Dissertations / Theses: 'Plasma'

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Law, Daniel A. "Dusty plasmas and plasma crystals." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298743.

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Mercieca, Kayron. "Plasma spectroscopy in pinch plasmas." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7118.

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Magnetic fields play a very important role in the dynamics of plasmas. Through interactions with the ions and electrons within plasmas, their behaviour and evolution can be drastically influenced. It is the Zeeman effect that is responsible for the splitting of radiative lines observed. Zeeman spectroscopy is a tool used for the diagnosis of these magnetic fields within plasmas when the extent of this line splitting is observable. Aluminium is chosen as an element to model as it is easy to place within a pinch plasma. It is also relatively easy to ionise Aluminium into being Hydrogen-like within the conditions of pinch plasmas. The calculation of Lyman Alpha and Lyman Beta spectral lineshapes for a Hydrogen-like Aluminium plasma is presented from a fundamental standpoint. The Stark and Zeeman effects are explored and modelled. Modelling of the former is aided by an adapted version of the APEX code by R. Lee in order to calculate the probability distribution of electric fields around a radiator ion in the plasma. Both effects are calculated together as a quantum perturbation to the π = 1, 2, 3 atomic energy levels including fine structure. The lineshapes resulting from this calculation are compared with H-Line’s models (a code also by R. Lee) and shown to be significantly more detailed, including visible Zeeman splitting for test external magnetic fields of B = 100 T and B = 1000 T. Natural and Doppler broadening are also modelled. These extra broadening effects (in particular Doppler) are shown to be destructive to discernable lineshape detail, largely preventing magnetic field diagnosis through Zeeman spectroscopy. Lastly, Lyman Alpha and Lyman Beta are modelled for plasmas with Z-pinch and X-pinch conditions in order to determine the viability of visible Zeeman line splitting.

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Gulko, Ilya Dmitrievich. "Ns Pulse / RF Hybrid Plasmas for Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Assisted Catalysis Applications." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1598271986860656.

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Ridenti, Marco Antonio 1986. "Diagnóstico e modelagem de plasmas gerados por micro-ondas e aplicações." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/276981.

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Orientadores: Jayr de Amorim Filho, Marco Aurélio Pinheiro de Lima
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Neste trabalho plasmas não térmicos gerados em pressão atmosférica e sustentados por ondas de superfície em micro-ondas, tendo o argônio como gás de alimentação, foram estudados experimentalmente e teoricamente tendo em vista aspectos pouco compreendidos de suas propriedades físicas e aplicações voltadas ao tratamento de biomassa. Medições da composição elementar e dos parâmetros físicos foram realizados por meio de técnicas de diagnóstico baseadas em espectrometria de massa e espectroscopia óptica de emissão. O sistema físico foi modelado por meio das equações de continuidade das espécies neutras e carregadas, da equação do calor e da equação de Boltzmann dos elétrons, que foram acopladas utilizando um procedimento auto-consistente. Uma vez obtido o quadro geral das propriedades do plasma, foi estabelecida a condição de operação adequada ao tratamento das amostras derivadas de biomassa. O tratamento foi realizado sobre quatro tipo de amostras: lignina, xilana, celulose e bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Dentre as contribuições importantes deste trabalho podem ser destacadas: (i) a verificação experimental do papel dos íons moleculares do argônio no processo de contração da descarga; (ii) a determinação do perfil axial no plasma dos principais íon positivos e negativos, da densidade e temperatura eletrônicas, da temperatura do gás e da densidade do estado metaestável Ar(1s5); (iii) verificação da seletividade do tratamento a plasma, tendo sido observada uma alteração significativa dos espectros de absorção no infravermelho nos casos da lignina e da xilana, mas não no caso da celulose. Esse último resultado sugere uma rota inusitada para novas tecnologias de deslignificação e síntese de novos materiais a partir de biomassa
Abstract: In this work non-thermal argon plasmas produced at atmospheric pressure and sustained by microwave surface waves were theoretically and experimentally studied in view of their non understood aspects and also the applications aimed at biomass treatment. Measurements of elemental composition and physical parameters were carried by means of plasma diagnostic techniques such as mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy. Plasma modelling based on the self-consistent solution of the continuity equations of the neutral and charged species, the heat equation and the electron Boltzmann equation was developed to describe the plasma properties. Once a complete picture of the plasma behaviour was obtained, a promising condition for plasma treatment was established. Four types of biomass derived material were plasma treated: lignin, cellulose, xylan and sugarcane bagasse. Among the important contributions of this work one may highlight the following: (i) the experimental verification of the crucial role of argon molecular ions in the discharge contraction; (ii) axial profile determination of the main positive and negative ions, the electronic temperature and density, the gas temperature and the metastable state Ar(1s5) density; (iii) important modification of the infrared absorption spectra after plasma treatment in the cases of lignin and xylan, but not in the case of cellulose, suggesting a unexpected route for delignification and new materials synthesis from biomass
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências

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Iwamae, Atsushi. "Plasma polarization spectroscopy on magnetically confined plasmas." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144851.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(工学)
乙第11656号
論工博第3848号
新制||工||1351(附属図書館)
23469
UT51-2005-D574
京都大学大学院工学研究科機械物理工学専攻
(主査)教授藤本孝, 教授斧髙一, 教授木田重雄
学位規則第4条第2項該当

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Ng, Lun Chiu. "Spatial and temporal probing of particle density in UV laser generated plasma and high pressure TE discharge plasma." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1994. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/11.

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Colina, Delacqua Ligia Maria. "Modélisation/diagnostic de production de poussières dans un plasma H₂au contact d’une cible C/W : Contribution à l’étude des interactions plasma/surface dans les machines de fusion thermonucléaire." Paris 13, 2012. http://scbd-sto.univ-paris13.fr/intranet/edgalilee_th_2012_colina_delacqua.pdf.

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Ce travail de thèse a porté sur la caractérisation expérimentale d’un plasma d’hydrogène au contact de cibles de carbone ou tungstène généré dans le réacteur microonde multi dipolaire CASIMIR II. Ce dernier, développé pendant ce projet de thèse, a pour objectif de simuler quelques des processus plasma/surface ayant lieu sous le dome du divertor et dans les régions à l’ombre du plasma (SOL) dans les tokamaks. CASIMIR II se compose de 16 sources dipolaires microondes disposées de manière circulaire le long du périmètre de l’enceinte à vide de manière à obtenir un plasma basse pression (10⁻³ à 10⁻² mbar), haute densité (10⁹ - 10¹¹ cm⁻³) homogène dans tout le volume du réacteur. Des cibles C/W ont été exposées à de tels plasmas. La mise en oeuvre de plusieurs diagnostics in situ spectroscopie optique d’émission, spectrométrie de masse et sonde de langmuir) ont permis d’identifier la nature de quelques produits d’érosion et de constater leur incidence sur les paramètres plasma (Vp' Tₑ‚ nₑ et nᵢ). Un premier modèle 1D collisionnel radial du plasma d’hydrogène généré par une source dipolaire microonde a été développé dans le but de valider et d’aider à l’interprétation des résultats expérimentaux
The work presented in the frame of this thesis dealt with the experimental characterization of a hydrogen plasma in contact with carbon or tungsten target generated in the microwave multidipolar plasma reactor CASIMIR II. This reactor, developed during this thesis project, is envisioned to simulate some plasma / surface processes occuring under the divertor dome and in the far Scrape-off Layer (SOL) regions of tokamaks. The CASIMIR II device is composed of 16 dipolar plasma sources close enough together to ensure large enough homogenous plasma density (10⁹ - 10¹¹ cm⁻³) at low presure (10⁻³ à 10⁻² mbar). Carbon/tungsten targets have been exposed to such plasma. The implementation of several in situ diagnostics (optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and Langmuir probe) provided us the possibility to identify the nature of some erosion products and observe their effect on plasma parameters (Vp' Tₑ‚ nₑ et nᵢ). A ID collisional radial model of the hydrogen plasma generated by a single microwave dipolar source was developed to validate and help understanding of the experimental results

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Couëdel, Lénaïc Gaël Hervé Fabien. "Nanoparticle formation and dynamics in a complex (dusty) plasma : from the plasma ignition to the afterglow." Connect to full text, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4121.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009.
Includes graphs and tables. Cotutelle thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Complex Plasma Laboratory, School of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney and the degree of Docteur de l'Université Orléans. Title from title screen (viewed May 5, 2009) Degree awarded 2009; thesis submitted 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Bubliyeuski, Dzmitry Alexandrovich. "Estudo da interação de arcos elétricos com catodo frio de cobre para ar e nitrogênio utilizando a técnica de diagnóstico termo-espectroscópica." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277392.

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Orientador: Aruy Marotta
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
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Resumo: Uma nova técnica de diagnóstico, denominada termo-espectroscópica, foi introduzida neste trabalho para estudo da interação do arco elétrico com o catodo frio de cobre numa instalação coaxial magnética, com catodo não-refrigerado, operando em gases plasmagênicos ar e nitrogênio. A técnica foi aplicada ao estudo da velocidade de rotação da mancha do arco e da densidade efetiva de corrente na mancha. Estes parâmetros têm estreita relação com o fenômeno da erosão de eletrodos frios. A nova técnica combina a técnica óptico-espectroscópica e a técnica térmica, e se baseia na teoria térmica da erosão. Por espectroscopia, registra-se a evolução temporal da intensidade da linha de emissão do vapor de cobre. Pelo método térmico, registra-se a evolução da temperatura da superfície do eletrodo. A técnica permite um grande aumento na sensibilidade de detecção do ponto de transição do regime de micro para macroerosão, através da observação do abrupto aumento da intensidade da linha espectral do cobre. Observamos que para o regime de microerosão, a velocidade é sempre maior, e a dispersão da velocidade sempre menor que na macroerosão. Esse fato confirma a existência de uma força de arraste superficial ao movimento do arco, que pode ser proporcionada pela fusão do eletrodo, por jatos catódicos e/ou por óxidos na superfície do eletrodo. A densidade de corrente na mancha apresenta um grande crescimento para valores baixos do campo magnético e certa saturação para altos valores. Para o ar foi observada uma forte influência dos óxidos na mobilidade da mancha, que é significativamente maior do que com nitrogênio. A diferença entre medidas obtidas no ar e nitrogênio é atribuída ao processo de decomposição de óxidos na superfície, que afeta a determinação correta do ponto de transição. O estudo experimental realizado nesta tese permite uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos que ocorrem em manchas de arcos elétricos de eletrodos frios
Abstract: In the present work a new diagnostic technique, named thermo-spectroscopic one, was introduced for study of the interaction of the electric arc with a cold copper electrode using the coaxial magnetic installation with non-refrigerated cathode operated in air and nitrogen. The technique was applied to the measurement of the arc spot rotation velocity and the effective spot current density. These parameters have a direct relation with the phenomenon of the cold electrode erosion. The new technique combines the optic-spectroscopic method and the thermal method, and is based on the erosion thermophysical theory. Using spectroscopy, the temporal evolution of the intensity of the copper vapor emission line was registered. Via the thermal method, the evolution of the electrode surface temperature was recorded. By the observation of the abrupt increase of the copper spectral line intensity, the new technique permits a significative increase in the sensibility of the detection of the transition from the microerosion process to the macroerosion one. It was observed that the arc velocity for the microerosion regime is always higher and the velocity dispersion is always lesser then the ones for the macroerosion regime. This fact confirms the existence of the surface drag force to the arc movement, which can be provided by the electrode fusion process, by cathode jets and/or by oxides formed on the electrode surface. The arc spot current density presents a high growth for the low values of the magnetic field and certain saturation for the high values ones. For the air, a strong influence of oxides on the spot mobility was observed, that is more significant then the one for the nitrogen. The difference between the measurements for the air and the nitrogen is attributed to the oxide decomposition process on the electrode surface that affects the correct transition point determination. The experimental study, carried out in this thesis, allows a better understanding of the phenomenon taking place in cold electrode arc spots
Doutorado
Física de Plasmas e Descargas Elétricas
Doutor em Ciências

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Ng, Sheung Wah. "Plasma-neutral equilibrium in centrifugally confined plasma." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/6999.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Physics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Brihoum, Mélissa. "Miniaturisation des grilles de transistors : Etude de l'intérêt des plasmas pulsés." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENT073.

