and thermomechanical behaviors of raw and plasticized cellulose acetate. In this study, the thermomechanical properties of plasticized cellulose acetate—especially its ββ-relaxation and activation energy—were investigated. The general thermal behavior was analyzed and compared with theoretical models. The study’s findings could be of special interest, due to the known ββ-relaxation dependency of some polymers regarding mechanical properties—which could also be the case for cellulose acetate. However, this would require further investigation. The concentration of the plasticizers—glycerol triacetate (GTA) and triethyl citrate (TEC)—used in CA ranged from 15 to 40 wt%. DMTA measurements at varying frequencies were performed, and the activation energies of each relaxation were assessed. Increasing plasticizer content first led to a shift in ββ-relaxation temperature to highervalues, then reached a maximum before declining again at higher concentrations. Furthermore, the activation energy of the ββ-relaxation constantly rose with increases in plasticizer content. The trend in the ββ-relaxation temperature of the plasticized CA could be interpreted as a change in the predominant phase of the overlapping ββ-relaxation of the CA itself and the αα′-relaxation of the plasticizer—which appears in the same temperature range. The plasticizer used (GTA) demonstrated a higher plasticization efficiency than TEC. The efficiencies of both plasticizers declined with increasing plasticizer content. Additionally, both plasticizers hit the saturation point (in CA) at the lowest studied concentration (15 wt%).
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Duchowny, Anton, and Alina Adams. "Compact NMR Spectroscopy for Low-Cost Identification and Quantification of PVC Plasticizers." Molecules 26, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051221.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), one of the most important polymer materials nowadays, has a large variety of formulations through the addition of various plasticizers to meet the property requirements of the different fields of applications. Routine analytical methods able to identify plasticizers and quantify their amount inside a PVC product with a high analysis throughput would promote an improved understanding of their impact on the macroscopic properties and the possible health and environmental risks associated with plasticizer leaching. In this context, a new approach to identify and quantify plasticizers employed in PVC commodities using low-field NMR spectroscopy and an appropriate non-deuterated solvent is introduced. The proposed method allows a low-cost, fast, and simple identification of the different plasticizers, even in the presence of a strong solvent signal. Plasticizer concentrations below 2 mg mL−1 in solution corresponding to 3 wt% in a PVC product can be quantified in just 1 min. The reliability of the proposed method is tested by comparison with results obtained under the same experimental conditions but using deuterated solvents. Additionally, the type and content of plasticizer in plasticized PVC samples were determined following an extraction procedure. Furthermore, possible ways to further decrease the quantification limit are discussed.
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Hemsri, Sudsiri, Patthamas Bunsripirat, and Punnakit Nakkarat. "Effect of Plasticizers on Morphology, Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption of Wheat Gluten and Epoxidized Natural Rubber Blend." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.287.
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Wheat gluten (WG) plastics are inherently brittle and sensitive to water. In this research, wheat gluten was blended with epoxidized natural rubber containing 50 mol% epoxide group (ENR-50) to improve flexibility and water resistance of WG plastics. Three plasticizers (i.e. glycerol (Gly), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) were used to enhance polymer chain mobility and process ability of WG phase in the blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate plasticizing efficiency of plasticizers on WG. The DSC result revealed that an excellent plasticizer for WG was glycerol which could remarkably reduce glass transition temperature (Tg) of WG. Furthermore, effect of plasticizer types and contents (0, 10, 20 and 30wt% with respect to protein weight) on morphology, mechanical properties and water absorption of the WG/ENR blends was investigated. It was found that an enhancement in ductility and impact strength of the blends was observed with increasing plasticizer content. Among the plasticized WG/ENR blends, the glycerol-plasticized blend provided better homogenous morphology and superior results in tensile and impact properties. On the other hand, the Gly-plasticized WG/ENR blend showed a low water resistance compared with the blends plasticized with PEG and DOP as well as the unplasticized WG/ENR blend.
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Abotbina, Walid, S. M. Sapuan, M. T. H. Sultan, M. F. M. Alkbir, and R. A. Ilyas. "Development and Characterization of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastics Packaging Film Using a Combination of Different Plasticizers." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203487.
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This work aims to develop cornstarch (CS) based films using fructose (F), glycerol (G), and their combination (FG) as plasticizers with different ratios for food packaging applications. The findings showed that F-plasticized film had the lowest moisture content, highest crystallinity among all films, and exhibited the highest tensile strength and thermostability. In contrast, G-plasticized films showed the lowest density and water absorption with less crystallinity compared to the control and the other plasticized film. In addition, SEM results indicated that FG-plasticized films had a relatively smoother and more coherent surface among the tested films. The findings have also shown that varying the concentration of the plasticizers significantly affected the different properties of the plasticized films. Therefore, the selection of a suitable plasticizer at an appropriate concentration may significantly optimize film properties to promote the utilization of CS films for food packaging applications.
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Eslami, Zahra, Saïd Elkoun, Mathieu Robert, and Kokou Adjallé. "A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films." Molecules 28, no. 18 (September 15, 2023): 6637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186637.
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In recent years, there has been a growing attempt to manipulate various properties of biodegradable materials to use them as alternatives to their synthetic plastic counterparts. Alginate is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed or soil bacteria that is considered one of the most promising materials for numerous applications. However, alginate potential for various applications is relatively limited due to brittleness, poor mechanical properties, scaling-up difficulties, and high water vapor permeability (WVP). Choosing an appropriate plasticizer can alleviate the situation by providing higher flexibility, workability, processability, and in some cases, higher hydrophobicity. This review paper discusses the main results and developments regarding the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of alginate-based films during the last decades. The plasticizers used for plasticizing alginate were classified into different categories, and their behavior under different concentrations and conditions was studied. Moreover, the drawback effects of plasticizers on the mechanical properties and WVP of the films are discussed. Finally, the role of plasticizers in the improved processing of alginate and the lack of knowledge on some aspects of plasticized alginate films is clarified, and accordingly, some recommendations for more classical studies of the plasticized alginate films in the future are offered.
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Masamba, Kingsley, Yue Li, Joseph Hategekimana, Fei Liu, Jianguo Ma, and Fang Zhong. "Effect of Type of Plasticizers on Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Transglutaminase Cross-Linked Zein–Oleic Acid Composite Films." International Journal of Food Engineering 12, no. 4 (June 1, 2016): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2015-0289.
