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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic properties'
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1
Glukhikh, Viktor, Pavel Buryndin, Artyem Artyemov, Andrei Savinovskih, Pavel Krivonogov, and Anna Krivonogova. "Plastics: physical-and-mechanical properties and biodegradable potential." Foods and Raw Materials 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-149-154.
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Introduction. Processing agricultural waste into plant biodegradable plastics is a promising way for its recycling. This work featured the main physical-and-mechanical properties of plant plastics without adhesive substances obtained from millet husk and wheat husk and wood plastic obtained from sawdust, as well as their biodegradation potential.
Study objects and methods. Objects of the study were plastics without adhesives based on wood sawdust, millet husk, and wheat husk.
Results and discussion. We analyzed of the physical-and-mechanical parameters of the plant plastic based on millet husk, wheat husk, as well as wood plastic based on sawdust. The analysis showed that, in general, the strength characteristics of the wood plastics were higher than those of the plastics based on millet husk, especially flexural strength. Thus, the average value of the density of the wood plastic exceeded that of the plant plastic from millet husk by 10%, hardness by 40%, compression elasticity modulus by 50%, and flexural modulus by 3.9 times. It was found that wood and plant plastics obtained from sawdust, millet husk, and wheat husk without adhesives had a high biodegradation potential.
Conclusion. The plastics obtained can be used as an insulating, building, and decorative material in the steppe regions experiencing a shortage of wood and wood powder.
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Yuriz, Yasmin, Tuan Noor Hasanah Tuan Ismail, Ismail Mohamed, and Nik Normunira Mat Hassan. "CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC WASTES: POSSIBILITY OF REINFORCING MATERIAL FOR SOIL." Jurnal Teknologi 83, no. 4 (June 7, 2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v83.14676.
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The current statistic shows that the percentage of plastic has significantly increased in the landfill and leads to environmental issues due to its non-biodegradable characteristic. However, these challenges can be turned into opportunities by reusing and recycling such waste for civil engineering applications. Hence, the focuses of this paper are to analyze the possibility of utilizing plastic waste in the soil reinforcement field using VOSviewer software and to evaluate the chemical, thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the plastics (plastic straw, plastic bottle, and plastic bag). The data for this study was collected from the articles published in Scopus. Nevertheless, there are very limited articles that relate soil reinforcement with the thermal, chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of plastic waste. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the properties of plastic waste, which were plastic bottles, plastic bags, and plastic straw. The properties of plastic waste have been investigated to ensure it meets the requirement for soil reinforcement technology. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of carbon and hydrogen chains in those plastics waste. The plastic straw, plastic bag, and plastic bottle were degraded at 382°C, 456°C, and 449°C, respectively. This finding indicated that all of these plastics waste were thermally stable in the tropical temperature. Moreover, the densities of the plastics waste were less than 1 g/cm3, which contributes to the lightweight material and it’s very crucial to eliminating the self-loading from the reinforcement material.
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Techawinyutham, Laongdaw, and Wiroj Techawinyutham. "Effect of Solvent Cleaning on Thermo-Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Plastic Wastes from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.230.
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The plastics from municipal solid waste (MSW) were modified to improve cleanness for adding value. The stir and sonication were performed as cleaning processes. Xylene, tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, acetone and toluene were used as solvent cleaning. The most suitable cleaning process was sonication method with cleaning time of 5 min and the appropriate solvent was xylene for washing the plastic wastes for further study in terms of thermo-mechanical and rheological properties. The cleaning process was successful as evidence in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. The properties of new plastics, cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes were compared and analyzed. Tensile strength of the specimens from plastic wastes was slightly decreased; however, elongation and impact strength of cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes sharply dropped as compared to new plastics. Tensile modulus of cleaned plastic wastes was slightly better than that of new plastics. Thermal stability of plastic waste was slightly lower than that of new plastic. Shear storage modulus (Gʹ), shear loss modulus (Gʺ) and shear viscosity (η) of new plastics showed the maximum value; on the other hand, those properties of cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes were similar. The cleaning method with solvent did not destroy thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of the cleaned plastic wastes.
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Udjiana, S. Sigit, Sigit Hadiantoro, and Noor Isnaini Azkiya. "Pengaruh Jumlah Filler Kalsium Silikat dalam Pembuatan Biodegradable Plastic dari Biji Nangka." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v6i1.242.
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Biodegradable plastic adalah plastik yang memiliki sifat ramah lingkungan karena mampu terurai oleh mikroorganisme yang ada pada tanah. Pati berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan biodegadable plastic karena dapat mudah terdegradasi dan menghasilkan senyawa yang ramah lingkungan. Pada penelitian ini sumber pati didapat dari biji nangka dengan kandungan pati sebesar 29,73%. Penambahan kalsium silikat sebagai filler bertujuan untuk memperbaiki sifat mekanik biodegadable plastic. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh filler kalsium silikat terhadap kuat tarik, presentase biodegradasi (%) dan persentase serapan air (%) dari biodegadable plastic yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, semakin banyak filler kalsium silikat maka biodegadable plastic memiliki kuat tarik yang semakin tinggi. Sedangkan kemampuan absorpsi biodegadable plastic terhadap air menurun seiring dengan semakin banyaknya jumlah kalsium silikat yang ditambahkan. Kemampuan biodegradasi plastik juga menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah filler kalsium. Biodegadable plastic dengan penambahan filler kalsium silikat 6% memiliki kuat tarik antara 7,85 MPa persentase serapan air sekitar 5% dan persentase biodegradasi sekitar 7%.Biodegradable plastic is a plastic that has environmentally friendly properties because it is able to decompose by microorganisms in the soil. Starch has the potential to be used as a basic material for making biodegradable plastics because it can be easily degraded and produces environmentally friendly compounds. In this study, the source of starch was obtained from jackfruit seeds with a starch content of 29.73%. The addition of calcium silicate as a filler aims to improve the mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic. This study aims to determine the effect of calcium silicate filler on tensile strength, % biodegradation and % water absorption of the resulting biodegradable plastic. Based on the results obtained, the more calcium silicate filler the biodegradable plastic has a higher tensile strength. Meanwhile, the absorption ability of biodegradable plastic to water decreases with the increasing amount of calcium silicate added. The biodegradability of plastics also decreases with the increase in the amount of calcium filler. Biodegradable plastic with the addition of 6% calcium silicate has tensile strength between 7,85 Mpa, percent water absorption between 5% and percent biodegradation between 7%.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Husen Nasrullah. "Optical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.199.
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Repetitive implementation of material value conservation (MVC) in plastic packaging may lead to good quality plastic waste and high acceptance for secondary recycling. This makes the obtained recycled plastic pellets has good quality and can be used as an alternative raw material for new products. However, treatments and processing in the recycling processes can lead to the degradation of material properties and disrupt the recycled plastics life cycle to be used for new products with high specifications. Recycled plastics are certainly cheaper than virgin plastics, but they have low properties, contaminated, and are only used for low-value products. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. This study proposed mixing recycled and virgin plastic pellets to improve recycled plastics whose optical properties have been subjected to quality degradation. A series of tests were carried out on specimens and tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The optical properties tested were transparency, gloss, and colour. This study revealed that optical properties had an increasing trend along with the large number of virgin plastic pellets added to the blends. The optimal composition was found in the 50:50 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets to the 70:30 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets. These findings can be useful in improving the optical properties of recycled plastics. In addition, the widespread implementation of MVC can improve the quality of plastic waste and strengthen its acceptance for secondary recycling.
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Park, Jun Kil, and Min Ook Kim. "Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials with Recycled Plastic: A Review." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 9060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219060.
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This study summarizes existing studies on plastic recycling to determine whether ocean plastics with high pollution degrees could be used for cement-based materials. In particular, the methods to recycle plastic waste, the effects of recycled plastic on the physical and mechanical properties of cement-based materials, and their effective usage were investigated. Workability, density, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of cement-based materials with recycled plastics were reviewed and divided into recycled aggregates and fibers. Based on the previous investigation, the direction of research necessary to recycle marine plastics is suggested. As the amount of recycled plastic aggregate increased, the mechanical strength of cement-based materials decreased. The recycled plastic aggregate lowered the density and increased porosity of the cement-based material. Meanwhile, recycled plastic fibers reduced the compressive strength but improved the tensile strength; to effectively improve tensile strength, a volume content of less than 1.5% should be added to prevent balling fibers. Furthermore, an appropriate aspect ratio should be determined based on the type of plastic to be used.