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L'industrie de la microélectronique s'appuie sur l'évolution constante de la miniaturisation des transistors. D'ici 2016, cette industrie atteindra le nœud technologique 16 nm dans lequel il faudra être capable de graver des structures de dimensions nanométrique ayant de très forts facteurs d'aspect. Cependant, les procédés de gravure actuels montrent de sérieuses limitations en termes de contrôle des profils et des dimensions critiques lorsqu'il faut graver de telles structures. Les problèmes rencontrés sont liés d'une part à des limitations intrinsèques des procédés plasmas et d'autre part à l'apparition de nouveaux phénomènes lorsque la dimension des structures à graver devient nanométrique. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un nouveau mode de fonctionnement des sources à plasma est étudié pour développer des procédés de gravure adaptés aux prochaines générations de circuits intégrés : les plasmas modulés en impulsions courtes. Les premiers travaux réalisés s'appuient sur de puissantes techniques d'analyses du plasma (spectroscopie d'absorption VUV, sonde de flux ionique, analyseur électrostatique) dans le but de mettre en évidence l'impact des paramètres de la modulation en impulsion du plasma sur ses caractéristiques physicochimiques (flux et énergie des radicaux et des ions). Ces diagnostics ont tout d'abord permis de définir très clairement les conséquences de la modulation en impulsion du plasma sur les flux de radicaux réactifs qui bombardent le substrat : le rapport de cycle est LE paramètre clé pour contrôler la chimie du plasma car il permet de contrôler le taux de fragmentation du gaz par impact électronique. Dans un second temps, nous avons également démontré que dans les plasmas électronégatifs et pour une puissance RF de polarisation donnée, l'énergie des ions augmente lorsque le rapport de cycle diminue. Fort de ces connaissances fondamentales sur les plasmas, des analyses des surfaces (XPS, MEB, Raman…) ont permis de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeux lors de l'interaction plasma- surface. Ainsi, il a été possible de développer des procédés de gravure pulsés pour plusieurs étapes de la grille de transistor (prétraitement HBr, gravure du Si-ARC, gravure du pSi). Les prétraitements HBr sont incontournables pour réduire la rugosité de bord de ligne de transistor. Lors de cette étape, une couche riche en carbone limite l'effet bénéfique des UV du plasma sur la diminution de la rugosité. Grâce à l'utilisation des plasmas pulsés, l'origine de cette couche a été mise en évidence : elle résulte du dépôt sur les motifs d'espèces carbonées non volatiles issues de la photolyse de la résine qui sont relâchées dans le plasma. Dans ce système bicouche, les contraintes de la couche carbonée dure vont se relaxer dans le volume mou de la résine par phénomène de « buckling » qui se traduit par une hausse de la rugosité de bord de ligne. Nous avons montré que cela peut être évité en minimisant l'épaisseur de cette couche, ce qui peut être obtenu notamment en pulsant le plasma. La gravure de la couche anti-réflective Si-ARC qui sert de masque dur et celle de la grille en poly Silicium reposent sur l'utilisation de plasmas fluorocarbonés. Mais dans ce type de plasma, la production de précurseurs pour la polymérisation est diminuée quand le plasma est pulsé, conduisant à une perte de sélectivité et d'anisotropie. Les plasmas synchronisés pulsés ne sont donc pas de bons candidats pour les étapes de gravure considérées. Pour pallier à ce problème, un autre mode de polarisation a été étudié : les plasmas pour lesquels seule la puissance de polarisation est pulsée. Dans le cas de la gravure du Si-ARC, il est possible d'obtenir des profils très anisotropes avec une sélectivité vis-à-vis de la résine nettement améliorée. Pour la gravure du Silicium, les effets d'ARDE ont pu être diminués tout en améliorant la sélectivité. Ces résultats sont très encourageants
Microelectronics industry is based on the continuous transistor downscaling. By the year 2016, the 16nm technological node would be achieved, so that structures with nanometric dimensions and high aspect ratio would have to be etch. However, traditional etching processes shows major limitations in terms of pattern profiles control and critical dimensions when such structures have to be etch. The encountered problems are related directly to intrinsic limitations of plasmas processes but also to the emergence of new phenomena’s when the dimensions of structures to etch become nanometric. In the framework of this thesis, a new strategy to produce plasma has been evaluated to develop etching plasmas processes adapted to next integration circuit generations: the pulsed plasmas. Over a first phase, the impact of plasma pulsing parameters (frequency and duty cycle) on the plasma physico-chemical characteristics has been highlight. This has been achievable thanks to advanced plasma analyse techniques (VUV broad band absorption spectroscopy, ion flux probe, retarding electrical field analyser…) developed to allow time resolved measurements. For the neutral flux, diagnostics have revealed that duty cycle is THE key control knob to tune the plasma. Indeed, a low duty cycle leads to reduced parent gas fragmentation and thus a reduced chemical reactivity. On the other hand, in electronegative plasmas and for constant RF power, we have demonstrated that ion energy is considerably increased when the ions flux is decreased (i.e. when the duty cycle is decreased). Then, surface analyses (XPS, SEM, Raman spectroscopy…) brought out the mechanisms involved during the plasma-surface interaction. Deeper comprehension of impact of pulsing parameters enables to develop pulsed plasmas processes more easily. These works are focused on the top of the transistor gate and deal with the following steps: HBr cure, Si-ARC etching, poly-silicon etching. HBr cure is an essential pre-treatment of the 193 nm photoresist to decrease the Line Width Roughness (LWR) of transistor gate. During this step, a carbon rich layer is formed on the surface of the resist pattern and degrades the beneficial action of UV plasma light on LWR reduction. Thanks to use of pulsed plasmas, the origin of this carbon rich layer has been highlight: UV induced modifications in polymer bulk lead to outgassing of volatiles carbon-based products in the plasma. These carbon containing moieties are fragmented by electron impact dissociation reaction in the plasma, which create sticking carbon based precursors available for re-deposition on the resist patterns. The impact of this layer on the LWR and resist pattern reflow is studied, and a possible mechanical origin (i.e. buckling instabilities) is highlighted. Finally, we showed that the use of pulsed HBr curing plasma allows to reduce and control the thickness of the graphite-like layer and to obtain LWR reduction that are comparable to VUV treatment only. The Si-ARC layer, used as hard mask, and the poly-silicon gate etching are based on the use of fluorocarbon plasmas. However, in these plasmas, the production of radicals enable for the polymerisation is decreased when the duty cycle is reduced. It leads to loss of both anisotropy and selectivity. Synchronised pulsed plasmas are then not adapted to such etching processes. To overcome this problem, a new way to produce plasma has been studied: the ICP source power is maintained constant and only the bias power is pulsed. Regarding Si-ARC etching, very anisotropic profiles are obtained and the Si-ARC to resist selectivity is enhanced while pulsing the rf bias to the wafer. In the case of poly-silicon etching, the ARDE effects are significantly reduced while the selectivity regarding the oxide is improved. These results are very promising for the development of polymerising plasmas processes

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Lerche, Ernesto Augusto. "Aquecimento do plasma por ondas de Alfvén no tokamak TCABR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-17072012-141903/.

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Os resultados de uma extensa campanha experimental, realizada no tokamak TCABR, para se investigar a física das ondas de Alfvén e suas aplicações para o aquecimento de plasmas em tokamaks são apresentados. Ao longo das investigações, foram testados dois tipos de antena, tendo sido observado aquecimento considerável do plasma com ambas, mesmo com valor moderado da potência RF injetada no plasma. Diversas configurações de excitação e diversas condições do plasma foram investigadas, e foi verificado que a escolha correta da helicidade da onda excitada PE crucial para se reduzir o acoplamento parasítico com o plasma periférico. Também foi verificada a importância de uma limpeza periódica da superfície das antenas, realizada durante as descargas de limpeza do tokamak, para melhorar o desempenho dos experimentos com aquecimento por ondas de Alfvén. Com a antena original, que produz um espectro poloidal bastante selecionado, a tensão de polarização dinâmica induzida nas antenas observada durante os experimentos era alta, aumentando a taxa de sputtering em seus elementos e podendo, inclusive, levar à disruptura do plasma em potêncis RF mais elevadas. Com o novo tipo de antena, projetado com dimensões poloidais reduzidas, a tensão de polarização induzida caiu pela metade. No entanto, o acoplamento parasítico com a borda do plasma aumentou, como foi indicado por maiores perturbações observadas nos potenciais do SOL, nesse caso. Ademais, a taxa de injeção/ionização de impurezas parece ser maior do que a observada com a antena original em condições semelhantes, como foi indicado pór um aumento maior no sinal do bolômetro durante o pulso RF e por medidas de espectroscopia. Esses fatos sugerem que o espectro excitado pela antena nova é menos seletivo quanto à componente poloidal M, e os modos eletrostáticos devem estar sendo excitados com amplitude considerável. As modificações causadas pela absorção das ondas de Alfvén no perfil radial da temperatura eletrônica do plasma puderam ser estudadas com um radiômetro heteródino de varredura ECE. Esses estudos nos permitiram determinar experimentalmente os perfis radiais de deposição de potência RF no plasma, que estão em surpreendente concordância com os perfis de deposição de potência RF no plasma, que estão surpreendente concordância com os perfis de deposição teóricos, calculados com um código cinético-toroidal para as condições típicas do TCABR. Esses resultados são inéditos em pesquisas com ondas de Alfvén, e reforçam a sua utilização para aquecimento localizado de plasmas e controle de fluxos cizalhados em tokamaks.
The results of na extensive experimental campaign performed in the TCABR tokamak to investigate the Physics of the Alfvén wave and its application to tokamak plasma heating are presented. In the course of the experiments, Téo types of Alfvén Wave antennae were studied, and considerable plasma heating was observed in both cases, even with rather small amount of RF Power injected in the plasma. Many antennae configurations and plasma conditions were tried out, and it was verified that the correct choice of the helicity of the excited wave is crucial to reduce the parasitic coupling with the edge plasma. It was also noticed that periodic conditioning of the antenna surface, performed together with the daily tokamak cleaning discharges, also contributes to improve the performance of the heating experiments. With the first antenna type, which produced a rather well defined poloidal spectrum, the dynamic polarication voltage induced in the antennae during the RF experiments was high, causing increased sputtering of its elements and, for higher RF powr input, even plasma disruptions. With the new antenna type, designed with smaller poloidal dimensions, the dynamic polarization voltage of the antenna was reduced twice. However the parasitic coupling with the plasma hás increased, as indicated by stronger perturbations of the electrostatic potentials in the scrape-off layer observed in this case. In addition, the impurity injection/ionization rate also seems to have increased with respect to the previous antenna type in approximately the same conditions, as indicated by a stronger rise in the bolometer signal observed during the RF pulse, and by spectroscopic measurements. These facts suggest that, with the new antenna type, the excited wave spectrum is rather broad with respect to the poloidal wave number M, and electrostatic modes must be excited with quite high amplitude. The change in the radial profiles of the electron temperature due to the Alfvén wave absorption could be studied with a heterodyne sweping ECE radiometer. These sutidies allowed us to determine experimentally the RF Power deposition profiles inside the plasma, which were in surprisingly good agreement with the theoretical deposition profiles, calculated with a kinetic-toroidal code for the TCABR plasma conditions. These results are unprecedented in experimental Alfvén wave research, and strengthen the use of these waves for localized plasma heating and shear flow control in tokamaks.

