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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plastic foams

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Academic literature on the topic 'Plastic foams'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plastic foams"

1

Menold, Philipp, Helmut Cölfen, and Cosima Stubenrauch. "Mineral plastic foams." Materials Horizons 8, no. 4 (2021): 1222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00122a.

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Templating route for the synthesis of mechanically stable, recyclable, cheap, non-flammable mineral plastic foams for insulation, especially for heat insulation. Synthesis of new material in aqueous solution and at ambient conditions.

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Knott, E. F. "Dielectric constant of plastic foams." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 41, no. 8 (1993): 1167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.244664.

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Kiselev, I. Ya. "Thermophysical Properties of Plastic Foams." International Polymer Science and Technology 31, no. 2 (February 2004): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0403100205.

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Rong, Min Zhi, Su Ping Wu, and Ming Qiu Zhang. "Natural Fiber Reinforced Plastic Foams from Plant Oil-Based Resins." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.149.

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In this work, a simple but effective approach was reported for preparing natural fiber reinforced plastic foams based on plant oil with excellent compressive performance and biodegradability. Firstly, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was converted into its acrylate ester AESO, which can be free-radically copolymerized with reactive diluents like styrene to give thermosetting resins and their foam plastics. Then the bio-foam composites were produced using short sisal fiber as the reinforcement. Effects of fiber loading, length and surface treatment on properties of the foam composites were investigated. It was found that exposure of the fibers to gas cells of the foam reduced the effectiveness of interfacial effect, which is different from conventional bulk composites. As a result, reinforcing ability of sisal fibers became a function of fiber length, loading, etc. Furthermore, the plastic foams based on plant oil resin were proved to be biodegradable in soil burial or in the presence of fungi.

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Wan, Cary C., Frank S. Tyler, Nicholas C. Nienhuis, and Richard W. Bell. "Cell Gas Analysis in Plastic Foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 27, no. 2 (March 1991): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9102700201.

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Gailite, M. P., A. M. Tolks, A. Zh Lagzdin', and A. E. Terauds. "Thermal conductivity of reinforced plastic foams." Mechanics of Composite Materials 26, no. 4 (1991): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00612616.

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Cummings, A., and S. P. Beadle. "Acoustic Properties Of Reticulated Plastic Foams." Journal of Sound and Vibration 175, no. 1 (August 1994): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1994.1315.

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Friese, Klaus, Jürgen Meinhardt, and Bernd Hößelbarth. "Plastic foams based on chlorinated polymers." Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 257, no. 1 (June 1, 1998): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-9505(19980601)257:1<71::aid-apmc71>3.0.co;2-s.

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Chernous, D. A., and S. V. Shil'ko. "Large Elastic Strains of Plastic Foams." Mechanics of Composite Materials 41, no. 5 (September 2005): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11029-005-0067-z.

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Lagzdiņš, Aivars, Alberts Zilaucs, Ilze Beverte, and Jānis Andersons. "Modeling the Nonlinear Deformation of Highly Porous Cellular Plastics Filled with Clay Nanoplatelets." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031033.

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Rigid low-density plastic foams subjected to mechanical loads typically exhibit a nonlinear deformation stage preceding failure. At moderate strains, when the geometrical nonlinearity is negligible, such foam response is predominantly caused by the nonlinearity of deformation of their principal structural elements—foam struts. Orientational averaging of stresses in foam struts enables estimation of the stresses taken up by foams at a given applied strain. Based on a structural model of highly porous anisotropic cellular plastics filled with clay nanoplatelets and the orientational averaging, a method for calculating their nonlinear deformation is derived in terms of structural parameters of the porous material, the mechanical properties of the monolithic polymer, and filler particles and their spatial orientation. The method is applied to predicting the tensile stress-strain diagrams of organoclay-filled low-density rigid polyurethane foams, and reasonable agreement with experimental data is demonstrated.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plastic foams"

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Kasichainula, Nagesh. "Mechanic characterization of reinforced rigid polyurethane foams /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418038.

