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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic upcycling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Stadler, Bernhard M., and Johannes G. de Vries. "Chemical upcycling ofpolymers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2209 (September 13, 2021): 20200341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0341.

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As the production volume of polymers increases, so does the amount of plastic waste. Plastic recycling is one of the concepts to address in this issue. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of plastic waste is recycled. Even with the development of polymers for closed loop recycling that can be in theory reprocessed infinitely the inherent dilemma is that because of collection, cleaning and separation processes the obtained materials simply are not cost competitive with virgin materials. Chemical upcycling, the conversion of polymers to higher valuable products, either polymeric or monomeric, could mitigate this issue. In the following article, we highlight recent examples in this young but fast-growing field. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)'.

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2

Zhao, Xianhui, Matthew Korey, Kai Li, Katie Copenhaver, Halil Tekinalp, Serdar Celik, Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, Roger Ruan, Arthur J. Ragauskas, and Soydan Ozcan. "Plastic waste upcycling toward a circular economy." Chemical Engineering Journal 428 (January 2022): 131928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.131928.

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3

Hou, Qidong, Meinan Zhen, Hengli Qian, Yifan Nie, Xinyu Bai, Tianliang Xia, Mian Laiq Ur Rehman, Qiushi Li, and Meiting Ju. "Upcycling and catalytic degradation of plastic wastes." Cell Reports Physical Science 2, no. 8 (August 2021): 100514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100514.

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4

Sadler, Joanna C., and Stephen Wallace. "Microbial synthesis of vanillin from waste poly(ethylene terephthalate)." Green Chemistry 23, no. 13 (2021): 4665–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc00931a.

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5

Sohn, Yu Jung, Hee Taek Kim, Kei‐Anne Baritugo, Seo Young Jo, Hye Min Song, Se Young Park, Su Kyeong Park, et al. "Recent Advances in Sustainable Plastic Upcycling and Biopolymers." Biotechnology Journal 15, no. 6 (April 17, 2020): 1900489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biot.201900489.

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6

Lewis, Sally E., Bradley E. Wilhelmy, and Frank A. Leibfarth. "Upcycling aromatic polymers through C–H fluoroalkylation." Chemical Science 10, no. 25 (2019): 6270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc01425j.

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7

Kim, Jeung Gon. "Chemical recycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate)." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 30 (2020): 4830–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01927h.

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8

Saito, Keita, Coralie Jehanno, Leire Meabe, Jorge L. Olmedo-Martínez, David Mecerreyes, Kazuki Fukushima, and Haritz Sardon. "From plastic waste to polymer electrolytes for batteries through chemical upcycling of polycarbonate." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 28 (2020): 13921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03374j.

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The depolymerisation of BPA-PC in the presence of diols enables its upcycling into BPA monomers and carbonate-containing diols which can be polymerised into aliphatic PCs as promising electrolytes for energy storage applications.

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9

Dai, Leilei, Nan Zhou, Yuancai Lv, Yanling Cheng, Yunpu Wang, Yuhuan Liu, Kirk Cobb, Paul Chen, Hanwu Lei, and Roger Ruan. "Chemical upcycling of waste polyolefinic plastics to low-carbon synthetic naphtha for closing the plastic use loop." Science of The Total Environment 782 (August 2021): 146897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146897.

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10

Yuan, Xiangzhou, Moon-Kyung Cho, Jong Gyu Lee, Seung Wan Choi, and Ki Bong Lee. "Upcycling of waste polyethylene terephthalate plastic bottles into porous carbon for CF4 adsorption." Environmental Pollution 265 (October 2020): 114868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114868.

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11

Horodytska, Oksana, Dimitris Kiritsis, and Andrés Fullana. "Upcycling of printed plastic films: LCA analysis and effects on the circular economy." Journal of Cleaner Production 268 (September 2020): 122138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122138.

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12

Kim, Kyung Shin. "The Research on Upcycling of Recovered Pulp and Mixed Plastic from Soiled Diaper." Journal of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling 24, no. 5 (October 30, 2015): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2015.24.5.22.

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13

Hee, Johann, Kai Schlögel, Simone Lechthaler, Jacqueline Plaster, Kristina Bitter, Lars Mathias Blank, and Peter Quicker. "Comparative Analysis of the Behaviour of Marine Litter in Thermochemical Waste Treatment Processes." Processes 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9010013.

