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Chandran, R. Rameshwar, Benjamin Isaac Thomson, A. J. Natishah, Jennita Mary, and Valli Nachiyar. "Nanotechnology in Plastic Degradation." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/3068.
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Plastics pose a huge threat to the environment. Plastic accumulation in the land and the seas is now the world’s most terrorising problem, mainly because of its non-degrading character. Plastic degradation has always been a next to impossible concept in the field of science, but nanotechnology provides a revolutionary and modern way to solve the problem of plastic accumulation in the environment. One of the great advantages of nanoparticles is that we can increase and decrease the rate of biodegradation depending on our needs. Nanoparticles enhance the polythene degradation capacity of the microorganisms by altering their metabolic cycles. Numerous studies showed conclusively that the incorporation of nanotechnology enhances the ability of microorganisms to degrade polythene materials. Even though bio degradable plastics are nowadays produced in large quantities to substitute polythene materials, they fail to match the brittleness of plastics. Biodegradable plastics have poor thermal, mechanical and low gas barrier qualities, which are their main drawbacks. To overcome this, nanoparticles are incorporated into the biopolymers. If an appropriate balance between nanotechnology, microbiology and biotechnology is found, plastic degradation can be done economically and feasibly in all the areas.
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Bartoníček, B., V. Hnát, I. Janovský, and R. Pejša. "Radiation degradation of plastic insulating materials." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 46, no. 4-6 (October 1995): 797–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(95)00264-x.
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An, Rongrong, Chengguo Liu, Jun Wang, and Puyou Jia. "Recent Advances in Degradation of Polymer Plastics by Insects Inhabiting Microorganisms." Polymers 15, no. 5 (March 5, 2023): 1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051307.
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Plastic pollution endangers all natural ecosystems and living creatures on earth. Excessive reliance on plastic products and excessive production of plastic packaging are extremely dangerous for humans because plastic waste has polluted almost the entire world, whether it is in the sea or on the land. This review introduces the examination of pollution brought by non-degradable plastics, the classification and application of degradable materials, and the current situation and strategy to address plastic pollution and plastic degradation by insects, which mainly include Galleria mellonella, Zophobas atratus, Tenebrio molitor, and other insects. The efficiency of plastic degradation by insects, biodegradation mechanism of plastic waste, and the structure and composition of degradable products are reviewed. The development direction of degradable plastics in the future and plastic degradation by insects are prospected. This review provides effective ways to solve plastic pollution.
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Geambulat, Aila-Elmaz, Tănase Dobre, and Claudia-Irina Koncsag. "Experimental investigations on polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate microplastics’ degradation. A review." Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry 33, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auoc-2022-0023.
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Abstract A topic of high interest, the plastic degradation in the environment, is approached in this work, to serve for future research. The problem of plastics pollution became critical with the exponential development of plastic materials industry in last decades. Soil and water are primarily polluted, then degradation to microplastics leads to spatial distribution of plastic debris in all ecosystems. Slow natural degradation and pollutants accumulation on the plastic particles are responsible for environment unbalancies. This work follows the new research about the induced degradation methods, abiotic and biotic, pointing out the most notable results. Most research took place in laboratories, but promising results of some biotic methods will hopefully lead to industrial scale-up.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Angga Ananditto. "Effect of Repetitive Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.70.
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Contaminated plastic waste if undergo a mechanical recycling process will have a low value. This can be overcome by repetitive implementation of Material Value Conservation (MVC) through material purity protection from design stage to the end of the material life cycle. Repetition of recycling up to eight times caused degradation of mechanical properties of plastics by up to 20%. The repetition was done on a laboratory scale with pure polypropylene as raw material. This research was conducted to overcome the degradation of plastic properties by mixing recycled plastic pellets with virgin plastic in the most optimal proportion. Plastic blends with certain compositions were recycled up to 8 times, then its mechanical properties are tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. This research revealed the opportunities to utilize the 6th recycled plastic pellets by mixing it with virgin plastic to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, this research shows that repetitive recycling of plastic blends with the implementation of material value conservation (MVC) could increase the value of recycled plastic pellets as raw materials and extend the life time of plastic materials.
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Schwarz, Weike, Stina Wegener, Gerhard Schertzinger, Helena Pannekens, Peter Schweyen, Georg Dierkes, Kristina Klein, Thomas A. Ternes, Jörg Oehlmann, and Elke Dopp. "Chemical and toxicological assessment of leachates from UV-degraded plastic materials using in-vitro bioassays." PeerJ 11 (April 11, 2023): e15192. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15192.
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The broad use of plastics and the persistence of the material results in plastic residues being found practically everywhere in the environment. If plastics remain in the (aquatic) environment, natural weathering leads to degradation processes and compounds may leach from plastic into the environment. To investigate the impact of degradation process on toxicity of leachates, different types of UV irradiation (UV-C, UV-A/B) were used to simulate weathering processes of different plastic material containing virgin as well as recyclate material and biodegradable polymers. The leached substances were investigated toxicologically using in-vitro bioassays. Cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT-assay, genotoxicity by using the p53-CALUX and Umu-assay, and estrogenic effects by the ERα-CALUX. Genotoxic as well as estrogenic effects were detected in different samples depending on the material and the irradiation type. In four leachates of 12 plastic species estrogenic effects were detected above the recommended safety level of 0.4 ng 17β-estradiol equivalents/L for surface water samples. In the p53-CALUX and in the Umu-assay leachates from three and two, respectively, of 12 plastic species were found to be genotoxic. The results of the chemical analysis show that plastic material releases a variety of known and unknown substances especially under UV radiation, leading to a complex mixture with potentially harmful effects. In order to investigate these aspects further and to be able to give recommendations for the use of additives in plastics, further effect-related investigations are advisable.
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Singh, Prashant, Ranjan Singh, Anshul Singh, and Ajad Patel. "Biodegradation of Microplastic: A Sustainable Approach." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2023.1211.015.
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Annual production of plastic has increased the 390.7 million metric tons in 2021 and plastic’s reprocessing has all but its sustainable solution for disposal of plastic waste has been unsuccessful. Plastic materials (fragments) are continuously accumulating in the environment, like, in sea, soil, air, rivers as well as oceans. Microplastic contamination is becoming a major concern worldwide. Nowadays, scientists are developing sustainable idea for the degradation of plastic waste with the help of microorganisms. In biodegradation of microplastics by microorganisms like fungi and bacteria are playing vital role in breaking-downs of the plastic polymers in simpler form and after that plastics are biologically degraded. Microorganisms (Pseudomonas sp., Rhodococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Zelerionmaritimum, Microalgae) that can degrade the different types of regular used synthetic plastics. The bacterial and fungal species produced Biosurfactants which helps the degradation process rapidly.
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Fesseha, Haben, and Fasil Abebe. "Degradation of Plastic Materials Using Microorganisms: A Review." Public Health – Open Journal 4, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/phoj-4-136.
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Royer, Sarah-Jeanne, Francesco Greco, Michaela Kogler, and Dimitri D. Deheyn. "Not so biodegradable: Polylactic acid and cellulose/plastic blend textiles lack fast biodegradation in marine waters." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 24, 2023): e0284681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284681.