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Abstract The effect of using four plasticizers namely ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol on mechanical and water barrier properties of transglutaminase cross-linked zein–oleic acid composite films was investigated. Results revealed that both mechanical and water barrier properties of the films were significantly affected (p<0.05) by plasticizer type. Tensile strength (TS), water vapour permeability (WVP) and solubility (SB) values were all better in ethylene glycol control plasticized films compared to other plasticizers. Furthermore, irrespective of plasticizer type, transglutaminase treatment improved TS while when oleic acid was incorporated into the films in the range of 1–4% based on zein weight, the mechanical and water barrier properties of the composite film were diversely affected. Results from scanning electron microscopy for the 2% oleic acid-incorporated composite films revealed a rough and irregular surface morphology for the sorbitol plasticized films. Overall, ethylene glycol provided better mechanical and water barrier properties.
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Byshko, Mykyta, Seminskyi Oleksandr, and Oleg Zubriy. "Influence of plastificer selection on starch-based polymer properties." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2022.254154.
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Synthetic plastics have become widely used in everyday life and industry but, thus, have become one of the biggest factors in environmental pollution. One of the ways to reduce pollution is to replace synthetic plastics with their natural counterparts. The most common raw materials for the production of natural plastics are starch and cellulose. Starch bioplastics are interesting because they are easily modified and can be processed employing techniques and the same equipment that is used for synthetic plastics.
The peculiarity of obtaining bioplastics from starch is that the original starch is a dry granular material that cannot be molded in its original form. Starch can be molded at elevated temperatures using plasticizers. When heated together with the plasticizer, starch loses its crystallinity. This happens in two stages. The first stage is characterized by swelling and the second involves gelatinization and destruction of the starch granules.
The properties of starch biopolymers directly depend on the starch structure, production parameters and composition of the final additives used. Starches of different botanical origins have different "amylose-amylopectin" ratio, which influences the final characteristics of the product. Good film-forming ability is inherent in starch from ahipa, cassava and corn. Corn starch films contain more amylose and, therefore, have greater moisture resistance but lower modulus of elasticity. Starch with a higher amylose content has higher values of elongation and tensile strength but lower modulus of elasticity. This is due to different sensitivities of amylose and amylopectin to plasticizers. Amylose is less susceptible to the plasticizing effect than amylopectin, so plasticizer molecules interact more efficiently with starch containing more amylopectin. Therefore, a starch film with a higher amylopentin content has better flexibility and extensibility. Amylose influences the gas-protective properties of films. We compared the values of vapor permeability of films depending on different botanical origins and concluded that vapor permeability was higher for films with higher amylopectin content.
The type and amount of plasticizer are important in the production of thermoplastic starch (TPS). The introduction of a plasticizer breaks down hydrogen bonds and reduces the glass transition temperature of starch. At elevated temperatures and under shear forces, the starch in the presence of plasticizers turns into a liquid fluid mass that can be fed to the processes of extrusion, injection molding or blowing. TPS prepared only in an aqueous medium has low mechanical properties. Ethylene glycol, sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, glucose, urea, amides, amino acids and others are often used as plasticizers. The addition of glycerin increases the plasticity of TPS. Fillers plasticized with glycerin absorb much more moisture from the air than films plasticized with sorbitol. This is because sorbitol has the same hydrophilicity and hydroscopicity as pure starch. TPSs containing higher molecular weight plasticizers are stronger and have a higher glass transition temperature but are more brittle.
The mechanical properties of TPS are equally dependent on the botanical origin of the starch and plasticizer used. We determined that these values can differ up to 88 times for tensile strength, up to 25 times for tensile strain and up to 83.2 for the modulus of elasticity. The highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity among the considered materials are achieved in rice starch, plasticized with sorbitol. Corn starch in the composition with glycerin and stearic acid has the lowest values. Starch films plasticized with sorbitol have higher tightness than films plasticized with glycerin. Urea, formamide and ethanolamine work better as plasticizers than glycerin, promoting stronger and more homogeneous films. The strength of hydrogen bonds is correlated in the following order: urea> formamide> acetamide> polyols.
We believe that one of the most important issues in the technology of producing thermoplastic material based on starch is the correct selection of plasticizers, their concentrations, and mode parameters, which are necessary for the material to acquire the specified physical and mechanical characteristics.
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Jafri, Nur Hafifah Nahdirah, Nor Hamidah Abu Othman, and Mohd Firdaus Mohamad Yusoff. "Comparison of Performance and Characteristic of Suberate, Azelate and Sebacate as PVC Plasticizers." Sains Malaysiana 52, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 805–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2023-5203-10.
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Consumer’s health and safety problems that arise from using di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as a conventional plasticizer for PVC have led to the study of the production of alternative plasticizers based on dicarboxylate esters. In this study diester plasticizers based on suberic, azelaic and sebacic acid were synthesized with 2-ethylhexanol. PVC blends with these three diesters was conducted by solvent-casting technique. The characteristics of dicarboxylate esters plasticizers, which were judged to have excellent compatibility with PVC proved and evaluated by mechanical, thermal and migration stability test analyses as compared to DEHP. Improved tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break were observed in plasticized PVC films. Single peak of glass transition showed in all PVC-diester blends had lower range of temperatures, Tg(65.36 °C - 71.90 °C). The first stage of maximum degradation temperature for PVC-D2EHSu, PVC-D2EHAz and PVC-D2EHSe films were recorded at 287.06 °C, 290.83 °C and 281.68 °C, respectively, which exhibited good thermal stability. The good compatibility between synthesized plasticizers and PVC proved that the dicarboxylate plasticizers able to replace DEHP and highly capable to use as either primary or secondary plasticizers in food packaging, medical devices and domestic appliances in polymer industry.
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Tan, Jihuai, Bowen Liu, Qinghe Fu, Liwei Wang, Junna Xin, and Xinbao Zhu. "Role of the Oxethyl Unit in the Structure of Vegetable Oil-Based Plasticizer for PVC: An Efficient Strategy to Enhance Compatibility and Plasticization." Polymers 11, no. 5 (May 1, 2019): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11050779.