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Sikora, Janusz, Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties: Part I." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081986.
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This paper presents a characterization of a plastic extrusion process and the selected properties of three biodegradable plastic types, in comparison with LDPE (low-density polyethylene). The four plastics include: LDPE, commercial name Malen E FABS 23-D022; potato starch based plastic (TPS-P), BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C), BioComp®BF 01HP; and a polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA), BioComp®BF 7210. Plastic films with determined geometric parameters (thickness of the foil layer and width of the flattened foil sleeve) were produced from these materials (at individually defined processing temperatures), using blown film extrusion, by applying different extrusion screw speeds. The produced plastic films were tested to determine the geometrical features, MFR (melt flow rate), blow-up ratio, draw down ratio, mass flow rate, and exit velocity. The tests were complemented by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and chemical structure analysis. It was found that the biodegradable films were extruded at higher rate and mass flow rate than LDPE; the lowest thermal stability was ascertained for the film samples extruded from TPS-C and TPS-P, and that all tested biodegradable plastics contained polyethylene.
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Ballent, A., A. Purser, P. de Jesus Mendes, S. Pando, and L. Thomsen. "Physical transport properties of marine microplastic pollution." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 19, 2012): 18755–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-18755-2012.
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Abstract. Given the complexity of quantitative collection, knowledge of the distribution of microplastic pollution in many regions of the world ocean is patchy, both spatially and temporally, especially for the subsurface environment. However, with knowledge of typical hydrodynamic behavior of waste plastic material, models predicting the dispersal of pelagic and benthic plastics from land sources into the ocean are possible. Here we investigate three aspects of plastic distribution and transport in European waters. Firstly, we assess patterns in the distribution of plastics found in fluvial strandlines of the North Sea and how distribution may be related to flow velocities and distance from source. Second, we model transport of non-buoyant preproduction pellets in the Nazaré Canyon of Portugal using the MOHID system after assessing the density, settling velocity, critical and depositional shear stress characteristics of such waste plastics. Thirdly, we investigate the effect of surface turbulences and high pressures on a range of marine plastic debris categories (various densities, degradation states and shapes tested) in an experimental water column simulator tank and pressure laboratory. Plastics deposited on North Sea strandlines varied greatly spatially, as a function of material composition and distance from source. Model outputs indicated that such dense production pellets are likely transported up and down canyon as a function of tidal forces, with only very minor net down canyon movement. Behaviour of plastic fragments under turbulence varied greatly, with the dimensions of the material, as well as density, playing major determining roles. Pressure was shown to affect hydrodynamic behaviours of only low density foam plastics at pressures ≥ 60 bar.
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Celauro, Clara, Rosalia Teresi, Francesco Graziano, Francesco Paolo La Mantia, and Antonio Protopapa. "Preliminary Evaluation of Plasmix Compound from Plastics Packaging Waste for Reuse in Bituminous Pavements." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042258.
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Finding an appropriate technical solution for reusing waste plastics is crucial for creating a circular plastic economy. Although mechanical recycling is the best option for recycling post-consumer plastics, some heterogeneous mixed plastics cannot be recycled to produce secondary material due to their very low properties. In this case, alternative routes should be considered in order to limit their disposal as much as possible. Therefore, in order to solve the environmental problems in the landfills of plastic waste recycling, and to improve the mechanical performance of bitumen for road pavement, the reuse of these post-consumer plastic wastes are preliminarily evaluated for the modification of bitumen for road use. The field of polymers used so far and widely studied concerns virgin materials, or highly homogeneous materials, in case of recycled plastics. In this work, a highly heterogeneous mixed plastic—Plasmix—from the separate collection in Italy, is used as a bitumen modifier for road construction. The research focused on the dry (into the mixture) and wet (into the binder) addition of different content of the Plasmix compound, with the aim of assessing the feasibility of the modification itself. Results of the mechanical tests carried out prove an increase in performance and that there is a potential of the addition of the Plasmix compound both for binder and mixture modifications.
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Gao, Hua, Qing Wen Wang, Hai Gang Wang, and Yong Ming Song. "Properties of Highly Filled Wood Fiber-Maleic Anhydride Grafted Thermoplastic Blends Composites." Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (June 2010): 1856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1856.
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In order to make high performance wood-plastic composites (WPCs) from wood-fiber and mixed plastic wastes, virgin resins were compounded to simulate mixed plastic wastes, which included polypropylene, polyethylene and/or polystyrene, then grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH) by reactive extrusion. Highly filled WPCs were prepared by extruding. Mechanical testing results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites based on grafted virgin and waste plastics both significantly enhanced. The compatibility between the different plastics in the blend system and the interfacial adhesion between wood fibers and the blends were both improved with the modification of the blends, as evidenced by SEM. For the composites based on MAH grafted plastics, the water absorption and thickness swell decreased, which is true for the composite made from both virgin and recycled plastics. This blending-grafting modification method can be considered as a feasible approach to use mixed plastic wastes in the manufacture of high performance WPCs.
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Karthick, K., V. Mohan Ramana, M. S. Muralikrishnan, Nallani Vishnuvardhan, and S. Naveen Kumar. "Effects of various reinforcement on mechanical properties of plastic block: A review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2054, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2054/1/012075.
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Abstract Solid waste management is one of the major problems of any developing country due to the rapid growth in urbanization and industrialization. In solid waste one of the main components is plastics. Some of the plastics used in household and industrial applications are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and this kind of plastics can be recyclable but these plastics are simply dumped in landfills and water bodies and then plays a vital role in the causes for environmental pollution and other threats. Degradation rate of plastics also very slow, hence disposal of these plastic wastes without any cautions are not only affecting our surroundings but also affecting humans and other living beings. In addition to plastic waste another one main element is construction waste. Most of these waste plastics and construction wastes such as ceramic waste, metal scraps and quarry dust can be recycled by proper processes and can be reused. These waste plastics can be used to manufacture plastic blocks that may be used in construction works. This paper mainly focuses on the review of researches done on Improving mechanical properties of paver blocks using various waste materials as reinforcement. These plastic paver blocks with reinforcement can be used in nontraffic roads such as walkways, footpaths, pedestrian plazas, landscapes, monument premises and in waterlog areas due to their low water absorption property.
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Prigiya, Regina Elriana Oki. "Pembuangan Limbah Plastik: Studi Kasus Limbah Rumah Tangga Di Desa Sigi." Areopagus : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Teologi Kristen 19, no. 2 (September 30, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46965/ja.v19i2.611.
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Abstrak:Plastik telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan sehari-hari manusia. Sifat dasar plastik yang tidak mudah lapuk, ringan, antikarat, dan murah, sering kali menjadi alasan penggunaan plastik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, termasuk masyarakat di Desa Sigi. Seluruh aktifitas hidup masyarakat seringkali menggunakan plastik, baik dalam aktifitas rumah tangga, sosial maupun ekonomi. Penggunaan barang berbahan dasar plastik berbanding lurus terhadap limbah plastik yang dihasilkan, akhirnya bermuara pada permasalahan lingkungan dan rusaknya keseimbangan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang dampak penggunaan plastik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari masyarakat di Desa Sigi. Metode dalam penulisan ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, seperti observasi, wawancara dan pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner. Plastik menjadi permasalahan lingkungan karena dalam proses produksinya turut menyumbang emisi karbon ke udara, selain itu, juga bisa menyebabkan pencemaran terhadap tanah dan air. Penggunaan plastik yang berlebihan dan tidak bertanggungjawab hanya akan menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Jika masalah ini tidak ditangani dengan baik, benar dan tepat tentu nantinya akan menjadi bumerang bagi manusia.Kata kunci: plastik, lingkungan, perilaku masyarakat Abstract:Plastic had become a part of people's daily lived. The basic properties of plastics that were not easily weathered, light, stainless, and cheap, are often the reason for the use of plastic in daily life, including people in Sigi. All activities of people's lived often use plastic, both in household, social and economic activities. The use of plastic-based goods is directly proportional to the resulting plastic waste, eventually resulting in environmental problems and damage to the balance of nature. This study aims to explain the impact of plastic use in people's daily lives in Sigi Village. This method of writing uses qualitative methods, such as observation, interview and data collection through questionnaires. Plastic becomes an environmental problem because in the production process contributes carbon emissions to the air, in addition, it can also cause pollution to soil and water. Excessive and irresponsible use of plastic will only cause environmental problems. If this problem is not handled properly, rightly and appropriately it will certainly backfire for humans.Key Words: plastic, enviroment, people’s behavior
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Angga Ananditto. "Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.70.
