Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plasticizers

Academic literature on the topic 'Plasticizers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plasticizers"

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Wu, Hailong, Biyun Zhou, Chuanfu Cen, and Yu Cao. "Study on the influence of environmentally friendly plasticizers on the properties of polyvinyl chloride." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2713, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2713/1/012007.

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Abstract In this work, the torque rheology, mechanical properties, migration resistance, thermal deformation, and Vicat softening point temperature of PVC plasticized by four environmentally friendly plasticizers are investigated. The experimental results reveal that the plasticizer’s heavy metal content meets production requirements while falling below the limiting standard. Plasticizer melting points differ, as do the enthalpy and torque of the entire melting process, resulting in different energy consumption when melting plasticizers. Also, the mechanical properties of PVC are not different, but the mechanical properties of PVC plasticized by epoxy soybean oil are the most prominent. Besides, the Vicat softening point temperature of PVC plasticized by four environmentally friendly plasticizers is within the normal standard range, and the migration amount in different solvents is changed in a small range, which will not affect human health.
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Menčík, Přemysl, Radek Přikryl, Ivana Stehnová, Veronika Melčová, Soňa Kontárová, Silvestr Figalla, Pavol Alexy, and Ján Bočkaj. "Effect of Selected Commercial Plasticizers on Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer Biodegradable Blends for Three-Dimensional (3D) Print." Materials 11, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101893.

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This paper explores the influence of selected commercial plasticizers structure, which are based on esters of citric acid, on mechanical and thermal properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid)/Plasticizer biodegradable blends. These plasticizers were first tested with respect to their miscibility with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(lactic acid) (PHB/PLA) blends using a kneading machine. PHB/PLA/plasticizer blends in the weight ratio (wt %) of 60/25/15 were then prepared by single screw and corotating meshing twin screw extruders in the form of filament for further three-dimensional (3D) printing. Mechanical, thermal properties, and shape stability (warping effect) of 3D printed products can be improved just by the addition of appropriate plasticizer to polymeric blend. The goal was to create new types of eco-friendly PHB/PLA/plasticizers blends and to highly improve the poor mechanical properties of neat PHB/PLA blends (with majority of PHB) by adding appropriate plasticizer. Mechanical properties of plasticized blends were then determined by the tensile test of 3D printed test samples (dogbones), as well as filaments. Measured elongation at break rapidly enhanced from 21% for neat non-plasticized PHB/PLA blends (reference) to 328% for best plasticized blends in the form of filament, and from 5% (reference) to 187% for plasticized blends in the form of printed dogbones. The plasticizing effect on blends was confirmed by Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The study of morphology was performed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy. Significant problem of plasticized blends used to be also plasticizer migration, therefore the diffusion of plasticizers from the blends after 15 days of exposition to 110 °C in the drying oven was investigated as their measured weight loss. Almost all of the used plasticizers showed meaningful positive softening effects, but the diffusion of plasticizers at 110 °C exposition was quite extensive. The determination of the degree of disintegration of selected plasticized blend when exposed to a laboratory-scale composting environment was executed to roughly check the “biodegradability”.
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Hazrol, M. D., S. M. Sapuan, E. S. Zainudin, M. Y. M. Zuhri, and N. I. Abdul Wahab. "Corn Starch (Zea mays) Biopolymer Plastic Reaction in Combination with Sorbitol and Glycerol." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020242.

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The research included corn starch (CS) films using sorbitol (S), glycerol (G), and their combination (SG) as plasticizers at 30, 45, and 60 wt %, with a traditional solution casting technique. The introduction of plasticizer to CS film-forming solutions led to solving the fragility and brittleness of CS films. The increased concentration of plasticizers contributed to an improvement in film thickness, weight, and humidity. Conversely, plasticized films reduced their density and water absorption, with increasing plasticizer concentrations. The increase in the amount of the plasticizer from 30 to 60% showed a lower impact on the moisture content and water absorption of S-plasticized films. The S30-plasticized films also showed outstanding mechanical properties with 13.62 MPa and 495.97 MPa, for tensile stress and tensile modulus, respectively. Glycerol and-sorbitol/glycerol plasticizer (G and SG) films showed higher moisture content and water absorption relative to S-plasticized films. This study has shown that the amount and type of plasticizers significantly affect the appearances, physical, morphological, and mechanical properties of the corn starch biopolymer plastic.
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Li, Huabei, Xiaolin Wang, Xinding Yao, and Hongying Chu. "Synthesis and properties of chlorine and phosphorus containing rubber seed oil as a second plasticizer for flame retardant polyvinyl chloride materials." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0015.