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Weller, John Edward. "The effects of processing and microstructure on the tensile behavior of microcellular foams /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7105.

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Tu, Yuan-Chan Hsieh Fu-hung. "Polyurethane foams from novel soy-based polyols." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6611.

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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 25, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dissertation advisor: Dr. Fu-hung Hsieh. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Holl, Mark Roland. "Dynamic analysis, measurement, and control of cell growth in solid state polymeric foams /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7120.

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Yelisetty, Satya Suresh. "Modeling and experimentation of polyol + blowing agent systems a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /." Click to access online, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=54&sid=1&srchmode=1&vinst=PROD&fmt=6&startpage=-1&clientid=28564&vname=PQD&RQT=309&did=1605147071&scaling=FULL&ts=1251389293&vtype=PQD&rqt=309&TS=1251389306&clientId=28564.

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Wang, Jinghong. "A study of smoldering combustion in horizontally oriented polyurethane foam layer /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202002%20WANGJ.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-166). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Di, Prima Matthew Allen. "Thermo-mechanical and micro-structural characterization of shape memory polymer foams." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28178.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Gall, Ken; Committee Co-Chair: McDowell, David; Committee Member: Guldberg, Robert; Committee Member: Sanderson, Terry; Committee Member: Shofner, Meisha; Committee Member: Tannenbaum, Rina.

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Armistead, James Paul. "Morphology of water-blown flexible polyurethane foams." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76029.

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A series of four water-blown flexible polyurethane foams was produced in which the water content was varied from 2 to 5 pph at a constant isocyanate index of 110. A portion of each foam was thermally compression molded into a plaque. The morphology of the foams and plaques was investigated using DMS, DSC, FTIR, TEM, SEM, swelling, WAXS, and SAXS. A high degree of phase separation occurs in these foams and the degree of phase separation is independent of water (hard segment) content. In the foam with the lowest water content the morphology is similar to that of typical segmented urethane elastomers. Small hard segment domains are present with a correlation distance of roughly 7.0 nanometers. When the water content is increased a binodal distribution of hard segments appears. There are the small hard segment domains typical of segmented urethane elastomers as well as large hard segment aggregates greater than 100 nanometers in diameter. The large domains are thought to be aggregates of polyurea that precipitated during the manufacture of the foam. The foam making process successfully incorporated the trifunctional polyols into a network indicating a high degree of polymerization for the hydroxyl-isocyanate reaction. Unreacted isocyanate is present in the foams a month after curing. It is believed to be trapped in the large urea aggregates. WAXS patterns of the foams suggest hard segment ordering that may be of a paracrystalline nature but certainly lacking in true crystallinity.
Master of Science

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Choi, Sai Heung. "Smolder behavior and smoke characterization of polyurethane foam /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202004%20CHOI.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-67). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Blandin, Christopher. "Production of dielectric materials." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26568.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Colton, Jonathan; Committee Member: Schultz, John; Committee Member: Zhou, Min. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

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Books on the topic "Plastic foams"

1

Daniel, Klempner, Sendijareviʹc Vahid, and Aseeva R. M, eds. Handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology. 2nd ed. Munich: Hanser Publishers, 2004.

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Daniel, Klempner, and Frisch Kurt Charles 1918-, eds. Handbook of polymeric foams and foam technology. Munich: Hanser, 1991.

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3

Ron, Herrington, Hock Kathy, and Autenrieth Randy, eds. Flexible polyurethane foams. 2nd ed. Midland, MI: Dow Chemical Co., 1997.

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4

Forman, J. Charles. Polymeric foams. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 2001.

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5

1956-, Lee S. T., and Ramesh N. S, eds. Polymeric foams: Mechanisms and materials. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

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1956-, Lee S. T., ed. Foam extrusion: Principles and practice. Lancaster: Technomic Pub. Co., 2000.

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1955-, Khemani Kishan C., American Chemical Society. Division of Polymer Chemistry., and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Polymeric foams: Science and technology. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997.

