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Journal articles on the topic 'Plastic-bonded explosive'

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Published: 20 April 2024

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1

Zalewski, Karol, Zbigniew Chyłek, and Waldemar A. Trzciński. "A Review of Polysiloxanes in Terms of Their Application in Explosives." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071080.

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Polysiloxanes are reviewed for their properties depending on the functionalization of a silicon–oxygen backbone chain. Next, the properties were referred to the requirements that polymers used in plastic/polymer-bonded explosive (PBX)-type explosives must meet. Finally, the current state and prospects for the implementation of polysiloxanes in plastic/polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) formulations are presented.

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2

Peterson, Paul D., Deanne J. Idar, and John S. Gardner. "Compression Strengthening of Plastic Bonded Explosives." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013131.

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A recent study concluded that the most potentially dangerous scenarios for accidental detonation of a nuclear weapon were those involving weak thermal or mechanical shocks. For this reason, more data are needed to understand the material behavior of nuclear constituents under low strain rate scenarios.One of the components of many of these types of weapons is known as Plastic Bonded eXplosives (PBX). PBX is a paniculate composite material made of a hard phase explosive carried in a soft phase polymer binder. Recent work has showed that the stiffness of PBX increased under low rate compressive loading. This behavior was attributed to the shape of the test samples and cross-linking within the elastomer binder. Another theory proposed that the changing compressive properties could be attributed to the hard phase particles migrating together during material flow.Funk et al. demonstrated an inert material mock of PBX 9501, with the hard phase explosive replaced by granular sugar, also showed the same phenomena of compressive hardening.

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3

Gloc, Michał, Sylwia Przybysz-Gloc, Marcin Wachowski, Robert Kosturek, Rafał Lewczuk, Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz, Paulina Paziewska, Andrzej Maranda, and Łukasz Ciupiński. "Research on Explosive Hardening of Titanium Grade 2." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020847.

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In this investigation, three different explosive materials have been used to improve the properties of titanium grade 2: ammonal, emulsion explosives, and plastic-bonded explosives. In order to establish the influence of explosive hardening on the properties of the treated alloys, tests were conducted, including microhardness testing, microstructure analysis, and tensile and corrosion tests. It has been found that it is possible to achieve a 40% increase in tensile strength using a plastic explosive (PBX) as an explosive material. On the other hand, the impact of the shock wave slightly decreased the corrosion resistance of titanium grade 2. The change in corrosion rate is less than 0.1µm/year, which does not significantly affect the overall corrosion resistance of the material. The reduction in corrosion resistance is probably due to the surface geometry changes as a result of explosive treatment.

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4

Elbeih, Ahmed. "Characteristics of a New Plastic Explosive Named EPX-1." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/861756.

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EPX-1 is a new plastic explosive (in the research stage) which has been prepared for military and civilian applications. EPX-1 explosive contains pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) with different particle size as explosive filler bonded by nonenergetic thermoplastic binder plasticized by dibutyl phthalate (DBP). In this paper, the production method of EPX-1 was described. The crystal morphology was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Heat of combustion was determined experimentally. The compatibility of PETN with the polymeric matrix was studied by vacuum stability test. Sensitivities to impact and friction were measured. The detonation velocity was measured experimentally and the detonation characteristics were calculated by EXPLO5 thermodynamic code. For comparison, Semtex 1A, Semtex 10, Formex P1, and Sprängdeg m/46 were studied. It was concluded that PEX-1 has compatible ingredients, it has the highest detonation velocity of all the studied plastic explosives, and its sensitivity is in the same level of the studied plastic explosives except Semtex 1A.

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5

Tompa, Albert S., and Robert F. Boswell. "Thermal stability of a plastic bonded explosive." Thermochimica Acta 357-358 (August 2000): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(00)00386-5.

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6

Elbeih, Ahmed, Tamer Elshenawy, and Mohamed Gobara. "Application of cis-1,3,4,6-Tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5d] Imidazole (BCHMX) in EPX-1 Explosive." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.9876.