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The resistance of plastic textiles to environmental degradation is of major concern as large portions of these materials reach the ocean. There, they persist for undefined amounts of time, possibly causing harm and toxicity to marine ecosystems. As a solution to this problem, many compostable and so-called biodegradable materials have been developed. However, to undergo rapid biodegradation, most compostable plastics require specific conditions that are achieved only in industrial settings. Thus, industrially compostable plastics might persist as pollutants under natural conditions. In this work, we tested the biodegradability in marine waters of textiles made of polylactic acid, a diffused industrially compostable plastic. The test was extended also to cellulose-based and conventional non-biodegradable oil-based plastic textiles. The analyses were complemented by bio-reactor tests for an innovative combined approach. Results show that polylactic acid, a so-called biodegradable plastic, does not degrade in the marine environment for over 428 days. This was also observed for the oil-based polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate, including their portions in cellulose/oil-based plastic blend textiles. In contrast, natural and regenerated cellulose fibers undergo complete biodegradation within approximately 35 days. Our results indicate that polylactic acid resists marine degradation for at least a year, and suggest that oil-based plastic/cellulose blends are a poor solution to mitigate plastic pollution. The results on polylactic acid further stress that compostability does not imply environmental degradation and that appropriate disposal management is crucial also for compostable plastics. Referring to compostable plastics as biodegradable plastics is misleading as it may convey the perception of a material that degrades in the environment. Conclusively, advances in disposable textiles should consider the environmental impact during their full life cycle, and the existence of environmentally degradable disposal should not represent an alibi for perpetuating destructive throw-away behaviors.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Husen Nasrullah. "Optical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.199.
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Repetitive implementation of material value conservation (MVC) in plastic packaging may lead to good quality plastic waste and high acceptance for secondary recycling. This makes the obtained recycled plastic pellets has good quality and can be used as an alternative raw material for new products. However, treatments and processing in the recycling processes can lead to the degradation of material properties and disrupt the recycled plastics life cycle to be used for new products with high specifications. Recycled plastics are certainly cheaper than virgin plastics, but they have low properties, contaminated, and are only used for low-value products. Therefore, a solution is needed for this problem. This study proposed mixing recycled and virgin plastic pellets to improve recycled plastics whose optical properties have been subjected to quality degradation. A series of tests were carried out on specimens and tested according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) method. The optical properties tested were transparency, gloss, and colour. This study revealed that optical properties had an increasing trend along with the large number of virgin plastic pellets added to the blends. The optimal composition was found in the 50:50 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets to the 70:30 composition of virgin-recycled plastic pellets. These findings can be useful in improving the optical properties of recycled plastics. In addition, the widespread implementation of MVC can improve the quality of plastic waste and strengthen its acceptance for secondary recycling.
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ARJUN J, MANJU R, RAJESWARAN S R, and CHANDHRU M. "Banana peel starch to biodegradable alternative products for commercial plastics." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.2.0066.
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Plastics offers a variety of benefits and in variety of shapes, such as sheets, panels, film which can all be flexible as application requires. Plastic is a price competitive with other materials that offer similar advantages in industrial application. It is light weight strong and cheaper. However, use of too many plastics results in massive harmful effects. It take longer time to degrade which is estimated about 500 years to degrade and will become toxic after decomposed, it will affect the environment. Thus the biodegradable plastics become promising solution to solve all this problems. The objective of this study is to produce biodegradable plastic from banana peels as a substitute for commercial plastics and to prove that the starch in banana peel could be used in production of biodegradable plastics. The strength of the plastic was determined by elongation test and by comparing with a synthetic plastic. In soil burial degradation test, the intensity of degradation was tested by comparing with synthetic plastic, biodegradable plastic degraded at rapid rate and synthetic plastic did not degrade at all. Based on the entire test, bioplastic from banana peels can be used in industry for various applications such as molding, packaging and making carry bags, at the same time rescuing the environment from potential harm by synthetic plastics.
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Xochitl, Quecholac-Piña, Hernández-Berriel María del Consuelo, Mañón-Salas María del Consuelo, Espinosa-Valdemar Rosa María, and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia. "Degradation of Plastics in Simulated Landfill Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071014.
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Different degradable plastics have been promoted as a solution for the accumulation of waste in landfills and the natural environment; in Mexico, the most popular options are oxo-degradable, which degrade in a sequential abiotic–biotic process, and compostable plastics. In this research, high-density polyethylene, oxo-degradable high-density polyethylene, and certified compostable plastic were exposed to simulated landfill conditions in an 854-day-long experiment to assess their degradation. High-density polyethylene showed limited degradation, due mainly to surface erosion, evidenced by a 13% decrease in elongation at break. The pro-oxidant additive in the oxo-degradable plastic increased this loss of mechanical properties to 27%. However, both plastic films kept their physical integrity and high molecular weight by the end of the experiment, evidencing degradation but no biodegradation. While the compostable film fragmented, had a lower molecular weight at the end of the experiment, and decreased the presence of C=O bonds, this degradation took place remarkably slower than expected from a composting process. Results show that oxo-degradable and compostable plastics will not biodegrade readily in landfills. This fact should be known and understood for decision-makers to match the characteristics of the materials to the features of the waste management systems.
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Teska, Peter, Roderick Dayton, Xiaobao Li, Jason Lamb, and Phillip Strader. "Damage to Common Healthcare Polymer Surfaces from UV Exposure." Nano LIFE 10, no. 03 (April 14, 2020): 2050001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984420500014.
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Healthcare-associated infections are a significant concern in acute care facilities across the US. Studies have shown the importance of a hygienic patient environment in reducing the risk of such infections. This has caused an increased interest in ultraviolet (UV-C) light disinfectant technology as an adjunct technology to provide additional pathogen reduction to environmental surfaces and patient care equipment (i.e., surfaces). It is also well known that UV-C light can cause premature degradation of materials, particularly certain plastic materials. However, there is little information in the literature regarding characterizing this degradation of plastics and other materials used for surfaces in healthcare. This study aims to evaluate multiple characterization techniques and propose a systematic approach to further understand early onset degradation of plastics due to UV-C exposure. Susceptibility and modes of degradation of multiple plastic materials were compared using the techniques evaluated. Ten grades of plastic materials were exposed to UV-C light in a manner consistent with standards given in the healthcare and furniture industry to achieve disinfection. These materials were characterized for visual appearance, chemical composition, surface roughness and hardness using light microscopy, spectrophotometry, contact angle analysis, infrared spectroscopy, profilometry and nanoindentation. All characterization methods were able to identify one or more specific degradation features from UV-C exposure covering different aspects of physicochemical properties of the surfaces. However, these methods showed different sensitivity and applicability to identify the onset of surface damage. Different types of surface materials showed different susceptibility and modes to degradation upon UV-C light exposure. UV-C disinfection can cause detectable damage to various surfaces in healthcare. A characterization approach consisting of physical and chemical characterizations is proposed in quantifying surface degradation of a material from UV-C exposure to address the complexity in modes of degradation and the varied sensitivity to UV-C from different materials. Methods with high sensitivity can be used to evaluate onset of damage or early stage damage.