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8

Karapeti͡an, O. O. Kontrolʹ kachestva konstrukt͡siĭ s zapolnitelem iz penoplasta. Leningrad: Stroĭizdat, Leningradskoe otd-nie, 1985.

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1925-, Henrici-Olivé G., and Olivé S. 1922-, eds. Integral/structural polymer foams: Technology, properties, and applications. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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1956-, Lee S. T., and Scholz Dieter P. K, eds. Polymeric foams: Technology and developments in regulation, process, and products. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plastic foams"

1

Sasso, Marco, Fabrizio Sarasini, Edoardo Mancini, Attilio Lattanzi, Jacopo Tirillò, Claudia Sergi, and Emanuele Farotti. "Visco-Elasto-Plastic Characterization of PVC Foams." In Challenges in Mechanics of Time Dependent Materials, Volume 2, 75–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59542-5_13.

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Gama, Nuno, Ana Barros-Timmons, and Artur Ferreira. "The Recycling of Construction Foams: An Overview." In Creating a Roadmap Towards Circularity in the Built Environment, 95–105. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45980-1_9.

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AbstractIn 1987, the United Nations Brundtland Commission defined sustainability as “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Yet, after all these years, the humankind is dealing with catastrophic environmental problems which may jeopardize the future generations wellbeing. One cause of such issue is pollution associated to polymer’s disposal. Polymers are mainly produced using petroleum derivatives and/or non-degradable. In addition, after their use, they are normally disposed in land fields or burned for energy. Yet, due to environmental problems, these solutions are not valid options, so plastic wastes must be recycled and used to produce new materials. This circular economy concept is not only a requirement for preventing pollution but is also a need for the reduction of the costs associated with their production and for the enhancement of the eco-efficiency of materials. Furthermore, this approach also addresses the risk of shortage of raw materials in the medium future. With this in mind, this document intends to give an overview of the recycling of construction foams with special focus on polyurethane (PU) and polystyrene (PS) foams. It aims to highlight the possible routes to recycle construction foams, presenting the differences and challenges of recycling different types of polymers. In that perspective, chemical and mechanical recycling routes are discussed, as well as energy recover alternatives. Finally, life cycle analysis (LCA) reports of these products are presented.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Plastic Foam." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 541. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8818.

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Abendroth, Martin, Stephan Roth, Alexander Malik, Andreas Seupel, Meinhard Kuna, and Bjoern Kiefer. "Modeling and Evaluation of the Thermo-mechanical Behavior of Filter Materials and Filter Structures." In Multifunctional Ceramic Filter Systems for Metal Melt Filtration, 387–425. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40930-1_16.

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AbstractTo capture and predict the chemo-thermo-mechanical behavior of ceramic foam filters, material models and simulation tools are required. The description of the thermo-mechanical inelastic behavior as well as the in-situ layer formation on reactive filters have been the aims of this subproject. Challenging aspects in the whole progress are the exact geometrical replication of the underlying foam structure of the filter and the lack of experimental data for many relevant loading cases. The software FoamGUI is developed to generate parametrized, periodic three-dimensional representative volume elements (RVE) of foam structures, which are used in continuum and fluid mechanical simulations as well as for 3D-printing. Calculation concepts are formulated to predict the inelastic deformation and failure behavior of ceramic open-cell foams under thermo-mechanical loading. First-order homogenization approaches are used to conclude from the mesoscopic behavior of the foam RVE to the macroscopic response of filter structures. A hybrid approach is developed in the established framework of rate-independent plasticity in combination with neural networks, which replace the plastic flow potential and the evolution equations of internal state variables. Another modeling aspect is motivated by the experimentally observed growth of an in situ layer during the so-called reactive phase of the filtration process. This phenomenon motivates the development of a model to describe diffusion, chemical reactions and phase transition processes of multi-phase/multi-component systems using the phase-field method. This allows the simulation of spatially and temporally resolved microstructure evolution leading to the layer formation.