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Jacobson, Craig Michael. "Electron transport in plasmas with lithium-coated plasma-facing components." Thesis, Princeton University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3615076.

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The Lithium Tokamak Experiment (LTX) is a spherical tokamak designed to study the lowrecycling regime through the use of lithium-coated shells conformal to the last closed flux surface (LCFS). A lowered recycling rate is expected to flatten core T_e profiles, raise edge T_e, strongly affect n_e profiles, and enhance confinement.

To study these unique plasmas, a Thomson scattering diagnostic uses a ≤ 20 J, 30 ns FWHM pulsed ruby laser to measure T_e and n_e at 11 radial points on the horizontal midplane, spaced from the magnetic axis to the outer edge at a single temporal point for each discharge. Scattered light is imaged through a spectrometer onto an intensified CCD. The diagnostic is absolutely calibrated using a precision light source and Raman scattering. Measurements of n_e are compared with line integrated density measurements from a microwave interferometer. Adequate signal to noise is obtained with ne ≥ 2 ×10¹⁸ m^–3.

Thomson profiles of plasmas following evaporation of lithium onto room-temperature plasmafacing components (PFCs) are used in conjunction with magnetic equilibria as input for TRANSP modeling runs. Neoclassical calculations are used to determine T_i profiles, which have levels that agree with passive charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CHERS) measurements. TRANSP results for confinement times and stored energies agree with diamagnetic loop measurements. Results of χ_e result in values as low as 7 m²/s near the core, which rise to around 100 m²/s near the edge. These are the first measurements of χe in LTX, or its predecessor, the Current Drive Experiment-Upgrade (CDX-U), with lithium PFCs.

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Rojo, Mathias. "Formation et transport de poussières dans un plasma basse pression magnétisé." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30296/document.

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Depuis la fin des années 80, les plasmas poussiéreux sont l’objet d’un grand nombre d’études. Plusieurs domaines de la physique des plasmas sont confrontés à la présence de ces particules: en astrophysique, dans les procédés de dépôt ou de gravure, dans les plasmas de fusion thermonucléaire contrôlée. Les plasmas poussiéreux ont très peu été étudiés dans des décharges micro-onde basse pression. Il y a une quinzaine d’années encore, il était admis que les probabilités de recombinaisons d’espèces réactives en volume étaient négligeables à cause de la faible densité du gaz. Au LAPLACE, des poussières incandescentes sont observées en plasma RCER d’acétylène. La présente étude a pour objectif d’apporter des éléments de réponses sur les mécanismes liés à la formation, au transport et au chauffage de ces poussières. Ce document présente les résultats obtenus durant ces 4 années de thèse. Le chapitre 1 introduit brièvement l’émergence de la thématique des plasmas poussiéreux, ainsi que certains aspects théoriques importants des décharges multipolaires. Le chapitre 2 détaille le dispositif expérimental ainsi que les différents diagnostiques utilisés durant cette étude: sonde de Langmuir, sonde de Mach, sonde de flux aux parois et imagerie rapide. Le chapitre 3 présente en détail les mécanismes de chargement et de chauffage des poussières. Dans cette partie, des mesures expérimentales ainsi qu’un modèle sont couplés afin d’expliquer l’incandescence et d’estimer la charge des particules. Le chapitre 4 décrit la caractérisation du transport des poussières dans une plasma d’acétylène par imagerie rapide. Dans ce chapitre, nous discutons des forces pouvant être responsables de ce transport. Enfin, le chapitre 5 passe en revue les résultats obtenus sur l’interaction plasma surface, à l’aide d’analyses ex-situ ainsi que des mesures de sondes de flux aux parois
Since the late 1980s, dusty plasmas have been the subject of a large number of studies. Several fields of plasma physics are confronted with the presence of these particles: astrophysics, deposition or etching processes, or controlled thermonuclear fusion plasmas. However, few dusty plasma studies have been reported in low pressure microwave discharges. Fifteen years ago, it was accepted that dust particles cannot be formed in the plasma volume, due to the low probability of recombining reactive species, because of the low density of the gas. At LAPLACE, incandescent dusts are observed in RECR acetylene plasma. The present study aims to provide some answers on the mechanisms related to the formation, transportation and heating of dust particles. This document presents the results obtained during these four years of theses. Chapter 1 briefly introduces the emergence of the topic of dusty plasmas, as well as some important theoretical aspects of multipolar discharges. Chapter 2 details the experimental setup and the different diagnostics used during this study: Langmuir probe, Mach probe, wall probe current and rapid imaging. Chapter 3 details the mechanisms for charging and heating dust. In this part, experimental measurements and a model are coupled to explain the incandescence and to estimate the particles charges. Chapter 4 describes the characterisation of dust transport in acetylene plasma by rapid imaging. In this chapter, we discuss the forces that can be responsible for this transport. Finally, Chapter 5 reviews the results obtained on the plasma-surface interaction, using ex-situ analyzes as well as measurements of wall probe currents

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15

Lui, Siu Lung. "Spectrochemical analysis of solid samples using resonance-enhanced laser-induced plasma spectroscopy." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/620.

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Sedghinasab, Ahad. "Experimental deterimination of argon atomic transition probabilities using non-LTE diagnostics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17969.

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17

Kostyleva, Kseniia. "Příprava vrstev metodou plazmové polymerace a jejich charakterizace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449395.

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The diploma work deals with the preparation of biocompatible hydrophilic layers from a propane-butane mixture by plasma polymerization. Subsequent characterization of the layers was performed using both biological (antibacterial tests and biocompatibility test) and physico-chemical diagnostics (SEM, OES and surface energy determination). The theoretical part presents the basic principle of dielectric barrier discharge, its use and various types, including surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD), which was used during deposition. Next, cell cultures, cell morphology and clarification of the term biocompatibility were described. At the end of the theoretical part, all used during the experimental part of the diagnostics were also described. In the experimental part, the procedure of deposition of hydrophilic layers and the overall apparatus, which was used during deposition, were presented. Prior to the characterization of the samples, the discharge was diagnosed using optical emission spectroscopy. Furthermore, the level of hydrophilicity of the layers and their elemental composition on the surface was determined. Biological tests for biocompatibility and antibacterial properties provided information on the viability of the cells on the layers and their antibacterial effects.

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Delaux, Joakim. "Activation de biopolymères par plasma atmosphérique non thermique." Thesis, Poitiers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016POIT2310.

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L'équipe de François Jérôme (IC2MP, UMR7285) a développé des procédés innovants et originaux dans les prétraitements de la biomasse lignocellulosique. Ces travaux fondamentaux sont basés sur l'utilisation de plasma atmosphérique non-thermique afin de dépolymériser des biopolymères (cellulose, amidon, inuline) de manière sélective. L'avantage de ce prétraitement physique est son absence de solvant et de catalyseur permettant ainsi de pallier les problèmes de purification ou de dilution habituellement rencontrés. On peut également citer la faible consommation énergétique. Ce prétraitement plasma permet d'accroitre l'accessibilité des biopolymères aux espèces réactives (lors d'une hydrolyse par exemple) et d'obtenir des rendements supérieurs aux procédés chimiques ou enzymatiques classiques.L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre quelles sont les bonnes conditions pour obtenir une cellulose moins réfractaire aux traitements chimiques et quel mécanisme est mis en jeu lors du traitement par plasma. Quels impacts ont les espèces qui interagissent avec la surface du biopolymère, comment elles diffusent au cœur des matrices polymériques ou encore quel est l'impact de la nature chimique du/des biopolymère(s) (cristallinité, type de liaisons, nature des saccharides…). Par la suite, une étude sur la réactivité de la cellulose traitée par plasma a été réalisée en se concentrant plus particulièrement sur les rendements en glucose suite à une hydrolyse acide en milieu dilué. Cela nous a permis d'évaluer l'impact des traitements physiques (plasma, broyage ou les deux) sur la réactivité de la cellulose. De plus, un panel d'analyses a été réalisé et nous a permis d'en déduire un mécanisme réactionnel possible pour le traitement de la cellulose par plasma
François Jerome's team developed new processes for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. This fundamental work is based on the use of non-thermal atmospheric plasma for the deplolymerization of biopolymers (cellulose, inuline) selectively. The advantage of this physical pretreatment is the non-using of catalysis or solvent and so it's resolve the dilution problem or the purifying problem usually met. A low consummation of energy can be cited too. This pretreatment could be increase the reactivity of biopolymers (hydrolysis for example) and get a better yield than the chemical or enzymes processes.The goal of the thesis is to understand what are the good conditions to obtain a cellulose more reactive for the chemical reactions and what the mechanism for the plasma treatment are. What kind of species react with the surface of the polymers and how they enter in the bulk ? What is the role of the nature and constitution (crystallinity, different polymer, kind of link…) ? Then, a study on the reactivity of the plasma cellulose was performed and the focus was put on the yield of glucose after acid hydrolysis. Like this, we can see the influence of the physical pretreatment (plasma, milling or both) on the cellulose. At the end, a mechanism is proposed by using all the information recovered in particularly with the structural analysis

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Honnorat, Bruno. "Application of cold plasma in oncology, multidisciplinary experiments, physical, chemical and biological modeling." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS014/document.