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Plastic in the ocean, especially plastic on the ocean surface is not only researched intensively but also photos and reports rise awareness of the challenge in the general public. While research is concerned with the fate of marine litter in the environment, recycling of these materials after collection is rarely addressed, mainly because there is neither considerable data on composition nor a suggested process to do so. This study is the first to analyse and evaluate chemical recycling (pyrolysis, gasification) and energy recovery (incineration) of marine litter. Two heterogenous marine litter samples from Sylt and Norderney, North Sea, Germany, were analysed, consisting of six different material groups. Agricultural mulch foil was used as reference material. The thermochemical treatment processes were reproduced by thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, pyrolysis trials on a semi-technical scale were conducted and the residues were analysed by proximate, ultimate and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The results indicate that heterogeneous and weathered material mixtures can be treated by thermochemical processes. Finally, the pyrolysis condensates are discussed as substrate for biotechnological upcycling. In summary, we present a comprehensive approach from the material characterisation of marine litter to the analysis of three different thermochemical treatment processes and the possibility to use the generated pyrolysis condensate for subsequent upcycling. The data collected form the basis for the evaluation and application of possible treatment options for the collected marine litter.

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14

Blank, Lars Mathias, Tanja Narancic, Jörg Mampel, Till Tiso, and Kevin O’Connor. "Biotechnological upcycling of plastic waste and other non-conventional feedstocks in a circular economy." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 62 (April 2020): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.011.

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15

Joo, Junghee, Seonho Lee, Heeyoung Choi, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, and Jechan Lee. "Single-Use Disposable Waste Upcycling via Thermochemical Conversion Pathway." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 2617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162617.

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Herein, the pyrolysis of two types of single-use disposable waste (single-use food containers and corrugated fiberboard) was investigated as an approach to cleanly dispose of municipal solid waste, including plastic waste. For the pyrolysis of single-use food containers or corrugated fiberboard, an increase in temperature tended to increase the yield of pyrolytic gas (i.e., non-condensable gases) and decrease the yield of pyrolytic liquid (i.e., a mixture of condensable compounds) and solid residue. The single-use food container-derived pyrolytic product was largely composed of hydrocarbons with a wide range of carbon numbers from C1 to C32, while the corrugated fiberboard-derived pyrolytic product was composed of a variety of chemical groups such as phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and oxygenates involving alcohols, acids, aldehydes, ketones, acetates, and esters. Changes in the pyrolysis temperature from 500 °C to 900 °C had no significant effect on the selectivity toward each chemical group found in the pyrolytic liquid derived from either the single-use food containers or corrugated fiberboard. The co-pyrolysis of the single-use food containers and corrugated fiberboard led to 6 times higher hydrogen (H2) selectivity than the pyrolysis of the single-use food containers only. Furthermore, the co-pyrolysis did not form phenolic compounds or polycyclic aromatic compounds that are hazardous environmental pollutants (0% selectivity), indicating that the co-pyrolysis process is an eco-friendly method to treat single-use disposable waste.

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16

Kreiger, M., G. C. Anzalone, M. L. Mulder, A. Glover, and J. M. Pearce. "Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas." MRS Proceedings 1492 (2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.258.

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ABSTRACTAlthough the environmental benefits of recycling plastics are well established and most geographic locations within the U.S. offer some plastic recycling, recycling rates are often low. Low recycling rates are often observed in conventional centralized recycling plants due to the challenge of collection and transportation for high-volume low-weight polymers. The recycling rates decline further when low population density, rural and relatively isolated communities are investigated because of the distance to recycling centers makes recycling difficult and both economically and energetically inefficient. The recent development of a class of open source hardware tools (e.g. RecycleBots) able to convert post-consumer plastic waste to polymer filament for 3-D printing offer a means to increase recycling rates by enabling distributed recycling. In addition, to reducing the amount of plastic disposed of in landfills, distributed recycling may also provide low-income families a means to supplement their income with domestic production of small plastic goods. This study investigates the environmental impacts of polymer recycling. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) for centralized plastic recycling is compared to the implementation of distributed recycling in rural areas. Environmental impact of both recycling scenarios is quantified in terms of energy use per unit mass of recycled plastic. A sensitivity analysis is used to determine the environmental impacts of both systems as a function of distance to recycling centers. The results of this LCA study indicate that distributed recycling of HDPE for rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes. This study indicates that the technical progress in solar photovoltaic devices, open-source 3-D printing and polymer filament extrusion have made distributed polymer recycling and upcycling technically viable.

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17

García Guerrero, Jovheiry, Juvenal Rodríguez Reséndiz, Hugo Rodríguez Reséndiz, José Manuel Álvarez-Alvarado, and Omar Rodríguez Abreo. "Sustainable Glass Recycling Culture-Based on Semi-Automatic Glass Bottle Cutter Prototype." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116405.