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Developing vegetable oil-derived primary plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is still a challenge because of their insufficient compatibility. As described in this work, we report the synthesis of plasticizers through the esterification of polyethylene glycol methyl ether and dimer acid, in which dimer acid is renewable material prepared via a two-step reaction (1) the hydrolysis of fatty acids from soybean oil at 70 °C and (2) subsequent Diels–Alder reaction at 250 °C. The resulting plasticizers, dimer acid-derived polyethylene glycol methyl ether esters (DA-2n, 2n = 2, 4, 6 or 8 referring to the number of oxethyl units per molecule), were blended with PVC. It was found that the tensile properties, transparency, and thermal stability of plasticized PVC (PVC-DA-2n) increased significantly with an increase in the number of oxyethyl units. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that its good compatibility can be attributed to the strong interaction between oxyethyl units and PVC. As the number of the oxyethyl units of plasticizer increased, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the corresponding plasticized PVC samples decreased from 62.3 (PVC-DA-2) to 35.4 °C (PVC-DA-8). Owing to the excellent plasticization of DA-8, the performances of PVC-DA-8 were comparable or better than that of the PVC plasticized using commercial dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP). The simple but efficient method of this study provides a new avenue for the preparation of vegetable oil-based plasticizers for PVC.
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Ruangsuj, Pattarawan, Suwanan Wanthongcharoen, Woraphan Chaisriratanakul, Win Bunjongpru, Wariya Yamprayoonswat, Wutthinan Jeamsaksiri, Watthanachai Jumpathong, and Montri Yasawong. "Hybrid Plasticizers Enhance Specificity and Sensitivity of an Electrochemical-Based Sensor for Cadmium Detection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 6402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126402.
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In addition to their use as an additive to improve physical properties of solvent polymeric membranes, plasticizers have a considerable impact on the specificity and sensitivity of membrane-modified electrochemical sensors. In this work, we aim at the hybridization of two different plasticizers using the electropolymerization technique in the development of a cadmium(II)-selective electrochemical sensor based on screen-printed gold electrode along with cyclic voltammetric measurement. At this point, we first screen for the primary plasticizer yielding the highest signal using cyclic voltammetry followed by pairing it with the secondary plasticizers giving rise to the most sensitive current response. The results show that the hybridization of DOS and TOTM with 3:1 weight ratio (~137.7-μm-thick membrane) renders a signal that is >26% higher than that from the sensor plasticized by DOS per se in water. The solution of 0.1 mM hydrochloric acid (pH 4) is the optimal supporting electrolyte. In addition, hybrid plasticizers have adequate redox capacity to induce cadmium(II) transfer from bulk solution to the membrane/water interfaces. Conversion of voltammetric signals to semi-integral currents results in linearity with cadmium(II) concentration, indicating the irreversible cadmium(II) transfer to the membrane. The DOS:TOTM hybrid sensor also exhibits high sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 95 ppb and 288 ppb, respectively, as well as greater specificity towards cadmium(II) than that obtained from the single plasticizer sensor. Furthermore, recovery rates of spiked cadmium(II) in water samples were higher than 97% using the hybrid plasticizer sensor. Unprecedentedly, our work reports that the hybridization of plasticizers serves as ion-to-electron transducer that can improve the sensor performance in cadmium(II) detection.
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Pazur, Richard J., and T. A. C. Kennedy. "EFFECT OF PLASTICIZER EXTRACTION BY JET FUEL ON A NITRILE HOSE COMPOUND." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85928.
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ABSTRACT Seven ester plasticizers were evaluated in a reference acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) fuel hose compound with respect to extractability resistance to jet fuel. Plasticizers differed primarily in chemical structure (polarity) and molecular weight (monomeric vs polymeric). Plasticizer addition led to lower viscosity, maximum torque, modulus, tensile strength, and enhanced low temperature properties. Exposure to jet fuel caused plasticizer extraction resulting in compound softening due to absorption of the aromatic components in the fuel. The glass transition temperature shifted toward lower temperatures. Extraction resistance is enhanced by optimizing polymer–plasticizer compatibility and by using a higher molecular weight plasticizer. The use of the polymeric plasticizer A-8600 lowers the loss of other fugitive plasticizers, indicating the presence of specific plasticizer–plasticizer interactions. Of the monomeric and polymeric plasticizers, trioctyl trimellitate and A-8600, respectively, display the best combination of plasticizing ability and extraction resistance.
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Govindan, Srinivasan, Maximiano Ramos, and Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily. "On the Effect of Monomeric and Polymeric Plasticizer on Polybutylene Succinate (PBS), Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Films with 20wt%PCL for Flexible Packaging Application." Materials Science Forum 1087 (May 12, 2023): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6t4277.
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Nowadays, biodegradable polymers such as Polybutylene succinate (PBS), Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), and Polylactic acid (PLA) are widely used commercially, especially in flexible packaging applications, but these polymers have certain limitations in their properties. The main aim of this study was to develop biodegradable polymer films with improved performance characteristics. This paper focused on developing and enhancing the characterization such as tensile properties, water barrier properties, and biodegradation properties of PBS-PCL(Polycaprolactone), PHB-PCL, and PLA-PCL blends, with the addition of 5wt% of plasticizer [GTA (Triacetin/ glycerol triacetate), a monomeric plasticizer P1, Ultramoll, a polymeric plasticizer P2; and mixed plasticizer P3 (1: 1 mix of P1 and P2)] for flexible packaging application. The plasticized polymer films (thickness 0.25mm) was prepared by injection molding and hot pressing method, and analyze the characterization such as tensile properties (ASTM D882-18 method), water vapor barrier properties (ASTM E96-16 method), and the biodegradation properties in compost (ASTM D5338-15 method), and seawater (ASTM D6991-17 method) medium, and analysis the effect of plasticizers on plasticized polymer blends. The research shows that compared to polymers blends such as PBS, PHB, and PLA, with 20wt% of PCL, there was a significant increase in tensile elongation by 22%,76.6%, and 139.3%, respectively and an increase in biodegradability by 19.5%, 3.6%, and 38.9% in compost medium, and 22.1%, 1.8%, and 41.0% in seawater medium, respectively, with the addition of all three 5wt% plasticizers (Ultramoll), though the tensile strength and water vapor properties were decreased. The plasticizer study shows that plasticized polymer blends using mixed plasticizer (P3) provide the best overall performance enhancement.
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Ledniowska, Kerstin, Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko, Weronika Janik, Agata Krasuska, Dorota Stańczyk, Ewa Sabura, Maria Bartoszewicz, and Aleksandra Rybak. "Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071295.
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The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers.
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Xiang, Aimin, Hailiang Wang, Di Liu, Songbai Ma, Xing Zhang, and Huafeng Tian. "Melt processing of high alcoholysis poly(vinyl alcohol) with different polyol plasticizers." Journal of Polymer Engineering 38, no. 7 (August 28, 2018): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2017-0304.