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cis-1,3,4,6-Tetranitrooctahydroimidazo-[4,5 d]imidazole (BCHMX) has been studied as explosive filler to replace pentaerythritol tetra-nitrate (PETN) inEPX1 explosive. BCHMX with different particle sizes was bonded by thermoplastic binder plasticised by dibutyl phthalate to obtain BCHMX-EPX. Heat of combustion was measured. Impact energy and friction force of initiation were determined. Velocity of detonation was measured, while the detonation characteristics were calculated by thermodynamic code named EXPLO 5. For comparison, the detonation characteristics of some commercial plastic explosives such asEPX-1, SEMTEX 10 and FORMEX P1were also studied. It was concluded that BCHMX-EPX has the highest detonation characteristics of all the studied plastic explosives and its sensitivity is in the same level of the studied traditional plastic explosives. BCHMX-EPX has the highest decomposition temperature of all the studied samples. The mutual relationship obtained from the experimental and calculated results indicates the compatibility of the calculated results with the experimental measurements.

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7

Hoffman, D. Mark. "Infrared properties of three plastic bonded explosive binders." International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 22, no. 6 (July 4, 2017): 545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2017.1343110.

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8

FU, HUA, TAO LI, DUO-WANG TAN, and FENG ZHAO. "SHOCK HUGONIOT RELATION OF UNREACTED HETEROGENEOUS EXPLOSIVES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 21 (August 20, 2011): 2905–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211100527.

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There is a continuing interest in determining the characteristics of unreacted plastic bonded explosives (PBXs). In this work, a Particle Velocity Comparing Method to determine the unreacted Hugoniot of heterogeneous explosive using magnetic particle velocity gauge is described. The Hugoniot for the PBXs has been measured using flyer driven by planar wave lens. A superposition principle considering unreacted explosives as composite and porous materials is presented, the unreacted Hugoniot of explosives is calculated, and the results of calculation are compared with the experiment results.

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9

Gerken, Jobie M., Joel G. Bennett, and F. W. Smith. "Numerical Simulation of the Mechanically Coupled Cook-Off Experiment." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 2 (March 26, 2002): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1429936.

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There has been a significant amount of recent interest concerning the behavior of High Explosives including work on an experiment known as the Mechanically Coupled Cook Off experiment in which a confined sample of polymer bonded explosive is heated and then ignited. This paper presents a finite element simulation of that experiment and provides comparisons with the experimental results. The numerical simulation includes elastic-plastic behavior of the confinement, thermal expansion effects, the mechanical and thermal response of the explosive, and a discrete crack propagation model. The results of the numerical simulation show that the general features of the experiment are reproduced.

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10

Picart, Didier, J. Ermisse, M. Biessy, E. Bouton, and H. Trumel. "MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PLASTIC-BONDED EXPLOSIVE MECHANICAL INITIATION." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 12, no. 6 (2013): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2013007509.

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11

Bourne, N. K., and A. M. Milne. "Shock to detonation transition in a plastic bonded explosive." Journal of Applied Physics 95, no. 5 (March 2004): 2379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1644632.

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12

Hixson, R. S., M. S. Shaw, J. N. Fritz, J. E. Vorthman, and W. W. Anderson. "Release isentropes of overdriven plastic-bonded explosive PBX-9501." Journal of Applied Physics 88, no. 11 (December 2000): 6287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1323513.

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13

Dick, J. J. "Short pulse initiation of a plastic-bonded TATB explosive." Journal of Energetic Materials 5, no. 3-4 (September 1987): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370658708012355.

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14

Chen, Lin, Dong Han, Shu-Lin Bai, Feng Zhao, and Jian-Kang Chen. "Study on the relation between microstructural change and compressive creep stress of a PBX substitute material." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 25, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2016-0261.

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Abstract A polymer-bonded explosive, also called PBX or plastic-bonded explosive, is an explosive material in which explosive powder is bound together in a matrix using small quantities (typically 5%–10% by weight) of a synthetic polymer. A PBX substitute material was made from sugar granules and polymer binder. Its compressive creep properties were investigated at room temperature. The creep deformation was found to depend strongly on the applied stress amplitude. Under an applied stress near the strength, creep deformation developed and reached the final rupture very quickly. A power law relationship, $\dot \varepsilon = 4.14 \times {10^{ - 8}}{\sigma ^{2.5}},$ was established between steady creep rate and applied stress. Microscopic observations show that the damage mechanism processes include mainly the intergranular and transgranular fractures, binder fracture, and peeling. Both porosity and granule size decrease almost linearly with increasing applied stress.