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Humanity has developed recycling activities over time due to their benefits, the shortage of raw materials, or the footprint with regard to the environment. The absence of a recycling culture in Mexico has not allowed its development and growth despite the benefits. In 2012, Mexico only recycled less than 10% of urban solid waste. Most recycling activities are focused on plastic, paper, and cardboard products due to their prices in local markets. This article presents a semi-automated prototype focused on recycling glass bottles using the thermal shock phenomenon. It aims to develop a sustainable glass recycling culture by creating a new branch for the integral glass recycling process and a proposal base on Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM) and the Quintuple Helix Model. It helps to reduce waste and resource recovery from recycling and upcycling glass bottles. The products obtained from upcycling fulfill new uses and acquire new value, while glass leftovers continue the integral recycling process for glass. Additionally, this paper demonstrates the relation between the ISWM and the Quintuple Helix Model and the opportunity to implement the twelfth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).

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18

Wang, Sheng, Songqi Ma, Jianfan Qiu, Anping Tian, Qiong Li, Xiwei Xu, Binbo Wang, Na Lu, Yanlin Liu, and Jin Zhu. "Upcycling of post-consumer polyolefin plastics to covalent adaptable networks via in situ continuous extrusion cross-linking." Green Chemistry 23, no. 8 (2021): 2931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc04337k.

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19

Slater, Benjamin, So-On Wong, Andrew Duckworth, Andrew J. P. White, Matthew R. Hill, and Bradley P. Ladewig. "Upcycling a plastic cup: one-pot synthesis of lactate containing metal organic frameworks from polylactic acid." Chemical Communications 55, no. 51 (2019): 7319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc02861g.

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20

Kim, Patrick J., Harif D. Fontecha, Kyungho Kim, and Vilas G. Pol. "Toward High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Upcycling of LDPE Plastic into Sulfonated Carbon Scaffold via Microwave-Promoted Sulfonation." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 17 (April 12, 2018): 14827–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b03959.

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21

Xie, Shaoqu, Zengran Sun, Tuan Liu, Jinwen Zhang, Tianjin Li, Xinping Ouyang, Xueqing Qiu, Song Luo, Wei Fan, and Hongfei Lin. "Beyond biodegradation: Chemical upcycling of poly(lactic acid) plastic waste to methyl lactate catalyzed by quaternary ammonium fluoride." Journal of Catalysis 402 (October 2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2021.08.032.

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22

Lee, Nahyeon, Junghee Joo, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, and Jechan Lee. "Waste-to-Fuels: Pyrolysis of Low-Density Polyethylene Waste in the Presence of H-ZSM-11." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081198.

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Herein, the pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) scrap in the presence of a H-ZSM-11 zeolite was conducted as an effort to valorize plastic waste to fuel-range chemicals. The LDPE-derived pyrolytic gas was composed of low-molecular-weight aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, and propylene) and hydrogen. An increase in pyrolysis temperature led to increasing the gaseous hydrocarbon yields for the pyrolysis of LDPE. Using the H-ZSM-11 catalyst in the pyrolysis of LDPE greatly enhanced the content of propylene in the pyrolytic gas because of promoted dehydrogenation of propane formed during the pyrolysis. Apart from the light aliphatic hydrocarbons, jet fuel-, diesel-, and motor oil-range hydrocarbons were found in the pyrolytic liquid for the non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis. The change in pyrolysis temperature for the catalytic pyrolysis affected the hydrocarbon compositions of the pyrolytic liquid more materially than for the non-catalytic pyrolysis. This study experimentally showed that H-ZSM-11 can be effective at producing fuel-range hydrocarbons from LDPE waste through pyrolysis. The results would contribute to the development of waste valorization process via plastic upcycling.

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23

Devi Salam, Menaka, Ajit Varma, Rishabh Prashar, and Divya Choudhary. "Review on Efficacy of Microbial Degradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Bio-upcycling as a Part of Plastic Waste Management." Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences 9, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/aees-9-7-8.

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24

Pérez Bueno, José de Jesús, Maria Luisa Mendoza López, Flavio Roberto Ceja Soto, José Luis Reyes Araiza, Rubén Ramírez Jiménez, Martha Elva Pérez Ramos, and Alejandro Manzano-Ramírez. "A Novel Green Alternative for a Room Prototype Constructed with Entire Recycled PET Bottles and a Green Roof Composed of Waste Materials." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 7901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177901.