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Contaminated plastic waste if undergo a mechanical recycling process will have a low value. This can be overcome by repetitive implementation of Material Value Conservation (MVC) through material purity protection from design stage to the end of the material life cycle. Repetition of recycling up to eight times caused degradation of mechanical properties of plastics by up to 20%. The repetition was done on a laboratory scale with pure polypropylene as raw material. This research was conducted to overcome the degradation of plastic properties by mixing recycled plastic pellets with virgin plastic in the most optimal proportion. Plastic blends with certain compositions were recycled up to 8 times, then its mechanical properties are tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. This research revealed the opportunities to utilize the 6th recycled plastic pellets by mixing it with virgin plastic to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, this research shows that repetitive recycling of plastic blends with the implementation of material value conservation (MVC) could increase the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials and extend the life time of plastic materials.
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Cheon, Hyeonwook, Jamshid Ruziev, Heonseok Lee, Yonghak Kang, Seungjun Roh, and Woosuk Kim. "Mechanical Properties of Cement Composites Using Modified Plastics by Gamma Irradiation." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 11982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411982.
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Recently, pollution caused by an increasing amount of worldwide plastic waste has become a global problem. However, these concerns can be alleviated by the use of gamma-ray technology. Using radiation technology, plastic wastes can be converted into a variety of useful purposes presenting powerful opportunities for environmental sustainability and material innovations. Plastics are strong, durable, waterproof, lightweight, easy to mold, and recyclable. In this study, plastic aggregate modified by gamma irradiation was mixed into cement composites, and mechanical property evaluation experiments were conducted. As a result, it was confirmed that the physical performance of cement composites was improved by up to 70% in the case of using the modified plastic aggregates compared to the general plastic aggregate.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Afifah Nadia Tiana. "Mechanical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.76.
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Plastic packaging that applied material value conservation paradigm will generate good quality plastic waste. It can be recycled to produce raw material for new packaging. However, repetitive recycling has impacts on lowering its mechanical properties. Recycled plastic is expected not to undergo mechanical properties degradation. This research proposed to blend recycled plastic pellets with its virgin plastic to reduce mechanical properties degradation. Mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene are compared to 100% virgin polypropylene and recycled/virgin polypropylene blends with composition 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90. Mechanical properties tested in this research are modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break, and density. All were tested according to ASTM for mechanical properties testing materials. This study revealed blending 50% virgin polypropylene significantly improves mechanical properties of recycled plastics and keep improving at 70% virgin polypropylene. The optimum improvement based on four mechanical properties was found at composition 30/70 of recycled/virgin plastic. Elongation at break is the most critical property where degradation was found at 90/10. Blending 6th recycled and virgin polypropylene gives opportunities to improve the mechanical properties of recycled plastic products with careful consideration of the compositions. By implementing material value conservation, good quality plastic waste can be recycled repetitively. This will decrease accumulation of plastic waste generation and usage of non-renewable plastic’s raw material. The positive impact is not only to economic of plastic industry but also to the quality of environment.
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Al-Luhybi, Ashtar S., and Diyar N. Qader. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycled Plastic Waste." Civil and Environmental Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2021): 629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cee-2021-0063.
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Abstract Plastics are a vast group of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are often made of polymers. Because of their plasticity, plastics can be molded, extruded, and pressed into solid objects of different sizes. Its extensive use is due to its flexibility, as well as a number of other properties such as light weight, durability, and low manufacturing costs. The high use of plastics has resulted in an increase in solid waste, with domestic waste accounting for a significant portion of it. Since this waste is not biodegradable and takes up a lot of space, it is considered a serious environmental problem. To overcome these adverse effects, recycling plastic waste and using it in concrete can be an effective way to protect the environment. In this study, an attempt was made to experimentally evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete with recycled PET plastic wastes. The effect of this type of plastic waste was investigated by adding it in three different lengths: 22 mm, 45 mm, and a combination of both lengths 22 + 45 mm. For each length of fiber, it was added in three percentages to concrete 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 % of cement weight. Several experiments were carried out on concrete mixtures such as slump test, compressive test, splitting tensile test, flexural test, and ultrasound pulse velocity test. The findings showed that PET waste in the form of fibers could be incorporated into concrete and achieve adequate compressive strength. When the ultrasound test results were compared to the results of previous tests, it was discovered that normal concrete containing plastic waste in the form of fibers performed exceptionally well.
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Babafemi, Adewumi, Branko Šavija, Suvash Paul, and Vivi Anggraini. "Engineering Properties of Concrete with Waste Recycled Plastic: A Review." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 3875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113875.
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The abundance of waste plastic is a major issue for the sustainability of the environment as plastic pollutes rivers, land, and oceans. However, the versatile behavior of plastic (it is lightweight, flexible, strong, moisture-resistant, and cheap) can make it a replacement for or alternative to many existing composite materials like concrete. Over the past few decades, many researchers have used waste plastic as a replacement for aggregates in concrete. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the engineering properties of waste recycled plastic. It is divided into three sections, along with an introduction and conclusion. The influence of recycled waste plastics on the fresh properties of concrete is discussed first, followed by its influence on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Current experimental results have shown that the mechanical and durability properties of concrete are altered due to the inclusion of plastic. However, such concrete still fulfills the requirements of many engineering applications. This review also advocates further study of possible pre-treatment of waste plastic properties for the modification of its surface, shape, and size in order to improve the quality of the composite product and make its use more widespread.
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Sikora, Janusz W., Łukasz Majewski, and Andrzej Puszka. "Modern Biodegradable Plastics—Processing and Properties Part II." Materials 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 2523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14102523.
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Four different plastics were tested: potato starch based plastic (TPS-P)–BIOPLAST GF 106/02; corn starch based plastic (TPS-C)–BioComp BF 01HP; polylactic acid (polylactide) plastic (PLA)—BioComp BF 7210 and low density polyethylene, trade name Malen E FABS 23-D022; as a petrochemical reference sample. Using the blown film extrusion method and various screw rotational speeds, films were obtained and tested, as a result of which the following were determined: breaking stress, strain at break, static and dynamic friction coefficient of film in longitudinal and transverse direction, puncture resistance and strain at break, color, brightness and gloss of film, surface roughness, barrier properties and microstructure. The biodegradable plastics tested are characterized by comparable or even better mechanical strength than petrochemical polyethylene for the range of film blowing processing parameters used here. The effect of the screw rotational speed on the mechanical characteristics of the films obtained was also demonstrated. With the increase in the screw rotational speed, the decrease of barrier properties was also observed. No correlation between roughness and permeability of gases and water vapor was shown. It was indicated that biodegradable plastics might be competitive for conventional petrochemical materials used in film blowing niche applications where cost, recyclability, optical and water vapor barrier properties are not critical.
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Iswendi, Iswendi, Iryani Iryani, Alpira Alpira, and Regi Fadila Putra. "Utilization of Cassava Processing Liquid Waste as Raw Material for Making Biodegradable Plastics with the Addition of Glycerol Plasticizer." EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis 2, no. 2 (September 13, 2021): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/eksakta.vol2.iss1.art10.
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This study aimed to utilize cassava processing liquid waste into biodegradable plastic with glycerol as a plasticizer. This experimental study varies the amount of glycerol: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) mL. The resulting biodegradable plastics were analyzed for physical properties consist of (water content and degree of swelling), mechanical properties consist of (tensile strength, elongation, elasticity), biodegradation, and structural properties. Fourier Transform Infra-Red and x-ray diffraction were employed for the studies. The results showed that the more glycerol added, the greater the percentage of water content and the degree of swelling were obtained. The optimum tensile of the biodegradable plastic was reached with 3 mL of glycerol, giving the strength of 27.49 N/mm2, elongation 0.107 N/mm2, elasticity 4.804 MPa. Biodegradable plastic with the addition of 5 mL of glycerol degraded up to 60.777%. The FTIR spectra showed almost the same peaks between plastics without the addition of glycerol and glycerol. Meanwhile, XRD data shows that the degree of crystallinity of plastic without glycerol is higher than that of plastic with the addition of glycerol.