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Abstract Flexibile high hydrolysis degree poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films with different polyol plasticizers were obtained by melt processing in the presence of water, and the plasticizing effect of polyols was studied. The results showed that with the incorporation of polyols, the torque decreased, suggesting the improved melt flowing ability of PVA. Higher molecular weight polyols with more –OH groups exhibited higher efficiency to improve the melt flowing ability. The incorporation of polyol plasticizers did not change the crystalline structure of PVA but decreased crystalline degrees. The transmittance decreased with the increase in plasticizer content. The flexibility of PVA films was dramatically enhanced after being plasticized with polyols. The polyols with higher molecular weight possessed a higher stablity in PVA films and resulted in less weight loss during the thermal degradation process. It was suggested that a combination of different polyol plasticizers would be a better choice to obtain the PVA films with overall excellent properties.
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Somashekarappa, H., Y. Prakash, K. Hemalatha, T. Demappa, and R. Somashekar. "Preparation and Characterization of HPMC/PVP Blend Films Plasticized with Sorbitol." Indian Journal of Materials Science 2013 (December 12, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/307514.
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The aim of this present work is to investigate the effect of plasticizers like Sorbitol on microstructural and mechanical properties of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) blend films. The pure blend and plasticized blend films were prepared by solution casting method and investigated using wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) method. WAXS analysis confirms that the plasticizers can enter into macromolecular blend structure and destroy the crystallinity of the films. FTIR spectra show that there are a shift and decrease in the intensity of the peaks confirming the interaction of plasticizer with the blend. Mechanical properties like tensile strength and Young’s Modulus decrease up to 0.6% of Sorbitol content in the films. Percentage of elongation at break increases suggesting that the plasticized films are more flexible than pure blend films. These films are suitable to be used as environmental friendly and biodegradable packaging films.
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Gu, Ning Yu, He Ao, Chao Li, and Yuan Yuan Xie. "The Synthesis of a Novel Plasticizer and its Application in Polymer Electrolytes." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.79.
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Novel four-arm star-shaped (STEO) plasticizer was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and NMR methods. The mixtures of STEO and ethylene carbonate (EC) were used as plasticizers in polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based polymer electrolytes. The effects of plasticizers on the thermal properties and the ionic conductivities of polymer electrolytes were reported. Results showed that the addition of plasticizers could effectively decrease the melting temperatures and the degree of crystallization of polymer electrolytes, and the ionic conductivities increased with the addition of plasticizers. When the mass ratio of STEO and EC was 1:1, mixed plasticizer had the best plastifying effect on the gel polymer electrolytes.
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Chapain, Khagendra, Sambridhi Shah, Binod Shrestha, Rajendra Joshi, Naresh Raut, and Rajesh Pandit. "Effect of Plasticizers on the Physicochemical properties of Bioplastic Extracted from Banana Peels." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v26i2.41423.
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Plasticizers are the binding substances used to increase the elasticity of materials. In this research work, bioplastic is extracted from banana peels using various plasticizers such as, glycerol, urea, distilled water and glucose. The prepared bioplastics were characterized by using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis which showed that the peak at 3355 cm-1 indicate the H-bonding formation between N-H urea and starch. The physicochemical properties such as water absorption test, soil decomposition and load test of synthesized bioplastics were analyzed at ambient temperature. The water uptake analysis showed that bioplastic absorbs water for up to 4 days without being decay. The load test showed that urea plasticized bioplastic has a high tensile strength of 2.3 KPa. The result revealed that the bioplastic with glucose as a plasticizer showed the effective result in water uptake and soil decomposition test whereas the urea plasticized bioplastic showed relatively good tensile strength.
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Arrieta, Marina P. "Influence of plasticizers on the compostability of polylactic acid." Journal of Applied Research in Technology & Engineering 2, no. 1 (January 26, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/jarte.2021.14772.
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<p>Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has gained considerable attention as an interesting biobased and biodegradable polymer for film for food packaging applications, due to its many advantages such as biobased nature, high transparency and inherent biodegradable/compostable character. With the dual objective to improve PLA processing performance and to obtain flexible materials, plasticizer are use as strategy for extending PLA applications as compostable film for food packaging applications. Several plasticizers (i.e.: citrate esters, polyethylene glycol (PEG), oligomeric lactic acid (OLA), etc.) as well as essential oils and maleinized and/or epoxidized seed oils are widely used for flexible PLA film production. This article reviews the most relevant compostable PLA-plasticized flexible film formulations with an emphasis on plasticizer effect on the compostability rate of PLA polymeric matrix with the aim to get information of the possibility to use plasticized PLAbased formulatios as compostable films for sustainable industrial packaging production.</p>
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Kolínský, Miloslav, Stanislav Ševčík, and Rudolf Lukáš. "New Type of Plasticized Poly(vinyl chloride)." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 58, no. 11 (1993): 2673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19932673.
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Low-molecular-weight plasticizers are commonly used in the production of plasticized PVC. However, they readily migrate to the surface of the product, which results in the deterioration of physical properties and contamination of environment. This drawback is eliminated by polymerizing vinyl chloride in water suspension in the presence of a polyester plasticizer and structure stabilizer such as triallyl isocyanurate or the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer. The data obtained from water and heptane extractions demonstrate a low extractability of the plasticizer used. Attention is focused on the explanation of the role of structure stabilizers in the polymerization process, and some properties of this new type of plasticized PVC and its possible application areas are discussed.
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Sokolova, M. D., A. F. Fedorova, and V. V. Pavlova. "Research of Influence of Plasticizers on the Low-Temperature and Mechanical Properties of Rubbers." Materials Science Forum 945 (February 2019): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.945.459.
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In this paper, influence of new plasticizers on the mechanical and low-temperature properties of rubbers is studied. The subjects of the research are rubbers based on BNKS-18 butadiene-nitrile rubber and Hydrin T-6000 epichlorohydrin rubber (ECHR). As used plasticizers: DINP (diisononylphthalate), TOTM (trioctyltrimellitate), DOA (dioctyladipate), Alphaplast (complex plasticizer based on esters of organic alcohols and acids). For identification the efficiency, rubbers with the studied plasticizers compared with standard rubber, in which plasticizers have not introduced, as well as with rubber in which a widely used industrial plasticizer DOF (dioktilphthalate) was added. Research of the mechanical properties of rubbers based on BNKS-18 showed that the introduction of plasticizers leads to an increase in elasticity and a slight decrease in the strength of rubbers and on the contrary for rubbers based on ECHR. Low-temperature properties of rubbers with all studied plasticizers have an increased level in comparison with standard rubber. In rubber based on BNKS-18, the highest values of the coefficient of frost resistance at-45°C are observed with the introduction of plasticizers Alphaplast and DOA, an increase in the index compared to standard rubber is more than 50%. The same plasticizers have shown the greatest contribution to the increase in frost resistance of rubbers based on ECHR.