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In this study, we propose a methodology for constructing a prototype room intended primarily for people with low incomes, allowing self-construction practices and upcycling of widely available waste materials in their original form. Mechanical tests were conducted on single bottles of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) filled with different materials as well as on entire PET bottle/concrete blocks. Higher strength was observed when the bottles were in a horizontal position. The mechanical performance of the construction solution adopted for the prototype was not tested, and therefore its structural adequacy was not proven. The insulating multilayer roof was composed of waste plastic bags, two layers of uncapped PET bottles of differing shapes and sizes, another layer of plastic bags, waste cardboard, soil from the site, and a top endemic plant green layer. The PET bottles used in construction were filled with clay from the site, although bottles filled with fly ash achieved better mechanical results. The bottles can also be used uncapped and empty, which would simplify the process considerably by reducing the filling stage. This can be considered to be the main proposal for this type of building. There were almost negligible solid wastes generated, since they were used in the multilayered green roof. From a top view, the prototype mimics the surroundings because the green roof incorporates soil from the site and endemic plants.

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25

Chaudhary, Savita, Manisha Kumari, Pooja Chauhan, and Ganga Ram Chaudhary. "Upcycling of plastic waste into fluorescent carbon dots: An environmentally viable transformation to biocompatible C-dots with potential prospective in analytical applications." Waste Management 120 (February 2021): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.038.

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26

Pusung, Piet, Felly Warouw, and Shirly Lumeno. "Mapping of Waste Bank Management Area in Manado City." Journal of Sustainable Engineering: Proceedings Series 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35793/joseps.v1i1.6.

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The problem of waste is very worrying because it has a direct impact on humans, especially the inclusion of plastic elements in the human body through fish and food exposed to microplastic. One way to overcome the problem of waste is to reduce waste from its source by sorting methods from the source and managed further through the process of recycling or upcycling into new products. Reducing waste from its source by sorting and then saving it in a Waste Bank is one promising breakthrough and can encourage people to actively participate in environmental management. The purpose of this study was to obtain a mapping model of the waste management service area in the city of Manado as needed. The research data was obtained through research on smash applications for waste banks supporting field research through observation and interviews. Data was analyzed by mapping the position of waste banks in the city of Manado. Furthermore, comparing the three garbage banks in Manado city to find a pattern of waste bank management with various indicators. The results of the study indicate that the current mapping of the position of waste banks in Manado consists of the center, the suburbs and outside the city. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of the three garbage banks conclude that the most effective waste bank is a waste bank in a residential area. An effective waste bank is one of the strategies for implementing 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) in waste management at its source at the community level. The implementation of the waste bank in principle is a social engineering to invite the public to sort out waste for environmental sustainability and public welfare.

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27

Korley, LaShanda T. J., Thomas H. Epps, Brett A. Helms, and Anthony J. Ryan. "Toward polymer upcycling—adding value and tackling circularity." Science 373, no. 6550 (July 1, 2021): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg4503.

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Plastics have revolutionized modern life, but have created a global waste crisis driven by our reliance and demand for low-cost, disposable materials. New approaches are vital to address challenges related to plastics waste heterogeneity, along with the property reductions induced by mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers may enable circularity through separation strategies, chemistries that promote closed-loop recycling inherent to macromolecular design, and transformative processes that shift the life-cycle landscape. Polymer upcycling schemes may enable lower-energy pathways and minimal environmental impacts compared with traditional mechanical and chemical recycling. The emergence of industrial adoption of recycling and upcycling approaches is encouraging, solidifying the critical role for these strategies in addressing the fate of plastics and driving advances in next-generation materials design.

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28

Thiounn, Timmy, Moira K. Lauer, Menisha S. Karunarathna, Andrew G. Tennyson, and Rhett C. Smith. "Copolymerization of a Bisphenol a Derivative and Elemental Sulfur by the RASP Process." Sustainable Chemistry 1, no. 2 (September 10, 2020): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/suschem1020013.