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Abstract The synthesis of multifunctional plasticizer using rubber seed oil can increase its added value and expand the application field of plasticized products. Recent studies on bio-based plasticizers focus on bio-based raw materials but products lack functionality. In this study, flame retardant phosphate and chlorine were introduced into the chemical structure of rubber seed oil to synthesis a nitrogen and phosphorus synergistic flame retardant plasticizer based on rubber seed oil(NPFP) and apply it to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Thermal stability, limiting oxygen index, plasticizing property, solvent extraction resistance, and microstructure of plasticized PVC materials were characterized. The results showed that NPFP with excellent solvent extraction resistance can significantly enhance the limiting oxygen index and thermal stability of plasticized PVC materials, and can partially replace dioctyl phthalate(DOP) as multifunctional auxiliary plasticizer.
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Song, Hui Jun, and Ke Yong Tang. "Effects of Various Plasticizers on the Moisture Sorption and Mechanical Properties of Gelatin-Chitosan Composite Films." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1202.

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Effects of various types and amounts of plasticizer on the moisture sorption and mechanical properties of gelatin-chitosan composite films were investigated. The films were plasticized with glycerol, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), polyethylene glycol 800 (PEG 800), and sorbitol, respectively. With increasig the amount of plasticizers in the composite films plasticized with the fromer three plastizers, the equilibrium moisture sorption ratio increases. For the last one, however, it decreases with increasing the plastizers content. Increasing the plasticizer content decreases the tension strength and increases the elongation at break of the samples, and the type and amount of the plasticizers affect the mechanical properties of the composite films. PEG 400 is the most effective plasticizer in the plastizers studied.
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Syafiq, Razali Mohamad Omar, Salit Mohd Sapuan, Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri, Siti Hajar Othman, and Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas. "Effect of plasticizers on the properties of sugar palm nanocellulose/cinnamon essential oil reinforced starch bionanocomposite films." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0028.

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Abstract This work examines the effects of plasticizer type and concentration on mechanical, physical, and antibacterial characteristics of sugar palm nanocellulose/sugar palm starch (SPS)/cinnamon essential oil bionanocomposite films. In this research, the preparation of SPS films were conducted using glycerol (G), sorbitol (S), and their blend (GS) as plasticizers at ratios of 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 wt%. The bionanocomposite films were developed by the solution casting method. Plasticizer Plasticizers were added to the SPS film-forming solutions to help overcome the fragile and brittle nature of the unplasticized SPS films. Increasing plasticizer contents resulted in an increase in film thickness and moisture contents. On the contrary, the increase in plasticizer concentrations resulted in the decrease of the densities of the plasticized films. The increase in the plasticizer content from 1.5 to 4.5% revealed less influence towards the moisture content of S-plasticised films. For glycerol and glycerol-sorbitol plasticized (G and GS) films, higher moisture content was observed compared to S-plasticised films. Various plasticizer types did not significantly modify the antibacterial activity of bionanocomposite films. The findings of this study showed significant improvement in the properties of bionanocomposite films with different types and concentrations of plasticizers and their potential for food packaging applications was enhanced.
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Fu, Qinghe, Jihuai Tan, Fang Wang, and Xinbao Zhu. "Study on the Synthesis of Castor Oil-Based Plasticizer and the Properties of Plasticized Nitrile Rubber." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2020): 2584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112584.

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A series of new environment-friendly plasticizers was synthesized from castor oil and used to plasticize nitrile rubber (NBR). The test results showed that tensile strength, elongation at break, and tear strength of NBR vulcanizates plasticized by castor oil-based plasticizers were found to be better than that of dioctyl phthalate (DOP). The aging test taken demonstrated that the castor oil-based plasticizers could improve the hot air and oil aging resistance of NBR vulcanizates. The thermal stability test illustrated that castor oil-based plasticizers enhanced the thermal stability of NBR vulcanizates, and the initial decomposition temperatures (T10%) were about 100 °C higher than that of DOP. In general, the studies manifested that EACO and EBCO can replace DOP to plasticize NBR and are used in fields that require high mechanical properties, aging resistance, and thermal stability. This study emphasizes the effects of sustainable, cost-effective, and high-efficiency plasticizers on NBR.
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Petchwattana, Nawadon, Paramaporn Kerdsap, and Benjatham Sukkaneewat. "Plasticization of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) by Non-Carcinogenic Bio-Plasticizers." Key Engineering Materials 862 (September 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.862.99.

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In this paper, three different plasticizer molecular sizes namely; glycerol (C3), tributyrin (C15) and trilaurin (C32) was used as non-carcinogenic plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The experimental results indicated that all the plasticizers play an important role of PVC toughening. Among of these plasticizers, tributyrin was the most effective for PVC plasticization due to its suitable molecular size. With the presence of tributyrin, PVC was found to tougher and softer which reflected as the increased tensile elongation at break, impact strength and the decreased tensile strength. Morphological study by scanning electron microscope (SEM) exhibited the localized plastic deformations in PVC/plasticized with 15 phr tributyrin. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed some shifts of the glass transition temperature (Tg) for all the plasticized PVC compositions. The maximum shift was found when PVC was blended with 15 phr tributyrin. Migration test showed that the plasticizers were easily migrated in ethanol. For the migration in water, it did only slightly.
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Jia, Puyou, Haoyu Xia, Kehan Tang, and Yonghong Zhou. "Plasticizers Derived from Biomass Resources: A Short Review." Polymers 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121303.

