Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plastic optical fibre (POF)'

Plastic optical fibres (POF) can be made sensitive to various parameters. Therefore, a successful implementation of tomographic imaging based on POF sensors will open the way to develop imagers for various parameters utilising this inexpensive sensor material. The work reported in this thesis is aiming to implement real time tomographic imaging based on the POF sensor. As the system uses light (photons) guided along the sensor to capture the information and deliver a signal at the periphery of the sensor, this technique is referred to as Photonic Guided Path Tomography (PGPT). As an initial stage of the work, we perform systematic testing of the sensitivity of POF transmission to bending. The results confirm that grooving can enhance this sensitivity of the POF sensor. They also provide an empirical proof of the anticipated changes in transmission loss by positive and negative bending for grooved POF (opening and closing of grooves respectively). We show that small positive bending increases the power loss, while for negative bending the power loss experiences a minimum, corresponding to the best achievable waveguiding recovery because of the closing of grooves. Beyond certain deformation, the sensitivity of the POF sensor is dominated by losses in the un-grooved regions. A bending test for the mechanical integrity of grooved POFs shows that repetitive bending to a small radius results in a quick deterioration depending on the depth of the groove. However for bending radii more than 20mm and groove depths up to 0.3mm, the lifetime of the POF sensor is still acceptable for many targeted sensor application.While it is clear that the grooved POF is more sensitive to small bending compared to the un-grooved POF, the latter offers uncompromised mechanical integrity and is more desirable when the highest possible sensitivity is not a priority. Therefore, in the final stage of the work, both grooved and un-grooved POF are considered as candidates for developing the tomographic imaging modality. Further detail is considered in view of the targeted deliverable, a real PGPT system for footstep imaging, based on POF sensors. This has been successfully achieved by designing, integrating and testing two different PGPT systems: one based on grooved POF with sensor head size of 0.9m x 0.9m incorporating a multiplexed photodetector and another based on un-grooved POF with sensor head size of 2m x 1m, incorporating independent POF sensors. Both are capable of performing the real time imaging task as well as storing the numerical data for alternative processing. The image reconstruction is by applying a median-filtered Landweber method to solve the inverse tomography problem. The frame rate achieved is 2Hz and 1Hz with spatial resolution estimated as 10cm and 3cm for the first and second system respectively

The design and performance of a novel displacement sensor is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. This is an optical, extrinsic and differential sensor based on the inverse square law and is insensitive to source intensity variations. It can, in principle, be implemented using only opto-electronic components or it can incorporate optical fibres to allow for EMI free and remote operation. The sensor is implemented using Plastic Optical Fibres (POF) as these offer considerable advantages over glass fibres or glass fibre bundles. The sensor head consists of three POFs positioned side by side and displaced from each other parallel to the axis of the sensor head by a separation X, (mm). The middle POF is coupled to a red LED and emits light onto a flat target with the two outer fibres receiving the reflected light from the target and guiding it to two silicon PIN photodiodes. Theoretical investigations on the behaviour of the sensor are presented for ranges between 0 mm and 100 mm, and for targets with different reflectivities. Non-linearities in the form of a spike are shown to exist in the very short ranges resulting in a minimum operational range of about 15 nun Beyond this minimum range the sensor response is linear and depends on the reflectivity of the target, the accuracy of calibration between the two detectors, any offset voltage present in any of the detectors, possible errors on the detected signals and the X, separation which in principle can be used to scale the sensor. Experimental results obtained confirm the long and linear operational range of the sensor (between 15 mm and 90 mm for a mirror target and between 20 mm and 100 mm for a matt white paper target). Likely variations in the source light intensity do not affect the performance and accuracy of the sensor. Measurements performed with various X, separations verify the scalability feature of the sensor in that by increasing X, one can achieve longer operational ranges. Temperature variations up to 40 °c do not affect the linearity of response. Effects arising from angular misalignment of the target and! or the ends of the three POFs are also investigated and could be minimised by rotating the emitting POF. Matt white paper is concluded as the preferred type of target since it offers a longer linear operational range with less stringent alignment requirements as opposed to reflective targets. Operation of the sensor under ambient illumination conditions is demonstrated using suitable electronic circuitry with filtering facilities. The result is a linear operational range of 60 mm with 1 % accuracy with a matt white paper target. An automated version of the sensor under software control is also demonstrated for monitoring large amplitude (0.15 mm - 6 mm), single degree vibrations. The maximum determined frequency of the vibrating surface is about 150 Hz and this is only limited by the target displacement which is close to the resolution limits of this version of the sensor (0.15 mm). This novel sensor offers considerable advantages over other sensors reported in the literature. It is shown to offer a very long and linear operational range in excess of 100 mm, with accuracy better than 1% and resolution better than 0.2 % of range, and currently this performance is only limited by the electronic circuitry used. Overall, the proposed sensor offers a superior sensor head arrangement and performance combination and its cost is expected to be very low. Suggestions for improvements and other applications are offered.