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Elfiana, Tiara Nur, Anisa Nur Izza Fitria, Endaruji Sedyadi, Susy Yunita Prabawati, and Irwan Nugraha. "Degradation Study of Biodegradable Plastic Using Nata De Coco as A Filler." Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry 7, no. 2 (October 31, 2018): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2018.72.33-38.
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Starch is known as a biodegradable raw material that can be degraded by bacteria and microorganisms in the soil. Starch has cellulose which is kind of plant cellulose. This study shows the biodegradation rates of plastic made from Ganyong Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) as a cellulose source which is added with nata de coco as a filler. The biodegradable plastic functional group was confirmed by using FITR. The results show that the O-H group of Ganyong Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) biodegradable plastic is located at wave number 3298.03 cm-1 and shifted to 3290.32 cm-1 after addition of nata de coco. The C-H bonds functional groups in Canna biodegradable plastics and nata de coco plastics are at wave numbers 2920.01 cm-1 and 2916.16 cm-1. While the C-O bonds functional groups in biodegradable starch plastics and nata de coco is shown at wave numbers 995.05 cm-1. The mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics testing are thickness, tensile strength, and elongation based on the ASTM method. The thickness is about 0.1005 mm, the tensile strength of biodegradable plastic is 4,3244 MPa and the elongation value range about 13.9639% while the WVTR range about 14.20 g/m² hours. The results show that the increase of the plastic degradation made from nata de coco occurs between 5% - 38% per days. It is faster than the plastic made from pure Ganyong Canna (Canna edulis Kerr) starch. These results indicate that nata de coco could be added in biodegradable plastic on packaging materials for better degradation.
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Šárka, E., Z. Kruliš, J. Kotek, L. Růžek, A. Korbářová, Z. Bubník, and M. Růžková. "Application of wheat B-starch in biodegradable plastic materials." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 3 (May 13, 2011): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/292/2010-cjfs.
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Food application of wheat B-starch comprising small starch granules as a result of lower quality is problematic. Accordingly, B-starch or acetylated starch prepared from it, with the degree of substitution (DS) of 1.5–2.3, was used in biodegradable films after blending with poly-(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). The following mechanical characteristics of the produced films were derived from the stress-strain curves: Young modulus, yield stress, stress-at-break, and strain-at-break. Water absorption of PCL/starch (60/40) films was determined according to European standard ISO 62. The measured data were compared with those of commercial A-starch. The films containing native starch degraded in compost totally during 2 months. Acetylation of starch molecules in the composites reduced the degradation rate. Optical microscopy, in combination with the image analysis system NIS-Elements vs. 2.10 completed with an Extended Depth of Focus (EDF) module, was used to study the surface morphology of PCL/starch films after 20-day and 42-day compost incubation. Chemical changes in the compost used for the film exposition were measured.
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Singh, Baljit, and Nisha Sharma. "Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, no. 3 (March 2008): 561–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.008.
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Wekesa Nabangala, Andrew, Benson Githua Kimani, and Benard Isaac Nyakundi. "Innovative Farming and Building Materials from Recycled Plastics." Multidisciplinary Journal of Technical University of Mombasa 1, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.48039/mjtum.v1i2.33.
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Despite the ban on use of plastic paper bags, large amounts of plastic litter still exist in our environment. Plastic bottles form a greater percentage of the litter. The growth of the consumer market for cosmetics and soft drinks which are usually packaged in plastic containers continues to give rise to plastic pollution. To maintain the quality of the environment while achieving sustainable development plastic litter could be viewed as raw and innovative materials for making new items. Plastics can be recycled and made into furniture, ornamental products, and building blocks among others. This paper describes how recycling plastic waste into products of plastic sheets and blocks is conducted for multi-purpose use. The resultant sheets and blocks can be designed to have slots and extensions on the edges such that they allow interlocking the same way concrete interlock blocks work. The sheets and blocks can be used to make furniture, office partitions, and interior design. The sheets for furniture making can be craftily decorated with beads while they are still in molten state to produce ornamental furniture. This can be achieved through arranging beads in molds before introducing the molten polymers into them. The plastic blocks and sheets can also be used to make swimming pools and fish ponds. Heating temperature and oxidation should however be monitored to prevent degradation of the polymers. The resultant products are durable, attractive and affordable.
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Brandi, Helmut, Reinhard Bachofen, Jörg Mayer, and Erich Wintermantel. "Degradation and applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 13 (December 15, 1995): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-181.
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A series of tests is available to study the biodegradation of plastic materials under either laboratory or field conditions. Most of the standard methods have been published by the American Society for Testing and Materials. All of them describe techniques to investigate the biodegradation of plastics under laboratory conditions. Microbially formed polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have been marketed recently as biodegradable plastics. However, currently only a few articles made from PHAs (e.g., bottles) are commercially available. A series of microorganisms (prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes) has been characterized as being able to degrade PHAs. With one exception (Ilyobacter delafieldii), all of them were isolated from aerobic environments. So far, over 10 different extracellular PHA depolymerases have been purified and characterized. Depolymerases that preferentially attack PHAs with monomer units other than 3-hydroxybutyrate have been found only in Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas lemoignei.Key words: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), polyhydroxyalkanoates, biodegradation, industrial applications.
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Wang, Ju Wei. "Starch-Based Biodegradable Packaging Materials of Antimicrobial." Applied Mechanics and Materials 457-458 (October 2013): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.457-458.231.
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With the gradual increase of the global environmental awareness and environmentally friendly voice rising, the deal with the problem of plastic waste has become the focus of public opinion around the world has also become a hot topic of scientific research. This paper can be made of polystyrene as main raw material, adding starch and antibacterial agents containing silver nanoscale titanium dioxide, and by the synthesis of biodegradable packaging materials performance. The results showed that: 0.25mm sheet of polystyrene made of the thickness of the main raw material by injection molding process, and factors affecting the performance of the sheet, the better the performance of the film material process parameters. According to the definition of the GB/T1040-92 national standards of the People's Republic of China "plastic tensile properties of test methods and GB/T20197-2006 degradable plastics, classification, marking, and degradation of the performance requirements" and GB4789.3-94 "State Microbiological examination of coli form bacteria in the standard of food hygiene as determined by experimental methods for testing. The orthogonal experiment results show that the expandable polystyrene Dosage: 80%; starch dosage: 2%; toluene, acetone and put ratio: 3:2 .The mechanics of materials, degradation, and antimicrobial properties.
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Saira, Abdullah, Lalina Maroof, Madiha Iqbal, Saira Farman, Lubna, and Shah Faisal. "Biodegradation of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Bags by Fungi Isolated from Waste Disposal Soil." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8286344.