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With rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass-based chemicals have been paid more attention. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizers derived from biomass resources (vegetable oil, cardanol, vegetable fatty acid, glycerol and citric acid) have been widely studied to replace petroleum-based o-phthalate plasticizers. These bio-based plasticizers mainly include epoxidized plasticizer, polyester plasticizer, macromolecular plasticizer, flame retardant plasticizer, citric acid ester plasticizer, glyceryl ester plasticizer and internal plasticizer. Bio-based plasticizers with the advantages of renewability, degradability, hypotoxicity, excellent solvent resistant extraction and plasticizing performances make them potential to replace o-phthalate plasticizers partially or totally. In this review, we classify different types of bio-based plasticizers according to their chemical structure and function, and highlight recent advances in multifunctional applications of bio-based plasticizers in PVC products. This study will increase the interest of researchers in bio-based plasticizers and the development of new ideas in this field.
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Czogała, Joanna, Ewa Pankalla, and Roman Turczyn. "Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 10, 2021): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040844.

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This paper reviews the current trends in replacing commonly used plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, formulations by new compounds with reduced migration, leading to the enhancement in mechanical properties and better plasticizing efficiency. Novel plasticizers have been divided into three groups depending on the replacement strategy, i.e., total replacement, partial replacement, and internal plasticizers. Chemical and physical properties of PVC formulations containing a wide range of plasticizers have been compared, allowing observance of the improvements in polymer performance in comparison to PVC plasticized with conventionally applied bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and di-n-octyl terephthalate. Among a variety of newly developed plasticizers, we have indicated those presenting excellent migration resistance and advantageous mechanical properties, as well as those derived from natural sources. A separate chapter has been dedicated to the description of a synergistic effect of a mixture of two plasticizers, primary and secondary, that benefits in migration suppression when secondary plasticizer is added to PVC blend.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plasticizers"

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Erythropel, Hanno. "Designing green plasticizers." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103728.

