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1
Vingwe, Edward, Edgar Towa, and Arne Remmen. "Danish Plastic Mass Flows Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2020): 9639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229639.
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In this paper, material flows and resource potentials for plastics at a national level in Denmark are mapped using an Environmentally Extended Multiregional Input-Output (EE-MRIO) database. EE-MRIO offers an operative improvement to current and prevalent methods for assessing the industrial and societal metabolism of resources, including plastics. The Exiobase is applied to map (1) the major sources, (2) calculate the total supply, (3) uses of plastics and waste generation, and (4) end of life pathways in order to indicate the potentials of plastics in the circular economy in Denmark with a focus on recycling. Furthermore, it elaborates how and why this method for performing Mass Flow Analysis (MFA) differs from mainstream assessments of material flows and from default uses of national statistical data. Overall, the results are that Denmark has a total supply of ≈551 kilotonnes (Kt) of plastics, out of which ≈522 Kt are used domestically and ≈168 Kt of plastic waste are generated annually. Out of the yearly amount of plastic waste, ≈50% is incinerated and 26% is recycled. These results indicate significant potentials for applying circular economy strategies and identify relevant sectors for closing the plastic loops. However, other initiatives are necessary, such as improvements in product design strategies, in the collection and sorting systems as well as in cross-sectoral collaboration.
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Genc, Ayten, Ozgur Zeydan, and Selin Sarac. "Cost analysis of plastic solid waste recycling in an urban district in Turkey." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 9 (July 3, 2019): 906–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19858665.
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The usage of plastics has exponentially increased in our daily lives over the past 50 years because of its durability, low costs and potential for diverse applications, such as widespread use as disposable items. In this study, first, the recycling cost of plastic wastes has been estimated by using actual data taken from a recycling centre, where plastic solid wastes were collected separately. The total amount of plastic wastes recycled at the centre was approximately 695 tonnes. The operating cost of plastics separation at the recycling centre, the transport of plastic wastes, labouring, maintenance, electricity, insurance and chemical costs were taken into consideration in the cost evaluation. Accordingly, the unit cost of recycling was calculated as US$0.40 kg−1 of plastic waste. This cost was compared with the predicted plastic recycling cost in the same region using statistical values. The predicted recycling cost was estimated based on assuming segregated collection by the municipalities of all PSW in municipal solid waste. Then the resulting unit cost of recycling was found to be US$0.25 kg−1 of plastic waste. In addition, the recycling costs were also evaluated including the revenue from the sales of recycled plastic granular. According to the evaluated total cost of plastic recycling, it can be concluded that mechanical recycling of plastics can only be an economical option if the recovery of plastics is improved.
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Ventola, Vanessa, Eliza Brenman, Grace Chan, Tarek Ahmed, and Marco J. Castaldi. "Quantitative analysis of residential plastic recycling in New York City." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (April 8, 2021): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x211009968.
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More than 420,000 tonnes of plastic waste is produced every year in New York City (NYC). This plastic represents 15% of municipal solid waste in NYC and is in line with New York State and United States averages. This material is managed by NYC’s dual-stream recycling system and industry-leading material recovery facilities. However, not all plastic collected for recycling (diverted) is ultimately sold to be remanufactured into new products (recovered). This study utilizes publicly available data to quantify and compare the diversion and recovery rates of residential plastics in NYC to provide quantitative context of such a process in a large metropolitan area. In 2018, 35.2% of plastics suitable for recycling were diverted, indicating a potential to improve collection. Of these, only 53.4% of plastics diverted for recycling were ultimately recovered through sale into the markets. This is aligned with the theoretical maximum recycling potential described in other scholarly work. The 53.4% recovery rate of diverted plastics indicates that an increase in diversion would not yield an equivalent increase in recovery. Additionally, barriers to the recovery of plastic waste impact the actual recycling rate. The literature and this study recognize that contamination, technology limitations, and the availability of markets all influence the sorting and selling of plastics. Furthermore, plastic recycling has recently received significant attention due to the implementation of China’s National Sword policy. This study demonstrates that from 2017 to 2018, while the sales of plastics #3–7 decreased, the overall recovery rate of plastics in NYC was not impacted by China’s National Sword policy.
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Xu, Jia, Zixuan Wu, Yazhi Zhao, and Jingsan Yang. "Analysis of the Correlation and Regional Distribution of Plastic Waste Pollution." E3S Web of Conferences 241 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124103004.
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Plastic has brought great convenience to people’s lives, but it has also brought severe environmental pollution to the world. It is almost impossible to break down entirely in nature, and plastic waste, whether in rivers, oceans, or on land, can persist in the environment for centuries. The problem of plastic waste disposal has caused worldwide concern. It is necessary to reduce the production of plastic products through global cooperation effectively. However, achieving this goal will also involve some unexpected issues, such as controlling the adverse economic impact of plastics, and the rationality and fairness of the distribution of responsibilities between different countries. This paper collects massive data and takes China as an example to study the impact of plastic output reduction on China’s Express industry and the plastics manufacturing industry using multivariate regression. This paper summarizes the positive and negative effects of plastic waste reduction. Given the distribution and management of national and regional plastic waste responsibilities, the global carbon emission rights distribution method is used for reference. The comprehensive index allocation method is used to deal with the problem of both fairness and efficiency relatively. What is more, based on the conclusions, this paper also provides suggestions for a global joint response to plastic waste.
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Bai, Mengyu, and Daoji Li. "Quantity of plastic waste input into the ocean from China based on a material flow analysis model." Anthropocene Coasts 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/anc-2018-0028.
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Marine plastic waste has been an important global environmental issue in recent years, and quantifying the amount of global marine plastic waste input is vital for control and mitigation. However, determining an accurate quantity of oceanic plastics is challenging because comprehensive monitoring data are difficult to obtain on national and global scales. To understand the contribution of China in global marine plastic waste input, we used a material flow analysis (MFA) method, which is included in lifecycle assessment and combines statistical data from China’s official statistics, reports, and NPO (nonprofit organization) to establish an MFA model. The model assesses the lifecycle of plastics, which starts with primary plastic, passes the stage of plastic product, and eventually becomes plastic waste. With the MFA model, the annual amount of plastic waste entering the ocean from China from 2011 to 2020 can be calculated. In 2011, 0.65 million tonnes of plastic waste entered the ocean from China, and the quantity rose slowly until 2016. A rapid decline appeared in 2018 because of China’s governmental managements and the quantity will continue to decrease until 2020. Our results indicate the amount of oceanic plastics has a strong correlation with government control measures.