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Fu, Jun, Mahafooj Alee, Mao Yang, Hongsheng Liu, Yanan Li, Zhongxian Li, and Long Yu. "Synergizing Multi-Plasticizers for a Starch-Based Edible Film." Foods 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11203254.
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Synergized multi-plasticizers for a starch-based edible film were developed for food packaging. The most popular edible plasticizers, water, glycerol, and sorbitol were used as modal materials to demonstrate the synergized function of multi-plasticizers. The efficiency, stability, and compatibility of each plasticizer, as well as their synergized functions were investigated based on the characterizations of tensile properties after storing under different humidity conditions and for different times. The relationship between the microstructures of the plasticizers and their performances was studied and established. The results showed that water is an efficient plasticizer but is not stable, which results in it becoming brittle under lower humidity conditions; glycerol has a stronger moisture-retaining and absorption capability, which results in a weaker tensile strength under higher humidity conditions; and sorbitol is an efficient and stable plasticizer but needs to work with water, and its function can be synthesized by mixing it with water and glycerol.
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Belous, N. Ch, S. P. Rodtsevich, O. N. Opanasenko, N. P. Krutko, and V. V. Shevchuk. "Structure formation in gypsum-magnesia materials for laying in the developed spaces of salt deposits." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 55, no. 3 (September 13, 2019): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2019-55-3-359-368.
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The influence of the preparation method, gypsum content and liquid-solid ratio on the process of hardening and properties of mixed gypsum-magnesia binders intended for laying in the developed space of salt areas has been studied. With the introduction of fillers – waste from the development of salt deposits and plasticizers – in them, filling mixtures, which are non-linear viscoplastic thixotropic systems with a certain period of stress and strain relaxation, have been obtained. The phase composition of hardening products, electrokinetic, rheological and physico-mechanical properties of the obtained plasticized filling mixtures depending on the method of injection, the type and content of plasticizers have been investigated. At optimum liquid-solid ratio and the plasticizer content of the mixture with low static and dynamic yield stress and effective viscosity and extended setting time have been obtained.
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Huang, Nengkun, Fan Wang, Ruihao Zhang, Zhaolin Cao, Wen Sun, Yuting Ma, Jihuai Tan, and Xinbao Zhu. "Biodegradable Hydrogenated Dimer Acid-Based Plasticizers for PLA with Excellent Plasticization, Thermal Stability and Gas Resistance." Molecules 29, no. 11 (May 27, 2024): 2526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112526.
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The use of vegetable oil-dervied plasticizers to enhance the flexibility of polylactic acid (PLA) has received much attention due to their renewability, inexpensiveness and biodegradation. However, the double bonds in vegetable oil-based plasticizers limit their compatibility with PLA, resulting in PLA-derived products with reduced flexibility. Herein, we examined soybean oil-derived hydrogenated dimer acid-based polyethylene glycol methyl ether esters (HDA-2n, 2n = 2, 4, 6 or 8, referring to the ethoxy units) developed via the direct esterification of saturated hydrogenated dimer acid and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers. The resulting HDA-2n was first used as a plasticizer for PLA, and the effects of the ethoxy units in HDA-2n on the overall performance of the plasticized PLA were systematically investigated. The results showed that, compared with PLA blended with dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), the PLA plasticized by HDA-8 with the maximum number of ethoxy units (PLA/HDA-8) exhibited better low-temperature resistance (40.1 °C vs. 15.3 °C), thermal stability (246.8 °C vs. 327.6 °C) and gas barrier properties. Additionally, the biodegradation results showed that HDA-8 could be biodegraded by directly burying it in soil. All results suggest that HDA-8 could be used as green alternative to the traditional petroleum-based plasticizer DOTP, which is applied in the PLA industry.
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Harussani, M. M., S. M. Sapuan, A. H. M. Firdaus, Yaser A. El-Badry, Enas E. Hussein, and Zeinhom M. El-Bahy. "Determination of the Tensile Properties and Biodegradability of Cornstarch-Based Biopolymers Plasticized with Sorbitol and Glycerol." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 27, 2021): 3709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213709.
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In this study, the effects of various quantities of sorbitol and glycerol plasticizers (0%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) on cornstarch-based film were examined to develop a novel polymer for usage with biodegradable materials. The film was prepared using the casting process. According to the test findings, the application of the plasticizer concentrations affected the thickness, moisture content, and water absorption of the film. When plasticizer concentrations were increased to 60%, the tensile stress and Young’s modulus of plasticized films dropped regardless of plasticizer type. However, the thin film with addition of 30% sorbitol plasticizer demonstrated a steady value of Young’s modulus (60.17 MPa) with an increase in tensile strength (13.61 MPa) of 46%, while the lowest combination of tensile strength and Young’s modulus is the film that was plasticized with 60% glycerol, with 2.33 MPa and 16.23 MPa, respectively. In summary, the properties and performance of cornstarch-based film were greatly influenced by plasticizer types and concentrations. The finest set of features in this research appeared in the film plasticized with 30% sorbitol, which achieved the best mechanical properties for food packaging applications.
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Xu, Haoshu, Tao Fan, Neng Ye, Weidong Wu, Daye Huang, Danling Wang, Zhao Wang, and Liqun Zhang. "Plasticization Effect of Bio-Based Plasticizers from Soybean Oil for Tire Tread Rubber." Polymers 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12030623.