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Plasticizers are additives in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations that render the material flexible. This is important for many applications. Because these plasticizers are not bound to the polymer chemically, they will eventually leach out upon disposal. Considering also the widespread use of flexible PVC, it is not surprising that some plasticizers, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), are considered ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. Previous studies have shown that DEHP, upon degradation, forms stable, toxic metabolites. Because of this and other concerns, DEHP and other phthalates have already been banned in certain products in Canada and other countries. Hence, there is a strong incentive to develop new, green plasticizers. A series of diesters based on maleic acid, which resembles a part of the phthalate chemical structure, was tested, along with other series based on the structural isomer of maleic acid, fumaric acid, and the saturated analogue, succinic acid. The alcohols used to form the ester bonds varied in length from ethanol to octanol and, also, included the branched 2-ethyl hexanol. Each of these diesters was incorporated into unplasticized PVC at about 30 weight-percent and then evaluated for plasticizer properties such as glass transition temperature Tg and tensile strength. These data were compared to each other and to results with DEHP. Pure samples of the diesters were tested for their biodegradability by the common soil bacterium Rhodococcus rhodocrous (ATCC 13808) while it was growing on hexadecane as a primary carbon source. The results demonstrated that esters based on succinic and maleic acids performed at least as well as or were even superior to DEHP as plasticizers. In particular, the esters with the longer alcohols were very good plasticizers. There was little effect due to branching on the plasticizer properties. The experiments with Rhodococcus rhodocrous showed how important the structure of the central diacid is for the rate of biodegradation. In particular, the maleates, which have an orientation of the two ester groups very similar to that in DEHP, showed little to no susceptibility to biodegradation over the course of 30 days. The fumarates exhibited some degradation and the succinates were degraded very quickly. These results indicate that the orientation of the esters in DEHP, is responsible for the stability of this compound in the environment. The other factor in the rate of biodegradation was the length of the alcohol and the longest chains had the slowest rates. However, all straight-chained alcohols were biodegraded without the build-up of stable metabolites. The compounds made with the branched 2-ethyl hexanol did result in the formation of stable metabolites. Consequently, several of the tested diesters could be considered as "green". Yet, in terms of a middle molecule, the succinates should be considered as the best choice. As for side chain length, plasticizer properties improve with increasing alcohol length, and biodegradation properties improve with decreasing alcohol length. A potential candidate for a compromise would thus be dihexyl succinate.
Les plastifiants sont des additifs ajoutés au poly (chlorure de vinyle) (PVC) pour obtenir des plastiques souples; une propriété importante pour plusieurs applications. Ces plastifiants ne forment pas de liens covalents avec la matrice de polymères, ils peuvent donc graduellement migrer hors de celle-ci. Dû à la grande utilisation du PVC souple, il n'est pas étonnant que certains plastifiants, tel le di(2-éthyle hexyl) de phtalate (DEHP), soient considérés comme des polluants omniprésents dans l'environnement. Des études ont démontrées que la biodégradation du DEHP mène à l'accumulation de produits métaboliques toxiques. Ces considérations, entre autres, ont déjà conduit à l'abolition ou à la restriction, au Canada, aux États-Unis et dans l'Union Européenne, de l'utilisation de certains phthalates. Ainsi, il y a un intérêt prononcé pour le développement de nouveaux plastifiants « verts » complètements biodégradables. Une série de composés diesters ayant l'acide maléique comme molécule de base et ressemblant partiellement à la structure chimique des phthalates, a été testée. De même, des séries basées sur l'isomère structurel de l'acide maléique, l'acide fumarique, et son équivalent saturé, l'acide succinique ont aussi été testées. L'estérification des ces acides a été réalisée avec des alcools de longueur variable allant de l'éthanol à l'octanol, incluant aussi le 2-éthyle hexanol. Tous ces diesters ont été incorporés à du PVC à une composition d'environ 30% de la masse du matériau. La température de transition vitreuse (Tg) et la résistance à la traction ont été mesurées pour déterminer l'efficacité de ces plastifiants potentiels. Ces données ont été comparées entre elles ainsi qu'avec des résultats obtenus avec le DEHP. Des échantillons de plastifiants potentiels ont été testés pour déterminer leur biodégradabilité par la bactérie Rhodococcus rhodocrous (ATCC 13808); l'hexadécane étant utilisé comme source principale de carbone. Les résultats obtenus pour les diesters de l'acide succinique et de l'acide maléique ont démontrés qu'ils étaient d'aussi bons ou de meilleurs plastifiants que le DEHP. Dans le groupe des diesters de l'acide succinique, ceux contenant des alcools plus longs étaient de meilleurs plastifiants. Il a été déterminé que la présence d'une chaîne 2-éthyle dans certains diesters avait un effet significatif sur les propriétés des composés. Les expériences de biodégradabilité avec Rhodococcus rhodocrous ont démontré l'importance de la structure chimique de l'acide central des diesters. Les maléates en particulier, dans lesquels la position des deux groupes esters ressemble à celle du DEHP, n'ont démontré aucune susceptibilité à être biodégradés après 30 jours. Les fumarates ont été dégradés partiellement tandis que les succinates l'ont été très rapidement. Ces résultats indiquent que l'orientation des deux groupes esters, comme dans le cas du DEHP, est responsable de la stabilité de ces composés dans l'environnement. L'autre facteur influençant le taux de biodégradation est la longueur des alcools utilisés pour l'estérification: les molécules les plus longues avaient des taux plus bas. Toutefois, tous les alcools sans chaîne secondaire furent dégradés sans accumulation de métabolites stables. Inversement, tous les plastifiants potentiels contenant du 2-éthyle hexanol, ont démontrés une telle accumulation. Plusieurs diesters testés pourraient être considéré comme « verts ». En ce qui a trait au choix de l'acide central, les diesters de l'acide succinique représente probablement le meilleur choix. Pour les alcools utilisés pour l'estérification, les alcools longs démontrent de meilleures propriétés plastifiantes, alors que pour la biodégradation, les alcools courts étaient meilleurs. Un candidat représentant un bon compromis entre ces propriétés est le dihexyl de succinate.
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Lindström, Annika. "Environmentally Friendly Plasticizers for PVC : Improved Material Properties and Long-term Performance Through Plasticizer Design." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknik, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4272.

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Linear and branched poly(butylene adipate) polyesters with number-average molecular weights ranging from 700 to 10 000 g/mol, and degrees of branching ranging from very low to hyperbranched were solution cast with PVC to study the effects of chemical structure, molecular weight, end-group functionality, and chain architecture on plasticizing efficiency and durability. Miscibility was evaluated by the existence of a single glass transition temperature and a shift of the carbonyl group absorption band. Desirable mechanical properties were achieved in flexible PVC films containing 40 weight-% of polyester plasticizer. Methyl-ester-terminated polyesters with a low degree of branching and an intermediate molecular weight enhanced the plasticizing efficiency, as shown by greater elongation, good miscibility, and reduced surface segregation. A solid-phase extraction method was developed to extract the low molecular weight products that migrated from pure poly(butylene adipate) and PVC/ poly(butylene adipate) films during aging in water. The effects of branching, molecular weight, end-group functionality, and polydispersity on plasticizer permanence were evaluated by quantification of low molecular weight hydrolysis products, weight loss, surface segregation, and the preservation of material properties during aging. A more migration-resistant polymeric plasticizer was obtained by combining a low degree of branching, hydrolysis-protecting end-groups, and higher molecular weight of the polyester. Films plasticized with a slightly branched polyester showed the best durability and preservation of material and mechanical properties during aging. A high degree of branching resulted in partial miscibility with PVC, poor mechanical properties, and low migration resistance. The thermal stability of polyester-plasticized films was higher than that of films containing a low molecular weight plasticizer, and the stabilizing effect increased with increasing plasticizer concentration.
QC 20100805
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Lindström, Annika. "Environmentally friendly plasticizers for PVC : improved material properties and long-term performance through plasticizer design /." Stockholm : Fiber- och polymerteknologi Fibre and Polymer Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4272.