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Bayrak, Oguzhan, and Shamim A. Sheikh. "Plastic Hinge Analysis." Journal of Structural Engineering 127, no. 9 (September 2001): 1092–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2001)127:9(1092).
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Gulhane, Shreyas, and Sanjay Gulhane. "Analysis of Housing Structures Made From Recycled Plastic." IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 7, no. 2 (S) (July 10, 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.icsesd201705.
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Due to rise in unleashed industrial development, our world is now engulfed by solid wastes. In that huge pile of wastes, plastic is one of the prime culprits for degrading our nature. The used plastics (which are not recycled) are either end up in oceans or landfills and continue to create environmental problems. On regular basis, thousands of tonnes of plastic waste is being created all around the world. In some cases, recycling plastic is costlier than using virgin plastic. Hence there is a necessity to create a situation in which adequate price for recycling plastic must come into play. Such type of situation can be created by using plastic as a primary construction material for small houses. The main objective of the study is to show how plastic as a construction material can reduce the stacks of junk plastic piles around the globe. Along with that how it can reduce the time and labor required for construction and also help to reduce the casualties during natural calamities like earthquake and to understand the ‘total plastic’ construction phenomenon with its advantages and disadvantages. Today there are some companies which are trying to use plastic as a primary construction material but none of them tried for the total plastic approach. The studies have shown that total plastic approach can eventually reduce the recycling and implementation costs of waste plastic, the time consumed and labor required for plastic recycling. Also to understand the actual practical situation of using plastic houses and required structure and method for shelters made out of such material were analyzed using FEA software. The problems like fireproofing and base development were also studied.
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Ta, Thi Yen, Thi Anh Tuyet Nguyen, and Hoang Thi Hong Van. "Analysis of production, consumption and environmental burden of plastic industry in Vietnam by input-output table." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.63(2).89-96.
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The plastic industry is an economic sector that plays an important role in promoting a circular economy in Vietnam. This study used the updated 2018 input-output (IO) table to identify and analyse the production and consumption of seven different plastics including: HDPE, PS, PE, PET, PVC, PP, and others. The study also integrated the IO model to unveil the environmental burden of these plastics through the plastic demand of 40 economic sectors and households. As a result, in 2018, the amount of direct solid waste from the plastic industry was 58,147 tons and the amount of indirect solid waste from the plastic industry to other economic sectors and the household sector were 214,258 tons and 6,262 tons, respectively. Agriculture and its services, food processing, fashion manufacturing, basic chemical production, electrical and electronic equipment production, and transport production embodied the highest indirect burdens due to their use of plastic products. This study contributes to MFA research and developing strategies for sustainable production and consumption of plastics and the management of plastic waste in Vietnam.
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Hachem, Ali, Giuliano Vox, and Fabiana Convertino. "Prospective Scenarios for Addressing the Agricultural Plastic Waste Issue: Results of a Territorial Analysis." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010612.
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Agricultural activities have been positively affected by the use of plastic products, but this has resulted in the production of plastic waste and led to an increase in environmental pollution. To continue benefiting from the use of plastics but addressing at the same time the environmental issue, two strategies seem viable: the development of technologies for extending plastics lifespan and the gradual replacement of traditional non-biodegradable materials by biodegradable ones, at least for some products. This study focuses on a territorial analysis, performed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) in an agricultural area of the Apulia region (southern Italy). Areas of agricultural plastic waste production were identified through land-use maps. The application of plastic waste indices to different crop types and plastic products allowed quantifying and georeferencing actual plastic waste production. From this actual visualization, the other strategies were obtained by properly managing the indices. Two improved scenarios were obtained, the first consisted of extending the lifespan of some plastics, and the second entailed the introduction of some biodegradable alternatives. About 11,103 tons of agricultural plastic waste are yearly produced in the area and 7450 tons come from covering films. Lifespan extension would reduce the annual waste amount by about 25%, while more alternative products are needed to achieve significant results in the second scenario.
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Tsuchimoto, Ichiro, and Yuya Kajikawa. "Recycling of Plastic Waste: A Systematic Review Using Bibliometric Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416340.
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Research into plastic recycling is rapidly increasing as ocean and land pollution and ecosystem degradation from plastic waste is becoming a serious concern. In this study, we conducted a systematic review on emerging research topics, which were selected from 35,519 studies on plastic recycling by bibliometrics analysis. Our results show that research on the biodegradability of plastics, bioplastics, life cycle assessment, recycling of electrical and electronic equipment waste, and the use of recycled plastics in construction has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly since 2016. Especially, biodegradability is the most emerging topic with the average year of publication being 2018. Our key finding is that many research area is led by developed countries, while the use of recycled plastics in the construction sector is being actively explored in developing countries. Based on our results, we discuss two types of recycling systems: responsible recycling in the country where plastic waste is generated and promoting recycling through the international division of labor between developed and developing countries. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and propose necessary measures for sustainable and responsible production and consumption of plastics such as waste traceability system and technology transfer between developed and developing countries.
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Nimmegeers, Philippe, Alexej Parchomenko, Paul De Meulenaere, Dagmar R. D’hooge, Paul H. M. Van Steenberge, Helmut Rechberger, and Pieter Billen. "Extending Multilevel Statistical Entropy Analysis towards Plastic Recyclability Prediction." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063553.
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Multilevel statistical entropy analysis (SEA) is a method that has been recently proposed to evaluate circular economy strategies on the material, component and product levels to identify critical stages of resource and functionality losses. However, the comparison of technological alternatives may be difficult, and equal entropies do not necessarily correspond with equal recyclability. A coupling with energy consumption aspects is strongly recommended but largely lacking. The aim of this paper is to improve the multilevel SEA method to reliably assess the recyclability of plastics. Therefore, the multilevel SEA method is first applied to a conceptual case study of a fictitious bag filled with plastics, and the possibilities and limitations of the method are highlighted. Subsequently, it is proposed to extend the method with the computation of the relative decomposition energies of components and products. Finally, two recyclability metrics are proposed. A plastic waste collection bag filled with plastic bottles is used as a case study to illustrate the potential of the developed extended multilevel SEA method. The proposed extension allows us to estimate the recyclability of plastics. In future work, this method will be refined and other potential extensions will be studied together with applications to real-life plastic products and plastic waste streams.