This thesis describes the development, characterisation and application of large diameter multimode plastic optical fibre (POF) sensors using evanescent field modulation. The exposed polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) core of the POF fibre forms the sensor interface that detects refractive index changes of a measurand acting as the cladding. When a liquid measurand is used, the sensor can detect changes in refractive index, absorption and suspended particulates. It is this simple mechanism by which the evanescent field POF sensor operates. The evanescent field POF sensor has been characterised for refractive index of surrounding liquid from 1.33 to 1.49. The sensor demonstrated accuracy of ± 7x 10-3 refractive index units below 1.4 and ±2x 10-3 refractive index units above 1.4. Components have been selected and designed for this project to ruggedise the sensor, to make the sensor more self-contained and cheaper. The original design of the test conditions did not allow for optimum deployment of the sensor as it stripped out the very modes of light that were required for sensing purposes. The system was also operating under pressure, not reflecting the real conditions under which the sensor would be operating. The re-design of test conditions holds the sensor without straining the POF and operates under normal atmospheric pressure. The POF sensor was demonstrated reacting to a real measurand eg biofilm in which initial growth affects the optical properties at the core cladding interface by refractive index modulation. This sensor was capable of measuring biofouling and scaling at water interfaces. The sensor was trialled in a European Commission funded project (CLOOPT) to study biofouling and scaling in closed loop water systems such as heat exchangers in the cooling tower of an electric power plant, and as an interface sensor for water quality monitoring (AQUA-STEW) involving biofilm removal and surface cleansing with a new application for contact lens protein removal systems. Tapering multimode POF was a desirable goal as this increases the proportion of light coupled into the core available for sensing purposes, to achieve a more sensitive evanescent field POF sensor. Optically clear and consistent smooth tapering of ends and mid-lengths of POF fibre were achieved through chemical removal of material. The tapered POF sensor was characterised with a range of refractive indices, and it exhibited two distinct regions; the water/alcohol region below 1.4 refractive index units, and the oil region above 1.4 suggesting the sensor's use as an oil-in-water, or water-in-oil sensor. From 95% confidence limits, the accuracy of the POF was ±O.006 refractive index units (to 2 standard deviations) for fluids of refractive indices above 1.4. Tapered POF is sensitive to refractive index providing a cheap, easy to handle and rugged throwaway sensor for water and beverage process and quality monitoring.