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Xuan, Wenxiang. "Glucose Levulinates as Bio-plasticizers." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-218153.

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Glucose, as the most plentiful sugar in nature, is a renewable resource and possesses excellent record in health safety. Levulinic acid is a platform chemical which plays an important role  in  biomass transformation and reactive intermediates. Both glucose and levulinic acid can be produced by biomass conversion with green processing techno logies. Due to the rising needs for bio-based, eco-friendly and non-toxic plasticizers, glucose levulinates as bio­ plasticizers were synthesized from glucose and levulinic acid, by utilizing microwave radiation or conventional condensation reaction (direct-heating method ). Acid number for the reaction liquor was measured by acid-base titration to follow the decrease of acid groups due to the reaction and the trend in  the acid number within reaction time displayed the process of esterification and possible sensitivity of the reaction rate to reaction scale. It showed that microwave radiation had superior ability in  enhancing reaction speed but it was also more sensitive to reaction scale and generated more diverse prod ucts  than the direct-heating method. Besides, the process of reaction and formation  of ester  bonds was  followed  and confirmed by FT IR. The achieved levulinate products were extracted by 2-pro panol and ethyl acetate. The practices showed several serio us problems in 2-propanol extraction, including high dosage required  for  NaCl and solvent and difficulties in purification. The ethyl acetate proved to be a suitable solvent for this study and the  extrac ted  product s  from  the Con-24hrs  and Micro-3/4/5/6/7hrs  were  characterized  by  1H  NMR,  13C N :tvlR. and LDI-MS. The results from spectrum suggested the presence of GL,. and G J .'l. type of levulinates. That means the glucose levulinates were  successfully  synthesized  although  the  dehydration side reaction of glucose was inevitable leading to the generation of glucosidic bonds. In addition, BG (mixture of glucose and glycosidic levulinates) was evaluated by so lution casting of starch and PVC. In order to minimize the microbial contaminations in solution casting of  starch, a  modified  method  was raised and applied. The results showed that 40% BG had goo d miscibility with starch and the conclusion was further proved by DSC measurements, while the BG performed poor miscibility with  PVC.
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Lahdou, Gilbert. "Microbial degradation of dibenzoate plasticizers." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98983.

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Earlier work with the dibenzoate plasticizers, di(propylene-glycol) dibenzoate (D(PG)DB) and di(ethylene-glycol) dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), had shown that one yeast could hydrolyze one of the ester bonds of these compounds resulting in an accumulation of the monoesters, di(propylene-glycol) monobenzoate or di(ethylene-glycol) monobenzoate, respectively. These monoesters exhibited an acute toxicity greater than that of the parent compounds and greater than the metabolites of the widely used phthalate and adipate plasticizers.
In the present study, it was shown that the degradation of dibenzoate plasticizers is a common phenomenon among soil microorganisms. In most examples, the degradation was incomplete leading to the accumulation of the expected monoesters. However, the biodegradation of these monoesters was shown to be possible even if the rates of biodegradation were much slower than the rates of hydrolysis of the parent compounds. In addition, it was found that di(ethylene-glycol) monobenzoate was easier to biodegrade than di(propylene-glycol) monobenzoate. This difference was attributed to the methyl substituents on the di(propylene-glycol) monobenzoate. The very fast rates of degradation of simpler benzoate esters such as methyl and ethyl benzoate confirmed that steric effects could be important.
The rate of biodegradation of 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate was much faster than that of either of the dibenzoate plasticizers. From this, it was hypothesized that the stability of the monoesters of the plasticizers was due to the presence of an ether function. It was also shown that the presence of the monoester of D(PG)DB was shown to increase the rate of hydrolysis of the parent di-ester. This was attributed to the ability of the monoester to enhance the bioavailability di-ester.
Collectively, these results do not support the use of dibenzoate plasticizers as environmentally friendly alternatives to phthalate and adipate plasticizers.
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Desai, Dipen. "Solid-state plasticizers for melt extrusion /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3276980.

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Kermanshahi, pour Azadeh. "Towards the development of green plasticizers." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=95155.