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Tsai, Wen-Tien. "Analysis of plastic waste reduction and recycling in Taiwan." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 39, no. 5 (March 21, 2021): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x21996821.
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With the mass production and consumption of single-use plastics and other plastic products, plastic waste management and its resulting microplastic pollution have become the most noteworthy environmental issues. The main objectives of this paper were to review the regulatory measures for plastic waste reduction and recycling, analyse the trend changes on the recycled amounts of regulated plastic containers and also address the discussions on the impacts of COVID-19 on the expected increase in plastic waste. In the past two decades, the central competent authority (i.e. Environmental Protection Administration (EPA)) in Taiwan has promulgated some regulations governing plastic waste reduction and recycling, especially plastic containers. Based on the official statistics, it showed that total certified amounts of regulated plastic containers have increased from 45,552 tonnes in 1998 to 194,133 tonnes in 2019. This shift was in line with circular economy policies by the Zero Waste Program and Resource Recycling and Reuse Plan launched by the Taiwan EPA during this period. On the other hand, the COVID-19 pandemic will impact on the regulatory policies for plastic waste management because the excess use of regulated plastic products will be temporarily permitted due to the epidemic prevention and control measures. Although the increased proportion of plastic waste in municipal solid waste (MSW) will be beneficial for the energy efficiencies of waste-to-power systems in MSW incineration plants, the recycling and reduction rates of regulated plastic containers or products could decline during the COVID-19 breakout.
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CHOI, CHEL WOO, KAB SIK JEOUNG, HYUNG-IL MOON, and HEON YOUNG KIM. "THERMAL VISCOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF PLASTIC COMPONENTS CONSIDERING RESIDUAL STRESS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 6241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051856.
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Plastics is commonly used in consumer electronics because of it is high strength per unit mass and good productivity, but plastic components may often become distorted after injection molding due to residual stress after the filling, packing, and cooling processes. In addition, plastic deteriorates depending on various temperature conditions and the operating time, which can be characterized by stress relaxation and creep. The viscoelastic behavior of plastic materials in the time domain can be expressed by the Prony series using the ABAQUS commercial software package. This paper suggests a process for predicting post-production deformation under cyclic thermal loading. The process was applied to real plastic panels, and the deformation predicted by the analysis was compared to that measured in actual testing, showing the possibility of using this process for predicting the post-production deformation of plastic products under thermal loading.
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Grygo, Robert, Kevin Bujnarowski, and Jolanta Anna Prusiel. "ANALYSIS OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING PLASTIC POST-PRODUCTION WASTE IN CONSTRUCTION." Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 81, no. 2 (July 9, 2022): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.81.2.467.
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This paper presents the possibility of managing plastic post-production waste, i.e. ordinary and heat-shrinkable film, in the construction sector. For this purpose, two types of lightweight 16 mm aggregate were produced from plastics, using proprietary technology (i.e. polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PET/PVC/OPS (MIX) mixtures). The raw material was sourced from post-production waste, generated during the production of film labels. The results of the experimental testing of aggregate properties (bulk density, grain density, absorbability, compressive strength) are presented, the aggregate being sourced from recycled plastics. This paper presents the physical and mechanical properties of the plastic, as well as other popular lightweight aggregates (Certyd and Kermazyt) used in construction. In addition, the financial efficiency of the production of lightweight aggregate from the by-products of plastic label production was analysed. The economic analysis has shown that the use of plastic waste for the production of lightweight aggregate is rational, not only in terms of environmental protection, but also the financial benefits to companies that generate significant amounts of plastic waste.
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Abalansa, Samuel, Badr El Mahrad, Godwin Kofi Vondolia, John Icely, and Alice Newton. "The Marine Plastic Litter Issue: A Social-Economic Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 8677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208677.
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The issue of marine plastic litter pollution is multifaceted, cross-sectoral, and ongoing in the absence of appropriate management measures. This study analysed the issue of marine plastic litter pollution in the context of the Descriptor 10 of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and Good Environmental Status of the oceans and seas. The Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework was used to assess the causes, effects, and management measures to changes in the marine environment resulting from marine plastics pollution. We noted that less than 10 peer-reviewed publications have applied the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model to the issue of marine plastics pollution. Some basic needs such as food security, movement of goods and services, and shelter are also some of the major drivers of marine plastic pollution. The use of plastics is linked to multiple economic sectors (fisheries, agriculture, transport, packaging, construction) and other human activities. A significant amount of the resulting pressures came from the economic sectors for packaging and construction. State changes occurred at the environmental (contamination and bioaccumulation), ecosystem (ingestion of plastics, ghost fishing) and ecosystem service levels (supply of sea food, salt and cultural benefits), with possible loss of jobs and income being some of the observed impacts on human welfare. Responses as management measures, which are tailored to meet each component of the DPSIR framework, were identified. These included policies, regulations, technological advancement and behavioural change. The research acknowledges the issue of marine plastics pollution as a global environmental problem and recommends a trans-disciplinary approach, involving all types of stakeholders. Future research and analysis applying the DPSIR framework will be useful to provide the information necessary for the effective, adaptive management of litter pollution by marine plastics.
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Clarinsa, Regina Martha, and Suyatno Sutoyo. "PEMBUATAN DAN KARAKTERISASI PLASTIK BIODEGRADABLE DARI KOMPOSIT HDPE (HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE) DAN PATI UMBI SUWEG (Amorphophallus campanulatus)." Unesa Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/ujc.v10n1.p85-95.