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Selke, Susan E. M., and John D. Culter. "Foams, Cushioning, and Distribution Packaging." In Plastics Packaging, 339–52. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446437197.013.

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Selke, Susan E. M., John D. Culter, Rafael A. Auras, and Muhammad Rabnawaz. "Foams, Cushioning, and Distribution Packaging." In Plastics Packaging, 347–60. 4th ed. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569908235.013.

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Selke, Susan E. M., John D. Culter, Rafael A. Auras, and Muhammad Rabnawaz. "Foams, Cushioning, and Distribution Packaging." In Plastics Packaging, 347–60. München, Germany: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-56990-823-5_13.

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Bond, Karyn, Chris Chrisman, Nicole Gobiel, Leonard Greco, Cherry Li, Julia McDermott, Amanda Nelson, et al. "Materials & Forms." In No Plastic Sleeves, 66–79. Third edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429055102-4.

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Glicksman, Leon R. "Heat transfer in foams." In Low density cellular plastics, 104–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1256-7_5.

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Patterson, John. "Processing aids for vinyl foam." In Plastics Additives, 526–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_58.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plastic foams"

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Pais, Ana, Jorge Lino Alves, and Jorge Belinha. "Elastic and Plastic Properties of Gyroid Sheet Foams." In MATERIAIS. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/materproc2022008090.

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Rizvi, Ghaus M., and Chul B. Park. "A Novel Design for Producing Fine-Celled Foams of Plastic/Wood-Fiber Composites." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1952.

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Abstract This paper presents an innovative system design for production of plastic/wood-fiber composite foams based on a chemical blowing agent (CBA). Wood-fiber inherently contains moisture, which adversely affects the foam processing and the resultant cell morphology. To improve the cell morphology, the moisture content in the final foam should be minimized. A novel system design is presented for achieving this goal. Undried wood-fibers were processed together with HDPE, CBA and a coupling agent (CA) in a tandem extrusion system. At the interconnection of the two extruders, a vent was provided to purge the moisture into the atmosphere. HDPE/wood-fiber composite foams were produced on this system and on a single extruder without the vent, for comparison. The cellular morphology and volume expansion ratios of the foamed composites were characterized. The foams produced on the newly developed tandem system exhibited significantly improved cell morphology and surface quality.

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Liu, Guobin, Chul B. Park, and John A. Lefas. "Rotational Molding of Low-Density LLDPE Foams." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0618.

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Abstract This paper presents plastic foam processing for the manufacture of LLDPE foams in rotomolding. In order to better understand the mechanisms of foaming, a fundamental study on the foaming process in rotomolding has been conducted. First, the decomposition behavior of the chemical blowing agents was studied by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The rheological properties of zero-shear viscosity and melt elasticity for LLDPEs were measured using a rotational stress rheometer. Also, an optical microscope with a hot stage was effectively used to study the cell nucleation, growth, coalescence and coarsening in LLDPE melts which provide an improved understanding of the foaming dynamics with a chemical blowing agent in rotational molding. Finally, the actual foaming behavior in rotomolding has also been studied. The experimental results indicate that the amount of blowing agent, the heating time, and the processing temperature play an important role in determining the cell morphology in rotational foam molding.

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Wahab, M. A., V. B. Gorugantu, and Nikhil Gupta. "Enhancement of Fracture Toughness of Syntactic Foams by Rubber Addition." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82423.

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Microballoons (hollow-particles) filled polymeric composites, known as “Syntactic Foams” find extensive applications in aerospace structures, which demand careful study and testing before they can be used effectively in service conditions. Hybrid syntactic foams have been fabricated in this study with rubber reinforcements (2% rubber and 63% microballoons) and characterized for the fracture behavior. The three-point bend test results show that syntactic foams with rubber reinforcements had higher density and fracture toughness than syntactic foams without inclusion of rubber reinforcements. The load displacement curves showed a small plastic deformation region prior to the specimen fracture. Extensive scanning electron microscopy was carried out to understand the origin of the fracture toughness properties and related them to the material microstructure.