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Research was conducted to investigate the effect of chemical functional groups, including the ether function and alkyl branches, on the biodegradation mechanisms and biodegradation rates of dibenzoate plasticizers. Biodegradation of 1,6-hexandiol dibenzoate, a potential green dibenzoate plasticizer, by Rhodococcus rhodochrous, was investigated in the presence of hexadecane as a primary carbon source. The metabolites, produced in the biodegradation process were detected using GC/MS and Fourier transform mass spectroscopy techniques. None of these metabolites were stable, with all tending to biodegrade over the course of the experiments. Biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated for 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate and two commercial plasticizers, diethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB) and dipropylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB). Biodegradation of all of these plasticizers was initiated by hydrolysis of one ester bond to release a monobenzoate and benzoic acid. It was demonstrated that the diol fragment of 1,6-hexanediol monobenzoate was processed via a β-oxidation pathway, which was not possible for diethylene glycol monobenzoate (D(EG)MB) and dipropylene glycol monobenzoate (D(PG)MB) due to the presence of an ether function in the diols. Thus, accumulation of D(EG)MB and D(PG)MB was observed in the biodegradation broth. The biodegradation of commercial plasticizers, D(EG)DB and D(PG)DB and three alternative plasticizers, 1,3-propanediol dibenzoate, 2,2-methyl-propyl-1,3-propanediol dibenzoate and 1,6-hexanediol dibenzoate, were modeled using a Michaelis-Menten/Monod-type kinetic model. Biodegradation was conducted in an aerated bioreactor using resting cells of Rhodococcus rhodochrous, which had been grown with hexadecane as the primary substrate. Monobenzoates released from the biodegradation of commercial plasticizers degraded slower than the monobenzoates of alternative plasticizers. The rapid biodegradation of monobenzoates released from microbial hydrolysis of alt
Des recherches ont été réalisées pour étudier l'effet des groupes chimiques fonctionnels, y compris la fonction éther et les branches d'alkyle, sur les mécanismes de biodégradation et les taux de biodégradation des plastifiants dibenzoate. La biodégradation du 1,6-dibenzoate hexanediol, un plastifiant dibenzoate potentiel, par Rhodochrous rhodococcus, a été étudiée en présence d'hexadécane comme source de carbone primaire. Les métabolites, produits dans les processus de biodégradation ont été détectés par GC/MS et techniques de spectroscopie de masse à transformée de Fourier. Aucun de ces métabolites ne sont stables, tous avaient une tendance à la dégradation durant les expériences. Les mécanismes de biodégradation ont été élucidés pour le dibenzoate de 1,6-hexanediol et de deux plastifiants commerciaux, le dibenzoate de diéthylène glycol (D(EG)DB) et le dibenzoate dipropylèneglycol (D(PG)DB). La biodégradation de l'ensemble de ces plastifiants a été initié par hydrolyse d'une liaison ester pour libérer un monobenzoate et de l'acide benzoïque. Il a été démontré que le fragment de 1,6-diol monobenzoate hexanediol est généré par une β-oxydation, ce qui n'était pas possible pour le monobenzoate diéthylène glycol (D(EG)MB) et le monobenzoate dipropylèneglycol (D(PG)MB) en raison de la présence d'une fonction éther dans les diols. Ainsi, l'accumulation de D(EG)MB et D(PG)MB a été observée dans le bouillon de biodégradation. La biodégradation des plastifiants commerciaux, D(EG)DB et D(PG)DB et trois plastifiants de remplacement, le dibenzoate de 1,3-propanediol, le dibenzoate de 2,2-méthyl-propyl-1propanediol et le dibenzoate de 1,6-hexanediol, a été modélisée à l'aide d'un modèle cinétique Michaelis-Menten/Monod-type. La biodégradation a été effectuée dans un bioréacteur aéré à l'aide de cellules au repos Rhodochrous rhodococcus, qui avaient été cultivées avec l'hexadécane comme subst
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Korsieporn, Pira. "Interaction of plasticizers with mammalian cells." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98982.

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This investigation was focused on the in vitro metabolism of DEHA, DEHP and other common plasticizers by mammalian cell lines. The metabolic products and cell viability of hepatocytes (mouse and human) and human umbilical endothelial cells exposed to plasticizers was investigated in static culture.
Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that all of the plasticizers investigated were partially degraded, but at differing rates, depending on the plasticizer and cell line. Solubility and stearic effects were found to play important roles in determining the rate of hydrolysis. The only metabolic product observed was 2-ethyl hexanol, which accumulated in culture. This was due to the lack of alcohol dehydrogenase production in the human hepatocyte cell line used.
Hepatocyte cell viability was not significantly affected at 4 days of exposure to DEHA. By 12 days, only 50% of the cells remained viable when compared to control experiments. These results suggest that the accumulation of plasticizers metabolites, specifically 2-ethyl hexanol, may have potentially toxic effects.
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Gartshore, James. "Biodegradation of plasticizers by rhodotorula rubra." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33968.