Doutoramento em Engenharia Física
Com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se explorar soluções de fibra ótica na aquisição da onda de pulso na artéria carótida, para análise da sua morfologia e cálculo da pressão arterial central. Foram desenvolvidos três sistemas, dois baseados em redes de Bragg, gravadas em fibra de sílica, e outro em modulação de intensidade, usando fibra ótica de plástico. O primeiro sensor foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de testar a exequibilidade da utilização de fibra ótica nesta aplicação. Após resultados promissores da sua caracterização e testes em sujeitos, o desenvolvimento dos dois sensores consequentes teve por objetivo o aumento da sensibilidade e facilidade de utilização das sondas, pela melhoria da sua forma, portabilidade e autonomia. A solução baseada em intensidade mostrou-se ainda como um sistema que coligava desempenho a baixo custo, tendo por isso sido submetida a um estudo pré-clínico, comparando o seu desempenho ao de um dispositivo comercial, de natureza eletromecânica, numa pequena coorte de indivíduos saudáveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a correlação dos resultados obtidos com a sonda de fibra ótica e o dispositivo comercial. Tendo-se obtido uma correlação muito forte entre as duas técnicas, o dispositivo foi proposto para avaliação clínica. O desempenho da sonda foi assim comparado a um dispositivo comercial, numa coorte de indivíduos hipertensos. Foram também levados a cabo testes invasivos, usando como referência ondas de pressão obtidas no lúmen da artéria aorta em contexto de cateterismo cardíaco. Em ambos os estudos clínicos foram obtidos coeficientes de correlação muito fortes e diferenças de pressão média na gama obtida para dispositivos comerciais. Conclui-se assim que o dispositivo baseado em modulação de intensidade surge como uma promissora alternativa de baixo custo aos dispositivos eletromecânicos de avaliação de pressão arterial central disponíveis no mercado.
The present study aimed to explore fibre optic solutions in the acquisition of the pulse wave in the carotid artery, to its morphology analysis and central arterial pressure calculation. Three systems were developed, two based on Bragg gratings, engraved in silica fibre, and another on intensity modulation, using plastic optical fibre. The first sensor was developed in order to test the feasibility of the fibre optics use in this application. After promising results in the characterization and small tests in subjects, the development of the consequent two sensors had as main goals increasing the probes sensitivity and user-friendliness, by improving its shape, portability and autonomy. The intensity-based solution proved to be the system that best combined performance to low cost, and thus was subjected to a pre-clinical study, comparing its performance to a commercial device in a small cohort of healthy individuals. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the results obtained with the fibre optic probe and the commercial device. Having been obtained a very strong correlation between the two techniques, the device was proposed for clinical evaluation. The probe’s performance was therefore compared to a non-invasive commercial device, in a cohort of hypertensive individuals. Invasive testing was also performed, using as reference pressure waves obtained in the lumen of the aortic artery in cardiac catheterization context. In both trials very strong correlation coefficients were obtained, as well as medium pressure differences in the range verified for commercial devices. It is concluded that the device based on intensity modulation arises as promising low cost alternative to central arterial pressure assessment electromechanical devices available in the market.

This thesis investigates the generation and radio-over-fibre (RoF) transport of unlicensed 60 GHz millimetre-wave (mm-wave) frequency band. The investigated benefits of transmission schemes applicable for the mm-wave generation include optical carrier suppression (OCS), optical frequency multiplication (OFM) and remote heterodyne detection (RHD). For the in-door cabling of the mm-wave transmission, a low-cost polymer optical fibre (POF) along with bend-insensitive single mode fibre (BI-SMF) has been investigated for short-range networks. Transporting mm-wave generated signals over POF and BI-SMF cables based on OCS scheme showed results with the highest spectral efficiency and least inter-symbol interference over a 2.5 Gbit/s data delivery. Based on this thesis analysis, OCS simulation of POF showed the most reliable power penalty performance and receiver sensitivity at 30-m whilst the BI-SMF fiber produced equal observations at 150-m and more. In observing the free space links of delivering the RoF signal, the attenuation on the received signal power for both POF and BI-SMF was insignificant but expected, as the simulation assumed complete and total collimation of the light beams onto the aperture of the photodetector. OCS scheme for mm-wave generation and transport was explored based on the cost effectiveness of using one external modulator compared to other generation schemes that utilised more than one external modulator. OFM scheme was simulated to transport LTE and Wi-Fi signals along with 60 GHz RF band through both SMF and MMF-POF/BI-SMF cables. OFM transport scheme produced the highest attenuation on LTE, Wi-Fi and mm-wave signals carrying 100 Mbit/s data as simulated POF lengths increased. The best performance POF length was observed at 10-m. The application of offset launch technique at the coupling of SMF and POF showed insignificant improvement on signal bandwidth. The free space OFM transmission also demonstrated negligible change to the received signal power. This reinforces the attributes of deploying OWC system in an in-door environment. In other investigation, the simulated successful delivery of mm-wave signal using RHD scheme modulated and transported 10 Gbit/s data signal over POF and BI-SMF cables. Additional observed unrecorded result also showed BI-SMF cable maintained a 2% reduction of received power for 450-m fiber cable from 150-m. The attributes to RHD includes its low operating power system application and delivery of localised 60 GHz signal for uplink RoF transmission. The conceptualised design of Gigabit data delivery for indoor customer applications either through POF or BI-SMF cable, transporting various wireless channels has been presented in this thesis for the design of a robust next generation Broadband access network to reinforce the fiber-inside-the-home (FiTH) deployment.