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Plastics are available in different shapes nowadays in order to enhance the living standard. But unfortunately, most of these plastics are synthetic in nature that is why they show resistance to physical and chemical degradation processes and enhance environmental hazards. The aim of the present research study was to isolate and identify beneficial fungal species from soil that have the capability to degrade plastic. Soil samples from a waste disposal site at Peshawar district were diluted and inoculated on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungus isolation. After isolation, the identifications of fungal species were done using standard identification techniques such as colony morphology and microscopic examination. The isolated fungal species that were identified were Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, white rot, and brown rot fungi. After isolation, a degradation experiment was conducted to evaluate the capability of fungal isolates towards degradation of plastic. For this purpose, a 2 cm2 plastic piece was treated with fungal isolates for one month in a liquid culture system. The weight loss percentage was estimated at 22.9%, 16.1%, 18.4%, and 22.7% by Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, brown rot, and white rot, respectively, which was confirmed by the Fourier transform analysis. The obtained FTIR peaks revealed the C–H bond deformation in alkenes, ketones, and esters. It has been concluded from the study that fungal species play a significant role in the degradation of synthetic plastic which can be used in bioreactors in future studies for the degradation of complex plastic materials.
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Devi, R. Jayakala, and R. Usha. "Microbial Approaches for the Plastic Bioremediation and Ecofriendly Environmental Sustainability." Asian Journal of Chemistry 35, no. 2 (2023): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2023.26928.
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The world’s first “infinite” plastic waste is a major issue existing in both developed and developing countries. Synthetic plastics are correlated to the current lifestyle in packing of food, detergents, cosmetics, plastic bottles, sanitary wares, household utensils, artificial leather and pharmaceutical products. These synthetic plastics include polyurethane, polystyrene, polypropylene, low-density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, high-density polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate in the descending order of recycling codes. Extensive use of these synthetic polymer materials paves way for accumulation in the ecosystem. Improper handling of this plastic wastes by traditional disposal methods like landfill and incineration in open fields leads to the release of toxic chemicals in the environment. The recent advancement in the degradation of synthetic plastics is concentrated on the use of microorganisms and their enzymes as biological treatment. The interaction between microbes and the plastic polymer is needed to understand for quenching the thirst for microbial bioremediation approach to overcome plastic pollution. However, knowledge of scientific evidence for plastic degradation by microbes is paucity. This review highlighted insight gist about the effective microbial technology applied in bioremediation techniques like in situ and ex situ strategies. Further exploration of the vast diversity of plastic-eating microorganisms and their enzymes involved in the mechanism results in a valuable end product. This literature represents the green route to the bio-recycling of harmful plastic material from the ecosystem.
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Šuput, Danijela, Senka Popović, Nevena Hromiš, and Jovana Ugarković. "Degradable packaging materials: Sources, application and decomposition routes." Journal on Processing and Energy in Agriculture 25, no. 2 (2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jpea25-30971.
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There are many biodegradable and recyclable packaging materials available, alternatives for plastics: paper and cardboard; biodegradable polyethene (degradable due to additives incorporated during production, whose role is to lead to the polyethylene breakdown into CO2, H2O, biomass and minerals when in landfill) and biodegradable plastic (made from renewable biomass-biopolymers in a relatively energy-efficient process). The decomposition routes of degradable materials are reflected in the degradation for which realization a physico-chemical stimulus is required and biodegradation for which microorganisms are responsible. The global biodegradable plastic market was valued at $1.6 billion in 2019 and it is expected to reach $4.2 billion by 2027. The largest segment by application of biodegradable materials is in packaging with a market share of more than 60%. Some examples of degradable packaging existing on the market will be presented in the paper.
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Malik, Sunny, Ankita Maurya, Sunil Kumar Khare, and Kinshuk Raj Srivastava. "Computational Exploration of Bio-Degradation Patterns of Various Plastic Types." Polymers 15, no. 6 (March 20, 2023): 1540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061540.
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Plastic materials are recalcitrant in the open environment, surviving for longer without complete remediation. The current disposal methods of used plastic material are inefficient; consequently, plastic wastes are infiltrating the natural resources of the biosphere. The mixed composition of urban domestic waste with different plastic types makes them unfavorable for recycling; however, natural assimilation in situ is still an option to explore. In this research work, we have utilized previously published reports on the biodegradation of various plastics types and analyzed the pattern of microbial degradation. Our results demonstrate that the biodegradation of plastic material follows the chemical classification of plastic types based on their main molecular backbone. The clustering analysis of various plastic types based on their biodegradation reports has grouped them into two broad categories of C-C (non-hydrolyzable) and C-X (hydrolyzable). The C-C and C-X groups show a statistically significant difference in their biodegradation pattern at the genus level. The Bacilli class of bacteria is found to be reported more often in the C-C category, which is challenging to degrade compared to C-X. Genus enrichment analysis suggests that Pseudomonas and Bacillus from bacteria and Aspergillus and Penicillium from fungi are potential genera for the bioremediation of mixed plastic waste. The lack of uniformity in reporting the results of microbial degradation of plastic also needs to be addressed to enable productive growth in the field. Overall, the result points towards the feasibility of a microbial-based biodegradation solution for mixed plastic waste.
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Yoezer, N., D. B. Gurung, and K. Wangchuk. "Environmental Toxicity, Human Hazards and Bacterial Degradation of Polyethylene." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 22, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i03.006.
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Plastics are the most rapidly growing materials in terms of production and consumption. The durability, inertness, light weight, flexibility, and low cost are the key characteristics that make plastic suitable for application in various fields, including the construction, automotive, electronics, and packaging industries. Due to widespread usage in daily life and many industrial processes and operations, more than 300 million tons of plastic waste are produced globally annually. Indiscriminate use of plastics such as polyethylene causes environmental pollution and impacts human health due to irreversible changes in the ecological cycle. Due to its low biodegradability, polyethylene accumulation has recently emerged as a momentous environmental concern. The conventional methods, such as recycling or disposing of polyethylene, are exorbitant, and incineration results in the emission of toxic chemical compounds. Therefore, the most recent research progressively focused on the biodegradation of polyethylene with the application of bacteria as novel approaches to counteract plastic waste. This review summarizes the type of polyethylene and the environmental issues. It also briefly discussed the genes and enzymes of bacteria involved in the degradation of polyethylene. In addition, it attempts to address factors influencing degradation and techniques used for monitoring degradation.
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Brebu, Mihai. "Environmental Degradation of Plastic Composites with Natural Fillers—A Review." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010166.
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Polymer composites are widely used modern-day materials, specially designed to combine good mechanical properties and low density, resulting in a high tensile strength-to-weight ratio. However, materials for outdoor use suffer from the negative effects of environmental factors, loosing properties in various degrees. In particular, natural fillers (particulates or fibers) or components induce biodegradability in the otherwise bio inert matrix of usual commodity plastics. Here we present some aspects found in recent literature related to the effect of aggressive factors such as temperature, mechanical forces, solar radiation, humidity, and biological attack on the properties of plastic composites containing natural fillers.
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Tudor, Valentina Constanta, Ancuta Marin, Diana Zamfir Vasca, Marius Mihai Micu, and Dragos Ion Smedescu. "The Influence of the Plastic Bags on the Environment." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.4.5081.