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Abstrak. Plastik yang berasal dari polimer sintetik menjadi permasalahan lingkungan karena tidak dapat terdegradasi lebih cepat di dalam tanah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk membuat plastik biodegradable komposit HDPE dengan pati umbi suweg (HDPE-PSW) serta menentukan komposisi terbaik dari campuran HDPE dengan pati umbi suweg yang memiliki sifat biodegradabilitas yang memenuhi standart SNI. Pati diperoleh dari umbi suweg menggunakan metode ekstraksi dengan pelarut air. Proses pembuatan plastik biodegradable dilakukan dengan metode grafting menggunakan pereaksi maleat anhidrida dan bahan pemlastis berupa gliserol. Variasi komposisi massa HDPE dan pati suweg yang digunakan berturut-turut 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, dan 4:6 gram. Sifat biodegradabilitas ditentukan dengan metode Soil Burial Test sedangkan gugus fungsi ditentukan menggunakan spektrofotometer FTIR. Dari proses ekstraksi diperoleh pati dengan rendemen 5,25%. Pati diperoleh dalam bentuk serbuk berwarna putih, tidak berbau, sedikit larut dalam air dan etanol, serta menunjukkan hasil positif dengan pereaksi larutan iodium. Hasil uji biodegradasi menunjukkan bahwa plastik komposit HDPE-PSW 6:4 dan 5:5 mendekati standar SNI karena setelah didegradasi selama seminggu menunjukkan persentase degradasi mendekati 60%, yakni masing-masing 58,9% dan 60,6%. Kedua komposisi plastik HDPE-PSW tersebut juga memiliki persentase degradasi mendekati plastik biodegradable komersial Cassaplast (59,4%). Berdasarkan hasil uji FTIR, plastik biodegradable HDPE-PSW memiliki gugus fungsi yang sama dengan plastik HDPE dan pati umbi suweg. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses grafting dalam pembuatan plastik biodegradable HDPE-PSW telah terjadi.
Kata kunci : Plastik biodegradable, pati umbi suweg, HDPE
Abstract. Plastic which derived from synthetic polymers is an environmental problem because it couldn’t easily degradation in the ground. This research is aimed to make the biodegradable plastic composite of HDPE with suweg tuber starch (HDPE-PSW) as well as determining the best composition of HDPE-suweg tuber starch mixture which has biodegradability properties according to SNI standards. Suweg tuber made with ekstraction method which uses water solvent. Biodegradable plastics have been processed using grafting method with maleic anhydride reactant and glycerol plasticizer. The varians mass of HDPE plastic and suweg starch are 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, and 4:6 grams. Biodegradability of biodegradable plastics depend on Soil Burial Test method meanwhile analysis of functional group depend with FTIR spectrophotometer. From the extraction process obtained starch with a yield of 5.25%. Starch was obtained in the form of white powder, odorless, slightly soluble in water and ethanol, and showed positive results with iodine solution reagent. The biodegradation test results showed that the HDPE-PSW plastic composite of 6:4 and 5:5 approached the SNI standard because after being degraded for a week showed the percentage of degradation was approaching 60% ie 58.9% and 60.6%, respectively. The two HDPE-PSW plastic compositions also had a degradation percentage close to Cassaplast's commercial biodegradable plastic (59.4%). Based on the results of the FTIR test, HDPE-PSW biodegradable plastic had the same functional group as HDPE plastic and suweg tuber starch. This showed that the grafting process in the manufacture of biodegradable HDPE-PSW plastic had taken place.
Key words: Biodegradable plastics, suweg tuber starch, HDPE
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Bureecam, Chira, Taweep Chaisomphob, and Praj-Ya Sungsomboon. "Material flows analysis of plastic in Thailand." Thermal Science 22, no. 6 Part A (2018): 2379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160525005b.
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A study of the plastics materials flow analysis in Thailand was aim to show the flow of plastic materials through production, consumption, and waste management based on the year 2013 and projection to the year 2020. This paper finds the plastic waste generation increasing steadily in line with population growth and increasing consumption. In addition, the simulation under waste management three scenarios includes the following: the business as usual, increasing recycled rate set on the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016-2021) and increasing in rate of energy recovery by the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036. The plastic material flow analysis has shown that the implementation of the National Solid Waste Management Master Plan (2016-2021) or the Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036 can reduce uncollected waste and improper waste disposal. Moreover, there is benefit by adding value from recycled materials and energy recovery.
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Bučányová, Marcela, Martina Kusa, and Miriam Matúšová. "Analysis of the Problem of Granulated Material Movement in the Production Process." Materials Science Forum 952 (April 2019): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.952.207.
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Plastics are the world's most widely used materials, largely due to their wide-spectrum use and relatively cheap manufacturing of complex shapes. Due to its properties, the use of plastics is possible in all manufacturing sectors. Important aspect of plastic moulding is that the heat passed to granulate is sufficient to properly heat up the plastic mixture. Another important factor is that the plastic mixture is blended as evenly as possible. Heterogeneities could lead to the formation of non-conformances with incorrect colour shades, unevenness of the mass or others. One of the factors that greatly affects the homogeneity of the mixture is the surface treatment of the guides that are designed to transport the granulate and it is important to take care of those lines.
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Zampolli, Jessica, Alessandro Orro, Daniele Vezzini, and Patrizia Di Gennaro. "Genome-Based Exploration of Rhodococcus Species for Plastic-Degrading Genetic Determinants Using Bioinformatic Analysis." Microorganisms 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091846.
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Plastic polymer waste management is an increasingly prevalent issue. In this paper, Rhodococcus genomes were explored to predict new plastic-degrading enzymes based on recently discovered biodegrading enzymes for diverse plastic polymers. Bioinformatics prediction analyses were conducted using 124 gene products deriving from diverse microorganisms retrieved from databases, literature data, omic-approaches, and functional analyses. The whole results showed the plastic-degrading potential of Rhodococcus genus. Among the species with high plastic-degrading potential, R. erythropolis, R. equi, R. opacus, R. qingshengii, R. fascians, and R. rhodochrous appeared to be the most promising for possible plastic removal. A high number of genetic determinants related to polyester biodegradation were obtained from different Rhodococcus species. However, score calculation demonstrated that Rhodococcus species (especially R. pyridinivorans, R. qingshengii, and R. hoagii) likely possess PE-degrading enzymes. The results identified diverse oxidative systems, including multicopper oxidases, alkane monooxygenases, cytochrome P450 hydroxylases, para-nitrobenzylesterase, and carboxylesterase, and they could be promising reference sequences for the biodegradation of plastics with C−C backbone, plastics with heteroatoms in the main chain, and polyesters, respectively. Notably, the results of this study could be further exploited for biotechnological applications in biodegradative processes using diverse Rhodococcus strains and through catalytic reactions.
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Takatori, Eiichi. "Analysis of Plastic Materials." Seikei-Kakou 24, no. 7 (June 20, 2012): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.24.403.
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Takatori, Eiichi. "Analysis of Plastic Materials." Seikei-Kakou 25, no. 7 (June 20, 2013): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.25.342.