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Modified soybean oil (MSO) is synthesized from soybean oil (SO) and sulfur, aiming to reduce the double bond quantity of SO and avoid harmful effects on the crosslink density and mechanical properties of rubber. MSO modified with different weight percentages of sulfur is then used to plasticize tire tread rubber (TR). It is found that the crosslink density and modulus of MSO- plasticized rubber are significantly improved compared with that of SO-plasticized TR. MSO modified with 6 wt % sulfur (MSO-6%) exhibits the best plasticization effect on TR, thus, the plasticization effect of MSO-6% on TR was further studied by adjusting its additive content. Thereafter, the Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, mechanical property of different amount of MSO-6% plasticized TR are studied to investigate their plasticization effect. At the same additive content of plasticizer, the plasticization effect of MSO-6% and a commonly used aromatic hydrocarbon plasticizer (AO) is compared to determine the potential application of MSO on tire tread rubber. It is found MSO shows similar plasticization effect on TR compared with AO. More important, the aging resistance property and wear resistance property of MSO-6% plasticized rubber are better than those of AO-plasticized rubber. Therefore, MSO-6% is a promising bio-based plasticizer for tire tread rubber.
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Sessini, Valentina, Valentina Salaris, Victor Oliver-Cuenca, Agnieszka Tercjak, Stefano Fiori, Daniel López, José M. Kenny, and Laura Peponi. "Thermally-Activated Shape Memory Behavior of Biodegradable Blends Based on Plasticized PLA and Thermoplastic Starch." Polymers 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2024): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081107.
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Biodegradable blends based on plasticized poly(lactic acid) PLA and thermoplastic starch (TPS) have been obtained. The influence of the PLA plasticizer as a compatibility agent has been studied by using two different plasticizers such as neat oligomeric lactic acid (OLA) and functionalized with maleic acid (mOLA). In particular, the morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties have been studied as well as the shape memory ability of the melt-processed materials. Therefore, the influence of the interaction between different plasticizers and the PLA matrix as well as the compatibility between the two polymeric phases on the thermally-activated shape memory properties have been studied. It is very interesting to use the same additive able to act as both plasticizer and compatibilizer, decreasing the glass transition temperature of PLA to a temperature close to the physiological one, obtaining a material suitable for potential biomedical applications. In particular, we obtain that OLA-plasticized blend (oPLA/TPS) show very good thermally-activated capability at 45 °C and 50% deformation, while the blend obtained by using maleic OLA (moPLA/TPS) did not show shape memory behavior at 45 °C and 50% deformation. This fact is due to their morphological changes and the loss of two well-distinguished phases, one acting as fixed phase and the other one acting as switching phase to typically obtain shape memory response. Therefore, the thermally-activated shape memory results show that it is very important to make a balance between plasticizer and compatibilizer, considering the need of two well-established phases to obtain shape memory response.
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Castle, Laurence, Angela J. Mercer, and John Gilbert. "Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectiometric Determination of Adipate-Based Polymeric Plasticizers in Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 71, no. 2 (March 1, 1988): 394–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/71.2.394.
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Abstract A method for the quantitative determination of adipate-based polymeric plasticizers in foods is described. The procedure involves extraction from the food and transmethylation of the polymeric plasticizer to form dimethyladipate (DMA). The derivative is cleaned up by size-exclusion chromatography and determined by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected on monitoring. The use of a deuterated internal standard at the extraction stage enables quantitation by stable isotope dilution. A detection limit of 0.1 mg/kg of the polymeric plasticizer in foods and a relative standard deviation of 4% have been achieved routinely. The method has been applied successfully to the analysis of cheese, sandwiches, meat, biscuits, and cake that have been in contact with polymeric plasticized polyvinyl chloride) films.
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Sonchaeng, Uruchaya, Phanwipa Wongphan, Wanida Pan-utai, Yupadee Paopun, Wiratchanee Kansandee, Prajongwate Satmalee, Montakan Tamtin, Prapat Kosawatpat, and Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit. "Preparation and Characterization of Novel Green Seaweed Films from Ulva rigida." Polymers 15, no. 16 (August 8, 2023): 3342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15163342.
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Ulva rigida green seaweed is an abundant biomass consisting of polysaccharides and protein mixtures and a potential bioresource for bioplastic food packaging. This research prepared and characterized novel biodegradable films from Ulva rigida extracts. The water-soluble fraction of Ulva rigida was extracted and prepared into bioplastic films. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance indicated the presence of rhamnose, glucuronic and sulfate polysaccharides, while major amino acid components determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and glycine. Seaweed extracts were formulated with glycerol and triethyl citrate (20% and 30%) and prepared into films. Ulva rigida films showed non-homogeneous microstructures, as determined via scanning electron microscopy, due to immiscible crystalline component mixtures. X-ray diffraction also indicated modified crystalline morphology due to different plasticizers, while infrared spectra suggested interaction between plasticizers and Ulva rigida polymers via hydrogen bonding. The addition of glycerol decreased the glass transition temperature of the films from −36 °C for control films to −62 °C for films with 30% glycerol, indicating better plasticization. Water vapor and oxygen permeability were retained at up to 20% plasticizer content, and further addition of plasticizers increased the water permeability up to 6.5 g·mm/m2·day·KPa, while oxygen permeability decreased below 20 mL·mm/m2·day·atm when blending plasticizers at 30%. Adding glycerol efficiently improved tensile stress and strain by up to 4- and 3-fold, respectively. Glycerol-plasticized Ulva rigida extract films were produced as novel bio-based materials that supported sustainable food packaging.
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Yeaprayoon, Siraprapha, Hataithip Sanpromma, Nattapohn Sukkasem, and Supatra Pratumshat. "PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THERMOPLASTIC STARCH FROM PINEAPPLE STEM: EFFECT OF PLASTICIZERS." Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (August 7, 2023): 030113(1–7). http://dx.doi.org/10.55766/sujst-2023-03-e02056.
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This work studied the effect of types and amount of plasticizers on thermoplastic starch properties from pineapple stem with good mechanical properties, water resistant and biodegradable. Three plasticizers were studied: erythritol, xylitol, and sorbitol. Thermoplastic starch film was prepared by solution casting. When glycerol was used as co plasticizer, it could improve the flexibility of thermoplastic starch. Thermal properties of thermoplastic starch film by DSC showed that when the plasticizers were added, the heat of fusion (DHm) was reduced. Water absorption of thermoplastic starch films are maximum in 1 hour and constant after immersed in distilled water for 3 hours. Films can maintain in their shapes at least 13 days after that they dissolved. Thermoplastic starch from pineapple stem and plasticizers i.e. sorbitol and xylitol showed no significant difference in water absorption. Thermoplastic starch films from mixed plasticizers showed more hydrophilic when compared with film from single plasticizer. Films without glycerol show high tensile strength and modulus. Thermoplastic starch film from pineapple stem is water resistant and biodegradable in water. All thermoplastic starch degraded within 30 days after biodegradability test in soil. Thermoplastic starch film made from pineapple stem is considered a naturally biodegradable plastic.