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Clarinsa, Regina Martha, and Suyatno Sutoyo. "PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI KOMPOSIT HDPE (HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE) DAN PATI UMBI SUWEG (Amorphophallus campanulatus)." Unesa Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ujc.v10n1.p85-95.
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Abstrak. Plastik yang berasal dari polimer sintetik menjadi permasalahan lingkungan karena tidak dapat terdegradasi lebih cepat di dalam tanah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk membuat plastik biodegradable komposit HDPE dengan pati umbi suweg (HDPE-PSW) serta menentukan komposisi terbaik dari campuran HDPE dengan pati umbi suweg yang memiliki sifat biodegradabilitas yang memenuhi standart SNI. Pati diperoleh dari umbi suweg menggunakan metode ekstraksi dengan pelarut air. Proses pembuatan plastik biodegradable dilakukan dengan metode grafting menggunakan pereaksi maleat anhidrida dan bahan pemlastis berupa gliserol. Variasi komposisi massa HDPE dan pati suweg yang digunakan berturut-turut 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, dan 4:6 gram. Sifat biodegradabilitas ditentukan dengan metode Soil Burial Test sedangkan gugus fungsi ditentukan menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR. Dari proses ekstraksi diperoleh pati dengan rendemen 5,25%. Pati diperoleh dalam bentuk serbuk berwarna putih, tidak berbau, sedikit larut dalam air dan etanol, serta menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pereaksi larutan iodium. Hasil uji biodegradasi menunjukkan bahwa plastik komposit HDPE-PSW 6:4 dan 5:5 mendekati standar SNI karena setelah didegradasi selama seminggu menunjukkan persentase degradasi mendekati 60%, yakni masing-masing 58,9% dan 60,6%. Kedua komposisi plastik HDPE-PSW tersebut juga memiliki persentase degradasi mendekati plastik biodegradable komersial Cassaplast (59,4%). Berdasarkan hasil uji FTIR, plastik biodegradable HDPE-PSW memiliki gugus fungsi yang sama dengan plastik HDPE dan pati umbi suweg. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses grafting dalam pembuatan plastik biodegradable HDPE-PSW telah terjadi.
Kata kunci : Plastik biodegradable, pati umbi suweg, HDPE
Abstract. Plastic which derived from synthetic polymers is an environmental problem because it couldn’t easily degradation in the ground. This research is aimed to make the biodegradable plastic composite of HDPE with suweg tuber starch (HDPE-PSW) as well as determining the best composition of HDPE-suweg tuber starch mixture which has biodegradability properties according to SNI standards. Suweg tuber made with ekstraction method which uses water solvent. Biodegradable plastics have been processed using grafting method with maleic anhydride reactant and glycerol plasticizer. The varians mass of HDPE plastic and suweg starch are 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6 grams. Biodegradability of biodegradable plastics depend on Soil Burial Test method meanwhile analysis of functional group depend with FTIR spectrophotometer. From the extraction process obtained starch with a yield of 5.25%. Starch was obtained in the form of white powder, odorless, slightly soluble in water and ethanol, and showed positive results with iodine solution reagent. The biodegradation test results showed that the HDPE-PSW plastic composite of 6:4 and 5:5 approached the SNI standard because after being degraded for a week showed the percentage of degradation was approaching 60% ie 58.9% and 60.6%, respectively. The two HDPE-PSW plastic compositions also had a degradation percentage close to Cassaplast's commercial biodegradable plastic (59.4%). Based on the results of the FTIR test, HDPE-PSW biodegradable plastic had the same functional group as HDPE plastic and suweg tuber starch. This showed that the grafting process in the manufacture of biodegradable HDPE-PSW plastic had taken place.
Key words: Biodegradable plastics, suweg tuber starch, HDPE
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Hasaya, Haudi, and Reni Masrida. "Potensi Pemanfaatan Ulang Sampah Plastik Menjadi Eco-Paving Block." Jurnal Jaring SainTek 3, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/jaring-saintek.v3i1.478.
Full textAbstract:
Eco-paving block is a product used for construction consisting of sand and plastic mixes. In order to produce eco-paving blocks, the mixture of sand and concrete was substituted in part with sand and plastics. In order to properly mix plastics to create eco-paving blocks, a plastic smelter was used to generate heat and melt the plastic materials. The plastic material types used in this case was PETE or PETE, which has the characteristics of being flexible and high adhesive properties; along with ABS which can stand pressures. Based on the tests conducted with the plastic smelter using PET, ABS, and the combination of PET and ABS, the most promising result was shown with the combination of PET and ABS. This combination required 8 minutes 21 seconds for the plastics to become fully melted, and a temperature of 278oC. The combination of PET and ABS resulted in a mixture of plastics with strong adhesive properties and durability. This product could potentially be developed into eco-paving blocks. Additional studies regarding the optimum dosage combinations of PET and ABS plastics in eco-paving blocks can potentially be established in order to further optimize the usage of these plastics in eco-paving blocks.
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Nugraha, Adam F., Ardhito J. Naindraputra, Calvin S. A. L. Gaol, Ismojo Ismojo, and M. Chalid. "Polypropylene-based Multilayer Plastic Waste Utilization on Bitumen Modification for Hot-Mixed Asphalt Application: Preliminary Study." Journal of Applied Science, Engineering, Technology, and Education 4, no. 2 (November 5, 2022): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35877/454ri.asci1119.
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Plastic waste that has not been appropriately managed has caused concern for various stakeholders and has a negative impact on the environment. A way to minimize this issue is by promoting a circular economy through recycling. Despite this, many plastic wastes cannot be economically recycled; one of them is multilayer plastics due to the difficulty in sorting out the various types of materials contained in the layers. As an alternative, it may be possible to utilize multilayer plastic as a bitumen mixture; this method may avoid the separation process entirely. Bitumen is a component of asphalt, which is crucial to the construction of infrastructure. Plastics can potentially enhance the properties of modified bitumen, and they would assist in enhancing the quality of the asphalt. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of multilayer waste plastics on bitumen fabricated by the hot-mixing process. To enhance the compatibility between hydrophobic plastic and hydrophilic bitumen, lignin was used as a compatibilizer. The properties of bitumen with 3, 4, and 5 wt.% multilayer plastic and mixing times of 15, 30, and 45 minutes were evaluated. Accordingly, surface, chemical, thermal properties, and morphology were evaluated using sessile drop tests, Fourier Transform Infrared, thermogravimetry analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.
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Jean-Marcel AMEWOUAME, Komi, Kwamivi N. SEGBEAYA, Yaovi Agbeko KOUTO, and Yawovi M. X. Dany AYITE. "STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF MORTAR INCORPORATED FROM MELTED PLASTIC BAGS." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 07 (July 31, 2024): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19024.
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The aim of this research is to study the physical-mechanical behaviour and durability of mortars containing melted plastic bags. To this end, 4cmx4cmx16cm test specimens of mortar containing cement or not and melted plastic bags at a mass ratio ranging from 10 to 25% of the mixture were produced. Compressive strength, flexural strength and acid durability were measured. The results show that the quantity of plastics in the mortars is inversely proportional to water absorption. Similarly, cementless mortars containing 25% plastic bags (MWC25) and cement mortars containing 25% plastic bags (CM25) gave maximum compressive strengths of 9.45MPa and 10.45MPa respectively. The durability test in a 5% sulphuric acid solution showed that CM25 and MWC20 lost 50% of their mass after 28 days.
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Singh, Vasundhara. "A Comparative Study on Plastic Concrete and Partially Replaced Plastic Concrete using Plastic Aggregate with Conventional Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34942.
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Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns in our country now a day. The present study covers the use or recycled plastics as replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete. The main aim of the study is to investigate the change in mechanical properties of concrete with the addition of plastics in concrete. Along with the mechanical properties, thermal characteristics of the resultant concrete are also studied. It is found that the use of plastic aggregates results in the formation of lightweight concrete. The compressive, as well as tensile strength of concrete reduces with the introduction of plastics. The most important change brought about by the use of plastics is that the thermal conductivity of concrete is reduced by using plastics in concrete. Therefore, it can be said that recycled plastics can be used for thermal insulation of buildings.