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It is known, as well as a rule, that plastic materials can not instictively and naturally degrade when released into the environment. Due to the persistence of plastics to degradation and also to propagation in industry, the problem of plastic pollution has progressed considerable in order to become a threat to global ecology, on land and sea. The present study presents a global mapping of actions brought in to reduce the use of plastic, plastic bags and foamed plastic products, followed by selected case studies from each region of the world, with more attention offered to the European Union countries and the strategies elaborated by them to provide a cleaner and safer environment.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Roben Hotdysah Putra Saragih. "Impact of Repetitive Recycling on Optical Properties of Virgin and Recycled Polypropylene Blends Based on Material Value Conservation Paradigm." Materials Science Forum 1020 (February 2021): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1020.192.
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Implementation of material value conservation (MVC) needs to be proven through research to determine impact upon plastic properties such as optical properties of virgin plastic and recycled plastic blends. Optical properties such as colour, transparency and gloss are important parameters for appropriate quality of plastic packaging. Degradation of optical properties occurs during recycling processes of plastic materials and the declining properties of recycled products could be improved by blending them with virgin materials. This research aims to reveal the impact of repetitive recycling on optical properties of virgin and recycled polypropylene (PP) blends based on MVC paradigm. The first step of this research was to determine composition of virgin PP and recycled PP blends. Proportion of 70% virgin PP and 30% recycled PP was selected as a blend composition. The next step of this research was repetitive recycling of virgin PP and recycled PP blends with implementation of MVC up to the 8th recycling stage. The specimens of plastic blends were made from the 1st, 2nd, 4th and the 8th recycling stage and then their optical properties were tested with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) methods. Generally, degradation level of optical properties will increase during the recycling processes. Testing results show a slightly change of colour properties. Degradation level of gloss properties is gradually increased by a maximum degradation level at the 8th recycling stage as 17.46%. However, transparency had a maximum degradation level at the 4th recycling stage as 20.93%. It means that the plastic blends can be used as viable raw materials based on their optical properties with more attention to the gloss. Furthermore, the implementation of MVC will provide more benefits through extending the life cycle of recycled products, reducing virgin plastic consumption, optimizing the use of plastic waste and reducing plastic waste generation.
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Marsh, R., A. J. Griffiths, K. P. Williams, and S. L. Evans. "Thermal degradation of polyethylene film materials due to successive recycling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 220, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes178.
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Mechanical recycling of plastic film involves subjecting plastic materials to a series of heat cycles that can potentially degrade the material, causing brittleness and increased melt viscosity. Plastic film recycling in the UK is in its infancy, in need of an increased understanding of how the physical properties of polymeric materials change before and during the process. Reliable data are required to estimate the behaviour of such film products when recycled. Measurements were made as to the changes in physical properties of four different varieties of polyethylene (PE) film products when subjected to a series of successive simulated heat cycles and evaluated after each step. Results showed that although changes in tensile properties were fairly small, changes in processing properties such as melt-flow index for highly branched or low-density PE are substantial and could be a concern during recycling operations.
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Maraveas, Chrysanthos. "Environmental Sustainability of Plastic in Agriculture." Agriculture 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080310.
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This article investigates the environmental sustainability of plastic nets in agricultural environments based on published experimental data. This article focuses on biodegradable and synthetic plastics used in farms as mulching materials and shade materials/greenhouse covering materials (shade nets and plastic films) to protect plants from pests and extreme weather. The sustainability was determined by three factors, carbon footprint from cradle to the end of life (LCA), durability (resistance to photo-oxidation and high tensile strength), and affordability. The LCA analyses showed that the production of polyethylene (PE) requires less energy and generates low quantities of greenhouse gas equivalents. Beyond the LCA data, biodegradable polymers are sustainable based on biodegradability and compostability, ability to suppress weeds, control soil temperatures, and moisture, and augment fertigation and drip irrigation. However, existing technologies are a limiting factor because lab-based innovations have not been commercialized. In addition, industrial production of shade nets, plastic greenhouse covers, and mulching materials are limited to synthetic plastics. The bio-based plastic materials are sustainable based on biodegradability, and resistant to photo-oxidation. The resistance to UV degradation is an essential property because solar radiation cleaves C-C bonds, which in turn impact the mechanical strength of the materials. In brief, the sustainability of plastics in farms is influenced by LCA data, mechanical and optical properties, and performance relative to other materials.
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Jansen, Jeffrey. "Plastic Failure Through Molecular Degradation." Plastics Engineering 71, no. 1 (January 2015): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1941-9635.2015.tb01285.x.
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Falah, Wajeeha, Fu-Jia Chen, Bibi Saima Zeb, Malik Tahir Hayat, Qaisar Mahmood, Abdolghaffar Ebadi, Mohsen Toughani, and En-Zhong Li. "Polyethylene Terephthalate Degradation by Microalga Chlorella vulgaris Along with Pretreatment." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.3.5398.
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The current research explored the potential of microalgal species Chlorella vulgaris and Pretreatment to remediate plastic waste. It was concluded from the results that Pretreatment had a marked effect on the cracking and alteration of plastic polymer, which helped to grow microbial species on the cracked surface as evident by Compound Microscopy (CM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. FTIR data also supported the notion that in the absence of any pretreatment, the microbial species were not able to mediate plastic biodegradation efficiently as the nature of functional groups was different in the presence and absence of Pretreatment. GCMS analysis revealed that the microbial specie could produce the biodegradation products which were likely to be found in the structure of PET, including alkanes ester, fatty acids, benzoic acid, and aromatics and the most toxic product of biodegradation is Bis (2-Ethyl hexyl phthalate), which is the biodegradation product of toxic ingredient of plastics that is phthalic acid.
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Gabriel, Djoko Sihono, and Afifah Nadia Tiana. "Mechanical Properties Improvement of Recycled Polypropylene with Material Value Conservation Schemes Using Virgin Plastic Blends." Materials Science Forum 1015 (November 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1015.76.
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Plastic packaging that applied material value conservation paradigm will generate good quality plastic waste. It can be recycled to produce raw material for new packaging. However, repetitive recycling has impacts on lowering its mechanical properties. Recycled plastic is expected not to undergo mechanical properties degradation. This research proposed to blend recycled plastic pellets with its virgin plastic to reduce mechanical properties degradation. Mechanical properties of recycled polypropylene are compared to 100% virgin polypropylene and recycled/virgin polypropylene blends with composition 90/10, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70, and 10/90. Mechanical properties tested in this research are modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break, and density. All were tested according to ASTM for mechanical properties testing materials. This study revealed blending 50% virgin polypropylene significantly improves mechanical properties of recycled plastics and keep improving at 70% virgin polypropylene. The optimum improvement based on four mechanical properties was found at composition 30/70 of recycled/virgin plastic. Elongation at break is the most critical property where degradation was found at 90/10. Blending 6th recycled and virgin polypropylene gives opportunities to improve the mechanical properties of recycled plastic products with careful consideration of the compositions. By implementing material value conservation, good quality plastic waste can be recycled repetitively. This will decrease accumulation of plastic waste generation and usage of non-renewable plastic’s raw material. The positive impact is not only to economic of plastic industry but also to the quality of environment.