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Trifonova, Irina, Julia Rodicheva, Anna Sheveleva, Vladimir Burmistrov, and Oscar Koifman. "Flotator Oxal as the plasticizer for suspension PVC." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2021): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc210817093t.
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The flotator Oxal, mixture of dioxane ethers and alcohols as well as 1, 2 and 3 atomic alcohols, has been studied as a plasticizer for suspension PVC in comparison with the well-known dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP). The rheological parameters and gelation ability of plasticizers were determined, the values of the storage modulus and tangent of mechanical loss angle in the glassy and rubbery states were measured by the DMA method, and the glass transition temperatures were determined. The deformation-strength properties and rigidity of polymer films were tested before and after light-thermal aging. Oxal was shown to reveal a fairly low viscosity and high gelation properties in relation to PVC. At the same time, its ability to reduce the glass transition temperature and elasticize the polymer in the glassy and rubbery state is somewhat lower than that of phthalate plasticizers. PVC samples plasticized with DBP have the highest resistance to light-thermal aging.
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Zubizarreta, Leire, Mayte Gil-Agusti, Juan Carlos Espinosa, Marta Garcia-Pellicer, and Alfredo Quijano-Lopez. "Studying the Properties of PVdF-HFP Based Lithium Polymer Electrolytes Using non-ionic Surfactants as Plasticizers." Materiale Plastice 58, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.21.1.5463.
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In this study, two different non-ionic surfactants have been evaluated as a plasticizer in lithium polymer electrolytes and compared with an organic carbonate-based plasticizer. To that end, non-ionic surfactants with different molecular weight and structure have been selected (Triton� X-100 and Brij�L23) and compared with organic carbonates (EC:DEC1:1) as plasticizers in lithium polymer electrolytes. The effect of the plasticizer content, salt content and surfactant characteristics on properties such as ionic conductivity, thermal stability and electrochemical stability of lithium polymer electrolytes has been studied. The results obtained show that the non-ionic surfactants studied as plasticizers (Triton� X-100 and Brij�L23) give lithium polymer electrolytes with higher thermal and electrochemical stability than organic carbonates, thus making them promising plasticizers for lithium polymer electrolytes, especially for high voltage lithium-ion batteries. Surfactant structure could influence the ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes, with the linear surfactants being more suitable for this application.
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Erythropel, Hanno, Aurélie Börmann, Jim Nicell, Richard Leask, and Milan Maric. "Designing Green Plasticizers: Linear Alkyl Diol Dibenzoate Plasticizers and a Thermally Reversible Plasticizer." Polymers 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2018): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10060646.
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Perez-Nakai, Aina, Alejandro Lerma-Canto, Ivan Dominguez-Candela, Jose Miguel Ferri, and Vicent Fombuena. "Novel Epoxidized Brazil Nut Oil as a Promising Plasticizing Agent for PLA." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 23, 2023): 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15091997.
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This work evaluates for the first time the potential of an environmentally friendly plasticizer derived from epoxidized Brazil nut oil (EBNO) for biopolymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). EBNO was used due to its high epoxy content, reaching an oxirane oxygen content of 4.22% after 8 h of epoxidation for a peroxide/oil ratio of 2:1. Melt extrusion was used to plasticize PLA formulations with different EBNO contents in the range of 0–10 phr. The effects of different amounts of EBNO in the PLA matrix were studied by performing mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and morphological characterizations. The tensile test demonstrated the feasibility of EBNO as a plasticizer for PLA by increasing the elongation at break by 70.9% for the plasticized PLA with 7.5 phr of EBNO content in comparison to the unplasticized PLA. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of the fractured surfaces from the impact tests showed an increase in porosity and roughness in the areas with EBNO addition, which was characteristic of ductile failure. In addition, a disintegration test was performed, and no influence on the PLA biodegradation process was observed. The overall results demonstrate the ability of EBNO to compete with other commercial plasticizers in improving the ductile properties of PLA.
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Suwanamornlert, Panitee, Takunrat Taksima, and Pongsura Thanyacharoen-anukul. "Effects of Plasticizers on Characterization of Biodegradable Film Based on Tamarind Kernel Polysaccharide." Journal of Current Science and Technology 13, no. 3 (August 30, 2023): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59796/jcst.v13n3.2023.814.
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Tamarind kernel polysaccharide-based film was formulated to study the effects of polyethylene glycol 400, glycerol, sorbitol, tween 80, tween 40, tween 20 and span 20 on mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Addition of plasticizers to tamarind kernel polysaccharide led to changes in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and elongation at break of the films. The tensile strength of films containing polyethylene glycol 400, glycerol, sorbitol, tween 20 and span 20 was lower than films containing tween 80, tween 40 and non-plasticized film. Sorbitol-plasticized film exhibited the best mechanical properties with lowest tensile strength, 6.07 MPa and highest elongation at break 5.91%. Film containing sorbitol also showed highest optical transparency, while polyethylene glycol 400 and glycerol exhibited lowest transparency and highest whiteness index. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that incorporation of plasticizers increased the mobility of the polymer chains. The addition of sorbitol, glycerol, and tween 20 reduced the glass transition temperature of tamarind kernel polysaccharide film from 49.81 to 20.97, 42.41 and 42.92 °C, respectively. Sorbitol proved to be an effective plasticizer for improving flexibility and enhancing the optical property of tamarind kernel polysaccharide film. As a result of the research, it was discovered that tamarind kernel polysaccharide film plasticized with sorbitol has the potential to be used in the creation of biopolymer film for culinary and biomedical applications.
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Kyshenia, Andrii, Lydmila Vinnikova, Tat’yana Volovik, Evgenii Kotlyar, and Kateryna Garbazhiy. "INVESTIGATION OF THE ROLE OF PLASTICIZERS IN FILM-FORMING COATS FOR PROTECTING COOLED MEAT." EUREKA: Life Sciences 2 (March 30, 2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2018.00594.