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Dewi, Rozanna, Novi Sylvia, and Medyan Riza. "Characterization of Degradable Plastics from Sago and Breadfruit Starch-Based with Addition of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Catalyst and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 26, no. 11 (December 20, 2023): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.26.11.427-436.
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Degradable plastic can be used as a substitute for commercial plastic. Degradable plastic made from starch with zinc oxide (ZnO) catalyst and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has biodegradable properties. This research used sago starch, breadfruit starch, ZnO catalyst, and PVA as additives to strengthen the mechanical properties of degradable plastic. The research methodology encompassed several stages, including the preparation of sago and breadfruit starch, the synthesis of degradable plastic, and the subsequent evaluation of its characteristics. Various concentrations of ZnO and PVA catalysts (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) were employed in this study. Mechanical characteristic test for degradable plastic showed that the tensile strength test for sago starch-based plastic with 40% ZnO catalyst and PVA was 2.31–3.96 MPa, while for breadfruit starch-based degradable plastic was 2.88–3.20 MPa. FTIR analysis revealed that the compound constituents of degradable plastics exhibit hydrophilic properties and readily interact with water, making them susceptible to natural degradation in soil. Furthermore, the thermal characteristics were examined using DSC, which indicated that sago starch-based degradable plastic (with ZnO 40% and PVA 40%) exhibited a thermogram peak at a temperature of 137.15°C, while the breadfruit starch-based plastic displayed a peak at 136.97°C. In terms of water absorption, the swelling index for sago starch-based plastic ranged from 18.35% to 65.26%, whereas for breadfruit starch-based plastic, it ranged from 19.91% to 64.06%. Notably, the lowest water absorption levels were observed at a ZnO concentration of 40% and a PVA concentration of 10%. The higher the PVA concentration, the more water was absorbed due to the hydrophilic nature of PVA, but the higher the ZnO concentration, the lower the water absorption. Degradation of plastics sago and breadfruit starch occurred for 20-28 days and by ASTM D-20.96 (degradable plastics should be decomposed before 180 days). The higher the concentration of ZnO catalyst added to bioplastics, the longer the degradation time, while the higher the PVA content, the faster the degradation time.
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Singh, Aditya, Ashish Kumar Srivastava, Gyanendra Singh, Akash Deep Singh, Hritik Kumar Singh, Ajay Kumar, and Gyanendra Kumar Singh. "Utilization of Plastic Waste for Developing Composite Bricks and Enhancing Mechanical Properties: A Review on Challenges and Opportunities." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (May 2, 2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6867755.
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The population increases demand for plastic in every sector along with single-use plastic rapidly increasing, but it still has a low recycling rate. The use of plastic in the form of brick is challenging and overall has a better impact on the ecosystem, economy, and industrial revolution. In this paper, a study has been done of the available research work on plastic bricks from different plastic waste materials. It discusses the processes used to make bricks from plastic waste materials, the possibility of contamination from the waste materials utilized, the lack of pertinent standards, and the public adoption of waste materials-based bricks. Furthermore, it focused on research and development required for the widespread production and use of bricks made from waste materials, not only in terms of technical, economic, and environmental considerations but also in terms of standardization, governmental policy, and public awareness of waste recycling and sustainable development. It has been observed from the study that PET has mostly recycled plastic with greater efficiency compared to other plastics. However, worldwide global production is followed by PE, PVC, and PP. PET has only 5% contribution to the global recycling of plastics.
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Košík, Miroslav, Jozef Bílik, and Filip Polakovič. "Mechanical Benefits of Gas Assisted Injection Moulding Application in Design of Structural Parts." Materials Science Forum 862 (August 2016): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.862.182.
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Due to of many advantages and specific properties plastics are gradually becoming the most widely used materials in the engineering industry. In the last years, more and more metal parts are converted to plastic, in the cases of mechanically loaded parts as well. However, the usage of plastic is limited by its mechanical properties and production possibilities. Conventional injection moulding as the most productive plastic part production technology mostly enables the manufacturing of thin-wall parts with uniform wall thickness, what restricts full-fledged utilization of plastics. In this study, the benefits of progressive gas assisted injection moulding is investigated in order to produce plastic parts with higher mechanical properties. The paper presents complex study with respect to structures generated in material during gas penetration state, orientation of reinforced short fibres, stress relaxation behaviour, notch effect of rough gas channel surface, producible cross-section profiles with high moment of inertia and undesirable production effects, which can occur during gas aided moulding technologies. Finally, the mechanical properties of specimen produced by conventional and gas-assisted injection moulding were compared using numerical analyses. For comparison, integration of two numerical solver - FVM for fluid analysis of plastic/gas injection and FEM for structural analysis of specimen strength/stiffness were used.
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Gejo, George, Runcy Wilson, Anoop Chandran, Sajna M. Shamsudeen, Prakashan Valparambil, and Nellipparambil Vishwambharan Unnikrishnan. "Sorption and Diffusion Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.187.
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The area of sorption and diffusion behaviour of wood/plastic composites has gained considerable attention during the last decade owing to the variety of applications it offers. When it comes to polymers filled with wood particles there are essentially two major limiting factors that controls the final products end user applications; 1) diffusion and 2) sorption/solvent uptake of (especially moisture) the product, since these two processes lead to property degradation in the composite materials. The properties and end use application of a given product can be predicted thorough the knowledge of the parameters like diffusion, sorption and permeation coefficients. Transport (sorption, diffusion & permeation) properties of wood plastic composites (WPC’s) are now a day’s one of the most intensively researched areas owing to its significance in materials science. Liquid transport through plastics is one of the most extensively researched fields in materials science. Present chapter provides a brief insight into the transport (mainly moisture/water) properties of wood/plastic composites. Keywords: Wood particles, wood plastic composites, diffusion coefficient
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Merlo, Alessandra, Luca Lavagna, Daniel Suarez-Riera, and Matteo Pavese. "Recycling of WEEE Plastics Waste in Mortar: The Effects on Mechanical Properties." Recycling 6, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6040070.
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This work focused on the recycling of WEEE plastic waste as a partial substitute for aggregate in light mortars. The plastic mix, provided by the IREN group, was used as a replacement of aggregate in 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90%vol in mortars. Worsening of the mechanical performance of around 50% was detected already at only 15%vol of mineral aggregate substituted with plastic waste. The explanation of this phenomenon was found in both the scarce mechanical properties of the used plastic and in the poor adhesion between matrix and plastics that resulted in extra-porosity formation, as also demonstrated by comparing the results with several models in the literature. However, the use of plastic waste as a partial replacement of natural aggregate contributes to the preservation of natural resources and, in any case, does not limit the application of these materials in non-structural applications.
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Sari, Layung, Endaruji Sedyadi, Irwan Nugraha, and Didik Krisdiyanto. "The Effect of Stocking Temperature on Biodegradable Plastic Characteristics of Suweg Tuber (Amorphophallus campanulatus) with Addition of Glycerol and CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose)." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 2 (March 1, 2019): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/icse.v2.87.
Full textAbstract:
Research that uses Suweg tubers as the basic material for making biodegradable plastics has been carried out.. This research aims to determine the effect of stirring temperature on the characteristics of biodegradable plastic. Suweg tuber starch preparation is done as the manufacture of biodegradable plastic. Manufacture of biodegradable plastics made by mixing suweg tuber starch, glycerol, and acetic acid, as well as the CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose). The manufacture of biodegradable plastic is carried out in two stages, namely stirring temperature variations (80⁰C, 85⁰C, 90⁰C, and 95⁰C) and the addition of CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose). Tests carried out include FTIR test, mechanical test and biodegradation test. FTIR test is carried out to determine the functional groups contained in plasticThe test of plastic mechanical properties was carried out to determine the mechanical properties of plastics, such as tensile strength, elongation, and thickness. Biodegradation tests are carried out on the ground to determine the level of plastic degradation while in the environment. The results showed that the effect of temperature affected the mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic produced. Mechanical tests of stirring temperature variations with the addition of glycerol resulted in tensile strength, elongation, and thickness values of 80⁰C at 10.43 MPa; 2.08%; 85⁰C at 28.52 MPa; 1.60%, 90⁰C of 29.76 MPa; 2.18%, and 95⁰C of 32.49 MPa; 2.05%. These results can be seen that the largest biodegradable plastic tensile strength is found in temperature variations of 95⁰C, with a tensile strength of 32.49 MPa elongation 2.05%, and a thickness of 0.12 mm.. Mechanical properties test of temperature variation with the addition of glycerol and CMC resulted in the value of tensile strength, elongation, and temperature thickness of 80⁰C at 18.68 Mpa; 12.22%, 85⁰C equal to 14.69 MPa; 9.16%, 90⁰C of 16.71 MPa; 14.72%, 95⁰C of 13.94 MPa; 14.166%. These results can be seen that the largest biodegradable plastic tensile strength is found at 80⁰C temperature variations of 18.68 MPa, 12.22% elongation, 0.14 mm thickness. FTIR test, the biodegradable plastic produced, it is known that the plastic group produced is like CH, ester or ether. Plastic bio degradation test on soil, plastic with a temperature variation of 95⁰C has been degraded after 8 days, while plastic with the addition of CMC is degraded faster, for 7 days.