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« La médecine- plasma» est le domaine de recherche décrivant les applications médicales des plasmas, principalement à pression atmosphérique. Les plasmas froids sont un état de la matière caractérisé par la présence d'électrons libres ayant une énergie cinétique de plusieurs eV alors même que les ions et les neutres peuvent être à température ambiante. Cet état transitoire, hors équilibre thermique, produit des espèces chimiques très réactives. L’objectif de ce travail multidisciplinaire a été d’évaluer le potentiel anti-tumoral des plasmas-froids. Deux types de dispositifs ont été conçus et fabriqués par impression 3D: des Décharges à Barrière Diélectrique et des jets plasmas. Des études in-vitro et in-vivo ont été menées avec les lignées cellulaires TC1 et CT26. La production d’espèces réactives produites dans un liquide exposé à un plasma a été étudiée afin de comprendre les résultats in-vitro et de comparer les dispositifs plasma entre eux. Différents dispositifs à plasmas ont été réalisés afin d’étudier in-vivo, l’effet de l’énergie déposée lors du traitement sur la peau et les tumeurs. Afin de limiter l’échauffement cutané et les lésions induites un dispositif refroidi à l’azote liquide a été développé. Enfin, une simulation numérique modélisant les transferts thermiques des tumeurs et tissus sous exposition plasmas a permis de quantifier l’hyperthermie et les lésions associées en validant le modèle sur des résulats expérimentaux. Une revue critique d’études in-vivo de « médecine plasma » publiées dans la littérature est proposée afin d’évaluer le rôle de l’hyperthermie dans les effets thérapeutiques observés
Plasma-medicine is the field of research describing the medical applications of plasmas, mainly at atmospheric pressure. Cold plasmas are a state of matter characterized by the presence of free electrons with a kinetic energy of several electron volts even though the ions and neutrals may be at room temperature. This transient state, apart from thermal equilibrium, produces highly reactive chemical species. The objective of this multidisciplinary work was to evaluate the anti-tumor potential of cold plasmas. Two types of devices have been designed and manufactured by 3D-printing: Dielectric Barrier Discharge and plasma-jets. In-vitro and in-vivo studies were conducted with TC1 and CT26 cell lines. The production of reactive species produced in a liquid exposed to plasma has been studied in order to understand the in-vitro results and to compare the plasma devices with those of other teams. Various plasma devices have been made to study the effect of the energy deposited during the in-vivo treatment of skin and subcutaneous tumors. A device cooled with liquid nitrogen has been developed to limit skin damage induced by heating. Finally, a numerical simulation modeling the heat transfers of tumors and tissues under plasmas exposure enables to quantify the hyperthermia and the associated lesions by validating the model on experimental results. A critical review of in-vivo plasma-medicine studies published in the literature is proposed to evaluate the role of hyperthermia in the therapeutic effects reported

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Wattieaux, Gaëtan. "Détection et métrologie de nanoparticules en suspension dans un plasma froid basse pression." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE2080.

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Face au développement actuel des nanotechnologies il apparaît important de pouvoir contrôler la taille des nano-objets mis en oeuvre par les industriels aussi bien pour la qualité des produits manufacturés que pour la sécurité des personnes et la protection de l'environnement. Le travail qui a été accompli au cours de cette thèse concernait la recherche de solutions innovantes pour mesurer la taille de nanoparticules en voie sèche. Pour cela nous nous sommes plus particulièrement concentrés sur la physique des plasmas poudreux. En effet l'utilisation d'un plasma permet de favoriser la désagglomération de l'échantillon de poudre que l'on souhaite caractériser et la présence de poussières dans un plasma modifie sensiblement les caractéristiques électriques de ce dernier. Nous avons montré dans un premier temps qu'il est possible de déterminer la taille moyenne de poussières piégées dans une décharge capacitive RF à basse pression à partir de la mesure de la variation des paramètres électriques de cette dernière quand de la poudre s'y forme ou y est injectée. Nous avons également développé une nouvelle technique de granulométrie par sédimentation à basse pression et assistée par plasma. Cette technique consiste à disperser l'échantillon de poudre en l'injectant dans un plasma puis à en déduire sa taille à partir de la mesure de sa vitesse de sédimentation après l'extinction du plasma. Ainsi, il est possible de déterminer la fonction de distribution en taille de l'échantillon de poudre que l'on analyse. Le système que nous avons conçu a été utilisé avec succès pour contrôler en temps réel une ligne de production de nanopoudres au CEA Saclay
The recent development of nanotechnology has made nanoparticle sizing more and more important for the quality of manufactured products as well as for human health and environmental protection. The aim of this thesis was to look for innovative solutions to measure the size and the concentration of nanoparticles in dry environnement. To meet this requirement we focused on the physics of dusty plasmas because the desagglomeration of a powder sample is enhanced when it is exposed to a plasma and the dusts modify signifcantly the electrical properties of the plasma where they are trapped. The first result of this work is the determination of the mean size of dusts that are injected or formed in a RF low pressure capacitive discharge from the variations of the electrical parameters of the plasma and of the discharge. A new particle sizing technique has also been developed. It consists of determining the powder size distribution from the measurement of its sedimentation speed following the extinction of the discharge. The system that has been designed was successfully used to monitor in real time a nanopowder production line based at the CEA Saclay

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Lepikhin, Nikita. "Fast energy relaxation in the afterglow of a nanosecond capillary discharge in nitrogen/oxygen mixtures." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX087/document.

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L'objectif principal du présent travail était d'étudier, comment la cinétique du plasma change dans les conditions de dépôt d'énergie spécifique élevé dans des champs électriques réduits élevé. La décharge capillaire nanoseconde a été utilisée comme outil expérimental. Les mesures sont effectuées dans l'azote pur et dans les mélanges azote/oxygène. Les paramètres électriques de la décharge sont mesurés: la tension appliquée, le dépôt d'énergie, le champ électrique et le courant électrique. Les spectres de l'émission optique de la décharge sont obtenus. La densité électronique dans les impulsions de décharge est mesurée. La décroissance du plasma est étudiée par les mesures de la densité électronique dans la post‐luminescence de la décharge. Les processus contrôlant la décroissance du plasma sont déterminés. La dépopulation de molécules excitées sur l'exemple de l'azote moléculaire N2(C) est étudié dans des mélanges azote/oxygène. Les processus responsables de la dépopulation des espèces excitées lors de la post‐luminescence de la décharge de nanoseconde à les conditions de dépôt d'énergie spécifique élevé dans des champs électriques réduits élevé sont examinés. La distribution radiale des espèces excitées à différentes compositions de gaz sont étudiée et comparées. L'étude expérimentale et numérique des processus responsables du chauffage rapide du gaz dans l'azote pur et dans les mélanges azote/oxygène dans la post‐luminescence de la décharge capillaire à la nanoseconde sont effectuées. Les particularités du chauffage rapide du gaz aux conditions de la décharge de nanoseconde à de dépôt d'énergie spécifique élevé dans des champs électriques réduits élevé sont étudués. La modification du schéma cinétique actuellement utilisé est proposée
The main aim of the present work was to investigate, how the plasma kinetics changes at the conditions of high specific energy deposition at high reduced electric fields. The nanosecond capillary discharge was used as an experimental tool. The measurements are performed for pure nitrogen and nitrogen/oxygen mixtures. Electric parameters of the discharge are measured: the applied voltage, the energy deposition, the electric field, and the electric current. The spectra of the optical emission of the discharge are obtained. The electron density in the discharge pulses is measured. The plasma decay is studied by the measurements of the electron density in the afterglow of the discharge as well. The processes controlling the plasma decay are determined. Depopulation of excited molecules on the example of N2(C) state of molecular nitrogen is studied in nitrogen/oxygen mixtures. The processes responsible for depopulation of excited species in the afterglow of the nanosecond discharge at high specific deposited energy at high reduced electric field are discussed. The radial distributions of the excited species at different gas compositions are investigated and compared. The experimental and numerical studies of the processes responsible for fast gas heating in pure nitrogen and in nitrogen/oxygen mixtures in the afterglow of nanosecond capillary discharge are performed. The peculiarities of the fast gas heating at conditions of the nanosecond discharge at high specific deposited energy at high reduced electric field are discussed. The modification of the kinetic scheme currently in use is proposed

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Liu, Bo. "Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma interacting with water for biological applications." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX049/document.

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Les plasmas froids produits par les décharges électriques sont des gaz faiblement ionisés, ce qui maintient la température du gaz à une température proche de la température ambiante, contrairement à la température de l'électron qui peut atteindre plusieurs électron-volts. Les applications des plasmas froids en médecine et en agriculture sont des nouveaux domaines de recherche multidisciplinaires basés sur les interactions de ces plasmas avec des organismes vivants. Le champ électrique ainsi que les espèces réactives de l’oxygène et de l'azote peuvent inactiver les bactéries, stimuler la régénération de la peau (dermatologie), la réduction tumorale (oncologie) et la germination des graines (agriculture). Ces nouveaux domaines de recherche, basé sur la chimie produite par l’interaction plasma-liquide est très prometteur et se développe rapidement. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les interactions entre les plasmas froids et l’eau pour les applications biologiques, d’une part la promotion de la germination des graines au moyen d’une décharge à barrière diélectrique (DBD) et, d’autre part, l’effet ex vivo d’un traitement par jet de plasma froid sur la peau.Ce manuscrit est divisé en cinq chapitres: i) On présente tout d'abord une revue de la littérature présentant l'état de l’art concernant l'interaction plasma-liquide et les principales avancées en matière d'applications des plasmas froids à la germination des semences. Ii) Deuxièmement, les dispisitifs expérimentaux sont décrits, en particulier la fabrication de réacteurs à plasma utilisant l’impression 3D. Iii) Ensuite, la production d'espèces réactives gazeuses et aqueuses formées par des plasmas de type DBD a été mesurée quantitativement et l'interaction plasma-liquide a été analysée. Iv) Puis, plusieurs variétés de graines ont été sélectionnées pour évaluer l’effet un traitement par plasma DBD ; l'étude des mécanismes de promotion de la germination du plasma a été spécifiquement étudiée en traitant les graines de soja vert dans différentes conditions de décharge, dans différents milieux, avec un champ électrique seul et dans différentes conditions de cultures ou de niveau d'hydratation des graines.v) Enfin, l'imagerie paramétrique de Muller (MPI) a été appliquée pour la modification de la peau de souris ex vivo traitées par un plasma à jet d'hélium
Non-Thermal-Plasmas (NTP) produced by electric discharges are weakly ionized gases, which keeps the gas temperature at near room temperature contrary to the electron temperature which can reach several electron-Volts. Applications of NTP to medicine and agriculture are new multidisciplinary research fields based on interactions of the Non-Thermal-Plasmas with living organisms. Electric field as well as Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species produced by NTP may inactivate bacteria, stimulate skin regeneration (dermatology), tumor reduction (oncology) and seeds germination (agriculture). These new fields of research are based on the plasma-liquid chemistry. The objective of this work is to study the NTP interacting with water for biological applications including on one hand, the promotion of the germination of seeds using a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) and on the other hand, the effect of a plasma jet treatment ex vivo on skinThis manuscript is divided in five chapters: i) First a literature review is presented showing the state of the art of the plasma-liquid interaction, and the main advances of the application of non thermal plasmas to seed germination. Ii) Second, experimental set ups are described, in particular the manufacturing of plasma reactors using 3D printing. Iii) then , the production of gaseous and aqueous reactive species formed by DBD plasmas was measured quantitatively and plasma-liquid interaction was analyzed. Iv) Next, different varieties of seeds were selected to evaluate the effect of a DBD plasma treatment and the study of the mechanisms of plasma germination promotion was specifically investigated by treating mung bean seeds in different discharge conditions, in different mediums, in electric field alone and in different hydration levels of seeds.v) Finally, Muller parametric imaging (MPI) was applied to study the modification of ex vivo mice skin treated by a helium jet plasma

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Benhassine, Mohammed. "Déferlement des ondes de plasma dans un plasma inhomogène." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112149.