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Torres Tovar, José Alfredo, Hermelinda Servín-Campuzano, Mauricio González-Avilés, Hugo Sobral, and Francisco Javier Sánchez-Ruiz. "Degradation of Plastic Materials through Small-Scale Pyrolysis: Characterization of the Obtained Hydrocarbons and Life Cycle Analysis." Recycling 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling9010005.
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Plastic waste signifies a global predicament, aggravated by deficient management practices. Unearthing methods to repurpose energy from this waste is pivotal. This study delves into the pyrolytic degradation of low-density plastics to convert plastic waste into valuable products on a modest scale. A small-scale, low-CO2 emitting distiller was employed in the process. A zeolite was harnessed as a catalyst to augment the temperature and hasten the pyrolysis process. A comprehensive life cycle analysis was executed to assess the environmental impact of the process. In this scenario, zeolite-facilitated pyrolysis was more proficient compared to traditional thermal pyrolysis, generating a yield of 22.5% with the catalyst, contrasting with 18% without. A kinetic model was formulated, observing reaction mechanisms and temperature escalation and culminating in the extraction of aromatic oils. These oils were further distilled to produce liquid hydrocarbons, beginning the distillation at 60 °C with the catalyst. Characterization of the secured hydrocarbons was conducted using infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and gas chromatography, discovering compounds akin to gasoline, such as benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Additionally, the procedure exhibited a minimal environmental detriment, as validated by the life cycle analysis. This study concludes by highlighting the potential of small-scale, low-CO2 emitting pyrolytic degradation of low-density plastics for energy recovery from plastic waste, demonstrating the practical and environmental benefits of this avant-garde method.
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Gambhir, Vinima, Manita Deepak Shah, Nidhi Sharma, and Shri Bhagwan. "Environmental degradation of ordinary plastic wastes: a review on present awareness and disposal prospects." Multidisciplinary Reviews 6 (March 24, 2024): 2023ss026. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2023ss026.
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Plastic waste has emerged as a major global environmental challenge, posing detrimental impacts on ecosystems and human health. This review critically analyzes the existing level of awareness about the adverse effects of plastic waste on the environment, encompassing issues such as land and marine pollution, micro-plastic contamination, and the disruption of ecological balance. The issue of plastic garbage accumulation has gained significant recognition in recent times as an effective environmental problem with global implications. It has been observed to affect various living forms, natural ecosystems, and the economy. Given the current threat, it is imperative to prioritize exploring alternative alternatives, such as biodegradation, as a substitute for conventional disposal methods. There is a shortage of information regarding the processes and efficacy of plastic biodegradation. The objective of this review is to examine the adverse environmental impacts resulting from the accumulation commonly used the materials polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, polyvinyl chlorides, polyethylene terse and polyol trash, which are examples of waste from plastics. Additionally, this review aims to assess the potential for degradation of these plastics through both abiotic and biotic processes. Moreover, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the capacity of several microbial species to degrade these polymers. The current study examines the involvement of invertebrates namely insects, in the process of plastic degradation, emphasizing the significant potential they possess in shaping future outcomes.
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Macena, Morgana Weber, Rita Carvalho, Luísa Paula Cruz-Lopes, and Raquel P. F. Guiné. "Perceptions and knowledge regarding quality and safety of plastic materials used for food packaging." Open Agriculture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0066.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the consumer perceptions about quality and safety of foods packed in plastic, as well as the impact of plastic materials on human health. To carry out the study, a questionnaire survey about the consumption habits and knowledge about plastic packaging was conducted to a sample of 487 Portuguese adult citizens. The results revealed that most respondents (81%) think about food safety and quality when purchasing foods. Additionally, it was found that the consumer’s knowledge about the toxicity of components possibly migrating from the plastic packaging to the food is still limited (only 46% of participants). However, other negative effects of plastics well known to consumers include environmental pollution and marine fauna degradation (67 and 82% of participants, respectively). Thus, it was concluded that the Portuguese population need to be further educated about the toxicity of some chemical compounds present in plastic packaging, which can be ingested by migrating to the food or which can be absorbed from the environmental microplastics resulting from incorrect disposal.
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Peng, Wenhao. "High-value recycling and biodegradation of polyolefin materials." Applied and Computational Engineering 23, no. 7 (December 4, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/23/ojs/20230604.
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The pollution of plastic materials has seriously affected global environmental problems. Polyolefin materials are widely used as raw materials for plastics. This is due to their practical physical properties and low cost. However, there are major challenges in the disposal of waste polyolefin materials. Recycling and degradation have emerged as the two main approaches for the treatment of plastic waste today. Through a comprehensive literature analysis and review of methods, this paper provides an in-depth study of recycling and biodegradation of polyolefin materials. The study is based on a detailed search of several papers through Google Scholar in order to provide valuable insights into the different methods that are used for the recycling and biodegradation of polyolefins. The review summarizes the most effective technologies for recycling and biodegradation, while highlighting recent advances and future directions in the field. In particular, the research has focused on two main approaches: closed-loop recycling and chemical recovery. The latter technology is aimed at non-polluting biodegradation, which has become an increasingly important topic of interest for the scientific community. Given the urgency of the environmental challenges posed by polyolefins, the development of efficient and sustainable recycling and degradation methods is essential to create a circular economy and ensure a sustainable future.
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Peng, Wenhao. "High-value recycling and biodegradation of polyolefin materials." Applied and Computational Engineering 23, no. 1 (November 7, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/23/20230604.
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The pollution of plastic materials has seriously affected global environmental problems. Polyolefin materials are widely used as raw materials for plastics. This is due to their practical physical properties and low cost. However, there are major challenges in the disposal of waste polyolefin materials. Recycling and degradation have emerged as the two main approaches for the treatment of plastic waste today. Through a comprehensive literature analysis and review of methods, this paper provides an in-depth study of recycling and biodegradation of polyolefin materials. The study is based on a detailed search of several papers through Google Scholar in order to provide valuable insights into the different methods that are used for the recycling and biodegradation of polyolefins. The review summarizes the most effective technologies for recycling and biodegradation, while highlighting recent advances and future directions in the field. In particular, the research has focused on two main approaches: closed-loop recycling and chemical recovery. The latter technology is aimed at non-polluting biodegradation, which has become an increasingly important topic of interest for the scientific community. Given the urgency of the environmental challenges posed by polyolefins, the development of efficient and sustainable recycling and degradation methods is essential to create a circular economy and ensure a sustainable future.
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Li, Xiangrui, Lingyu Meng, Yinliang Zhang, Zexiu Qin, Lipeng Meng, Chunfeng Li, and Mingli Liu. "Research and Application of Polypropylene Carbonate Composite Materials: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112159.
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The greenhouse effect and plastic pollution caused by the accumulation of plastics have led to a global concern for environmental protection, as well as the development and application of biodegradable materials. Polypropylene carbonate (PPC) is a biodegradable polymer with the function of “carbon sequestration”, which has the potential to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the plastic crisis. It has the advantages of good ductility, oxygen barrier and biocompatibility. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of PPC are poor, especially the low thermal degradation temperature, which limits its industrial use. In order to overcome this problem, PPC can be modified using environmentally friendly materials, which can also reduce the cost of PPC-based products to a certain extent and enhance their competitiveness in terms of improving their mechanical and thermal properties. In this paper, we present different perspectives on the synthesis, properties, degradation, modification and post-modification applications of PPC. The modification part mainly introduces the influence of inorganic materials, natural polymer materials and degradable polymers on the performance of PPC. It is hoped that this work will serve as a reference for the early promotion of PPC.