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Thonglor, Thanathip, and Pollawat Charoeythornkhajhornchai. "Recycle Ability of Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic (PCR) from the Chlorine Tank." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 8 (March 29, 2022): 3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.3459.
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Plastic waste that used in our daily life is a major problem of environmental contaminate because it produces microplastics after degradation resulting in the harmful of living organisms, including humans. Therefore, this research has an idea to solve this problem by recycling the plastic waste. High density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste from the chlorine tank in fishing industry is considered. This work was designed to blend it with virgin HDPE plastic pellets. The ratio of blended plastics between virgin HDPE pellets and HDPE plastic waste from the chlorine tank which was defined as post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) was 100:0, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 0:100 wt%, respectively. The result shows unchanged thermal properties of plastic blends caused by the same type of polymer, thus the PCR without blending with the virgin HDPE plastic is selected for recycle ability studies. The PCR was rerun in the twin screw extruder in the range of 0 - 80 extruded recycle time to observe the thermal, rheological, mechanical, and physical properties. It was found from our result that 20 recycling time of PCR was appropriate for maximum recycling process due to slightly change rheological characteristics, mechanical properties as well as product’s color.
HIGHLIGHTS
Thermal properties of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling and its blending with virgin HDPE
Rheological change of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling
Mechanical and physical properties of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling to meet a customer need
GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Maraveas, Chrysanthos. "The Sustainability of Plastic Nets in Agriculture." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 30, 2020): 3625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093625.
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This review article contributes new knowledge relating to the sustainability of antihail, anti-insect, and windbreak plastic nets in agriculture. Based on the review, biobased plastic nets made from polyamino acids, polysaccharide derivatives (DS), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyhydroxylalkanoate (PHA), and polylactic acid (PLA) are shown to be highly biodegradable compared to conventional plastics such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride. The biodegradability of these materials is due to the use of natural precursors. However, nonbiodegradable plastics are the materials of choice in agricultural applications for the following reasons. Global commercial production of biobased plastics is low (~1%) due to the absence of facile and scalable production methods. Even though biobased materials are ecologically benign, they are limited in agricultural settings, given the low tensile strength and disruption of the activities of natural insect predators such as spiders. The enhancement of the material properties of biobased plastics involves a trade-off with sustainability. Chemical additives such as heavy metals and volatile compounds enhance the mechanical properties of biobased plastics but limit their sustainability. The current constraints on the production of biobased plastic nets can be resolved through electrospinning techniques that facilitate the development of plastic nets with controllable composition, porosity, and surface areas.
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Taqwatomo, Galih, Dwi Novriadi, Boy Marsaputra Panjaitan, Hariaman Prasetyo, Yusuf Subagyo, Aditya Eka Mulyono, Sri Rahayu, Dewi Kusuma Arti, and Oka Pradipta Arjasa Putra. "Mechanical Properties of Recycling Mixed Waste Plastic Predicted on Pallet Application Using Finite Element Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 483 (2024): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448303019.
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The enormous use of plastic in any live sector will impact the waste plastic escalation. Unsorted and uncollected wasted plastic properly leads to the creation of mixed waste plastic in landfills. Therefore, mechanical recycling technology for processing mixed waste plastic into pasta phase has been developed. In this research, four sources of mixed waste plastic were implemented derived from household plastic bags (WPB), waste of plastic sack (WPS), waste of used carton beverage (WPAL) and waste plastic from drum pulper in pulp industry (WPI). Those materials were transformed into specimens through extrusion and compression molding, then tested for investigation the mechanical properties. A comparison of density, tensile strength, and compressive strength from each material was exposed comprehensively. Furthermore, finite element analysis (FEA) was employed to compute the reliability of recycle material properties in the pallet application under the racking condition test following ISO 8611 standard. Surprisingly, it was reported a potential performance with a maximum racking load until 700 kg for pallet product using all variants of mixed waste plastics. The maximum capacity was obtained based on consideration of the FEA result exhibited in tresca or maximum shear stress, total deformation, and factor of safety design.
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Hameed, Rashid, Muhammad Musa Gul, Muhammad Tahir, Shaban Shahzad, Osama Jamil, Muhammad Awais, and Zeeshan Asghar. "Mechanical Properties of Plastic Concrete Made Using Recycled Aggregates for Paving Blocks." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 63 (March 30, 2023): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-hmjs0o.
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In developing countries, the management of waste continues to be a major challenge, especially in urban areas. One of the major concerns for today’s world is the management of plastic and construction and demolition (C&D) wastes which are increasing with urbanization and population growth. This study aims to explore the possibility of the use of plastic waste as a binder and recycled aggregates obtained from C&D waste to produce concrete paving blocks. The mechanical investigation was carried out to find the optimum content of plastic waste to prepare the plastic concrete. Three different concrete mixes were prepared with plastic contents of 30%, 40%, and 50% by the weight of aggregate. To evaluate the mechanical properties of plastic concrete, compression, flexural, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were performed on the prepared samples. Cubical specimens of 36 x 40 x 40 mm for compression tests and prismatic specimens of 36 x 40 x 120 mm for flexural tests were cut using a saw from the paving blocks of size 36 x 137 x 290 mm. The results indicated that the strength of plastic concrete increased with the increase in plastic content. The maximum compressive and flexural strength was achieved at 50% plastic content, which was 40.52 MPa and 10.13 MPa, respectively. The compressive and flexural strengths of plastic concrete were compared with the minimum strength requirement specified by various standards specification such as American, Canadian, and Chinese. It was found that plastic concrete with 50% content of plastic waste meets the minimum criteria of mechanical strengths specified in these standards. Presently, many countries of the African continent are facing severe problems of plastic waste. As per the findings of this study, the use of waste plastics in molten form as the only binder in the development of concrete paving blocks could offer a solution for such countries to beneficially manage the plastic waste.
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Martikka, Ossi, Suman Nepal, Marko Hyvärinen, and Timo Kärki. "Effect of Compatibilization on the Melt Properties of Mixed Waste Plastics." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.522.
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The amount of waste produced increases globally, and valuable resources are lost if materials contained in wastes are not recycled. One such important material group is plastics, but it is typically mixed in municipal solid waste. In this paper, the effect of maleic compatibilizer on the melt properties of mixed waste plastic is studied in order to evaluate the effect of compatibilization on the processability of reclaimed plastics. The results indicate, that compatibilization has significant effect on both melt flow rate and melt volume index. Both are decreased notably, suggesting that compatibilization may impair the processability of mixed waste plastic, even though it is expected to improve other properties.
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Hyvärinen, Marko, Viktor Lagern, and Timo Kärki. "The Effect of Ultraviolet Light Stabilizers on Color Stability, Melt Properties and Tensile Properties of Mixed Waste Plastics Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1174 (September 26, 2022): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-c8f808.