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Les oscillations non linéaires des ondes de plasma d’un plasma à une dimension, inhomogène et froid, sont examinées dans la limite où leur amplitude est limitée par le déferlement de l’onde. Le calcul numérique effectué utilise classiquement le modèle capacitif pour le champ de pompe et une description lagrangienne du fluide électronique. Cette description permet de poursuivre le calcul numérique au-delà du déferlement en tenant compte du croisement des trajectoires. Les éléments de fluide sont alors couplés trois par trois. Les résultats numériques donnent, avant et après le déferlement, l’évolution au cours du temps, du déplacement et la vitesse de chaque élément de fluide ainsi que l’évolution de la densité et du champ électrique. Après le déferlement, on retrouve l’existence d’éléments de fluide qui, accompagnant le champ électrique induit, sont accélérés vers les régions de faible densité. On montre cependant que ces électrons à des instants ultérieurs, sont décélérés par ce champ induit. On retrouve l’équipartition de l’énergie avant le déferlement, ainsi que le transfert de l’énergie potentielle de l’onde à l’énergie cinétique des électrons.

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Davidson, Gemma Rose. "N-terminal plasma profiling : high efficiency plasma proteomics." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569795.

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Blood is a highly accessible body fluid that is rich in biological information; it is widely accepted that this is the most popular diagnostic sample available within a clinical environment. The measurement of cellular and non-cellular blood components, including blood cells, electrolytes, metabolites, lipids and proteins can aid clinicians in establishing an individuals' health status and can also function to diagnose and monitor the progression of disease. An alteration in an individuals' physiological state, such as the presence/absence of disease, will often lead to an alteration in protein expression. The accurate identification and measurement of proteins found in the non-cellular component of blood, known as plasma, could provide key information relating to a multitude of biological processes. Blood plasma is considered to contain the most comprehensive proteome of the body, as it is in contact with every cell, tissue and organ. Enthused by the clinical potential of this biological fluid there has been a drive within the proteomics community to develop robust proteomic platforms for the analysis of the blood plasma proteome. Coupled with powerful technologies, such as chromatography and mass spectrometry, there has been some success. Initiatives, such as the human plasma proteome project (PPP) have strived to standardised and collate data across laboratories with the objective of the global analysis and quantification of the plasma proteins. Unfortunately, as yet the plasma proteome remains to a large degree undiscovered, or more suitably 'hidden'. Blood plasma contains many proteins from all parts of the body. Tensioned against these desirable features are two disadvantages that have thus far hindered most plasma proteomic studies: high complexity and large dynamic range. The quantitative dynamic range of the human plasma proteome spans over 10 orders of magnitude with a small number of high-abundance proteins dominating approximately 99% total protein concentration, with albumin alone constituting approximately 50% total plasma protein. The dominance of the plasma proteome by such high-abundance proteins has inhibited the ability of most proteomic studies to access those proteins considered low-abundance. This is especially problematic when one considers that those proteins that constitute approximately 1 % total plasma protein, such as tissue leakage proteins, are considered to be extremely important in protein biomarker discovery. The analytical challenges imposed by blood plasma have thus far hampered efforts to delve deep into the proteome; presently no analytical technique has been presented that can fully exploit the full potential of plasma for medicine and therapeutics. A reduction in analyte complexity and improvements in analytical instrumentation are the most common approaches to combat the complexity and dynamic range problems associated with the study of the plasma proteome. Although the selective removal of high-abundance proteins via immunodepletion is an attractive approach to address the dynamic range issue, many of the high-abundance plasma proteins, such as albumin, have been shown to associate with other proteins. Thus, selective depletion will lead to the non-specific removal of other proteins. Other strategies aim to selectively target specific amino acid residues for enrichment, however utilising such an approach might lead to the over or under-representation of certain proteins. A positional proteomics approach targets one of two locations common to all proteins; the N- terminus or the C-terminus. This investigation focuses on the adoption of a positional proteomics strategy to selectively enrich the N-terminal peptides of the human plasma proteins. A reduction in sample complexity is observed when compared to a traditional 'shot-gun' proteomic approach. The absolute measurement of proteins is particularly important for protein biomarker validation/verification and for the development of our own understanding of biological processes. The development ofa QconCAT protein that is a concatomer ofN-terminal peptides, each a surrogate for its parent plasma protein, has the potential to provide absolute measurement of N-terminal peptides in a multiplexed manner. Utilising highly sensitive and selective mass spectrometric techniques such as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in combination with the N-terminal enrichment strategy and QconCAT technology there is potential to selectively target and quantify N- terminal peptides in a high-throughput manner. Utilising N-terminal enrichment as a tool for human plasma proteome analysis gives an insight into the magnitude of enzymatic processes that specifically target the N-terminal portion of a protein. Such exo- and endo- proteolytic activity could prove significant for biomarker research. Although dynamic range is still a major problem, the N-terminal enrichment strategy demonstrates its utility as a tool for profiling the human plasma N-terminome. The global analysis of the plasma proteome will most likely require a combination of proteomic approaches that will specifically target and enrich sub-sections of this unique proteome.

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Thomas, Christopher B. "Plasma interactions in a plasma erosion opening switch." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27210.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Plasma Erosion Opening Switches (PEOS) are important elements in pulsed power equipment. The conduction and opening properties of these switches are highly dependent on the near cathode electric and magnetic fields, and plasma surface interactions. The cathode interaction is highly nonuniform, and micron sized cathode spots form within nanoseconds. The mechanism for the formation of these spots and their contribution to the conduction and opening phases of the switch is not yet well understood. The existing model of explosive electron emission does not adequately explain the performance of the switch during operation. The proposed new model for the near cathode effects accounts for time delays in the onset of conduction in the switch which have been seen experimentally. This is the first experiment in a series to verify this model, and to model a possible mechanism for cessation of conduction.

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Stevenson, Paul. "Novel plasma sources for the plasma opening switch." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13632.

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The plasma opening switch (POS) is used in pulsed power systems where a fast opening and very high current switch is required. Plasma is injected into the switch, which carries a large conduction current before it opens in a process that lasts for a few nanoseconds and transfers the current to a parallel-connected load The conduction and opening times of the switch are dependent on the plasma parameters such as distribution, speed, temperature and species, which are all determined by the plasma source. This thesis begins with a description of the POS, with its conduction and opening mechanisms and the techniques of plasma generation all being considered, before it concentrates on the simple and inexpensive carbon gun. Plasma is normally produced by a pulsed discharge that evolves plasma from the evaporation and ionisation of a carbon based insulator. The first prototype carbon gun discussed in the thesis uses a classical coaxial arrangement that successfully produces dense, fast and hot plasma, although this is only capable of filling a small region with plasma. A number of plasma diagnostic techniques are described, before details are provided of the electrical probes that were used to characterise the plasma In a large POS a well-distributed plasma is obtained by combining a large number of guns in a complex and large system. This restncts the compactness of the POS resulting in a problem for any future commercial applications. A succession of developments to the prototype gun has led to a novel ring-shaped version that produces a much improved distribution of plasma, without the need for additional guns. In this, a pulsed discharge is initiated at a single point and the self-generated magnetic field forces the discharge to spread and to travel around the gun, whilst continuously ejecting plasma into the POS. The ideas and theories that explain how a discharge can be forced to move are described, together with details of the prototype designs. Results are given to confirm the operation of the gun, using high speed photography and electrical probes.

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Vosluisant, Yann. "Propagation d'ondes plasma électroniques dans un plasma fluctuant." Nancy 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990NAN10179.

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La localisation d'anderson est une localisation spatiale qui peut se manifester pour la propagation d'ondes en milieu non uniforme, en particulier, pour la propagation d'une onde plasma électronique dans un plasma dont la densité fluctue. L'expérience est réalisée dans un plasma de décharge à confinement multipolaire. L'onde est excitée à l'aide d'une grille plane. Une modulation de densité est obtenue à l'aide d'une instabilité faisceau d'ions-plasma. On observe un amorotissement non collisionnel qui se superpose à l'amortissement landau. Les résultats sont en bon accord avec les prédictions théoriques de l'équation de Mathieu

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28

Cameron, Richard. "Dust-plasma interactions in the plasma edge region." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46194.

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This thesis concerns the interaction of small, particulate, solid matter - 'dust' - with plasmas, in the plasma edge region where such dust is commonly found. Dust in this region can have a significant impact on a variety of industrial plasma applications, and it is low-temperature industrial plasmas that form the focus of this work. A novel model for the sheath region at the edge of a plasma is proposed, to account for the loss of electrons at the plasma boundary. This is then compared to an existing Boltzmann electron model; significant differences are noted in the sheath structure, and consequently the charging and dynamics of dust in the plasma sheath. The effect of sparse ion collisions in the vicinity of a dust grain near the plasma edge is also investigated. The strong plasma flow in the edge region is found to significantly increase collisional charging of dust grains. Somewhat counter-intuitively, it is found that even sparse collisions can play a significant (and in fact dominant) role in the charging and shielding of dust grains at the edge of a plasma. The length-scale over which the charge on such grains is shielded by the plasma is found to be significantly less than the Debye length. Together, the altered grain charging and shielding behaviour have the potential to fundamentally alter how dust grains interact with edge-plasmas.

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29

Nascimento, Fellype do 1980. "Obtenção de temperaturas e densidades de elétrons em plasmas de Tokamaks através de espectroscopia no visível de emissões de impurezas." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278079.