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15

Baer, M. R., C. A. Hall, R. L. Gustavsen, D. E. Hooks, and S. A. Sheffield. "Isentropic loading experiments of a plastic bonded explosive and constituents." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 3 (February 2007): 034906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2399881.

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16

Picart, D., and J. L. Brigolle. "Characterization of the viscoelastic behaviour of a plastic-bonded explosive." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 29-30 (November 2010): 7826–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.057.

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17

Aydemir, Erdogan, Abdullah Ulas, and Nadir Serin. "Thermal Decomposition and Ignition of PBXN-110 Plastic-Bonded Explosive." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 37, no. 3 (May 3, 2012): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201100011.

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18

Kim, Hyoun-Soo, and Bang-Sam Park. "Characteristics of the Insensitive Pressed Plastic Bonded Explosive, DXD-59." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, no. 4 (August 1999): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4087(199908)24:4<217::aid-prep217>3.0.co;2-a.

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19

Gharia, J. S., R. K. Sinha, V. V. Trads, Vinay Prakash, and V. K. Phadke. "Studies on Physico-Mechanical and Explosive Characteristics of RDX/HMX-Based Castable Plastic-Bonded Explosives." Defence Science Journal 48, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.48.3877.

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20

Singh, Arjun, Mahesh Kumar, Pramod Soni, Manjit Singh, and Alok Srivastava. "Mechanical and Explosive Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosives Based on Mixture of HMX and tAtB." Defence Science Journal 63, no. 6 (December 18, 2013): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.63.5764.

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21

Pak, Han-ryong, Chung-wen Chen, O. T. Inal, and Kali Mukerjee. "Microstructures of straight and wavy interfaces formed in explosively bonded copper single crystals." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100143717.

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Explosive welding is essentially a solid-phase bonding process, hence any metal can be bonded even if they are totally dissimilar physically and chemically. Our group recently found that a straight interface is superior, with respect to plastic deformation behavior, to a wavy one, in direct contrast to a model that an interlocking structure of a wavy interface produces strong bonds. To obtain some insight into the superiority of such a straight interface, microstructures of copper single crystals (size: 4 x 40 x 130 mm) explosively welded in a parallel standoff configuration are investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy.

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22

Picart, Didier, and C. Pompon. "EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MULTIAXIAL FAILURE OF A PLASTIC-BONDED EXPLOSIVE." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 15, no. 2 (2016): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2016013662.

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23

Hobbs, M. L., and M. J. Kaneshige. "Ignition experiments and models of a plastic bonded explosive (PBX 9502)." Journal of Chemical Physics 140, no. 12 (March 28, 2014): 124203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4869351.

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24

Millett, J. C. F., and N. K. Bourne. "The shock Hugoniot of a plastic bonded explosive and inert simulants." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37, no. 18 (September 3, 2004): 2613–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/37/18/018.

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25

Hoffman, D. Mark. "Dynamic mechanical signatures of aged LX-17-1 plastic bonded explosive." Journal of Energetic Materials 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 163–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370650108216125.

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26

HOFFMAN, D. MARK, and JEFFREY B. CHANDLER. "Aspects of the Tribology of the Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) 9404*." Journal of Energetic Materials 22, no. 4 (October 2004): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370650490893036.

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27

Hoffman, D. ?Mark, and Jeffrey?B Chandler. "Aspects of the Tribology of the Plastic Bonded Explosive LX-04." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 29, no. 6 (December 2004): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200400068.

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28

Samudre, Samson S, Ushadevi R Nair, Girish M Gore, Rabindra Kumar Sinha, Arun Kanti Sikder, and Shri Nandan Asthana. "Studies on an Improved Plastic Bonded Explosive (PBX) for Shaped Charges." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 34, no. 2 (April 2009): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200800036.

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29

Komarov, Vitaly, Gennady Sakovich, Nikolai Popok, Maxim Kazutin, and Nikolai Kozyrev. "Detonation propagation along percolating cluster in composite explosives." MATEC Web of Conferences 243 (2018): 00027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824300027.