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Techawinyutham, Laongdaw, and Wiroj Techawinyutham. "Effect of Solvent Cleaning on Thermo-Mechanical and Rheological Properties of Plastic Wastes from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)." Key Engineering Materials 856 (August 2020): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.856.230.
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The plastics from municipal solid waste (MSW) were modified to improve cleanness for adding value. The stir and sonication were performed as cleaning processes. Xylene, tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, acetone and toluene were used as solvent cleaning. The most suitable cleaning process was sonication method with cleaning time of 5 min and the appropriate solvent was xylene for washing the plastic wastes for further study in terms of thermo-mechanical and rheological properties. The cleaning process was successful as evidence in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results. The properties of new plastics, cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes were compared and analyzed. Tensile strength of the specimens from plastic wastes was slightly decreased; however, elongation and impact strength of cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes sharply dropped as compared to new plastics. Tensile modulus of cleaned plastic wastes was slightly better than that of new plastics. Thermal stability of plastic waste was slightly lower than that of new plastic. Shear storage modulus (Gʹ), shear loss modulus (Gʺ) and shear viscosity (η) of new plastics showed the maximum value; on the other hand, those properties of cleaned plastic wastes and plastic wastes were similar. The cleaning method with solvent did not destroy thermo-mechanical and rheological properties of the cleaned plastic wastes.
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Amalia, Fanny Nurul, Wawan Kurniawan, and Anik Nur Habyba. "USULAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PRODUK PLASTIK DENGAN FISHBONE ANALYSIS DI PT.XYZ." Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) 14, no. 3 (November 29, 2021): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jom.v14i3.5617.
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Quality is something that must be considered by every company when carrying out the production process in order to get results that are in accordance with standards. PT. XYZ is a company engaged in manufacturing which produces several types of plastics. One type of plastic that is produced by the company and often used by the public is HD plastic in the form of a plastic bag used for shopping. After conducting the research, the product defect in this type of plastic exceeds the defect standard that has been set at 3%. So this research is done using the fishbone analysis method which is used to analyze the factors that affect the quality of plastic bag products. The steps in solving this problem are using CTQ to identify defects in a product. Then do the DPMO and Sigma Level calculations. After that, identify the cause of the problem with the disability that occurs. This problem can be solved using the FMEA method to find out what problems will be solved first.
Keywords: Fishbone Analysis, FMEA, DPMO, Sigma Level
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Jia, Hanjie, Jiyong Zhang, and Xiangyang Xu. "Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Epoxy Gear Considering Material Viscoelasticity." Machines 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11010076.
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With improvements in lubrication and material strength, the power transmitted by plastic gears has increased significantly. To develop high-performance transmission systems, it is necessary to gain deep insights into the dynamic characteristics of plastic gears. However, because plastics are viscoelastic materials, they do not obey Hooke’s law, which is the basis of traditional gear dynamic models. In this study, a refined dynamic model for an epoxy gear pair considering material viscoelasticity and extended tooth contact is established, and the differences in the dynamic responses between an epoxy and a steel gear pair are compared with respect to the dynamic meshing force and dynamic transmission error. The results show that: (1) the plastic gear can restrain the meshing impact, it has a generally lower dynamic meshing force than steel gear pair; (2) the position accuracy is the weak point of plastic gears, and this is significantly affected by the rotation speed; (3) the way to indirectly evaluate the dynamic meshing force by measuring the dynamic transmission error, which is often used for metal gears and is less effective for plastic gears.
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Zhang, Haigang, Yilin Hou, Wenjin Zhao, and Hui Na. "Control Strategies of Plastic Biodegradation through Adjusting Additives Ratios Using In Silico Approaches Associated with Proportional Factorial Experimental Design." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095670.
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Plastics, as a polymer material, have long been a source of environmental concern. This paper uses polystyrene plastics as the research object, and the relative contribution of each component of plastic additives to plastic degradation is screened using the molecular dynamics method. The factorial experimental design method is combined with molecular dynamics simulation to adjust the additive composition scheme, analyze the mechanism of interaction between the additive components, and select the plastic additive combination that is most readily absorbed and degraded by microorganisms. Seven different types of plastic additives, including plasticizers, antioxidants, light and heat stabilizers, flame retardants, lubricants, and fillers, are chosen as external stimuli affecting the biodegradability of plastics. Using molecular dynamics simulation technology, it is demonstrated that plastic additives can promote the biodegradability of plastics. The factorial experimental design analysis revealed that all plastic additives can promote plastic biodegradation and plasticizer is the most favorable factor affecting plastic degradation, that hydrophobicity interactions are the primary reason for enhancing plastic degradation, and that screening No. 116–45 (plasticizer A, light stabilizer C, flame retardant E) is the most advantageous combination of biodegradable plastic additives. The plastic biodegradation effect regulation scheme proposed in this study is based on optimizing the proportion of additive components. To continue research on aquatic biodegradable plastics, the optimal combination of plastic components that can be absorbed and degraded by microorganisms is recommended.
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Ahmad, Jawad, Ali Majdi, Ahmed Babeker Elhag, Ahmed Farouk Deifalla, Mahfooz Soomro, Haytham F. Isleem, and Shaker Qaidi. "A Step towards Sustainable Concrete with Substitution of Plastic Waste in Concrete: Overview on Mechanical, Durability and Microstructure Analysis." Crystals 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12070944.
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Plastics have become an essential part of our daily lives, and global plastic production has increased dramatically in the past 50 years. This has significantly increased the amount of plastic garbage produced. Researchers have recently been interested in using trash and recyclable plastics in concrete as an ecologically acceptable building material. A large number of publications have been published that describe the behavior of concrete, containing waste and recovered plastic com ponents. However, information is scattered, and no one knows how plastic trash behaves as concrete materials. This research examines the use of plastic waste (PW) as aggregate or fiber in cement mortar and concrete manufacturing. The article reviewed the three most significant features of concrete: fresh properties, mechanical strength, and durability. PW and cement connections were also studied using microstructure analysis (scan electronic microscopy). The results showed that PW, as a fiber, enhanced mechanical performance, but PW, as a coarse aggregate, impaired concrete performance owing to poor bonding. The assessment also identified research needs in order to enhance the performance of PW-based concrete in the future.
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Vujic, Goran, Nebojsa Jovicic, Milun Babic, Nemanja Stanisavljevic, Bojan Batinic, and Aleksandar Pavlovic. "Assessment of plastic flows and stocks in Serbia using material flow analysis." Thermal Science 14, suppl. (2010): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci100621031v.