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As a result of theoretical studies on problems of protection and prolongation of storage terms of meat, it was revealed, that one of promising directions is to use protecting coats, based on natural biopolymers. The topicality of this study is in studying film-forming coats, based on natural polysaccharides, because they have high mechanical indices, absence of a smell, taste and are subjected to biological destruction. For regulating mechanical properties, the composition of film-creating coats is added with plasticizers of different origins. The aim of this work is in describing characteristics of food films, based on carrageenan, sodium alginate and plasticizers of different origins. There were mechanical, rheological properties of protecting coats. The comparative characteristic of these properties, depending on an added plasticizer, was realized. The type and mechanisms of interaction of components of the film-forming coat and plasticizers were completely described. The viscosity of the film-forming coat with a plasticizer has less values comparing with other solutions. Adding plasticizers resulted in increasing the film elasticity, but at the same time some increase of the firmness was observed. Film-forming coats with adding a plasticizer had a higher limit of fluidity, so they were firmer than complex film-forming coats without a plasticizer. From the other side, deformation values of film-forming coats without adding a plasticizer were higher than ones of complex film-forming coats with adding a plasticizer, because they were firmer. The study of physical properties of developed film-forming coats, based on hydrocolloids, demonstrated that coats with a plasticizer have more gas permeability. According to the results, obtained at experiments it was established, that the film-forming coat, based on sodium alginate, carrageenan and glycerin, has best mechanical, physical and rheological indices.
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Alcalde, Berta, Gemma Elias, Spas D. Kolev, José Alberto Méndez, Sergi Díez, Helena Oliver-Ortega, Enriqueta Anticó, and Clàudia Fontàs. "A Comprehensive Study on the Effect of Plasticizers on the Characteristics of Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs): Exploring Butyl Stearate as a Promising Alternative." Membranes 14, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes14010019.
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This study investigated the influence of various plasticizers commonly used in the manufacture of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), such as 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), phthalates, adipates, and sebacates on the mechanical, thermal, and transport properties of membranes. Additionally, butyl stearate (BTS), chosen for its non-toxic nature compared to phthalates and its cost-effectiveness relative to adipates and sebacates, was evaluated as a plasticizer in PIMs for the first time. All plasticizers were incorporated in PIMs made of either cellulose triacetate (CTA) or poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as the base polymers and the task-specific ionic liquid trioctylmethylammonium thiosalicylate (TOMATS) as the carrier. The plasticizers were found to significantly affect the characteristics of membrane hydrophilicity, mechanical flexibility, and thermal stability. Transport experiments using Hg(II) as a model target ion revealed that, for CTA-based PIMs, the plasticizer did not significantly affect transport efficiency. However, for PVC-based PIMs, BTS exhibited better efficiency when compared to NPOE. These findings highlight the potential of BTS as an attractive alternative to currently used plasticizers in PVC-based PIM formulations.
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Caicedo, Carolina, Claudio Alonso Díaz-Cruz, Enrique Javier Jiménez-Regalado, and Rocio Yaneli Aguirre-Loredo. "Effect of Plasticizer Content on Mechanical and Water Vapor Permeability of Maize Starch/PVOH/Chitosan Composite Films." Materials 15, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15041274.
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Packaging materials based on biodegradable polymers are a viable alternative to replace conventional plastic packaging from fossil origin. The type of plasticizer used in these materials affects their functionality and performance. The effect of different plasticizers such as glycerol (GLY), sorbitol (SOR), and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) on the structural features and functional properties of starch/PVOH/chitosan films was evaluated. The incorporation of a plasticizer increased the thickness of the biodegradable composite films. Furthermore, the material plasticized with 30% (w/w) sorbitol had the highest elongation at break, lowest water vapor permeability, and better thermal resistance. The results obtained in this study suggest that maize starch/PVOH/chitosan biodegradable composite films are a promising packaging material, and that sorbitol is the most suitable plasticizer for this formulation.
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Liu, Bin, Qiu Feng Lv, Run Fang, and Xian Su Cheng. "Preparation and Properties of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin Modified Thermoplastic Starch Composites." Advanced Materials Research 306-307 (August 2011): 1717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.306-307.1717.
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Thermoplastic starch composites modified by enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) were prepared via a simple and environmentally-friendly process. Starch and EHL were plasticized with urea and methanamide as plasticizers in the preparation. The effects of the amount of plasticizers and EHL on the mechanical and water-absorption properties were investigated. The fractured surfaces of the composites were studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Properties of the composites were improved with adding plasticized EHL into pure thermoplastic starch. It was attributed to the good compatibility of modified EHL with plasticized starch.
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Xuan, Wenxiang, Karin Odelius, and Minna Hakkarainen. "Dual-Functioning Antibacterial Eugenol-Derived Plasticizers for Polylactide." Biomolecules 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10071077.
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Dual-functioning additives with plasticizing and antibacterial functions were designed by exploiting the natural aromatic compound eugenol and green platform chemical levulinic acid or valeric acid that can be produced from biobased resources. One-pot synthesis methodology was utilized to create three ester-rich plasticizers. The plasticizers were thoroughly characterized by several nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR, HSQC, COSY, HMBC) and by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and their performances, as plasticizers for polylactide (PLA), were evaluated. The eugenyl valerate was equipped with a strong capability to depress the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA. Incorporating 30 wt% plasticizer led to a reduction of the Tg by 43 °C. This was also reflected by a remarkable change in mechanical properties, illustrated by a strain at break of 560%, almost 110 times the strain for the breaking of neat PLA. The two eugenyl levulinates also led to PLA with significantly increased strain at breaking. The eugenyl levulinates portrayed higher thermal stabilities than eugenyl valerate, both neat and in PLA blends. The different concentrations of phenol, carboxyl and alcohol functional groups in the three plasticizers caused different bactericidal activities. The eugenyl levulinate with the highest phenol-, carboxyl- and alcohol group content significantly inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, while the other two plasticizers could only inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, the utilization of eugenol as a building block in plasticizer design for PLA illustrated an interesting potential for production of additives with dual functions, being both plasticizers and antibacterial agents.
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Xu, Guo Min, Yu Bi Ji, Zhao Yang, and Hong Tan. "Influence of Structure and Property of Plasticizers on Viscosity and Aging Process of PVC Plastisols." Applied Mechanics and Materials 161 (March 2012): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.161.15.
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The molecular structure of DEDB,ATBC,DOTP was simulated by Chemoffice. The viscosity and aging process of PVC plastisols prepared by the three plasticizers were investigated by vibrational viscometer, and the influence of selective interactions between PVC resins and plasticizers on the viscosity and aging process of PVC plastisols were analysed. The results indicate that the viscosity and aging process of PVC plastisols are associated with the number of effective interaction groups of a plasticizer, and the more the number of effective interaction groups a plasticizer has , the higher the viscosity of the plastisols is and the more unstable the plastisols is.