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Berke, Ryan B., and Mark E. Walter. "Mechanical Characterization and Modeling of Corrugated Metal Foams for SOFC Applications." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64472.

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Planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are made up of repeating sequences of thin layers of cermet electrodes, ceramic electrolytes, seals, and current-collectors. For electro-chemical reasons it is best to keep the electrolyte layers as thin as possible. However, for electrolyte-supported cells, the thin electrolytes are more susceptible to damage during production, assembly, and operation. The latest-generation electrolyte-supported SOFCs feature metallic foam current-collectors which relay current between the energy-producing materials and the rest of the circuit. These foams are stamped into a corrugated shape which is intended to reduce the compressive loads which are transferred through the stack onto the brittle electrolyte, but the mechanical behavior of the foams remain to be fully understood. Characterization of the corrugated metal foams consists of comparison of load-vs.-displacement behavior between experimentally measured compression data and a single-component finite element model which isolates the foam from the rest of the stack. Mechanical properties of the foam are found using an iterative approach, in which the material properties used as inputs to the model are changed until the load-displacement data best agrees with experiments. The model explores the influence of elastic and plastic properties in combination with and without friction. Thus obtained, the properties can then be used in a stack model to determine which parameters can best reduce the demands on the electrolyte without sacrificing electrochemical performance.

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Weissman-Berman, Deborah. "Strain Rate Compression Performance for a Linear Core Sandwich Beam, I." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0735.

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Abstract One of the principal manifestations of history dependence in a linear type foam core is rate dependence. This paper details the response in compression to increased strain rate; the test response for a linear core material; the dynamic characteristics of foams; the equation of state for cored sandwich material, including the derivation of the elasto-plastic modulus and the derivation of the dilatational portion of plastic response. Compressive predictive equations are derived and correlated to test data. Finally it is concluded that the damping and modulus of resilience characteristics of the linear core material change within a narrow bandwidth of strain rate which may be a factor in determining the natural frequency of response for linear core sandwich constructions.

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Dezulian, R. "Equations of state data of plastic foams obtained from laser driven shocks at PALS (Prague Asterix Laser System)." In SUPERSTRONG FIELDS IN PLASMAS: Third International Conference on Superstrong Fields in Plasmas. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2195227.

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Gama, Bazle A., Sergey L. Lopatnikov, and John W. Gillespie. "Dynamic Progressive Collapse of Closed Cell Aluminum Foam." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-16019.

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Progressive collapse behavior of closed cell aluminum foam under multiple-impact loading is presented. A direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar set up is developed to impact aluminum foam cylinders with a striker bar at a constant impact velocity. The total length of the specimen before and after impact is measured. The incident bar response is recorded, and average stress in the specimen is calculated. The incremental plastic strain and maximum strain rate is calculated from basic test parameters. It has been shown that by conducting direct impact experiments at variable impact velocities, it is possible to determine the dynamic behavior of closed cell metal foams at constant strain rates.

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9

Woodcock, Roland, and Gordon Ebbitt. "Frame Resonance of High Air Flow Resistivity Plastic Foams: Properties to Improve Acoustical Absorption of Composite Multi-Layered Systems." In SAE 2001 Noise & Vibration Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1558.

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Petrović, Saša, Nemanja Kašiković, Željko Zeljković, and Rastko Milošević. "Factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p50.