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Fossil fuel refining produces over 70 Mt of excess sulfur annually from for which there is currently no practical use. Recently, methods to convert waste sulfur to recyclable and biodegradable polymers have been delineated. In this report, a commercial bisphenol A (BPA) derivative, 2,2′,5,5′-tetrabromo(bisphenol A) (Br4BPA), is explored as a potential organic monomer for copolymerization with elemental sulfur by RASP (radical-induced aryl halide-sulfur polymerization). Resultant copolymers, BASx (x = wt% sulfur in the monomer feed, screened for values of 80, 85, 90, and 95) were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Analysis of early stage reaction products and depolymerization products support proposed S–Caryl bond formation and regiochemistry, while fractionation of BASx reveals a sulfur rank of 3–6. Copolymers having less organic cross-linker (5 or 10 wt%) in the monomer feed were thermoplastics, whereas thermosets were accomplished when 15 or 20 wt% of organic cross-linker was used. The flexural strengths of the thermally processable samples (>3.4 MPa and >4.7 for BAS95 and BAS90, respectively) were quite high compared to those of familiar building materials such as portland cement (3.7 MPa). Furthermore, copolymer BAS90 proved quite resistant to degradation by oxidizing organic acid, maintaining its full flexural strength after soaking in 0.5 M H2SO4 for 24 h. BAS90 could also be remelted and recast into shapes over many cycles without any loss of mechanical strength. This study on the effect of monomer ratio on properties of materials prepared by RASP of small molecular aryl halides confirms that highly cross-linked materials with varying physical and mechanical properties can be accessed by this protocol. This work is also an important step towards potentially upcycling BPA from plastic degradation and sulfur from fossil fuel refining.

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29

Jivkov, Vassil, Ralitsa Simeonova, Petar Antov, Assia Marinova, Boryana Petrova, and Lubos Kristak. "Structural Application of Lightweight Panels Made of Waste Cardboard and Beech Veneer." Materials 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2021): 5064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14175064.

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In recent years, the furniture design trends include ensuring ergonomic standards, development of new environmentally friendly materials, optimised use of natural resources, and sustainably increased conversion of waste into value-added products. The circular economy principles require the reuse, recycling or upcycling of materials. The potential of reusing waste corrugated cardboard to produce new lightweight boards suitable for furniture and interior applications was investigated in this work. Two types of multi-layered panels were manufactured in the laboratory from corrugated cardboard and beech veneer, bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. Seven types of end corner joints of the created lightweight furniture panels and three conventional honeycomb panels were tested. Bending moments and stiffness coefficients in the compression test were evaluated. The bending strength values of the joints made of waste cardboard and beech veneer exhibited the required strength for application in furniture constructions or as interior elements. The joints made of multi-layer panels with a thickness of 51 mm, joined by dowels, demonstrated the highest bending strength and stiffness values (33.22 N∙m). The joints made of 21 mm thick multi-layer panels and connected with Confirmat had satisfactory bending strength values (10.53 N∙m) and Minifix had the lowest strength values (6.15 N∙m). The highest stiffness values (327 N∙m/rad) were determined for the 50 mm thick cardboard honeycomb panels connected by plastic corner connector and special screw Varianta, and the lowest values for the joints made of 21 mm thick multi-layer panels connected by Confirmat (40 N∙m/rad) and Minifix (43 N∙m/rad), respectively. The application of waste corrugated cardboard as a structural material for furniture and interiors can be improved by further investigations.

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30

Aji, Mahardika Prasetya, Annisa Lidia Wati, Aan Priyanto, Jotti Karunawan, Bebeh Wahid Nuryadin, Edy Wibowo, Putut Marwoto, and Sulhadi. "Polymer carbon dots from plastics waste upcycling." Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management 9 (May 2018): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2018.01.003.

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31

Zhuo, Chuanwei, and Yiannis A. Levendis. "Upcycling waste plastics into carbon nanomaterials: A review." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 4 (September 30, 2013): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39931.

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32

Ellis, Lucas D., Nicholas A. Rorrer, Kevin P. Sullivan, Maike Otto, John E. McGeehan, Yuriy Román-Leshkov, Nick Wierckx, and Gregg T. Beckham. "Chemical and biological catalysis for plastics recycling and upcycling." Nature Catalysis 4, no. 7 (July 2021): 539–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00648-4.

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33

Rorrer, Nicholas A., Scott Nicholson, Alberta Carpenter, Mary J. Biddy, Nicholas J. Grundl, and Gregg T. Beckham. "Combining Reclaimed PET with Bio-based Monomers Enables Plastics Upcycling." Joule 3, no. 4 (April 2019): 1006–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.01.018.

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34

Mensah, Kenneth, Hatem Mahmoud, Manabu Fujii, and Hassan Shokry. "Upcycling of Polystyrene Waste Plastics to High Value Carbon by Thermal Decomposition." Key Engineering Materials 897 (August 17, 2021): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.897.103.

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Globally, the adverse environmental impact of waste plastics is of increasing concern. Most plastics are naturally non-degradable, thus imposes serious environmental threats, especially, to marine life. Upcycling such waste into valuable contents is an effective approach to managing waste plastics. In this study, graphene is synthesized from waste polystyrene (PS) by thermal decomposition at different temperatures (500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 °C) for two hours reaction time in a stainless steel autoclave. The synthesized materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-disperse X-ray analysis (EDS) and surface area by using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The yield of the product materials was investigated and optimized against the temperature. The synthesized graphene is considered a promising material for many applications, especially in environmental applications.