Sub-surface modification using a frequency doubled Ti: Sapphire femtosecond (fs) laser at 1kHz repetition rate, producing 100-fs pulse duration at 400nm, is studied in order to fabricate optical components within non-photosensitised polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). This thesis explores the feasibility of producing three-dimensional optical devices in bulk polymers and polymer optical fibre (POF) using fs laser direct-writing techniques. For effective and optimal structuring, the laser writing parameters and focusing conditions, such as focusing depth, translation speed, and accumulated fluence are investigated by means of photo-modification thresholds; structural changes in dimensions and morphologies; and the magnitude of the refractive index modulation. The highest refractive index change is 3.2x10^(-3) achieved by using a dry (non-immersion) 0.45-NA objective for a single laser scan. Variations in damage threshold with focusing depths are attributed to a combination of material absorption or surface scattering of light due to contamination or surface imperfections, as well as oxygen diffusion and spherical aberration. Distortion of the laser-induced feature size and shape due to spherical aberrations is controlled and compensated by adjusting the laser power near the damage threshold. Permanent refractive index structures with cross-sectional dimensions of 2μm by 0.9μm and 3μm by 1.4μm are demonstrated at depths of 300μm and 500μm below the surface, resulting in the axial/ lateral ratio of 2.2 and 2.1, respectively. A novel phenomenon relevant to effects of translation speed on the fs laser modification is observed for the first time. As translation speeds reduce from 1.2 to 0.6mm/s, the optical damage threshold power decreases by 6μW, whilst other writing conditions remain constant. However, the damage threshold increases by 74μW with decreasing speeds from 0.6 to 0.35mm/s. This significant increase in threshold power enables inscription of refractive index gratings <5μm below the surface, because irradiation on the surface or near the surface initiates ablation rather than refractive index changes, and this forms a limit for writing useful structures. Compensating for this limit by using appropriate writing parameters highlights the potential of fabricating three-dimensional integrated optical circuits in thin (100μm) polymer substrates. Finally, highly localised fabrication of long period gratings into step-index single mode polymer fibres is demonstrated by removing distortion effects due to the curved surface. The distortion is compensated by sandwiching the fibre with two flat PMMA sheets, between which index-matching oil (n=1.5) is injected. This arrangement enables precise laser micro-structuring with flat interfaces and continuous inner material. The first demonstration of a 250-μm-period fibre grating, resulting in attenuation bands in the visible spectral region at 613, 633, 728, 816, 853, 877 and 900nm, is presented.