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Material flow analysis (MFA) was used to assess the amounts of plastic materials flows and stocks that are annually produced, consumed, imported, exported, collected, recycled, and disposed in the landfills in Serbia. The analysis revealed that approximatelly 269,000 tons of plastic materials are directly disposed in uncontrolled landfills in Serbia without any preatretment, and that siginificant amounts of these materials have already accumulated in the landfills. The substantial amounts of landfilled plastics represent not only a loss of valuable recourses, but also pose a seriuos treath to the environment and human health, and if the trend of direct plastic landfilling is continued, Serbia will face with grave consecequnces.
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Ming, Ng Cui, Nicole Liew Siaw Ing, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Zaid Hazim Al-Saffar, Muhammad Naqiuddin Mohd Warid, and Haryati Yaacob. "Image Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mixture with Waste Plastic." Key Engineering Materials 912 (March 4, 2022): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-5v446b.
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Cracking is a typical problem that deteriorates the strength and longevity of a pavement structure. Waste plastic in pavement construction is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. The use of waste plastic has been growing in recent years. Adding waste plastics to the asphalt mixture would improve its physical and mechanical characteristics. As a result, it is a sustainable and long-term solution that helps to reduce plastic waste and preserve the environment. This research aims to develop the image analysis and assess the characteristic of modifying bitumen with different percentages of plastic wastes (0%, 4%, 6%, and 8%). Using blending processes, modified bitumen was prepared. The binder used in this study is penetration grade PEN 60/70. Marshall Test, Indirect Tensile Strength, Resilient Modulus and Dynamic Creep Modulus test were carried out to determine the optimum percentage of waste plastic in asphalt mixture. The modified binders can be used in high-performance asphalt mixtures, as well as to use a well-developed image analysis technique using ImageJ software to characterize asphalt pavement surfaces. The result shows that the modified asphalt mixture is more efficient than the conventional asphalt mixture. Addition of the waste plastic proved sufficient to increase the performance of the asphalt pavement as modified asphalt mixture performance is more stable than conventional mixture.
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Sakakibara, Yohei, Keiji Kubusihro, Kyohei Nomura, and Satoshi Takahashi. "OS15F124 EBSD Analysis of Plastic Strain for Austenitic Stainless Steels." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _OS15F124——_OS15F124—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._os15f124-.
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Sugathan, Mahesh, Carolyn Deere Birkbeck, Ronald Steenblik, and David Vivas Eugui. "A Review of Trade Policies and Measures Relevant to Trade in Plastics and Plastic Pollution." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 7/8 (July 1, 2021): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021036.
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This article presents a first scholarly review of the trade policies and measures applied to trade in plastics, including those relevant to plastic pollution. It reviews existing tariff policies applied to plastics (section 1) and non-tariff measures applied to plastics (section 2). Section 3 provides a synopsis of environment-related trade measures relevant to plastic pollution. Analysis of the current state of play provides important insights that can inform both the United Nations ongoing discussions on intergovernmental cooperation to address plastic pollution and the dialogue underway at the WTO to identify how trade related policies could support the Sustainable Development Goals. Plastic pollution, trade measures, plastic trade, WTO, environment and trade
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Jian, Xiaomei, Peng Wang, Ningning Sun, Wen Xu, Lingxuan Liu, Yichun Ma, and Wei-Qiang Chen. "Material flow analysis of China’s five commodity plastics urges radical waste infrastructure improvement." Environmental Research: Infrastructure and Sustainability 2, no. 2 (May 18, 2022): 025002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2634-4505/ac5642.
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Abstract Plastic waste is one of the most pressing global environmental challenges. As the world’s largest plastic waste generator and importer, China has implemented various policies to promote sustainable plastic waste management. However, the quantitative understanding of China’s application-specific plastic waste recycling and its infrastructure development is still quite limited. Here, we build up a unified framework to investigate the recycling and the corresponding infrastructure status of five commodity plastics in China, which are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (PE, PP, PVC, PS, ABS) from 2000–2019. We find that: (1) in total, China consumed around 981.4 million tons (Mt) of the five commodity plastics from 2000–2019, generating 590.4 Mt of plastic waste, only 27% of which was recycled, 34% was landfilled and 32% was incinerated; (2) PP (∼30%) and PE (∼28%) have the highest recycling rate in China, which is related to their huge consumption base, while PS and ABS have the lowest recycling rate at only ∼26%; (3) the waste recycling performance is determined by its applications, and the worst recycling rates (<20%) are the packaging and commodity sectors due to their poor collection, while higher recycling rates (⩾30%) are found in the building and construction, agriculture and transportation sectors due to the special waste collection systems in these sectors; (4) our further examination of the recycling potential reveals that around 56% of packaging waste can be recycled by adjusting waste management infrastructure (in the collection, pre- and end-processing). Our results can help bridge information gaps and support policymaking to improve sustainable plastic waste management.
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Sagapova, Nikola, and Eva Cudlinova. "The academic interest for bioplastics - a bibliometric analysis." Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 80, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.80.1.436.
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Plastic materials are shaping modern society and making our lives easier. However, due to improper handling of plastic waste, plastics are no longer ubiquitous only in our homes, villages and cities but also in the natural environment. In line with the concept of bioeconomy, bioplastics are presented as a sustainable option that could help the economy overcome its dependence on fossil fuels and contribute to the reduction of overall plastic pollution. The study aims to identify the areas of academic interest in bioplastics. The study's methodological approach is based on a bibliometric (scientometric) analysis. It was found that in academia, biology, chemistry, and biotechnology are the main areas dealing with bioplastics, focusing on the whole process of product development. At the same time, there is a significant lack of research in areas such as social sciences, including economics. These findings should contribute to the global scientific discourse.
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Asari, Misuzu, Megu Tsuchimura, Shin-ichi Sakai, Makoto Tsukiji, and Faafetai Sagapolutele. "Analysis of mismanaged plastic waste in Samoa to suggest proper waste management in Pacific island countries." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 12 (August 18, 2019): 1207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19867391.