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Zhou, Jinglun, Linlin Li, Dengxu Wang, Lihong Wang, Yuanqi Zhang, and Shengyu Feng. "Study on Rapid Detection Method for Degradation Performance of Polyolefin-Based Degradable Plastics." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010183.
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In order to accurately determine the degradation performance of polyolefin-based degradable plastics, the concept of bioassimilated carbon is proposed for the first time in this paper; the bioactive and hydrophilic organic carbon in plastic degradation products is defined as bioassimilation carbon. A method for the detection of the carbonyl index and bioassimilated carbon conversion rate in polyolefin degradable plastics was developed to quickly identify its degradation performance. The measurement results show that the bioassimilated carbon conversion rate of more than 70% can be used to replace the biodegradation rate index to achieve the purpose of quickly identifying the degradation performance of plastics. The deterioration detection cycle proposed by the current common standards implemented in American Society of Testing Materials: ASTM D6400 “Specification for Composting Plastics” can be shortened from 1 year to 1 month. The standard system for catalytic degradation of plastics provides detection methods for polyolefin-based catalytic degradation materials (microplastics), and solves the problems of long detection cycle and poor detection efficiency. Thus, this method has promise for use as a relevant standard method for accurately providing a reference for the assessment.
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Sandhiya.S, Kousalya.N and Arun. P, Logeshwaran V, Sabarinath K, Ishwarya R. "Bioplastic from Cassava Starch." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 13, 2020): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061253.
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India generates nearly 26,000 a lot of plastics on a daily basis. These plastics pollute the water and soil. The solid plastic wastes incinerated by the municipal agency pollute the air. Consistent with Central Pollution panel 94% of the plastics are thermoplastics or recyclable materials like PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)The purpose of bioplastic production is an alternate for synthetic plastic. The starch may is a natural biopolymer. Cassava is employed to provide the bioplastic by using glycerol plasticizer. Perform Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ( FTIR) for functional groups present within the bioplastic And analysis of degradation potential of developed bioplastic.
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Qureshi, F. S., S. H. Hamid, A. G. Maadhah, and Mohamad B. Amin. "Weather-Induced Degradation of Plastic Pipes." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 28, no. 7-8 (September 1989): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602558908049821.
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Vasylius, Marius, Artūras Tadžijevas, Deivydas Šapalas, Valentinas Kartašovas, Jolanta Janutėnienė, and Pranas Mažeika. "Degradation of Mechanical Properties of A-PET Films after UV Aging." Polymers 15, no. 20 (October 20, 2023): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15204166.
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In 2018, the European Commission adopted the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy, which outlines key actions to reduce the negative impact of plastic pollution. The strategy aims to expand plastic recycling capacity and increase the proportion of recycled materials in plastic products and packaging. Using recycled plastic can save 50–60% energy compared to virgin plastic. Recycled PET can be used in the production of A-PET films, which are predominantly used in thermo-vacuum forming for food packaging. Storage conditions can influence the mechanical properties of polymer materials. This work presents changes in the mechanical properties of A-PET films after UV irradiation. An experimental investigation of the UV aging of A-PET films was conducted in a UV aging chamber. The specimens were exposed to a UV radiation dose rate of 2.45 W/m2 for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 h. UV measurements were also taken on a sunny day to compare the acceleration of UV irradiation in the UV aging chamber. Mechanical tensile tests were performed on two different three-layer A-PET films (100% virgin and 50% recycled). The tensile strength and relative elongation of the A-PET films were determined, and the work required to break the film was calculated. The total consumed work was divided into the work needed for elastic and plastic deformations. A study of the UV aging of A-PET films confirmed a significant effect on the films, including a loss of plasticity even after brief exposure to solar irradiance. The results of the puncture impact test further confirmed the deterioration of the mechanical properties of A-PET material due to exposure to UV radiation, with a greater effect observed for the recycled material.
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Hadengganan, Munzir, and Djoko Sihono Gabriel. "Places and Causes of Mismanaged Plastic Materials in the Life Cycle of Flexible Plastic Packaging Based on Mechanical Recycling Context." Key Engineering Materials 888 (June 9, 2021): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.888.129.
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Plastic waste has become a big issue in the world for its large amount of plastic waste in the sea. Most of the plastic waste is plastic packaging which consists of flexible and rigid plastic packaging. This research discusses flexible plastic packaging. Until now, most researches on the loss of plastic materials discuss how to manage plastic waste disposal once it has been used by community: only a few discuss production cycle: while none of them discusses flexible plastic packaging area. This research aims to examine the number of mismanaged materials throughout flexible plastic packaging life cycle using a combination of Material Flow Analysis (MFA) and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA). Based on the literature review, interviews and observations conducted by the author to all stakeholders in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging, mismanagement of plastic material occurred in each cycle, mostly caused by quality degradation of flexible plastic that could cause plastic waste was not acceptable in the mechanical recycle. The results of this study show that: (1) mismanaged material occurred in all cycles throughout the life cycles of flexible plastic packaging, (2) quality degradation is the main caused of mismanaged material in several cycles, and (3) the mismanaged materials in the life cycle of flexible plastic packaging were 98.29%.
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Alassali, Ayah, Silvia Fiore, and Kerstin Kuchta. "Assessment of plastic waste materials degradation through near infrared spectroscopy." Waste Management 82 (December 2018): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.010.
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Di Giulio, Tiziano, Giuseppe Egidio De Benedetto, Nicoletta Ditaranto, Cosimino Malitesta, and Elisabetta Mazzotta. "Insights into Plastic Degradation Processes in Marine Environment by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10 (May 7, 2024): 5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105060.
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The present study employs X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to analyze plastic samples subjected to degradation processes with the aim to gain insight on the relevant chemical processes and disclose fragmentation mechanisms. Two model plastics, namely polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE), are selected and analyzed before and after artificial UV radiation-triggered weathering, under simulated environmental hydrodynamic conditions, in fresh and marine water for different time intervals. The object of the study is to identify and quantify chemical groups possibly evidencing the occurrence of hydrolysis and oxidation reactions, which are the basis of degradation processes in the environment, determining macroplastic fragmentation. Artificially weathered plastic samples are analyzed also by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy. Changes in surface chemistry with weathering are revealed by XPS, involving the increase in chemical moieties (hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl functionalities) which can be correlated with the degradation processes responsible for macroplastic fragmentation. On the other hand, the absence of significant modifications upon plastics weathering evidenced by Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy confirms the importance of investigating plastics surface, which represents the very first part of the materials exposed to degradation agents, thus revealing the power of XPS studies for this purpose. The XPS data on experimentally weathered particles are compared with ones obtained on microplastics collected from real marine environment for investigating the occurring degradation processes.