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The degradation of plasticizers by the yeast Rhodotorula rubra J-96-1 (ATCC 9449) was studied in the presence of a water-soluble substrate (glucose). The plasticizers studied included bis 2-ethylhexyl adipate (B(EH)A), dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and terephthalate (DOTP), which are in widespread use. In addition, the degradation of two less common plasticizers, di-propylene glycol dibenzoate (D(PG)DB) and di-ethylene glycol dibenzoate (D(EG)DB), were studied. It has been proposed that the latter plasticizers be used as alternatives to the commonly used plasticizers, which have been associated with negative environmental impacts.
The degradation of D(PG)DB or D(EG)DB led to a significant increase in solution toxicity. This increase in toxicity was associated with the production of metabolites resulting from the incomplete breakdown of the original plasticizers. The metabolites responsible for the acute toxicity in the D(PG)DB system were identified as isomers of di-propylene glycol monobenzoate. A mechanism for the formation of this metabolite was proposed. Although the metabolite observed when D(EG)DB was being degraded was not isolated, it was tentatively identified as di-ethylene glycol monobenzoate by analogy to the D(PG)DB system. This same metabolite was observed when D(EG)DB was degraded by the fungus, Aspergillus niger ATCC 9642-U.
In contrast, there were no observable metabolites nor increases in toxicity in the media during the degradation of B(EH)A, DOP, or DOTP by R. rubra. These observations also differ from those of earlier work in which it was reported that the degradation of all three of these plasticizers by bacteria resulted in the production of toxic metabolites.
Collectively, these results do not support the use of D(PG)DB and D(EG)DB as environmentally safe alternatives to B(EH)A, DOP or DOTP.
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Sauvageau, Dominic. "Microbial esterase and the degradation of plasticizers." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81563.

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Previous studies have shown that the biodegradation of di-ester plasticizers can lead to the accumulation of toxic recalcitrant metabolites. Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC 13808 is a bacterium known to degrade plasticizers. The first steps of the biodegradation mechanism consist of esterase-mediated hydrolyses. The present study focused on characterizing the esterase produced by R. rhodochrous and defining its impact on the rate of hydrolysis of different di-ester plasticizers.
By means of esterase activity and growth studies, it was possible to determine that the esterase produced by R. rhodochrous was constitutive and bound to the cell membrane. Treatment with a non-ionic surfactant, Triton X-100, caused solubilization of the enzyme. The esterase exhibited high stability, retaining activity for more than 48 hours, even after separation from the cell. Esterase activity was highest at 30°C but observed at temperatures as low as 4°C.
The comparison of the rates of hydrolysis of different esters showed that the solubility of the substrate had an important impact, with the less soluble compounds generally having lower rates. However, steric hindrance also appeared to play an important role in the determination of the rate of hydrolysis. The most common plasticizer, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, had the slowest rate of hydrolysis. Therefore, given the increasing and widespread use of DEHP and other di-ester plasticizers, such plasticizers will continue to accumulate in the environment. This growing pool of plasticizers will undergo slow biodegradation, resulting in the increasing production of toxic metabolites.
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Books on the topic "Plasticizers"

1

George, Wypych, ed. Handbook of plasticizers. Toronto: ChemTecPub, 2004.

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Luqman, Mohammad. Recent advances in plasticizers. Crotia: INTECH, 2012.

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Institute, American Concrete, and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology., eds. Super-plasticizers in concrete. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1989.

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Wilson, Alan S. Plasticisers: Selection, applications and implications. Shrewsbury: RAPRA Technology, 1995.

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Wilson, Alan S. Plasticisers: Principles and practice. London: Institute of Materials, 1995.

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Liu, Zhongyi. Green Catalytic Hydrogenation of Phthalate Plasticizers. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9789-0.

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Mercer, Angela. Migration studies of plasticizers from PVC film into food. Leicester: Leicester Polytechnic, 1990.

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CANMET/ACI, International Conference on Superplasticizers and other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete (4th 1994 Montréal Québec). Fourth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete. Detroit, Mich: American Concrete Institute, 1994.

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Gołaszewski, Jacek. Wpływ superplastyfikatorów na właściwości reologiczne mieszanek na spoiwach cementowych w układzie zmiennych czynników technologicznych. Gliwice: Wydawn. Politechniki Śląskiej, 2006.

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M, Malhotra V., Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology., American Concrete Institute, and CANMET/ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete (5th : 1997 : Rome, Italy), eds. Superplasticizers and other chemical admixtures in concrete: Proceedings, fifth CANMET/ACI international conference, Rome, Italy, 1997. Farmington Hills, Mich: ACI International, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plasticizers"

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Narvaéz Rincón, Paulo César, and Oscar Yesid Suárez Palacios. "Plasticizers." In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, 1–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37179-0_73-1.

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SEARS, J. K., N. W. TOUCHETTE, and J. R. DARBY. "Plasticizers." In ACS Symposium Series, 611–41. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0285.ch026.

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Grossman, Elizabeth. "Plasticizers." In Chasing Molecules, 83–98. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-157-3_5.

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Howick, C. J. "Plasticizers." In Plastics Additives, 499–504. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_54.

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Donskoi, A. A., M. A. Shashkina, and G. E. Zaikov. "Plasticizers." In Fire Resistant and Thermally Stable Materials Derived from Chlorinated Polyethylene, 123–33. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429070723-7.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Compatibility of Plasticizers." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 160. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2721.

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Cadogan, D. F. "Plasticizers: health aspects." In Plastics Additives, 505–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_55.

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González-Mariño, Iria, Rosa Montes, José Benito Quintana, and Rosario Rodil. "Plasticizers." In Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.14009-0.