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Plastic waste disposal is among the most challenging problems of the current era. Therefore, new methods and applications for the utilization of waste plastics are increasingly needed. To find them, it is essential to research and develop the material properties of recycled plastics. The effect of different ultraviolet light (UV) stabilizers on the color stability, melt properties and tensile properties of mixed waste plastics blends was studied in this paper. The mixed waste plastics collected from two different waste sources were prepared as specimens by injection molding, and studied with two different types and loading amounts of UV stabilizers. UV absorbers (UVAs) and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) were used as UV stabilizers. A specimen produced without the addition of a UV stabilizer was used as a reference specimen of both the blends. After the accelerated weathering, the addition of a UVA provided an improved, smaller change in color than the addition of HALS. Among the tensile properties, the addition of UV stabilizers clearly improved the tensile strength and tensile modulus for almost all the studied specimens. Additionally, the melt properties of both the studied plastic blends were found to be increased by the addition of UV stabilizers.
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Mohd Amin, Ainatul Mardhiah, Suhaila Mohd Sauid, and Ku Halim Ku Hamid. "Polymer-Starch Blend Biodegradable Plastics: An Overview." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.93.
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The low degradability behaviour of plastics is an important environmental problem. The end-use of plastic creates waste-disposal problems as these plastics do not readily or naturally degrade and gives severe effect when plastic-waste requires more time to break down. However, as the bio-polymer industries have advanced, biodegradable plastic is being presented as a high promising solution to the environmental problem over the conventional non-biodegradable plastics. As one of the great innovation products in bio-polymer industries, biodegradable plastic can potentially lessen the volume of solid waste and reduce the need for waste dumping sites. Whilst, biodegradable plastic also offers the outstanding properties to resist the brittleness and resistance towards heat. This paper review the potential of biodegradable plastics made from petrochemical-polymers blended with starch, including polyethylene (PE), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
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Sedyono, Joko, Agus Dwi Anggono, Agus Hariyanto, Masyrukan Masyrukan, Bayu Warseno, and Rifky Sulistyo. "Optimizing Mechanical Properties in Biodegradable Composites: Polypropylene and Corn Stalk Powder Fibers." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research 13, no. 2 (2024): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijmerr.13.2.266-277.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the microstructure and characteristics of biodegradable composites made from corn stalk powder fiber material and a polypropylene plastic matrix, using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The issue of environmental pollution caused by plastic waste is a growing concern, with plastic waste accounting for an average of 10% of total waste production, and less than 1% of plastic waste being effectively decomposed due to the synthetic polymers used in their production. Developing biodegradable plastic materials, such as bioplastics, is one way to address this problem. In this study, different compositions of the composite materials were tested using SEM and microphotography. The composite materials consisted of a polypropylene plastic matrix with varying amounts of corn stalk powder fibers (5%, 10%, and 15%). The SEM results showed that the composition of 85% polypropylene plastic and 15% corn stalk powder had a more significant impact on the mechanical properties of the composites, due to a stronger bond between the plastic and polypropylene. Overall, this study provides important insights into the development of biodegradable plastic materials that can help mitigate the environmental impact of plastic waste.
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Ming, Ng Cui, Nicole Liew Siaw Ing, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, and Haryati Yaacob. "Image Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixture with Waste Plastic." Key Engineering Materials 912 (March 4, 2022): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5v446b.
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Cracking is a typical problem that deteriorates the strength and longevity of a pavement structure. Waste plastic in pavement construction is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The use of waste plastic has been growing in recent years. Adding waste plastics to the asphalt mixture would improve its physical and mechanical characteristics. As a result, it is a sustainable and long-term solution that helps to reduce plastic waste and preserve the environment. This research aims to develop the image analysis and assess the characteristic of modifying bitumen with different percentages of plastic wastes (0%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). Using blending processes, modified bitumen was prepared. The binder used in this study is penetration grade PEN 60/70. Marshall Test, Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus and Dynamic Creep Modulus test were carried out to determine the optimum percentage of waste plastic in asphalt mixture. The modified binders can be used in high-performance asphalt mixtures, as well as to use a well-developed image analysis technique using ImageJ software to characterize asphalt pavement surfaces. The result shows that the modified asphalt mixture is more efficient than the conventional asphalt mixture. Addition of the waste plastic proved sufficient to increase the performance of the asphalt pavement as modified asphalt mixture performance is more stable than conventional mixture.
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HUZAISHAM, NUR ATHIRAH. "APPLICATION OF WASTE BANANA PEELS AS BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC." Science Proceedings Series 1, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/sps.v1i2.786.
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The world today seems unimaginable without plastics or synthetic organic polymer, however their large-scale production and use only dates back to 1950 (1). The resulting rapid growth in plastics production is remarkable, surpassing most other man-made materials. The study presents the utilization of banana peel as biodegradable plastic to substitute the existing non-biodegradable plastic. The objectives of this research are to aims to develop and produce biodegradable plastic that will substitute the existing non-biodegradable plastic to help in saving the environment as well as to compare the properties of biodegradable plastic based on banana peel with the commercial biodegradable plastic. The use of waste banana peel in this study is mainly to replace the synthetic materials used in the conventional biodegradable plastic. Furthermore, the environmental pollutions can be reduced due to the usage of waste banana peels to produce a new value-added biodegradable plastic.
Keywords : Banana peel, biodegradable plastic, pollution, environment
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Moghadam, Sedigheh Kamali, Mohammad Shamsian, and Hosein Rezayi Shahri. "Manufacturing Wood–Plastic Composites from Waste Lignocellulose Plus Haloxylon Species and Recycled Plastics." Forest Products Journal 69, no. 3 (January 1, 2019): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-13-00038.
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Abstract The aim of this research is to show useful utilization of agricultural residues such as cotton stalks and branches of pistachio, pomegranate, and Haloxylon species with recycled plastic in manufacturing wood–plastic composite (WPC) panels. Wood–plastic panels were made from a combination of agricultural residues (as natural fiber) and recycled plastic (as resin) at 50 percent, and 60 percent by weight fiber loading. Density and dimensions of the panels were 0.61 g/cm3 and 350 by 350 by 14 mm, respectively. Physical and mechanical properties of the panels including thickness swelling, water absorption, static bending (modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity ), and internal bond were investigated. Physical and mechanical properties of the WPC panels decreased with an increase in fiber content from 50 percent to 60 percent. Physical and mechanical properties of samples made with 50 percent plastic were higher than samples with 40 percent plastic. The best values of physical and mechanical properties of the WPC panels were found at 10 percent and 5 percent Haloxylon particle loading, respectively. The highest values of mechanical properties of WPC panels were found at 50 percent plastic and 5 percent Haloxylon particle loading.
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Rahim, Abdul, and Rustam Musta. "Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Tapioka Pada Pati Ubi Kayu (Manihot esculenta) Terhadap Pembuatan Plastik Biodegradable dan Karakterisasinya." IJCA (Indonesian Journal of Chemical Analysis) 2, no. 2 (September 23, 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/ijca.vol2.iss2.art4.
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Research on Biodegradable Plastic Characterization of Cassava Wastes (manihot esculenta) Substitution of Tapioca Flour. As Biodegradable Plastics Base Material. This study aims to determine the ratio of cassava starch to tapioca starch which produces the best biodegradable plastic which is then used for testing the physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable plastic film using 5% acetic acid. Comparison of cassava starch with tapioca flour used is 1 : 1; 1 : 1,5; 1 : 2; 1 : 2,5; 1 : 3. The best plastics are obtained by comparison of cassava starch with tapioca flour is 1 : 3. The characteristics of biodegradable plastics include physical characteristics consisting of thickness with value 0,273 mm, 0,286 mm, 0,413 mm, 0,280 mm, dan 0,510 mm. While the mechanical characteristics consist of tensile strength with value 0,22138 MPa, 2,10724 MPa, 0,78896 MPa, 3,25933 Mpa, dan 0,508 Mpa. Percent lengthening with value 42%, 32,8%, 55,6%, 20%, dan 31,6%. Based on the result of research, it can be concluded that the value of thickness, percent elongation, and tensile strength are influenced by the comparative formula used.Keywords: Biodegradable plastic, physical properties, mechanics, cassava starch, tapioca flour
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Meldayanoor, Meldayanoor, Arifin Arifin, and Rusuminto Syahyuniar. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Plastik Polyprophylene (PP) dan Sekam Padi Menjadi Papan Partikel." Jurnal Teknologi Agro-Industri 4, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.34128/jtai.v4i2.55.