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35

PARAS, MANOJ KUMAR, ANTONELA CURTEZA, RUDRAJEET PAL, YAN CHEN, and LICHUAN WANG. "A Romanian case study of clothes and accessories upcycling." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (July 1, 2019): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.03.1547.

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The present paper aims to investigate the practice of upcycling and redesign. The study draws on the multiple organizations involved in the redesigning activities. The organizations selected for the study are located in the northern part of Romania. Semi-structured interviews along with direct observations were used to collect information. The paper provides practical insights to upcycling process.Various kinds of redesigned products are made out of consumer and industrial wastes such as redesigned clothes, accessories for ladies, handbags, ladies purses and office stationery. Upcycling is generally considered as economically non-feasible. However, this study has found contradictory results. The demand-based redesign activities can help an organization to earn a profit. Two out of three selected organizations are able to self-sustain. One of the organizations is newly entered into the Romanian used clothing markets and ables to compete with existing players. This study could be seen as one of the early attempts to empirically explore the practice of textile and accessories upcycling practice in Eastern Europe. The findings from the current case study can provide several useful insights for other similar companies to make redesign activities profitable.

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PARAS, MANOJ KUMAR, LICHUAN WANG, ANTONELA CURTEZA, RUDRAJEET PAL, and YAN CHEN. "A Romanian case study of clothes and accessories upcycling." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (July 1, 2019): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.03.1549.

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The present paper aims to investigate the practice of upcycling and redesign. The study draws on the multiple organizations involved in the redesigning activities. The organizations selected for the study are located in the northern part of Romania. Semi-structured interviews along with direct observations were used to collect information. The paper provides practical insights to upcycling process.Various kinds of redesigned products are made out of consumer and industrial wastes such as redesigned clothes, accessories for ladies, handbags, ladies purses and office stationery. Upcycling is generally considered as economically non-feasible. However, this study has found contradictory results. The demand-based redesign activities can help an organization to earn a profit. Two out of three selected organizations are able to self-sustain. One of the organizations is newly entered into the Romanian used clothing markets and ables to compete with existing players. This study could be seen as one of the early attempts to empirically explore the practice of textile and accessories upcycling practice in Eastern Europe. The findings from the current case study can provide several useful insights for other similar companies to make redesign activities profitable.

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PARAS, MANOJ KUMAR, ANTONELA CURTEZA, RUDRAJEET PAL, YAN CHEN, and LICHUAN WANG. "A Romanian case study of clothes and accessories upcycling." Industria Textila 70, no. 03 (2019): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530//it.070.03.1549.

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The present paper aims to investigate the practice of upcycling and redesign. The study draws on the multiple organizations involved in the redesigning activities. The organizations selected for the study are located in the northern part of Romania. Semi-structured interviews along with direct observations were used to collect information. The paper provides practical insights to upcycling process.Various kinds of redesigned products are made out of consumer and industrial wastes such as redesigned clothes, accessories for ladies, handbags, ladies purses and office stationery. Upcycling is generally considered as economically non-feasible. However, this study has found contradictory results. The demand-based redesign activities can help an organization to earn a profit. Two out of three selected organizations are able to self-sustain. One of the organizations is newly entered into the Romanian used clothing markets and ables to compete with existing players. This study could be seen as one of the early attempts to empirically explore the practice of textile and accessories upcycling practice in Eastern Europe. The findings from the current case study can provide several useful insights for other similar companies to make redesign activities profitable.

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Pol, Vilas Ganpat. "Upcycling: Converting Waste Plastics into Paramagnetic, Conducting, Solid, Pure Carbon Microspheres." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 12 (June 15, 2010): 4753–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es100243u.

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Adefila, Arinola, Amal Abuzeinab, Timothy Whitehead, and Muyiwa Oyinlola. "Bottle house: utilising appreciative inquiry to develop a user acceptance model." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 4 (May 23, 2020): 567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-08-2019-0072.