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Rizwan, Muhammad, and Tabasam Jamal. "Degradation of Bioplastics under the Influence of Several Environmental conditions." Vol 3 Issue 1 3, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2021030302.
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The increasing threats of plastics to the natural environment encouraged the production of bio-plastics from renewable biomass resources. The premium quality of bio-plastics are mainly produced by treating starch with glycerol. Plastics are basically non-biodegradable synthetic or semi synthetic products. This study aims at analyzing the degradation patterns of bio-plastics. The bio-plastics are ecologically less toxic than the synthetic plastic materials. The bio-plastics can degrade in several environmental conditions including aquatic environment, compost and soil. The bioplastic materials are buried in composite soil or loam sand to analyze degradation activity by taking photographic data and measuring the weight. Effect of weather conditions on the degradation activity was analyzed by recording different weather conditions including temperature, humidity, rainfall sunshine intensity and duration of sunlight. The comparative results portrayed the degradation activity of bio-plastics which was accomplished through hydrophilic enzymes. The initial regenerating material absorbs moisture of soil after saturation and the weight was increased up to 87%. The weight of bio-plastics reduced steadily after the initiation of decomposition. Invasion of soil microorganisms enhance the degradation activity. The environmental features including rainfall, humidity and sunlight intensity also affects the disintegration of bioplastics. The increased intensity of sunshine increased the microbial activity of soil which in turn increased the rate of degradation of bio-plastics.
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Loehr, J. Erik, John J. Bowders, Jacob W. Owen, Lee Sommers, and Willie Liew. "Slope Stabilization with Recycled Plastic Pins." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1714, no. 1 (January 2000): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1714-01.
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A scheme to stabilize minor slope instabilities is currently being developed. The scheme uses a distributed network of “pins” fabricated from recycled plastics and other waste materials to provide positive reinforcement of a soil mass. Although the application is similar to stabilization of slopes with soil nails or micropiles, significant modifications to conventional design and construction are necessary to account for the reduced strength and increased ductility and creep exhibited by plastic materials compared with concrete and steel. Using recycled plastics has the advantage of providing reinforcing members with low susceptibility to degradation and provides a market for materials that otherwise might be buried in a landfill. An extensive investigation is under way to evaluate the potential for using recycled plastic pins (RPPs) to stabilize minor slope failures. This evaluation includes quantification of appropriate material and engineering properties of RPPs, evaluation of RPP resistance to degradation in various environments, development and evaluation of suitable mechanisms for installing RPPs, evaluation of RPP resistance to driving stresses, development of a design procedure that accounts for the reduced structural capacity of RPPs compared with steel or concrete members, and installation and monitoring of several full-scale field demonstration sites. The ongoing evaluation program that is described focuses on laboratory tests to determine fundamental engineering and material properties, field driving trials to evaluate potential driving mechanisms, and preliminary development of a suitable procedure for designing RPP stabilization schemes.
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Schall, Christoph, and Volker Schöppner. "Material Characterization of Polypropylene and Polystyrene Regarding Molecular Degradation Behavior." Materials 16, no. 17 (August 28, 2023): 5891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16175891.
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During the processing of thermoplastics, polymers are subjected to high stress. As a result of this stress, the polymer chains break, leading to a lower molar mass. This further leads to a lower viscosity of the plastic melt and, eventually, to poorer mechanical properties of the manufactured plastic product. Especially in the context of recycling plastics, this poses a challenge to process technology and product properties. This work aims is to provide a prediction of the material degradation under known stress, so that, for example, a process design that is gentle on the material can be carried out. In order to be able to predict material degradation under a load, a test stand for defined material degradation was designed. The test stand allows for material damaging under a defined temperature, shear rate and residence time. At the same time, the test stand can be used to measure the viscosity, which is used to describe the degradation behavior, since the viscosity correlates with the molar mass. The measured decrease in viscosity under stress can be used to predict material damage under the influencing variables of temperature, shear rate and residence time by means of a test plan and a suitable mathematical description of the measured data. The mathematical description can thus be integrated into simulation environments for plastics processing, so that a simulation of the material degradation can be carried out, if necessary also taking the viscosity reduction into account.
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Kukcu, Burak, and Buse Dasdemir. "Consideration of Moisture Factor during Material Selection in Plastic Product Design." Key Engineering Materials 973 (February 9, 2024): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-gmih5f.
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This research paper aims to investigate the significance of considering the humidity factor during material selection in plastic product design. Humidity is a crucial environmental parameter that can profoundly influence the properties and performance of plastic materials. To ensure the long-term performance and dependability of plastic products, it is essential to comprehend and take into consideration the impacts of moisture on plastics. Humidity plays a fundamental role in the degradation and functional changes of plastic materials. Moisture absorption can lead to reduced mechanical strength and accelerated degradation processes. The selection of appropriate materials that can withstand humid conditions becomes paramount in product design. For this reason it is important to evaluate the moisture absorption properties of plastic materials. Different polymers exhibit varying degrees of moisture diffusion rates that directly affect their performance in humid environments. Evaluation of moisture measurement results allows designers to make informed decisions during material selection. For this reason, we designed an experiment to investigate which material retains less moisture. In our research, we determined 2 different experimental groups. The first of these groups (type A) was kept under normal conditions by adding glass fiber additive at different rates to the PA66 material, and each product with 3 different additives was tested for moisture for 10 days and the results were recorded. In the second experimental group, type B, the products produced with the same material and additives at the same rate were kept in water for 24 hours, then they were removed from the water and moisture tests were performed. It is aimed to make material selection by interpreting the test results and thus to facilitate the making of designs suitable for use.
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Vercher, Jose, Arturo Diaz, Maria Soriano, and Carlos Lerma. "Assessment of Color Degradation of Wood Plastic Composites in Outdoor Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 887 (January 2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.887.48.
Full textAbstract:
Construction sector has consumed an important percentage of natural resources and generated much of the waste discharged into the environment in the last decades. This is the reason why the social consciousness has strongly grown towards sustainable development. Concepts such as recycle, reuse, reduce and energy saving are gaining importance in obtaining products under a clearly defined objective of a sustainable development. The revaluation of agroforestry waste has established itself as a solution to the problems associated with these wastes and, increasingly, is being incorporated into the manufacture of new materials. The Wood Plastic Composites (WPC’s) are an important group within these new sustainable building materials. WPC’s are obtained from recycled plastics and natural fibres waste. This kind of materials reduces the consumption of resources and the amount of waste. These materials have emerged to replace natural wood in some exterior applications, where the durability of natural wood is most damaged. Natural wood, in addition to the loss of color that suffers in exterior, has other disadvantages such as anisotropy and hygroscopicity. WPC's do not have these drawbacks. In this way, the WPC’s try to imitate the appearance of natural wood, with a good durability outdoors. Because of this, there are numerous companies that develop WPC products with different plastics and natural waste, with the aim of obtaining the best appearance and durability. In this paper, the color degradation of various WPC materials when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is evaluated. An artificial aging chamber with a fluorescent UV lamp and a colorimeter have been used to quantify the color parameters. Thus, conclusions are drawn on which plastics and residues achieve a minor alteration of color, an aspect highly appreciated in outdoor applications.