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ABSTRACT
The need for board materials continues to increase, therefore the need for new innovations in the form of utilization of plastic waste and rice husks are used as raw material for making particle board where the waste plastic as adhesive and rice husk as filler. The purpose of this research is to know the physical properties such as density, moisture content, and water absorption in order to determine the exact formulation on the particle board that meets the quality standard. SNI 03-2015-2016 quality standard is used as a reference comparison of the results of testing stages of research starting from the processing of raw materials plastick and chaff into sebuk, mixing, and formation of particle board until the testing phase. Elements of particle board formation are rice husks and polyprophylene plastics as adhesives made with Plastic compositions: 40%: 60% 50%: 50% and 40%: 40%: husks. In testing the physical properties of the results showed that the right composition is 60%: 40% because it has results with a particle density of 0.83 g /cm3, a water content of 4.87%, and a water absorption of 10.67%. It is the best result of some predefined compositions and meets the quality standard of SNI 03-2015-2016
Keywords: From The board particles, polyprophylene plastic, chaff rice
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Zhmurin, P. N. "Influence of electron-donor additive on properties of plastic scintillator." Functional Materials 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2014): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm21.02.195.
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Sahani, Kameshwar, Bhesh Raj Joshi, Kabiraj Khatri, Abiraj Thapa Magar, Sabin Chapagain, and Nabanita Karmacharya. "Mechanical Properties of Plastic Sand Brick Containing Plastic Waste." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 12, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8305670.
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The use of plastic has grown extensively in recent years all over the world. It is inexpensive and easily available and can be moulded into any shape. However, plastic is nonbiodegradable; it causes pollution and create difficulties in managing even for a wealthy nation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environment-friendly potential use of plastic and demonstrate usefulness of plastic sand bricks as alternative structural elements, replacing standard clay brick. The physical and mechanical properties of plastic sand bricks were studied in different plastic sand ratios of 1 : 3, 1 : 4, and 1 : 5 by their weight, using plastic as a binder. Moreover, the thermal resistance test, split tensile strength test, penetration test, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed. The study concluded that the strength of plastic sand brick depends upon the uniformity of the mixture and increases when the ratio of sand and plastic in the mixture is increased to 1 : 4 from 1 : 3. Any increase or decrease in the ratio 1 : 4 is found to reduce the strength. All the bricks in any of the ratios showed zero water absorption and nil efflorescence.
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Haji Seyed Javadi, Nioushasadat, Soheil Heydari, and Ailar Hajimohammadi. "Evaluating Effectiveness of Multi-Component Waste Plastic Bags on Bitumen Properties: Physical, Rheological, and Aging." Polymers 16, no. 12 (June 12, 2024): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16121669.
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This study examines the applicability of an unknown composition waste plastic bag sample as bitumen modifier. The waste components were initially characterized to identify the type of plastics and the level of impurity. Asphalt binder performance was examined for rutting, thermal, and age resistance. The results revealed that the waste plastic bags, predominantly consisted of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and contained 6.1% impurities. The binder tests indicated that the waste plastic bags enhanced the rutting resistance of bitumen by one grade, with its modification more similar to LLDPE, rather than LDPE. The thermal degradation and aging properties of the modified binders demonstrated that the bitumen modified by the waste plastic bags exhibited slightly lower resistance to temperature and aging compared to virgin LDPE and LLDPE. This was attributed to the impurities contained in the waste plastic. In conclusion, the analyzed waste plastic bags proved to be suitable for use in binder modification, presenting a viable alternative to virgin LLDPE.
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Jatadhara, G. S., T. K. Chandrashekhar, N. R. Banapurmath, S. B. Nagesh, and N. Keerthi kumar. "Experimental investigation of direct injection diesel engine using waste plastic oil as fuel." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012009.
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Abstract Recycling of waste plastics for power generation, automotive traction can provide perfect source of energy due to their energy content. Plastics utilization is growing daily although it is not environment friendly material but can be utilized for different applications. The disposal of after use plastic is a major task and quality of oil obtained from the same has properties similar to fuel. The main advantage of conversion of used plastic to gasoline provides additional fuel generation to be derived besides addressing the disposal issues. The plastic oil obtained from pyrolysis can be added with conventional fuel efficiently and acceptable engine overall performance. Therefore, blends of plastic oil with diesel are considered for the diesel engine applications. In the present study pyrolysis of plastic is done in presence of catalyst at temperature of 380°C to obtain oil with properties similar to petroleum fuels. The plastic oil is mixed with diesel in different volume proportions ranging from 10 to 40% and used as fuel in diesel engine to study its characteristics. Properties of plastic oil blends with diesel obtained were analysed. The lower plastic oil blends P10increased the brake thermal efficiency by 5%and lowered the rate of fuel consumption by 10%. As the blending ratio increased in-cylinder pressures and heat release rates were higher and the longer ignition delay were obtained. The emissions of HC, NOx decreased with lower plastic oil blending as compared to higher blending ratio. The result suggests that the plastic oil P10 can be used effectively as alternative fuel to diesel for engine with optimized operating situations. Utilization of PO with diesel blends of 10 to 30% in conventional engines provide acceptable engine performance and reduction in emission and hence can effectively reduce the dependence on fossil diesel fuel and reduce the foreign exchange.
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Grygo, Robert, Kevin Bujnarowski, and Jolanta Anna Prusiel. "ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING PLASTIC POST-PRODUCTION WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION." Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 81, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.81.2.467.
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This paper presents the possibility of managing plastic post-production waste, i.e. ordinary and heat-shrinkable film, in the construction sector. For this purpose, two types of lightweight 16 mm aggregate were produced from plastics, using proprietary technology (i.e. polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PET/PVC/OPS (MIX) mixtures). The raw material was sourced from post-production waste, generated during the production of film labels. The results of the experimental testing of aggregate properties (bulk density, grain density, absorbability, compressive strength) are presented, the aggregate being sourced from recycled plastics. This paper presents the physical and mechanical properties of the plastic, as well as other popular lightweight aggregates (Certyd and Kermazyt) used in construction. In addition, the financial efficiency of the production of lightweight aggregate from the by-products of plastic label production was analysed. The economic analysis has shown that the use of plastic waste for the production of lightweight aggregate is rational, not only in terms of environmental protection, but also the financial benefits to companies that generate significant amounts of plastic waste.
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Kharb, Jyoteshna, and Ritu Saharan. "Sustainable Biodegradable Plastics and their Applications: A Mini Review." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1248, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1248/1/012008.
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Abstract Rising concern towards health and environmental menace caused by plastic wastes has fascinated scientists and chemists to find out greener and sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics. The conventional plastics are produced from crude oil and fossil fuels and ever-increasing demand of plastics results in depletion of these natural resources. Moreover, due to non-biodegradable in nature they persist in environment for a long time. A novel, eco-friendly and sustainable substitute to the traditional petro based plastic is biodegradable plastic which can be obtained from renewable and biogenic raw materials such as biomass, starch, wood pulp and vegetable oils. The utilization of renewable sources, their similar applications as conventional plastics, biodegradability, nontoxic properties and high recyclability are the major advantages for the use of biodegradable plastics. They are used for a large variety of applications in various sectors such as, packing, textiles, consumer goods, agriculture and horticulture, automotive and transport, coatings and adhesives, construction, electrical and electronics, medical, food packaging etc. In this mini review various biodegradable plastics, their attainable properties and applications in a wide variety of fields are summarized.
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Zulisma Anita, Fauzi Akbar, and Hamidah Harahap. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN GLISEROL TERHADAP SIFAT MEKANIK FILM PLASTIK BIODEGRADASI DARI PATI KULIT SINGKONG." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 2 (June 19, 2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i2.1437.
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Biodegradable plastics are plastics that will decompose in nature with the help of microorganisms. The use of starch as the main material of plastic manufacturing has great potential because in Indonesia there are different starch crops. To obtain bioplastics, starch is added to the glycerol, in order to obtain a more flexible plastic and elastic. This study reviews the use of cassava starch and glycerol skin asa base for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of adding glycerol in the process of making biodegradable plastic from cassava peel waste. In this research, the study of bioplastic manufacturing mixed starch with glycerol as a plastisizer to do variations of the glycerol. The results obtained in the form of a thin sheet of plastic (plastic film) that have been tested mechanical properties obtained optimum data variables namely cassava starch composition 3,5%, and the power og pull 0,02122Mpa, and plastic film storage time for 14 days.