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Orientadores: Munemasa Machida, José Helder Facundo Severo
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:24:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_Fellypedo_D.pdf: 5773174 bytes, checksum: 260b32bb9f860cd7cda3a4c349ce7817 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Este trabalho tinha como objetivo desenvolver um diagnostico para medir temperaturas e densidades de elétrons (Te e ne) em plasmas de tokamaks, utilizando espectroscopia no visível de emissões de impurezas presentes no plasma. Foram obtidos resultados para medidas locais de temperaturas e densidades de elétrons no plasma dos tokamaks NOVA-UNICAMP e TCABR, a partir de medidas de emissões espectrais de íons de carbono e oxigênio. Para este propósito foi utilizada a relação entre o fluxo de partículas de impurezas e as emissões espectrais provenientes delas. Esta relação foi combinada com um método interativo para obter valores de Te e ne. Tais resultados foram alcançados baseados na teoria de que o fluxo de partículas de um determinado elemento presente no plasma não depende do comprimento de onda em que seus íons estão emitindo radiação, no regime de equilibrio colisional-radiativo. No tokamak NOVA-UNICAMP foram obtidos resultados utilizando emissões espectrais de carbono e oxigênio, porem apenas em um nível de ionização de tais elementos (C1+ e O1+). Nesta maquina, as medidas de três linhas de emissão provenientes de cada íon foram efetuadas de forma simultânea, ou seja, em um único disparo. Já no tokamak TCABR foram gerados resultados com emissões de três níveis de ionização do carbono (C1+, C2+ e C5+), mas as aquisições de dados nesta maquina foram realizadas em descargas diferentes, tendo sido medido um comprimento de onda emitido por um dado íon em cada disparo. Para todos os íons utilizados, e nas duas maquinas em que foram feitas medidas, os valores obtidos para as temperaturas de elétrons estão de acordo com os esperados para as regiões do plasma onde e maior a probabilidade de que cada íon em questão emita radiação. No caso especifico do TCABR, onde foram feitas medidas de emissões de três níveis de ionização do carbono, isto fica mais evidente, pois valores mais elevados de temperatura foram observados para maiores níveis de ionização. As densidades de elétrons que foram obtidas concordam em ordem de grandeza com os valores esperados, para todos os íons utilizados no trabalho, nos dois tokamaks. Porem os valores medidos estão acima do esperado, exceto para os resultados obtidos no TCABR com emissões de C5+. No tokamak TCABR foi possível comparar os resultados de ne obtidos pelo nosso método com os que são medidos por interferometria de micro-ondas. Na comparação, notou-se que o perfil temporal de ne medido com o nosso método esta em bom acordo com que foi obtido com o interferômetro. De um modo geral, os resultados obtidos foram bons, e podemos considerar que os objetivos deste trabalho de tese foram cumpridos
Abstract: In this work we got results for measurements of local electron temperatures and densities (Te and ne) at NOVA-UNICAMP and TCABR tokamak plasmas, by using visible spectroscopy of line emissions from carbon and oxygen ions, which are impurities in the plasma. For this purpose, we used the relationship between the particle flux and the photon flux emitted by an element (or an ion) at a fixed wavelength. That relationship was combined with an interactive method in order to determine Te e ne values. Such results were achieved based on the theory that the particle flux of a given ion specie in the plasma does not depend on the wavelength of the light emitted by the ion. For NOVA-UNICAMP tokamak we got results using spectral emissions of carbon and oxygen for only one ionization stage of these elements (C1+ and O1+). In this machine, we have made simultaneous measurements of each set of three spectral emissions from each ion specie in the same tokamak shot. For TCABR tokamak we got results using spectral emissions from three ionization stages of carbon (C1+, C2+ and C5+). But the data acquisition in this machine were made in different tokamak discharges, where we measured one spectral emission per time for each ion. The electron temperatures obtained with all ion emissions used in this work and in both machines are in good agreement with the expected values at the plasma position where each kind of ion has larger probability of be radiating. This fact become more evident in the TCABR tokamak, where we have emissions measurements of three carbon ionization stages, because higher Te values were measured for ions at higher ionization stages. All results obtained for electron densities agree in magnitude order, for both machines, with the expected values for this parameter. But the measured values are higher than the expected, except for the results obtained using C5+ emissions at TCABR tokamak. In TCABR was possible to compare the ne results obtained in our method with measurements made using a microwave interferometer. In that comparison we noted that the temporal profile of both diagnostics are in good agreement. The general conclusion is that the results obtained with our method were good and we consider that the objectives of this work were fulfilled
Doutorado
Física
Doutor em Ciências

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30

Gracio, Bilro Castela Maria Luis. "Direct Numerical Simulations of plasma-assisted ignition in quiescent and turbulent flow conditions." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC042/document.

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La combustion assistée par plasma a reçu une attention croissante dans les deux communautés de plasma et de combustion. Les décharges Nanoseconde Répétitive Pulsée (NRP) sont des techniques prometteuse et efficaces pour initier et contrôler les processus de la combustion en particulier quand les systèmes d’allumage conventionnels sont inefficaces ou trop coûteux en énergie. Néanmoins, les phénomènes rencontrés dans la combustion assistée par plasma sont encore mal connus. Les études numériques présentées dans la littérature sont limitées à des simulations 1-D et 2-D dans des conditions au repos. La complexité du problème augmente dans les configurations pratiques où le phénomène d’allumage est contrôlé par le mouvement du fluide ainsi que le mélange autour de la zone de décharge. La simulation numérique directe (DNS) est un outil de recherche puissant pour la compréhension des interactions plasma/combustion/écoulement. Toutefois, le coût de calcul de la combustion turbulente avec un nombre de Reynolds élevé et la cinétique chimique détaillée couplée avec le plasma hors-équilibre est prohibitif. Cette thèse présente un nouveau modèle de couplageplasma-combustion pour introduire les effets des décharges de plasma hors-équilibre dans le système d’équations qui décrit le phénomène de la combustion. Le modèle est construit en analysant les chemins par lesquels l’énergie électrique est transférée au gaz. Ce modèle de décharges NRP permet des simulations multidimensionalesDNS de la combustion et l’allumage assistés par plasma. Les phénomènes physiques complexes de l’allumage assisté par décharges multiples de plasma dans des mélanges au repos et en régime d’écoulement turbulent sont analysés dans cette thèse
Plasma-assisted combustion has received increasing attention in both plasma and combustion communities. Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP) discharges are a promising and efficient technique to initiate and control combustion processes particularly when conventional ignition systems are rather ineffective or too energy costly. Even though a promising technique, the phenomena occurring in NRP discharges-assisted combustion are still poorly understood. The numerical studies presented in the literature are limited to 1-D and 2-D simulations in quiescent conditions. The problem complexity increases in practical configurations as ignition phenomena are also controlled by the flow and mixing field characteristics in and around the discharge channel. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) is a powerful research tool to understand these plasma/combustion/flow interactions. However, the computational cost of fully coupled detailed non-equilibrium plasma and combustion chemistry, and high Reynolds number simulations is prohibitive. This thesis presents a model to describe the effects of non-equilibrium plasma discharges in the set of equations governing the combustion phenomena. Based on the results reported in the literature, the model is constructed by analyzing the channels through which the electric energy is deposited. The two main channels by which the electrons produced during the discharge impact the reactive mixture are considered: 1) the excitation and the subsequent relaxation of the electronic states of nitrogen molecules, which leads to an ultrafast increase of the gas temperature and dissociation of species; and 2) the excitation and relaxation of vibrational states of nitrogen molecules which causes a much slower gas heating. This high level model of NRP discharges allows DNS studies of plasma-assisted combustion / ignition in high turbulent Reynolds number. The complex physics underlying plasma-assisted ignition by multiple discharges in both quiescent and turbulent flow conditions are discussed in the present thesis

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31

Haass, Moritz. "Développement de procédés de gravure à base de plasmas réactifs pulsés Pulsed plasmas for etch applications." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00820065.

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Du fait de la réduction des dimensions en microélectronique, les procédés de gravure par plasmas ne peuvent plus satisfaire aux exigences de l'industrie. De nouvelles stratégies sont en cours de développement. Ce travail consiste en l'étude de plasmas pulsés de HBr/O2 comme une alternative pour la gravure du silicium. Divers diagnostics dans un réacteur industriel 300 mm sont utilisés pour caractériser le plasma tandis que la gravure du silicium est étudiée par XPS et par microscopie électronique. Lorsque le plasma est pulsé à faible rapport cyclique, sa température et sa dissociation sont fortement réduits. Le flux de Br radicalaire par rapport à la période ON du plasma augmente tandis que l'influence du radical O diminue, ce qui conduit à une amélioration de la sélectivité par rapport au SiO2 et à une gravure plus homogène. Les profils des structures gravées peuvent être contrôlés par la formation de la couche de passivation sur les flancs dépendant également du rapport cyclique.

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32

Féraudy, Hervé de. "Etude des proprietes d'anisotropie et d'inhomogeneite des champs d'ondes electrostatiques rayonnees dans les magnetoplasmas chauds : applications au diagnostic des plasmas spatiaux et de laboratoire, au moyen d'experiences d'ondes actives." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066165.

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Utilisation de la structure spatiale des champs d'ondes rayonnes dans les magnetoplasmas chauds pour determiner certains parametres du plasma: vitesse de derive transversale au champ magnetique statique dans les plasmas spatiaux, temperature electronique pour les plasmas spatiaux et de laboratoire. Les ondes emises aux frequences de resonance f::(qn) des modes de bernstein peuvent accompagner le satellite emetteur, dans ce cas un examen de la reponse en frequence du plasma permet d'estimer la vitesse de derive du plasma; les proprietes de directivite des signaux recus permettent de distinguer les cas d'accompagnement

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33

Pencheva, Mariana. "Modelling of atmospheric pressure argon plasmas: application to capacitive RF and surface microwave discharges." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209451.

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This work is focused on modelling of atmospheric pressure high frequency (HF) discharges operated at relatively low power densities. Two types of devices are considered – the radio frequency capacitively coupled atmospheric pressure plasma jet and the microwave discharge sustained by surface electromagnetic waves. They are addresses as the plasma shower and the surface-wave discharge (SWD). Both of the considered devices operate in argon at atmospheric pressure (p = 1 bar). However, the difference in the frequency of the power coupling mechanism induces a big difference in plasma properties. This implies also that different modelling approaches have to be employed.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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34

Brichon, Paulin. "Vers une gravure plasma de précision nanométrique : simulations de dynamique moléculaire en chimie Si-Cl." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENT010/document.