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PurposeThis paper develops a novel user-acceptance model for circular solutions to housing design. The model has been systematically developed from a case study of an upcycled plastic bottle building in a low-income community in Nigeria. It is common practice to use participatory approaches to consult end users in communities, typically after design concepts have been proposed and conceptualised. However, this often leads to critical socio-cultural or usability elements being overlooked and the design being substandard. Therefore, this paper develops a robust model for designers, specialists and activists involved in construction that can be used during all phases of a project. This approach demonstrates that user needs should be considered before building designs and plans are generated, providing a greater frame of reference for practitioners, consultants and end users. Enabling the integration of holistic needs of the community and the development of circular design solution.Design/methodology/approachA case study methodology has been employed to develop this model, uses appreciative inquiry methodology. This includes multiple methods to capture end users’ perception: focus groups, interactions with the local community and self-recorded comments. This case study is part of a broader research project to develop replicable low-cost self-sufficient homes utilising local capacity using upcycled, locally available materials.FindingsThe findings identify the challenges associated with designing circular solution housing without a robust understanding of interrelated factors, which ensure sustainability and user acceptance. The conclusions demonstrate why essential socio-cultural factors, usually unrelated to technical development, should be understood and contextualised when designing sustainable solutions in low/middle-income communities. The authors argue that without this holistic approach, undesirable consequences may arise, often leading to more significant challenges. Instead of referring to multiple frameworks, this distinctive model can be used to evaluate user acceptance for low-cost housing in particular and other dimensions of circular solution design that involve end-user acceptance. The model blends circular solution dimensions with user-acceptance concerns offering a guide that considers essential features that are both user-friendly and pragmatic, such as utility, technological innovation and functionality as well as their intersectionality.Research limitations/implicationsThe research relied on a single case study, which focussed on end-user engagement of upcycling waste materials as an application of circular solutions. The model will contribute to developing socially accepted circular solutions taking into consideration local context factors.Originality/valueThe paper is proposing a model for user acceptance of circular construction materials relevant to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

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Demarteau, Jeremy, Ion Olazabal, Coralie Jehanno, and Haritz Sardon. "Aminolytic upcycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) wastes using a thermally-stable organocatalyst." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 30 (2020): 4875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py00067a.

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Zhang, Fan, Manhao Zeng, Ryan D. Yappert, Jiakai Sun, Yu-Hsuan Lee, Anne M. LaPointe, Baron Peters, Mahdi M. Abu-Omar, and Susannah L. Scott. "Polyethylene upcycling to long-chain alkylaromatics by tandem hydrogenolysis/aromatization." Science 370, no. 6515 (October 22, 2020): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abc5441.

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The current scale of plastics production and the accompanying waste disposal problems represent a largely untapped opportunity for chemical upcycling. Tandem catalytic conversion by platinum supported on γ-alumina converts various polyethylene grades in high yields (up to 80 weight percent) to low-molecular-weight liquid/wax products, in the absence of added solvent or molecular hydrogen, with little production of light gases. The major components are valuable long-chain alkylaromatics and alkylnaphthenes (average ~C30, dispersity Ð = 1.1). Coupling exothermic hydrogenolysis with endothermic aromatization renders the overall transformation thermodynamically accessible despite the moderate reaction temperature of 280°C. This approach demonstrates how waste polyolefins can be a viable feedstock for the generation of molecular hydrocarbon products.

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La Mantia, Francesco Paolo. "Polymer Mechanical Recycling: Downcycling or Upcycling?" Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 20, no. 1 (February 2004): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060402000102.

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Kuzmanović, Maja, Laurens Delva, Ludwig Cardon, and Kim Ragaert. "The Feasibility of Using the MFC Concept to Upcycle Mixed Recycled Plastics." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020689.

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Several mixed recycled plastics, namely, mixed bilayer polypropylene/poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PP/PET) film, mixed polyolefins (MPO) and talc-filled PP were selected for this study and used as matrices for the preparation of microfibrillar composites (MFCs) with PET as reinforcement fibres. MFCs with recycled matrices were successfully prepared by a three-step processing (extrusion—cold drawing—injection moulding), although significant difficulties in processing were observed. Contrary to previous results with virgin PP, no outstanding mechanical properties were achieved; they showed little or almost no improvement compared to the properties of unreinforced recycled plastics. SEM characterisation showed a high level of PET fibre coalescence present in the MFC made from recycled PP/PET film, while in the other MFCs, a large heterogeneity of the microstructure was identified. Despite these disappointing results, the MFC concept remains an interesting approach for the upcycling of mixed polymer waste. However, the current study shows that the approach requires further in-depth investigations which consider various factors such as viscosity, heterogeneity, the presence of different additives and levels of degradation.

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Szabó, Veronika Anna, and Gábor Dogossy. "Investigation of Flame Retardant rPET Foam." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 64, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.14556.