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The detonation performance of melt-cast plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) based on high melting explosive octogen (HMX) was studied in the paper. It has been found that the detonation velocity strongly depends from the dispersion distribution of HMX particles: it changes from 7800 to 8700 m/s. We explain this by the possibility of detonation propagation in PBX through different mechanisms, including detonation front propagation along a percolating cluster formed by filler particles. Thus, varying the particle size distribution can bring about one detonation mechanism or another and hence control the energy release dynamics of melt-cast PBXs to attain high efficiency in practice. Experimental results confirm the assumptions.

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30

Mendonça, Fausto, Girum Urgessa, Marcela Galizia Domingues, Koshun Iha, and José Atílio Fritz Fidel Rocco. "Efeitos do EPS na leitura de pico de pressão refletida em ensaio de campo com explosivo militar." Aplicações Operacionais em Áreas de Defesa 24, no. 1 (September 22, 2023): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55972/spectrum.v24i1.399.

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Resultados alcançados em ensaios experimentais, utilizando quatro lajes de concreto armado bi apoiadas como alvos de explosivo plástico de uso militar PBX (plastic-bonded explosive), são apresentados neste trabalho. Foi verificada a capacidade de revestimento de espuma de EPS (poliestireno expandido) atenuar o valor de pico de pressão refletida registrada em sensores piezoeléctricos. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas nos resultados de leitura de pressão refletida para verificar a atenuação gerada pela espuma. Os resultados apontaram redução de 38% do pico de pressão refletida experimental em comparação com a pressão refletida teórica esperada, na laje que recebeu revestimento de uma camada de 5 cm de EPS.

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31

Elbeih, Ahmed, Tamer Elshenawy, Hany Amin, Ahmed K. Hussein, and Sara M. Hammad. "Preparation and Characterization of a New High-Performance Plastic Explosive in Comparison with Traditional Types." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2019 (July 2, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4017068.

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EPX-2R is a high-performance plastic explosive produced for different applications. EPX-2R is based on RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane) bonded by the elastic matrix of the softened styrene butadiene binder. A computerizing mixer plastograph was used for the production of EPX-2R. The internal energy of combustion was measured and used to determine the enthalpy of formation. Friction and impact sensitivities were measured. The velocity of detonation was determined experimentally, and the detonation properties were calculated by the EXPLO 5 code. For comparison, traditional plastic explosives, composition C-4, Semtex 10, Formex P1, EPX-1, and Sprängdeg m/46, were studied. It was concluded that the velocity of detonation of EPX-2R was higher than the studied samples except composition C-4, while its sensitivity is the lowest. Interesting inversely proportional relationship between the measured internal energy of combustion and the calculated heat of detonation was observed.

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32

Mehilal, M. S. Labade, S. N. Singh, and J. P. Agrawal. "Evaluation of some thermal, mechanical and explosive properties of plastic bonded explosives based on epoxy resin." Journal of Energetic Materials 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370650108216129.

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33

Batista Mendonça, Fausto, Koshun Iha, Glaci Pinheiro, Caio Barbosa Amorim, and José Atilio Fritz Fidel Rocco. "Comportamento de uma laje de concreto armado submetida aos efeitos da onda de choque oriunda da detonação de explosivo plástico de uso militar." Aplicações Operacionais em Áreas de Defesa 22 (September 30, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.55972/spectrum.v22i1.320.

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Este trabalho apresenta resultados de um ensaio experimental ao se colocar uma peça de concreto armado próxima a um explosivo de alto poder de destruição, o PBX (plastic-bonded explosive). O foco do trabalho consiste em verificar a capacidade da estrutura de concreto armado suportar os efeitos de uma detonação de um explosivo de alto poder de destruição de aplicação militar. Uma análise qualitativa foi feita após as explosões para constatar a capacidade destrutiva do explosivo. Os resultados mostraram que o PBX foi capaz de gerar danos severos a edificações de concreto armado, encontradas em construções que configuram possíveis alvos militares, onde se verificou que uma carga de 4,0 kg de PBX detonada a 1,5 m de uma laje de concreto armado de 70 x 70 x 10 cm é capaz de causar um colapso estrutural.

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34

Karolczuk, Aleksander, Mateusz Kowalski, and Grzegorz Robak. "Modelling of Titanium-Steel Bimetallic Composite Behaviour under Mechanical Cyclic Loading." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.460.