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Pacific island countries are facing critical challenges in managing the growing amount of increasingly diverse wastes because of changing lifestyles and the concentration of populations in urban areas. Although marine plastic waste is an issue in the Pacific region, there have been almost no studies of the estimation and impacts of ocean plastic waste, and measures to control such waste, in these countries. Here, first we conducted a questionnaire survey about consumption and disposal of plastic products at households in Samoa as one of the examples of Pacific island countries to grasp the flow of plastic materials and awareness or behaviour for plastic waste. Then we quantified ocean plastic waste and discussed the effective and needed countermeasures in Pacific island countries. The total amount of mismanaged plastic waste was estimated to be 327,000 or 156,000 t y−1 (depending on the scenario) in Pacific island countries. The regional Pacific island countries contribution to the global total mismanaged plastic waste was estimated to range from 1.3% to 2.7%. The amount of mismanaged plastic waste per capita in some Pacific island countries, such as Solomon Islands and Micronesia, was also ranked highly globally. The main reasons seem to be that waste collection rates are relatively low in rural areas and rates of plastic waste generation are high. To implement solutions, including improving municipal solid waste collection, reducing plastic waste, improving the collection and recycling of plastics, and the integration of a number of policies is essential.
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Zhou, Yuan, Jie Guan, Jing Wei Wang, Wen Jie Wu, and Cheng Long Zhang. "Life Cycle Analysis on Regenerating and Energy Recovery of Plastic Solid Waste Management in Shanghai." Applied Mechanics and Materials 768 (June 2015): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.768.426.
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Over the past several decades with significant technological advances there has been continuous increase in plastic manufacturing in China, which has contributed to the production of a great deal of plastics worldwide every year, and at the same time it has resulted in a large amount of plastic solid waste (PSW). It has great potential values for waste plastics to reuse as secondary materials, which may lessen pressure on resource and environment. The paper studies the status of waste plastics in recycling, reusing and reducing on management countering on the increase in the flow of waste plastics in Shanghai. In light of the methodology of life cycle, the study analyzes the environmental impacts associating with the alternatives in a ‘cradle to grave’ approve to PSW technological recycling systems. We will choose regenerating and energy recovery processes based on site investigation and literatures data in Shanghai to analyze recycling options and how various processes affect the environment. Life-cycle methodology was very suitable for evaluating the overall environmental consequences, and could be used for making decisions and planning strategies with the rapid increase of plastic solid waste generation for Shanghai.
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Baran, Bernadeta. "Resource (in)efficiency in the EU: a case of plastic waste." Ekonomia i Prawo 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/eip.2022.003.
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Motivation: Plastics are versatile materials with applications in numerous sectors. They contribute to effective resource protection during their usage phase but a great challenge is increasing amount of unmanaged plastic waste and its environmental impact. Meanwhile, plastic waste is a valuable raw material. Appropriate management reduces environmental pressure and brings economic benefits. The transition to circularity is a strategic objective of the EU but it involves numerous obstacles. This article deals with these issues.
Aim: The purpose of the article is to indicate the scale of losses in one of key waste stream — plastic waste — by looking at origin, way of collection and treatment of end-of-use plastics. The analysis aims to show the level of recycling in relation to the demand for plastic (as commonly used recycling indicator refers only to the plastic waste collected), the way the plastic waste is managed in various sectors and the specific barriers to its recycling.
Results: Recycling of plastic waste accounts for only about 5–10% of the total demand for plastic. Overall, post-consumer plastic waste collected for treatment constitutes 49% of plastics production. 32.5% of those collected plastics is recycled, compared with 25% of plastics landfilled and 42.5% recovered for energy. Still a lot of plastic waste is exported to developing countries, some is hidden in untracked trade flow or illegal landfills. The EU is shifting from linear to circular approach but it is only the beginning of economic transformation towards plastics circularity.
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Gnimadi, Christian Julien Isac, Michael Aboah, and Kokoutse Gawou. "Using Factor Analysis to Understand the Influence of Individual Perception on Plastic Waste Disposal." Indonesian Journal of Social and Environmental Issues (IJSEI) 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.47540/ijsei.v3i3.623.
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One of the major plastic pollution problems is the understanding of the ideology underpinning their disposal. Consequently, this research aims at evaluating the factors that influence respondents’ decisions on managing their plastic waste and investigate respondents’ awareness of the health and safety issues associated with inappropriate plastic waste disposal. This research used a descriptive design. 360 individuals were randomly selected in three districts within the Cape Coast Metropolis. The data collection instrument was a structured questionnaire. The results showed that the influential factors listed according to the decreasing value of factor loading are the idea that municipal authorities’ inadequate collection of wastes, lack of education, notion that plastics are more durable than paper, the long distances of the individual to a dustbin, the lack of information on the alternatives to reduce plastic waste, the increased number of people living in the area, the high amount of plastic packaging, the lack of adequate information on proper methods to dispose of plastic waste, the attitudinal problems, the lack of infrastructure for recycling the plastic waste and the weak enforcement of existing bye-laws on sanitation. The factor loading values are 0.84, 0.82, 0.80, 0.72 ,0.71, 0.68, 0.67, 0.66, 0.64, 0.61, 0.58 respectively.
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Oktavilia, Shanty, Mita Hapsari, Firmansyah, Andryan Setyadharma, and Indah Fajarini Sri Wahyuningsum. "Plastic Industry and World Environmental Problems." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 05020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020205020.
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The problem of managing plastic waste is the focus of the entire world today. Mismanaged plastics make a significant contribution to the increase in carbon emissions as a result of the release of plastic chemicals that are exposed to sunlight or are burned. The plastics industry which continues to experience an increase in production makes plastic waste continue to increase from year to year. This study aims to determine the relationship of the effect of the amount of plastic production on increasing the amount of co2 emission carbon at the global level using a simple linear regression analysis tool. The results showed that the production of plastics had a positive and significant effect, which meant that the higher the plastics produced by the plastics industry, the higher the amount of CO2 emission carbon. Similarly, the GDP per capita variable, showed positive and significant results. this means that the income pattern of the world community still has a positive effect on environmental degradation.
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Sadhukhan, Jhuma, and Kartik Sekar. "Economic Conditions to Circularize Clinical Plastics." Energies 15, no. 23 (November 27, 2022): 8974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15238974.