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Ce travail de thèse aborde le problème de la gravure de matériaux ultraminces pour la réalisation de nouvelles générations de transistors (FDSOI, FinFET) dans les dispositifs nanoélectroniques avancés. Ces transistors doivent être gravés avec une précision nanométrique pour ne pas endommager les propriétés électroniques des couches actives. Afin d'atteindre une telle précision, les dommages surfaciques et l'épaisseur des couches réactives formées lors de l'exposition plasma doivent être maintenus en-deçà du nanomètre, véritable défi auquel les plasmas ICP continus ne sont plus à même de répondre. Pour assister le développement de nouveaux procédés de gravure, des simulations de dynamique moléculaire ont été développées afin étudier l'influence de nouvelles technologies plasma (plasmas pulsés, plasma basse Te, gaz pulsés) sur les interactions entre silicium et plasmas chlorés. Les simulations montrent que l'énergie ionique (Eion) est le paramètre numéro un pour contrôler la gravure de couches de Si ultraminces, une diminution de l'énergie réduisant à la fois l'épaisseur de couche endommagée SiClx et le taux de gravure. Le rapport du flux de neutres sur flux d'ions (Γ) est le 2nd paramètre clé : son augmentation entraîne une diminution sensible l'épaisseur de couche perturbée tout en augmentant le taux de gravure. Quantitativement, cette étude montre que des plasmas caractérisés par de faibles énergies ioniques (< 15 eV) ou des rapports Γ importants (⩾ 1000) permettre d'obtenir des couches réactives d'épaisseur sub-nanométrique (cf. plasmas basse Te ou synchronisés pulsés). En mode "bias pulsé", les simulations montrent que pour une valeur Vbias donnée, pulser le bias permet de diminuer à la fois l'épaisseur de couche réactive et le taux de gravure. Cet effet est d'autant plus marqué que le rapport de cycle DC est faible, ce qui élargit la fenêtre des paramètres opératoires. Pour contrôler la gravure, une autre solution pourrait consister à contrôler l'épaisseur des couches réactives de manière dynamique. Inspiré de l'ALE (Atomic Layer Etching), ce nouveau concept consiste à pulser rapidement et alternativement différents gaz pour décomposer le procédé de gravure en cycles répétitifs de deux étapes plasma distinctes. La 1ère étape vise à limiter la formation de la couche mixte à 1nm d'épaisseur dans un plasma réactif (Cl2) en optimisant le temps d'injection du gaz; la 2nde étape vise à graver la couche ainsi formée dans un plasma de gaz rare (Ar, Xe) sans endommager le matériau sous-jacent. Nos simulations confirment la faisabilité et la répétabilité d'un tel concept
This thesis focuses on technological challenges associated with the etching of ultrathin materials used for new generations of transistors (FDSOI, FinFET) in advanced nanoelectronics devices. These transistors must be etched with a nanometric precision in order to preserve the electronic properties of active layers. To reach such a precision, plasma-induced damage and reactive layers thicknesses formed during the etch must remain below 1nm, a challenge which cannot be addressed by continuous-waves ICP plasmas. To assist the development of new etching processes, molecular dynamics simulations have been developed to study the influence of new plasma technologies (pulsed plasmas, low-Te plasmas, gaz pulsing) on interactions between silicon and chlorine plasmas. Simulations show that the key parameter to control the etching of ultrathin Si layers is the ion energy (Eion), which lowers both the SiClx damaged layer thickness and the etch rate when it is decreased. The neutral-to-ion flux ratio (Γ) is the second key parameter: its increase strongly reduces the reactive layer thickness while the etch rate grows. Quantitatively, this study shows that plasmas with low ion energies (< 15 eV) and high Γ ratios (⩾ 1000) allow to obtain sub-nanometer thick reactive layers (cf. low-Te or synchronized pulsed plasmas). In « pulsed bias » mode, simulations show that for a given Vbias value, pulsing the bias decreases both the reactive layer thickness and the etch rate. This effect is stronger at low duty cycle DC, which can improve the control of the etching process. To control the etching of ultrathin films, another solution may be to control dynamically the reactive layers formation. Inspired from ALE (Atomic Layer Etching) principle, this new concept consists in pulsing quickly and alternatively several gases to divide the etching process into repetitive cycles of two distinct plasma steps. The first step aims to limit the mixed layer formation at 1nm in a reactive (Cl2) plasma by optimizing the gas injection time; the 2nd step aims to remove the so-formed layer in a noble gas plasma (Ar, Xe) without damaging the material below. Our simulations confirm the feasibility and the repeatability of such a concept

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35

Crowther, Jonathan Mark. "Plasma metallization." Thesis, Durham University, 1997. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5032/.

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Many methods are currently used for the production of thin metal films. However, all of these have drawbacks associated with them, for example the need for UHV conditions, high temperatures, exotic metal precursors, or the inability to coat complex shaped objects. Reduction of supported metal salts by non-isothermal plasma treatment does not suffer from these drawbacks. In order to produce and analyse metal films before they become contaminated, a plasma chamber which could be attached directly to a UHV chamber with XPS capability was designed and built. This allowed plasma treatment of supported metal salts and surface analysis by XPS to be performed without exposure of the metal film to the atmosphere. Non-equilibrium plasma treatment of Nylon 66 supported gold(III) chloride using hydrogen as the feed gas resulted in a 95% pure gold film, the remaining 5% of the film being carbon. If argon or helium were used as the feed gases during plasma treatment the resultant gold films were 100% pure. Some degree of surface contamination of the films due to plasma treatment was observed but was easily removed by argon ion cleaning. Hydrogen plasma reduction of glass supported silver (I) nitrate and palladium(n) acetate films reveals that this metallization technique is applicable to a wide variety of metal salts and supports, and has also shown the ability of plasma reduction to retain the complex 'fern-like' structures seen for spin coated silver(I) nitrate layers. Some metal salts are susceptible to decomposition by X-rays. The reduction of Nylon 66 supported gold(III) chloride films by soft X-rays to produce nanoscopic gold particles has been studied. The spontaneous reduction of these X-ray irradiated supported gold(III) chloride films on exposure to the atmosphere to produce gold rich metallic films has also been reported.

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Aguera, João Júlio Mendes 1985. "Estudos dos espectros atômicos e moleculares de plasmas DBD atmosféricos." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278561.

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Orientador: Munemasa Machida
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:40:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguera_JoaoJulioMendes_M.pdf: 1866218 bytes, checksum: 21fe14d8d370e0121be6f854084afb06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013
Resumo: Os plasmas DBD, Descargas com Barreira de Dielétrico, em pressões atmosféricas têm despertado grande interesse nas pesquisas nos últimos anos, principalmente pelas suas aplicações práticas: deposição de materiais, tratamento de superfícies, tratamento de cáries, esterilização de bactérias e destruição de células cancerígenas. Estes plasmas são chamados de plasmas não-térmicos e diferem dos plasmas de alta temperatura (estelares e de reatores de fusão nuclear) e dos plasmas térmicos (tochas de plasmas e plasmas industriais), por possuírem temperaturas translacional, eletrônica, vibracional e rotacional distintas. Para determinar a temperatura de plasmas DBD em descargas elétricas nos gases Ar e He, utilizamos um método indireto que avalia a temperatura por meio de um plasma de Nitrogênio molecular formado pela colisão dos plasmas de Ar e He com o Nitrogênio presente no ar. O espectro luminoso deste plasma é medido, as principais linhas de emissão catalogadas e depois analisado com um software específico para determinação de temperaturas de gases moleculares. Também são mostradas aqui algumas das principais técnicas de espectroscopia usadas na captação de espectros luminosos de plasmas laboratoriais, realizadas em dois dispositivos, plasma DBD produzido com jato de seringa, e plasma fracamente ionizado produzido com uma descarga DC entre dois eletrodos
Abstract: Research on DBD (Dieletrical Barrier Discharges) plasmas at atmospheric pressure have attracted attention and great interest on its research upon the last few years, mostly because of its practical applications: material deposition, surface treatment, cavity treatment, bacterial sterilization and cancer cell destruction. These plasmas are called nonthermal plasmas and differ from the high temperature plasmas (stellar and fusion reactors) and thermal plasmas (plasma torches and industrial plasmas) because of its distinct translational, electronic, vibrational and rotational temperatures. For temperature determination in DBD plasmas formed by electrical discharges on Ar and He gases, an indirect method is used evaluating the temperature of molecular nitrogen plasma formed by collision between the Ar and He plasmas with the nitrogen present in air. The luminous specter of this plasma is measured, the principal emission lines cataloged and then analyzed with specific software for molecular gases temperature determination. The main spectroscopic techniques used for analysis of the luminous spectra obtained from two devices: DBD plasma generated by a syringe jet and weakly ionized plasma produced by a DC discharge between two electrodes, are show on this thesis
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física

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37

Nagai, Mikio, Masaru Hori, and Toshio Goto. "Properties of atmospheric pressure plasmas with microwave excitations for plasma processing." American Institute of Physics, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/7072.

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Kawamura, Gakushi. "Gyrokinetic Theory for Peripheral Plasmas and its Application to Plasma Sheath." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/57265.

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39

Winters, Caroline. "Laser Diagnostics of Reacting Molecular Plasmas for Plasma Assisted Combustion Applications." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503306596261748.

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40

Surdu-Bob, Carmen Cristina. "Surface : plasma interactions in GaAs subjected to capacitively coupled RF plasmas." Thesis, Aston University, 2002. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/8000/.

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Surface compositional changes in GaAs due to RF plasmas of different gases have been investigated by XPS and etch rates were measured using AFM. Angular Resolved XPS (ARXPS) was also employed for depth analysis of the composition of the surface layers. An important role in this study was determination of oxide thickness using XPS data. The study of surface - plasma interaction was undertaken by correlating results of surface analysis with plasma diagnosis. Different experiments were designed to accurately measure the BEs associated with the Ga 3d, Ga 2P3/2 and LMM peaks using XPS analysis and propose identification in terms of the oxides of GaAs. Along with GaAs wafers, some reference compounds such as metallic Ga and Ga2O3 powder were used. A separate study aiming the identification of the GaAs surface oxides formed on the GaAs surface during and after plasma processing was undertaken. Surface compositional changes after plasma treatment, prior to surface analysis are considered, with particular reference to the oxides formed in the air on the activated surface. Samples exposed to ambient air for different periods of time and also to pure oxygen were analysed. Models of surface processes were proposed for explanation of the stoichiometry changes observed with the inert and reactive plasmas used. In order to help with the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for surface effects during plasma treatment, computer simulation using SRIM code was also undertaken. Based on simulation and experimental results, models of surface phenomena are proposed. Discussion of the experimental and simulated results is made in accordance with current theories and published results of different authors. The experimental errors introduced by impurities and also by data acquisition and processing are also evaluated.

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41

Moser, Matthew A. "Micro-and pulsed-plasmas fine tuning plasma energies for chemical analysis /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2534.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 99 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

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42

Fukumoto, Hiroshi. "Model Analysis of Plasma-Surface Interactions during Silicon Oxide Etching in Fluorocarbon Plasmas." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/158076.

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Douat, Claire. "Etude d’un micro-jet de plasma à pression atmosphérique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112028/document.