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The aim of the paper is to analyse how different mechanical properties of bonded metals influence the cyclic behaviour of bimetallic components. The simulations also include different initial state of stress since one of the methods for manufacturing bimetals is explosive welding which introduces residual stresses into bonded materials. The analysed cyclic behaviour concerns cyclic stress-strain relation in elastic-plastic strain state. The multi-surface plasticity model of Mróz-Garud was applied. Results shows that depend on residual stresses the ratchetting phenomena could occur.

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35

Lee, Sojung. "Study of Aging Thermal Property of Castable Plastic-Bonded Explosive including AP." Journal of Applied Reliability 19, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33162/jar.2019.06.19.2.179.

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36

Johnson, Belinda P., Xuan Zhou, and Dana D. Dlott. "Shock Pressure Dependence of Hot Spots in a Model Plastic-Bonded Explosive." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 126, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08323.

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37

Levitas, Valery I., Bryan F. Henson, Laura B. Smilowitz, David K. Zerkle, and Blaine W. Asay. "Coupled phase transformation, chemical decomposition, and deformation in plastic-bonded explosive: Models." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 11 (December 2007): 113502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2817616.

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38

Levitas, Valery I., Bryan F. Henson, Laura B. Smilowitz, David K. Zerkle, and Blaine W. Asay. "Coupled phase transformation, chemical decomposition, and deformation in plastic-bonded explosive: Simulations." Journal of Applied Physics 102, no. 11 (December 2007): 113520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2822096.

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39

Small, Ward, Elizabeth A. Glascoe, and George E. Overturf. "Measurement of moisture outgassing of the plastic-bonded TATB explosive LX-17." Thermochimica Acta 545 (October 2012): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.06.033.

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40

Yeager, J. D., K. J. Ramos, R. A. Pesce-Rodriguez, and S. M. Piraino. "Microstructural effects of processing in the plastic-bonded explosive Composition A-3." Materials Chemistry and Physics 139, no. 1 (April 2013): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.01.041.

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41

Kasprzyk, David J., David A. Bell, Raymond L. Flesner, and Sheldon A. Larson. "Characterization of a Slurry Process Used to Make a Plastic-Bonded Explosive." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, no. 6 (December 1999): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4087(199912)24:6<333::aid-prep333>3.0.co;2-t.

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42

Hunt, Emily M., and Matt Jackson. "Coating and Characterization of Mock and Explosive Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/468032.

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This project develops a method of manufacturing plastic-bonded explosives by using use precision control of agglomeration and coating of energetic powders. The energetic material coating process entails suspending either wet or dry energetic powders in a stream of inert gas and contacting the energetic powder with atomized droplets of a lacquer composed of binder and organic solvent. By using a high-velocity air stream to pneumatically convey the energetic powders and droplets of lacquer, the energetic powders are efficiently wetted while agglomerate drying begins almost immediately. The result is an energetic powder uniformly coated with binder, that is, a PBX, with a high bulk density suitable for pressing. Experiments have been conducted using mock explosive materials to examine coating effectiveness and density. Energetic materials are now being coated and will be tested both mechanically and thermally. This allows for a comprehensive comparison of the morphology and reactivity of the newly coated materials to previously manufactured materials.

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43

Kemmoukhe, Hicham, Slavica Terzic, Mirjana Dimic, Danica Simic, Zijah Burzic, and Ljiljana Jelisavac. "Influence of the octogen quality and production scale on characteristics of granulated plastic bonded explosive." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 26, no. 2 (2020): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq180921035k.

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The compositions of granulated plastic bonded explosive (PBX), based on octogen (HMX) and Estane polymer were prepared by aqueous/solvent slurry coating tehnique, on a laboratory and industrial scale. Scale-up was done in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way: with provided recyclage and reuse of the used organic solvent. The quality of the obtained granulated PBX samples was observed trough the following analyses: the quality of polymer coating layer on HMX crystals was examined by microscopic analysis; the phlegmatizer content in PBX samples was determined; granulometric analysis and the tests of sensitivity to friction and impact were carried out. Compressibility of granulated PBX was determined by pressing. Measured detonation velocities of pressed PBX charges were compared. The obtained properties of the examined pressed PBX indicated that it may find application as a promising main explosive charge in cumulative warheads.