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Over 5.5 million tons of plastic waste are generated globally from the research sectors. A university laboratory, e.g., pathology, can generate 250 tons of clinical plastic waste annually. The UK National Health Service (NHS) generates 133 kilotons (kt) of clinical plastic waste annually. Healthcare facilities in the US generate 1.7 million tons of clinical plastic waste annually. In addition, 95% of the clinical plastics are single-use plastics derived from fossil resources, i.e., crude oils. These single-use clinical plastic wastes are incinerated, contributing to global warming, or go to the landfill, contributing to resource depletion. Plastic leakage is a major threat to the environment. This linear plastics economy model, take-make-dispose, must be replaced by a circular plastics economy, i.e., sort plastic wastes, wash, decontaminate, recover materials, blend with bio-based compounds as necessary and circulate recyclate plastics, for holistic systemic sustainability. While there are multi-faceted environmental drivers for a circular plastics economy, there are many uncertainties in the economic attributes, electricity price, labor cost and chemical cost being the primary ones influencing the cost of production of secondary or recyclate plastics, requiring government and policy support, such as a gate fee on plastic waste by the generators to the recyclers. An essential macroeconomic condition for techno-economically (or micro-economically) feasible plastic waste recycling is low oil and gas prices that influence the recyclate plastics and electricity prices. It is essential to de-fossilize the economy by decoupling renewable electricity generation from natural gas consumption and fossil-independent biopolymer productions displacing fossil-derived plastics to stimulate the circular economy. This study shows a comprehensive and robust technoeconomic analysis of mechanical recycling of clinical plastic wastes into secondary plastics recovery.
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Zhao, Jun, Shu Zhong Wang, Zhi Qiang Wu, Lin Chen, and Hai Yu Meng. "Thermogravimetric Analysis of Plastic and Biomass under Different Oxygen Concentration." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1985–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1985.
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This paper simulates the plastic and biomass pyrolysis and ignition characteristics in different atmosphere, by thermogravimetric analysis polypropylene and plane wood at different oxygen concentrations. Experiments show that, increase the concentration of oxygen can accelerate the pyrolysis reaction rate of biomass and plastics, and can also reduce the ignition temperature of them. But for high volatile substances, such as plastic, the increase of oxygen concentration make a smaller effect on the pyrolysis and ignition, and for relatively high fixed carbon content substances, such as plane woods, the increase of oxygen concentration make a larger effect on pyrolysis and ignition.
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Al-Qadri, Ali A., Usama Ahmed, Abdul Gani Abdul Jameel, Umer Zahid, Muhammad Usman, and Nabeel Ahmad. "Simulation and Modelling of Hydrogen Production from Waste Plastics: Technoeconomic Analysis." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102056.
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The global energy demand is expected to increase by 30% within the next two decades. Plastic thermochemical recycling is a potential alternative to meet this tremendous demand because of its availability and high heating value. Polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) are considered in this study because of their substantial worldwide availability in the category of plastic wastes. Two cases were modeled to produce hydrogen from the waste plastics using Aspen Plus®. Case 1 is the base design containing three main processes (plastic gasification, syngas conversion, and acid gas removal), where the results were validated with the literature. On the other hand, case 2 integrates the plastic gasification with steam methane reforming (SMR) to enhance the overall hydrogen production. The two cases were then analyzed in terms of syngas heating values, hydrogen production rates, energy efficiency, greenhouse gas emissions, and process economics. The results reveal that case 2 produces 5.6% more hydrogen than case 1. The overall process efficiency was enhanced by 4.13%. Case 2 reduces the CO2 specific emissions by 4.0% and lowers the hydrogen production cost by 29%. This substantial reduction in the H2 production cost confirms the dominance of the integrated model over the standalone plastic gasification model.
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Mederake, Linda, and Doris Knoblauch. "Shaping EU Plastic Policies: The Role of Public Health vs. Environmental Arguments." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 3928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203928.
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Few other environmental problems have received as much public attention and criticism in recent years as plastic pollution. Accordingly, in recent years, a number of plastic policies have been adopted at the national and supranational level in the EU and worldwide. In the U.S., health risks were repeatedly raised in the decision-making process of these policies and scholars have pointed out the crucial role of these arguments for the adoption of plastic policies. Hence, this article uses a structuring qualitative content analysis to investigate the parliamentary debates of two recently adopted plastic policies in the EU—namely the EU Plastics Strategy and the Single-Use Plastics Directive—and to assess the relevance of public health and environmental arguments for the EU debate. The analysis reveals broad support for plastics regulation among Members of the European Parliament, who most often use environmental arguments to corroborate their support for the policies in question. In contrast, health concerns do not seem to be crucial for the adoption of plastic policies in the EU.
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IKEDA, Naoki, Junshi ICHIKAWA, Yuta KASHITANI, Kentaro TSUNODA, Yuto HORIGOME, Daichi UEMATSU, Makoto HAGIWARA, et al. "Cold plastic forming and FEM analysis of ABS plastic pipe." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2018.26 (2018): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2018.26.406.
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Betten, Josef, and Chan Ho Shin. "Plastic buckling analysis of a circular cylinder considering plastic compressibility." Forschung im Ingenieurwesen 63, no. 6 (May 1997): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00010830.
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Kobayashi, Kenichiroh. "Vibration analysis for plastic parts." Seikei-Kakou 25, no. 6 (2013): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.25.265.
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Liu, Yu Mei. "Plastic Parts Die Design Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 246-247 (December 2012): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.246-247.956.
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The design of embedded a plastic mould design, make the mould can achieve the required by the plastic parts processing technology, and realizing automation production to increase production. Through to the analysis of the plastic parts for process, the general design of the mould structure, including sure cavity layout, sure pouring system, determine the parting surface and ejector institutions and pull the lever for design, cooling system, the design of the vents, in order to design a complete mold assembly drawing.
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MUNRO, JOHN. "PLASTIC ANALYSIS BY MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING." Civil Engineering Systems 13, no. 2 (April 1996): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630259608970190.
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MUNRO, J. "Plastic Analysis by Mathematical Programming." Civil Engineering Systems 13, no. 3 (June 1996): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630259608970202.
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Pi, Yong-Lin, and Nicholas S. Trahair. "Plastic-Collapse Analysis of Torsion." Journal of Structural Engineering 121, no. 10 (October 1995): 1389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1995)121:10(1389).
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Schubak, R. B., M. D. Olson, and D. L. Anderson. "Simplified Rigid-Plastic Beam Analysis." Journal of Applied Mechanics 54, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 720–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3173095.
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Silva, R. C. C., L. Landau, and F. L. B. Ribeiro. "Visco-plastic h-adaptive analysis." Computers & Structures 78, no. 1-3 (November 2000): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-7949(00)00078-x.
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