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Ces dernières années un nouveau type de décharges hors équilibre thermodynamique, aptes à générer des micro jets de plasma se propageant en atmosphère libre, a suscité beaucoup d’intérêt dans la communauté scientifique. Ces micro jets, produits dans des structures type décharge à barrière diélectrique, ont des propriétés particulièrement intéressantes, tant sur le plan de la physique des plasmas que sur celui des applications, en particulier pour des applications biomédicales ou de traitement de surface.Dans ce travail de thèse il est démontré que ces jets de plasma correspondent à la propagation à grande vitesse d'un front d'ionisation sans déplacement de matière. Une caractérisation des propriétés des jets (vitesse et distance de propagation) a été effectuée en fonction de la tension appliquée, du débit, de la composition du gaz, et de la géométrie de la décharge. La distribution spatio-temporelle des espèces réactives produites par le jet a été mesurée, et en particulier celle de l'état métastable He (2³S) mesuré par absorption laser. Des densités comprises entre 1.10¹² et 5.10¹³ cm-³ ont été obtenues pour l’état He (2³S). Sa distribution est annulaire à la sortie de la structure de la décharge et se referme le long du jet. La densité maximale est obtenue à une distance correspondant à la moitié de la zone où les atomes métastables sont présents, ce qui est en contradiction avec les modèles actuels. De plus, afin de mieux comprendre la physique des jets de plasma, nous avons fait interagir deux jets placés l’un en face de l’autre. L'étude de la contre propagation de deux jets révèle qu’il existe une distance minimale d'approche laissant entre eux une zone exempte de plasma. Après l’extinction des deux plasmas, une seconde décharge s’amorce exactement dans cette zone. Une étude détaillée couplant diagnostics électrique, imagerie ultra-rapide et spectroscopie d'émission nous a permis de montrer que cette décharge secondaire est due à une inversion de polarité conduisant à la création transitoire d'un piège à électrons.Dans le but d'aborder l'étude des applications des jets de plasma au domaine biologique, nous avons également étudié la dégradation de l’ADN plasmidique par un jet de plasma. Nous avons mis en évidence que ce type de plasma induit majoritairement des cassures simples et doubles brins, alors que très peu d’oxydations de base ou de sites abasiques sont observés, ceci même avec l’ajout de quelques pourcents d’oxygène dans le gaz
Micro plasma jets operating at atmospheric pressure in free atmosphere have recently attracted great attention because of their numerous advantages. In fact, micro plasma jets can be operated stably at atmospheric pressure and propagated over some centimeters in a free atmosphere. Moreover, these jets are non-thermal plasmas and create numerous reactive species. These properties allow to use this kind of plasma in many applications, such as surface treatment, decontamination, and plasma medicine.In this work it is shown that these micro plasma jets correspond to the fast propagation of an ionization front with no displacement of matter. A characterization of the plasma proprieties (e.g. distance and velocity of propagation) has been done as a function of the applied voltage, gas flow, gas composition and discharge geometry. The spatiotemporal distribution of the reactive species created by the plasma has been measured, with a special focus on the helium metastable atoms which have been measured by absorption laser spectroscopy. The helium metastable atom densities obtained are in the range of 1.10¹² to 5.10¹³ cm-³. Thanks to a very good spatiotemporal resolution, we have done a time-resolved full cartography of the plasma. This allowed us to show that the helium metastable atom distribution is annular near the nozzle and becomes circular as the plasma propagates. The maximum helium metastable atoms density has been measured at about half of the distance where the helium metastable atoms are present. This observation is in contradiction with results reported by numerical models. To gain further insight into the physical processes of the plasma, we have placed two micro plasma jets face to face. This study showed that both plasmas interact in such a way that they never come into contact, letting a space free of plasma between them. Moreover, we revealed that after the extinction of the plasmas, a second discharge is ignited in the previously free space. Fast imaging, spectroscopy diagnostics and electrical measurements showed that this second discharge is due to a polarity reversal, which creates an electron trap. Aiming the study of the application of micro plasma jets in the plasma medicine field, we have studied the degradation of plasmid DNA by our plasma jet. We observed that the plasma treatment leads mostly to single and double strands breaks, and to very little base oxidation and abasite site, even when oxygen is added into the gas mixture

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44

Zushi, Takahiro. "Study on Miniaturization of Plasma Wave Measurement Systems." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242507.

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45

Keston, David Arthur. "Bernstein modes in weakly relativistic e'-e'+ plasma." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264260.

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46

Severo, José Helder Facundo. "Estudo da rotação de plasma no tokamak TCABR." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-06092012-125249/.

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Este trabalho, que pode ser dividido em duas partes, teórica e experimental, trata da rotação residual de plasma no TCABR. No que se refere à parte teórica, foi obtida uma expressão geral para a velocidade poloidal e o fluxo de calor, para tokamaks com seção transversal arbitrária, em um plasma que está sujeito a um fluxo subsônico toroidal. Foram estudadas em detalhe as dependências da velocidade poloidal com o número de Mach sigma e o fluxo de calor iônico e foi verificado que a velocidade poloidal troca de sentido para um certo valor sigma=sigma IND.0. Também foi verificado que existe um valor sigma=sigma IND.K, a velocidade poloidal começa a diminuir. Quanto ao fluxo de calor, foi observado que ele é fortemente afetado pela geometria e é proporcional a q POT.2, onde q é o fator de segurança. Para q=1, o fluxo de calor tem um máximo para um fator de elongação k=1, correspondente a uma seção transversal circular, diminui com o aumento de k e apresenta um mínimo em k=2. No que se refere à parte experimental,foram obtidos pela primeira vez, no tokamak TCABR, os perfis radiais das velocidade de rotação poloidal e toroidal para um regime colisional, usando o deslocamento Doppler das linhas espectrais das impurezas de CIII (646,74nm) e CVI (529,02nm), medidas com um espectrômetro TH1000 de distância focal 1000mm e dispersão linear de 8 A/mm. Os resultados experimentais mostram que a velocidade poloidal tem um máximo de (4,5 + OU -1,0).10 POT.5cm/s, cujo sentido de deriva diamagnética dos elétrons. Estes resultados mostram uma boa concordância com a teoria neoclássica para a região da coluna r=5-14 cm, enquanto que para r>14 cm os resultados experimentais estão de desacordo com a teoria. No que diz respeito à velocidade de rotação toroidal, ela é oposta à corrente de plasma e tem um valor máximo de (20 + OU -1).10 POT.5cm/s, o que está em razoável concordância com o modelo proposto por ) Kim e Diamond. Foi observado que a velocidade de rotação toroidal troca de sentido em r>16 cm, indicando haver um forte cisalhamento da rotação na borda da coluna de plasma. A partir dos resultados das velocidades poloidal e toroidal e do gradiente de temperatura iônica, foi calculada a componente radial do campo elétrico que resultou negativo em toda a coluna de plasma. Finalmente, estes resultados estão em boa concordância com os resultados obtidos em tokamaks semelhantes ao TCABR. Os resultados experimentais para a velocidade poloidal podem ser bem descritos pela teoria neoclássica de rotação em tokamaks, exceto nas regiões próximas ao limitador. No entanto, ainda não existe uma teoria geral satisfatória para explicar os resultados da rotação toroidal do plasma em tokamaks. Existem teorias interessantes, porém não são aplicáveis ao tokamak TCABR
In the present work we investigated theorically and experimentally the plasma residual rotation in the tokamak TCABR. Using the neoelassical theory, general expressions for the poloidal velocity and heat flux were obtained for tokamaks with arbitrary plasma cross-sections, and subsonic toroidal flows. The dependency of the poloidal velocity and the heat flow with Mach number a were analyzed. It was found that the poloidal velocity changes sign for a ccrtain valuc alpfa = alpha 0, a critical value ak of a exists corresponding to a maximum value of ion poloidal velocity, and that for alpha > alpha k the poloidal velocity is a decreasing function of alpha.

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47

Colmenares, Julian, and Diyar Ghazi. "Plasma Burner: Numerical Modeling of Plasma Generation and Flow." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-87161.

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Technological evolution and mass production is impacting the Earth daily due to global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions, where the biggest factor is the emission of carbon dioxide mostly caused by the burning of fossil fuel and industrial processes. Therefore, alternatives for substituting the use of fossil fuel in industries are extremely important. This thesis project investigates the method of using plasma technology using a plasma burner which is electrically generated and could be an ideal solution for industrial metallurgical, chemical and mechanical processes due to its unique characteristics such as high energy densities, extremely high temperatures, rapid heating of surfaces and melting materials with a small installation size. Using the software COMSOL Multiphysics, a 2D model geometry is set up to simulate and investigate the behavior of the plasma burner by varying different parameters to improve the performance of the plasma burner. The results are based on simulations and no experiments were performed. However, we visited RISE ETC to observe and learn about the plasma burner model. At last, a geometry investigation was done by calculating the thermal efficiency to designate the most efficient geometry.

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Liard, Laurent. "Transport non linéaire dans un réacteur Hélicon." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005954.

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Almustafa, Mohamad. "Modélisation des micro-plasmas, conception des circuits micro-ondes, Coupleur Directionnel Hybride pour Mesures et des applications en Télécommunication." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14170/1/almustafa.pdf.

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L'intégration des nouveaux éléments basés sur la physique des plasmas dans le domaine des circuits et des systèmes micro-ondes est l'objectif de ce travail. En profitant des caractéristiques électromagnétiques des plasmas et en jouant sur leur architecture, on développe des micro-commutateurs micro-ondes et d'autres circuits radio et hyperfréquences en technologies microrubans ou en guide d'onde… La simulation de la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques dans un plasma et les études de l'interaction entre un plasma et les ondes électromagnétiques nécessite la connaissance des paramètres fondamentaux du plasma comme la permittivité. C'est pour cela qu'on étudie aussi les mesures plasmas par différents techniques comme la transmission/réflexion des ondes électromagnétiques, la perturbation des cavités résonnantes, ... Un schéma électrique équivalent modélisant un micro-commutateur hyperfréquence en plasma, est obtenu grâce aux mesures des courants de décharge électrique, à la rétro-simulation et aux techniques de modélisation numérique. Un coupleur directif hybride compact est utilisé pour les mesures plasmas en assurant la protection du matériel et de l'équipement de mesure des signaux d'un plasma.

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Urbonavičius, Marius. "Titano okisdų formavimas vandens garų plazmoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120202_132623-41801.

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Šio darbo literatūros apžvalgoje aptariami plazmos tipai, plazmos charakteristikos bei sąveika su medžiaga. Aptariama plazminės implantacijos technologija. Trumpai apibūdinama vandens garų plazma ir jos panaudojimas. Apžvelgiama titano oksido struktūra bei jo panaudojimas katalizatorių gamybai, kurie gali būti skirti skaldyti vandens molekules ir gaminti vandenilį. Darbe paaiškinamas magnetroninis nusodinimas bei jo privalumai. Darbo metu buvo oksiduojamas titanas vandens garų plazmoje. Titano oksidacija priklauso nuo daugybės plazmoje vykstančių procesų (adsorbcija, sulaikymas, vakansijų susidarymas ir pan.). Titano oksido panaudojimas yra labai platus dabartiniu metu. Aptariama šio eksperimento technologija bei atliekama oksiduotų titano dangų analizė. SEM, XRD, AES, GDOES analizės metodais buvo tiriama titano dangos oksidacija ir aiškinamas oksidacijos mechanizmas.
Types of plasma, characteristics and plasma interaction with solids are discussed in the literature review of this paper. Also, the plasma immersion ion implantation are described. Water vapour plasma are briefly discussed. Titanium oxide structure and it‘s usage for catalyst which could split water molecules are reviewed. Magnetron deposition are explained in this paper. The titanium film was oxidized by water vapour plasma on experiment. The oxidation of titanium depends on many processes in plasma (adsorption, trapping, formation of oxygen vacancies and etc.). Appliance of titanium oxide is very large in recent times. Experimental technology are discussed and plasma treated films are analysed. Titanium oxidation was analysed by SEM, XRD, AES, GDOES. Oxidation mechanism was explained in this paper.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plasma'

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