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44

Sellan, Dhanalakshmi, Xuan Zhou, Lawrence Salvati, Siva Kumar Valluri, and Dana D. Dlott. "In operando measurements of high explosives." Journal of Chemical Physics 157, no. 22 (December 14, 2022): 224202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126703.

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In operando studies of high explosives involve dynamic extreme conditions produced as a shock wave travels through the explosive to produce a detonation. Here, we describe a method to safely produce detonations and dynamic extreme conditions in high explosives and in inert solids and liquids on a tabletop in a high-throughput format. This method uses a shock compression microscope, a microscope with a pulsed laser that can launch a hypervelocity flyer plate along with a velocimeter, an optical pyrometer, and a nanosecond camera that together can measure pressures, densities, and temperatures with high time and space resolution (2 ns and 2 µm). We discuss how a detonation builds up in liquid nitromethane and show that we can produce and study detonations in sample volumes close to the theoretical minimum. We then discuss how a detonation builds up from a shock in a plastic-bonded explosive (PBX) based on HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), where the initial steps are hotspot formation and deflagration growth in the shocked microstructure. A method is demonstrated where we can measure thermal emission from high-temperature reactions in every HMX crystal in the PBX, with the intent of determining which configurations produce the critical hot spots that grow and ignite the entire PBX.

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Zhang, Xu, Yanfei Wang, Feng Zhao, Rong Zhang, and Bin Zhong. "Experimental investigation of the reaction-build-up for plastic bonded explosive JOB-9003." Matter and Radiation at Extremes 2, no. 3 (May 2017): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mre.2017.02.001.

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Patterson, Brian M., Kevin Henderson, Nikolaus Cordes, David J. Walters, Darby J. Luscher, Virginia Manner, Bryce Tappan, and John D. Yeager. "In situ Mechanical Studies of Plastic Bonded Explosive, Multiscale 3D Imaging and Modeling." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, S1 (July 2017): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761700232x.

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Li, M., J. Zhang, C. Y. Xiong, J. Fang, J. M Li, and Y. Hao. "Damage and fracture prediction of plastic-bonded explosive by digital image correlation processing." Optics and Lasers in Engineering 43, no. 8 (August 2005): 856–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2004.09.003.

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Dick, J. J., C. A. Forest, J. B. Ramsay, and W. L. Seitz. "The Hugoniot and shock sensitivity of a plastic‐bonded TATB explosive PBX 9502." Journal of Applied Physics 63, no. 10 (May 15, 1988): 4881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.340428.

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Kim, Hyoun-Soo. "Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Plastic Bonded Explosive Using Neutral Polymeric Bonding Agent." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 24, no. 2 (April 1999): 96–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4087(199904)24:2<96::aid-prep96>3.0.co;2-x.

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He, Zheng-Hua, Yao-Yao Huang, Guang-Fu Ji, Jun Chen, and Qiang Wu. "Anisotropic Reaction Properties for Different HMX/HTPB Composites: A Theoretical Study of Shock Decomposition." Molecules 27, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 2787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092787.

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Plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) consisting of explosive grains and a polymer binder are commonly synthesized to improve mechanical properties and reduce sensitivity, but their intrinsic chemical behaviors while subjected to stress are not sufficiently understood yet. Here, we construct three composites of β-HMX bonded with the HTPB binder to investigate the reaction characteristics under shock loading using the quantum-based molecular dynamics method. Six typical interactions between HMX and HTPB molecules are detected when the system is subjected to pressure. Although the initial electron structure is modified by the impurity states from HTPB, the metallization process for HMX does not significantly change. The shock decompositions of HMX/HTPB along the (100) and (010) surface are initiated by molecular ring dissociation and hydrogen transfer. The initial oxidations of C and H within HTPB possess advantages. As for the (001) surface, the dissociation is started with alkyl dehydrogenation oxidation, and a stronger hydrogen transfer from HTPB to HMX is detected during the following process. Furthermore, considerable fragment aggregation is observed, which mainly derives from the formation of new C−C and C−N bonds under high pressure. The effect of cluster evolution on the progression of the following reaction is further studied by analyzing the bonded structure and displacement rate.

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