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The use of plastics in the food and the packaging industries continuously is increasing. In these areas of use the product’s life cycle is short, therefore it quickly turns into waste. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - the material that is used as beverage containers - are the material with the greatest environmental load. The physical recycling of PET bottles in large quantities was the research goal. During the work with the help of chemical foaming a closed cell structural foam from PET bottle was produced. The research was carried out with upcycling using chain extender and impact modifier additives. For industrial use a bromine-based flame retardant was used and excellent flame retardancy was achieved. Based on the results obtained, the material previously managed as waste, with the appropriate treatment can be involved into the manufacturing of new products.

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Qiu, Jianfan, Songqi Ma, Sheng Wang, Zhaobin Tang, Qiong Li, Anping Tian, Xiwei Xu, Binbo Wang, Na Lu, and Jin Zhu. "Upcycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate to Continuously Reprocessable Vitrimers through Reactive Extrusion." Macromolecules 54, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02359.

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Hejna, Aleksander, Łukasz Zedler, Marta Przybysz-Romatowska, Javier Cañavate, Xavier Colom, and Krzysztof Formela. "Reclaimed Rubber/Poly(ε-caprolactone) Blends: Structure, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051204.

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The amount of elastomeric waste, especially from tires is constantly increasing on a global scale. The recycling of these residua should be considered a priority. Compounding the waste rubbers with other polymers can be an excellent alternative to reuse waste materials. This procedure requires solving the issue of the lack of compatibility between the waste rubber particles and other polymers. Simultaneously, there is a claim for introducing biodegradable plastics materials to reduce their environmental impact. In this work, reclaimed rubber/poly(ε-caprolactone) (RR/PCL) blends are proposed to enhance the recycling and upcycling possibilities of waste rubbers. The results show that the addition of PCL to the RR allows obtaining blends with improved mechanical properties, good thermal stability, and enhanced interfacial compatibility between the used components. Structure and properties of the proposed RR/PCL have been studied by means of static and dynamic mechanical testing, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-FTIR analysis.

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Camarda, Daniel S., Matthew J. Lampe, Alan J. Lesser, Philippe Desbois, Klaus Stoll, Claus Gabriel, and Rupert Konradi. "Upcycling by grafting onto semi‐crystalline polymers using supercritical CO 2." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 138, no. 41 (June 5, 2021): 51203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.51203.

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Liu, Xia, Miao Hong, Laura Falivene, Luigi Cavallo, and Eugene Y. X. Chen. "Closed-Loop Polymer Upcycling by Installing Property-Enhancing Comonomer Sequences and Recyclability." Macromolecules 52, no. 12 (June 12, 2019): 4570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00817.

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Ragaert, Kim, Sara Hubo, Laurens Delva, Lore Veelaert, and Els Du Bois. "Upcycling of contaminated post-industrial polypropylene waste: A design from recycling case study." Polymer Engineering & Science 58, no. 4 (November 8, 2017): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.24764.

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Knott, Brandon C., Erika Erickson, Mark D. Allen, Japheth E. Gado, Rosie Graham, Fiona L. Kearns, Isabel Pardo, et al. "Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 28, 2020): 25476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006753117.

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Plastics pollution represents a global environmental crisis. In response, microbes are evolving the capacity to utilize synthetic polymers as carbon and energy sources. Recently,Ideonella sakaiensiswas reported to secrete a two-enzyme system to deconstruct polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to its constituent monomers. Specifically, theI. sakaiensisPETase depolymerizes PET, liberating soluble products, including mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (MHET), which is cleaved to terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol by MHETase. Here, we report a 1.6 Å resolution MHETase structure, illustrating that the MHETase core domain is similar to PETase, capped by a lid domain. Simulations of the catalytic itinerary predict that MHETase follows the canonical two-step serine hydrolase mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that MHETase evolved from ferulic acid esterases, and two homologous enzymes are shown to exhibit MHET turnover. Analysis of the two homologous enzymes and the MHETase S131G mutant demonstrates the importance of this residue for accommodation of MHET in the active site. We also demonstrate that the MHETase lid is crucial for hydrolysis of MHET and, furthermore, that MHETase does not turnover mono(2-hydroxyethyl)-furanoate or mono(2-hydroxyethyl)-isophthalate. A highly synergistic relationship between PETase and MHETase was observed for the conversion of amorphous PET film to monomers across all nonzero MHETase concentrations tested. Finally, we compare the performance of MHETase:PETase chimeric proteins of varying linker lengths, which all exhibit improved PET and MHET turnover relative to the free enzymes. Together, these results offer insights into the two-enzyme PET depolymerization system and will inform future efforts in the biological deconstruction and upcycling of mixed plastics.

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