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Godwin, Allen D. "Plasticizers." In Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, 533–53. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-39040-8.00025-0.

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Wadey, B. L. "Plasticizers." In Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology, 441–56. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-12-227410-5/00586-x.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plasticizers"

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Zhesheng, Hou, Qiu Bofeng, and Yin Jinghua. "PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT COMPONENT STARCH PLASTICIZERS AND REINFORCEMENT OF PLASTICIZED STARCH FIBERS." In International Conference on New Materials and Intelligent Manufacturing (ICNMIM). Volkson Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/icnmim.01.2018.439.442.

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Paravanová, Gordana, and Berenika Hausnerová. "Dispersion effectiveness of organic plasticizers." In 6TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738466.

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Wadey, Brian L., and Jürgen Holzmann. "Plasticizers for Automotive Interior Trim." In SAE International Congress and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/870318.

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OLEA, NICOLAS. "PLASTIC, PLASTICIZERS AND CONSUMER PRODUCTS." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 42nd Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814327503_0076.

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Heinlaan, Margit, Heiki Vija, and Irina Blinova. "Novel Plasticizers Are Emerging Contaminants." In International Conference EcoBalt. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023092061.

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Jermolovicius, Luiz Alberto, Eduardo V. S. Pouzada, Edmilson R. Castro, Renata B. Nascimento, and José T. Senise. "FASTER PLASTICIZERS PRODUCTION BY MICROWAVE IRRADIATION." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9777.

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Plasticizers are esters used to confer plasticity to polymer goods. They are prepared by esterification between a carboxylic acid or anhydride and a heavy alcohol. Esterification is a very slow reaction and its batches may last more than 12 hours of processing [1]. An empirical study of maleic anhydride (MA) esterification with 2-ethyl hexanol (EHO) esterification was done to explore the non-thermal effect of microwaves [2]. In this work a complete 2^3 factorial design and a statistical regression were conducted aiming to stablish empirical complete chemical kinetic equations under microwave heating and under conventional electric heating. The result was a series of six kinetic equations, as shown in Table 1; all parameters are related to -r_MA=k_0∙exp⁡(-E/RT)∙C_MA^nMA∙C_EHO^nEHO, T in Kelvin, and R = 1.9872 cal/mol.K. For a deeper understanding of the results a computer simulation procedure was developed to stimulate this reaction in an isothermal ideal reactor with constant process volume. Interesting numerical results lead to the conclusions that microwave enhanced this slow esterification to a fast reaction as is shown in Figure 1 in the curve labelled ‘microwave heating with 0.012 M of PTSA’.
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Загороднюк, Л. Х., L. H. Zagorodnyuk, Д. С. Махортов, D. S. Mahortov, А. С. Чепенко, A. S. Chepenko, И. Н. Туцкая, I. N. Tuckaya, Н. А. Науменко, and N. A. Naumenko. "PLASTICIZERS BASED ON ANIMAL PROTEIN PROTEIN." In International Scientific and Practical 65th anniversary conference BSTU them. V.G. Shukhov "HIGH-TECH TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS (XXIII scientific readings)". Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G. Shukhov, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5cecedc24d0f67.83326643.

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"Chemical Characterization of Plasticizers and Superplasticizers." In SP-119: Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/2420.

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Justnes, H. "Counteracting retardation of plasticizers by calcium nitrate." In 2nd International RILEM Symposium on Advances in Concrete through Science and Engineering. RILEM Publications, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/2351580028.066.

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Cozar, Onuc, Nicolae Cioica, Constantin Coţa, Elena Mihaela Nagy, and Radu Fechete. "Plasticizers effect on native biodegradable package materials." In HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY: 6th International Meeting on High Energy Gamma-Ray Astronomy. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4972386.

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Reports on the topic "Plasticizers"

1

Colletti, Catherine, and Eric Neuman. Evaluation of Binders and Plasticizers in Kollidon VA 64-PEG Binder Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1877853.

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Edwards, Stephanie L. Aging Studies on Nitro-Plasticizer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1091322.

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Swearengen, P. M., and J. S. Johnson. Toxicology study of the high-energy plasticizer FEFO. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6408650.

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Shear, Trevor Allan. Using Statistical Analysis Software to Advance Nitro Plasticizer Wettability. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1377391.

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Edwards, Stephanie L. The Effects of Temperature, Aging, and Plasticizer Content on VCE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1082236.

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WROBLESKI, DEBRA A., DAVID A. LANGLOIS, E. BRUCE ORLER, ANDREA LABOURIAU, MARIANA M. URIBE, ROBERT J. HOULTON, JOEL D. KRESS, and BRIAN K. KENDRICK. ACCELERATED AGING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A PLASTICIZED POLY(ESTER URETHANE) BINDER. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1074589.

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Gitti, Rossitza K., and Stanley A. Ostazeski. Saturation Transfer Difference NMR as an Analytical Tool for Detection and Differentiation of Plastic Explosives on the Basis of Minor Plasticizer Composition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada621999.

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