Doutoramento em Física
Luminescent solar concentrators are inexpensive devices that aim to increase the efficiency of photovoltaic cells and promote the urban integration of photovoltaic devices, with unprecedented possibilities of energy harvesting through the façade of buildings, urban furniture or wearable fabrics. Generally, they consist of a transparent matrix coated or doped with active optical centres that absorb the incident solar radiation, which is re-emitted at a specific wavelength and transferred by total internal reflection to the edges where the photovoltaic cells are located. The main objective of this work is the production of luminescent solar concentrators whose optically active layer is based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials doped with europium ions or organic dyes, in particular, Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine 800. Rhodamine 800, as opposed to europium ions and Rhodamine 6G which emit in the visible range, emits in the near infrared (NIR) range, which is an advantage for crystalline Si-based photovoltaic cells, whose efficiency is greater in the NIR. In this work, although the luminescent solar concentrators with planar geometry are addressed, the main focus is the use cylindrical geometry. The use of this type of geometry allows the effect of concentration to be higher relative to the planar geometry, since the ratio between the exposed area and the area of the edges is increased. The cylindrical geometry is exploited by producing luminescent solar concentrators based on polymer optical fibre (plastic) where the optically active layer is on the outside (as a coating) or inside (as a filling in the hollow core) of the optical fibre. Furthermore, the possibility of increasing the exposed area was also dealt with the production of bundles of luminescent solar concentrators in which the plastic optical fibres are placed side by side and, also, by fabricating luminescent solar concentrators with length in the metre scale.
Os concentradores solares luminescentes são dispositivos de baixo custo que têm como objetivo aumentar a eficiência de células fotovoltaicas e promover a integração de dispositivos fotovoltaicos em elementos do dia-a-dia, tornando possível a captura de energia solar, através da fachada de edifícios, mobiliário urbano ou em têxteis. Geralmente, consistem numa matriz transparente coberta ou dopada com centros óticos ativos, capazes de absorver a radiação solar incidente e reemiti-la com um comprimento de onda específico que será transportada, através de reflexão interna total, para as extremidades da matriz onde se encontra(m) a(s) célula(s) fotovoltaica(s). O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste na produção de concentradores solares luminescentes cuja camada ótica ativa é baseada em materiais híbridos orgânicos-inorgânicos dopados com iões lantanídeos (európio, Eu3+) ou corantes orgânicos, nomeadamente, Rodamina 6G e Rodamina 800. A Rodamina 800, ao contrário dos iões de európio e da Rodamina 6G que emitem na gama do visível, emite na região espetral do infravermelho próximo (NIR), que se revela uma vantagem quando a célula fotovoltaica em uso é composta de silício cristalino, cuja gama de maior eficiência é no NIR. Neste trabalho, apesar de serem abordados concentradores solares luminescentes com geometria planar, o principal foco é a utilização da geometria cilíndrica. Este tipo de geometria permite que o efeito de concentração seja superior, relativamente à geometria planar, uma vez que a razão entre a área exposta e a área das extremidades é aumentada. A geometria cilíndrica é explorada, através da produção de concentradores solares luminescentes com base em fibra ótica polimérica (plástica) em que a camada ótica ativa se encontra no exterior (como um revestimento) ou no interior (como um preenchimento do núcleo oco). Além disso, a possibilidade de aumentar a área exposta foi, também, abordada com o fabrico de uma matriz de concentradores solares luminescentes colocados lado a lado e, também, com o fabrico de concentradores solares luminescentes na escala do metro.

This dissertation explores a few techniques to realize a low-cost monolithic fiber-optic receiver with large-area photo detectors in advanced CMOS processes that could potentially support multi-gigabit digital data across 10 to 20 meters plastic optical fibers (POF). The first techniques investigated in this dissertation are the use of an external pseudo-differential photo detector chip to reduce the impact of the inductive parasitics, and the use of a cross-coupled regulated-cascode (CC-RGC) buffer to relieve the DC voltage headroom issues found in conventional regulated-cascode (RGC) buffers in technologies with low power supply voltages. The second technique investigated in this thesis is the super-Gm transimpedance amplifier (SGM-TIA) that can be used to produce a very small input impedance in order to drive a very large parasitic capacitance exhibited by an integrated photo detector in advanced CMOS processes. The third technique investigated is a linear equalizer with multiple shunt-shunt feedbacks that can be utilized to produce a slowly-rising peaking response in order to compensate for the frequency-dependent losses exhibited by the integrated NW/P-sub photo detector. Two prototype POF receiver test chips have been implemented in TSMC’s 65 nm CMOS processes and non-return-to-zero optical data transmissions have been demonstrated at data rates up to 3.125 Gbps and 4.25 Gbps, respectively, with a 2.5 Gbps grade 670 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser based electro-optical transmitter.