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Polyurethanes are a group of polymers which are in many ways different from other types of plastic. They are used in many different areas due to the fact that many different chemicals can be used during their synthesis, resulting in a variety of structures. Sleeves are comprised of hard base often covered with compressible polyurethane (PU) foam layer. PU foam layer can have different composition and level of porosity which are the main factors influencing compressibility of the sleeve and therefore its area of use. Sleeves are also one of the least researched components in the flexographic printing process. However, mechanical properties of the polyurethane, its fatigue, lifespan and parameters influencing all of them have been extensively investigated in different areas and for different types and formulations of polyurethane. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors influencing mechanical properties of polyurethane foams used in compressible flexographic sleeves. Investigated parameters are foam density, level of strain and strain rate, influence of microstructure under different conditions and parameters influencing creep and stress relaxation. The review of the existing literature regarding mechanical properties of the PU foams makes it possible to select the parameters with the greatest possible influence on the flexographic printing process, as well as to find the most suitable methods to investigate the effect of exploitation on sleeve properties. As a large number of parameters influencing PU foam mechanical properties are fixed during printing, it can be concluded, through the review of the existing literature, that the main parameters to be investigated are the resilience of the sleeve compressible layer during cyclic compression testing (residual strain), maximum stress, Young’s modulus, hysteresis loss, and creep and stress relaxation during cyclic compression testing with strain retention.

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Reports on the topic "Plastic foams"

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Shrestha, Som, Bokyung Park, Achutha Tamraparni, Andre Desjarlais, and Samuel Yana Motta. Assessment of the performance of HFO/HCFO and halogen-free foam blowing agents in cellular plastic foams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2007718.

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Cleary, Thomas G., and James G. Quintiere. Flammability characterization of foam plastics. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4664.

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Long, Kevin, and Craig Hamel. Stabilized Hyperfoam Modeling of the General Plastics EF4003 (3 PCF) Flexible Foam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1870771.

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Wilkins, Justin, Andrew McQueen, Joshua LeMonte, and Burton Suedel. Initial survey of microplastics in bottom sediments from United States waterways. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42021.

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Given the reported extent of microplastics in the aquatic environment, environmentally relevant exposure information for sediments dredged by the US Army Corps of Engineers will lend context to the risks posed by this contaminant during dredging. We measured the occurrence, abundance, and polymer composition of microplastics in sediments collected from nine dredged waterways and two non-dredged reference areas. The number of particles in sediment samples ranged from 162 to 6110 particles/kg dry wt., with a mean of 1636 particles/kg dry wt. Fragments were the most prevalent shape observed among the 11 study sites (100% frequency of occurrence), followed by fibers (81%), spheres (75%), foams (38%) and films (34%). Based on analyses of chemical composition of the particles using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, polyethylene:propylene was the most common polymer type observed. Consistent with results presented by other investigators microplastic concentrations and polymer types in bottom sediments in this study were also aligned with the most widely used plastics worldwide.

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Clapham. L52206 3D Details of Defect-Induced MFL and Stress in Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011358.

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The following report represents a continuation of our ongoing efforts to understand and quantify the effect of stress on MFL signals from oil and gas transmission line inspection tools. Earlier GRI funding has enabled us to develop an unprecedented understanding of stress effects on magnetic behaviour in pipeline steels, and this understanding is now further enhanced and applied to specific problems such as MFL signals from interacting defects and also MFL signals produced from mechanical damage. This report summarizes the result of the 2002 studies. These studies focused on 3 main areas: MFL signals from interacting defects � examined how magnetic behaviour is altered when two pits are sufficiently close that their stress and magnetization fields interact. This produces MFL signal effects that differ from those of isolated defects. MFL signal dependence on elastic, plastic and residual strain � this continues our fundamental investigation into stress effects. By combining applied uniaxial strain and stress-relief heat treatments, we have been able to show how magnetic behaviour and MFL signals respond to different types of deformation. Specifically, we have found the elastic deformation has a significant effect, but that plastic deformation does not. This is a fundamental result on which our further modeling and experimental studies are based. MFL signals from mechanical damage � this is the first year we have turned our attention to this specific area, however our earlier results have laid the groundwork for these studies. MFL signals from dents contain geometry and stress components. We have conducted experimental and finite element modeling studies of MFL signals from dented samples, and have shown that the MFL signal from shallow dents arises from the residual stress pattern, while severe dent signals are mainly related to dent geometry. This work forms the main part of a continuing study.

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Elbaum, Michael, and Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.

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Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.

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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.

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Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.

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