Nowadays there is the need for low-cost and user-friendly solutions for water quality assessment which can allow for remote, in-site and real-time monitoring of water contaminants. POF sensing technologies combined with specially developed sensitive layers for chemical detection may offer these possibilities, with proper interrogation systems. POF sensing platforms based on low-cost procedures were developed and characterized using aqueous solutions of different refractive indices (RI). The POF RI sensors were optimized by varying the length and/or roughness of the sensing region. The suitability of these sensing platforms for chemical detection was evaluated through the coating with sensitive layers, namely molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) using different deposition techniques. The dependency of proteins immobilization on the POF’s surface was evaluated aiming future developments in chemical detection using POF biosensors. A D-shaped POF chemical sensor was successfully developed using a sensitive MIP layer, allowing the detection of perfluorooctanoate (POFA/PFO-) in aqueous media with a limit of detection of 0.20 – 0.28 ppb. The collaboration of researchers from different areas was essential for the success of the developed work.
Hoje em dia há uma necessidade de soluções simples e de baixo custo para a avaliação da qualidade de águas e que permitam a monitorização remota de contaminantes, no local e em tempo real. As tecnologias baseadas em POF podem oferecer essa possibilidade através de sistemas de interrogação óptica adequados, combinados com camadas sensíveis especialmente desenvolvidas para detecção química. As plataformas ópticas baseadas em POF foram desenvolvidas e caracterizadas com soluções aquosas com diferentes índices de refracção. Os sensores foram optimizados através da variação do comprimento e/ou rugosidade da região sensível. A capacidade de detecção química das plataformas ópticas desenvolvidas foi avaliada através do revestimento com camadas sensíveis, nomeadamente polímeros molecularmente impressos (PMI), utilizando diferentes técnicas de deposição. A dependência da imobilização de proteínas na superfície de POFs modificadas foi avaliada com o objectivo de desenvolver biossensores para detecção química. Um sensor POF para detecção química, em configuração D-shape, foi desenvolvido com sucesso através do revestimento com um PMI, permitindo a detecção de perfluorooctanoato (POFA/PFO-) em soluções aquosas com um limite de detecção entre 0.20 – 0.28 ppb. A colaboração com investigadores de diferentes áreas foi essencial para o sucesso do trabalho desenvolvido.
Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Física

The mismatch between the AM1.5G spectrum and photovoltaic cell absorption is one of the critical factors limiting their performance. To overcome it, several approaches have been proposed. Among them, emphasis is given to luminescent down-shifting layers, additive devices that are able to enhance performance under typical operation conditions, and to luminescent solar concentrators, a complementary technology to PV cells for use in urban environments. Luminescent down-shifting layers are coatings that are directly deposited on the surface of photovoltaic cells, and absorb the incident radiation that is not absorbed by photovoltaic cells, subsequently re-emitting it at a specific wavelength and refracting/reflecting it towards the photovoltaic cell. Luminescent solar concentrators are devices comprising a transparent matrix incorporating optically active centres that absorb the incident radiation, which is then re-emitted at a specific wavelength and transferred by total internal reflection to photovoltaic cells located at the edges of the matrix. This configuration enables photovoltaic devices to be embedded in building facades or windows, allowing them to be transformed into energy harvesting units, contributing for the development of zero-energy buildings. This thesis aimed to produce and characterize transparent organic- inorganic hybrids with controlled thickness and refractive index using poly(methyl methacrylate), di- and triureasils incorporating different lanthanide ions, namely Tb3+, Eu3+, Y b3+ and Nd3+, and the fol- lowing organic dyes: Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine 800, silicon 2,3- naphthalocyaninebis(trihexylsilyloxide), chlorophyll and R- phycoerythrin molecules with emission tuned from the visible to NIR spectral regions. LSCs with planar and cylindrical geometry are studied. The use of the cylindrical geometry allows the effect of concentration to be higher when compared with the planar geometry, since the ratio between the exposed area and the area of the edges is increased. The cylindrical geometry concentrators are produced from plastic optical fibres with hollow cores, where the optically active layer was injected. The exposed area was further optimised through the production of bundles of LSCs, in which optical fibres with different cladding geometries were placed side by side. Finally, the attractive properties of natural-based dye molecules for the production of luminescent solar concentrators, which have been poorly explored, are also studied through the incorporation of chlorophyll and R- phycoerythrin as optically active centres. Key experimental results were also validated using Monte-Carlo ray-tracing simulations.
O desfasamento entre o espetro AM1.5G e o espetro de absorção das células fotovoltaicas é um fator crítico que limita o desempenho das mesmas. De forma a ultrapassar isto, diversas aproximações têm sido propostas. Entre elas, têm sido enfatizadas as camadas luminescentes por desvio descendente de energia, dispositivos capazes de melhorar o desempenho em condições de operação específicas, e os concentradores solares luminescentes, considerados uma tecnologia complementar a das células fotovoltaicas para utilização em ambientes urbanos. As camadas luminescentes por desvio descendente de energia são revestimentos diretamente depositados no topo de células fotovoltaicas capazes de absorver a radiação incidente complementar à que as células fotovoltaicas absorvem e subsequentemente reemitem-na com um comprimento de onda específico que é refratado/refletido até à célula fotovoltaica. Os concentradores solares são dispositivos compostos por uma matriz transparente incorporando centros óticos ativos que absorbem a radiação incidente, que é posteriormente reemitida com um comprimento de onda específico e transportada por reflexão interna total até à célula fotovoltaica localizada nas extremidades da matriz. Esta configuração permite a produção de dispositivos fotovoltaicos embebidos em fachadas de edifícios e janelas, permitindo que estes sejam transformados em unidades de produção de energia, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de edifícios de energia zero. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste no fabrico e caracterização de híbridos orgânicos-inorgânicos com espessura e índice de refração controlados utilizando polimetil-metacrilato, di- e tri-ureasil incorporando diferentes iões lantanídeos, nomeadamente Tb3+, Eu3+, Yb3+ and Nd3+, e corantes orgânicos como Rodamina 6G, Rodamina 800, Silício 2,3-naftalocianina bis(trietil siloxano), clorofila e R-ficoeritrina cuja emissão varia entre o visível e o infravermelho próximo. Concentradores solares luminescentes com geometria planares e cilíndrica foram estudados. A geometria cilíndrica permite que o efeito de concentração seja superior, quando comparado com a geometria planar, uma vez que a razão entre a área exposta e a área das extremidades aumenta. A geometria cilíndrica é explorada, através da produção de concentradores solares luminescentes em fibra ótica de plástico onde a camada ótica ativa se encontra no interior da fibra, como um preenchimento do núcleo oco. A possibilidade de aumentar a área exposta foi, também, abordada através do fabrico de uma matriz de concentradores solares luminescentes colocados lado a lado com diferentes geometrias da bainha. Para além disso, as propriedades óticas dos corantes orgânicos naturais, que têm sido pouco exploradas na literatura, foram alvo de estudo através da incorporação de moléculas de clorofila e de R-ficoeritrina como centros óticos em concentradores solares luminescentes. Os resultados experimentais mais relevantes foram validados através de simulações baseadas no método de Monte-Carlo.
Programa Doutoral em Física