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Journal articles on the topic 'Plasma nozzle'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Wen, Kui, Min Liu, Kesong Zhou, Xuezhang Liu, Renzhong Huang, Jie Mao, Kun Yang, Xiaofeng Zhang, Chunming Deng, and Changguang Deng. "The Influence of Anode Inner Contour on Atmospheric DC Plasma Spraying Process." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2084363.

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In thermal plasma spraying process, anode nozzle is one of the most important components of plasma torch. Its inner contour controls the characteristics of plasma arc/jet, determining the motion and heating behaviors of the in-flight particles and hence influencing the coating quality. In this study, the effects of anode inner contour, standard cylindrical nozzle, and cone-shaped Laval nozzle with conical shape diverging exit (CSL nozzle) on the arc voltage, net power, thermal efficiency, plasma jet characteristics, in-flight particle behaviors, and coating properties have been systematically investigated under atmospheric plasma spraying conditions. The results show that the cylindrical nozzle has a higher arc voltage, net power, and thermal efficiency, as well as the higher plasma temperature and velocity at the torch exit, while the CSL nozzle has a higher measured temperature of plasma jet. The variation trends of the plasma jet characteristics for the two nozzles are comparable under various spraying parameters. The in-flight particle with smaller velocity of CSL nozzle has a higher measured temperature and melting fraction. As a result, the coating density and adhesive strength of CSL nozzle are lower than those of cylindrical nozzle, but the deposition efficiency is greatly improved.

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2

Málek, Miloslav, Miloš Mičian, and Augustín Sládek. "Flow Simulation as a Support to Predict Shape of Plasma Beam Affected by the Nozzle Geometry." MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032802008.

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This paper deals with flow simulation of plasma beam shape affected by the different nozzle geometry. The flow simulations for different nozzles geometry were made in simulation software Ansys-Fluent. The evaluation of flow simulations was based on comparing shapes of the flow media out from the modified nozzle orifice against reference nozzle. There were investigated 8 different modification of nozzle orifice. Modified nozzle n. 7 (in the shape of a Laval nozzle) has achieved significant improvement from all simulated. There were observed 3 cores of plasma beam, which could help blow dross out from cutting gap. Investigated results serve for further research.

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3

MOSHER, D., B. V. WEBER, B. MOOSMAN, R. J. COMMISSO, P. COLEMAN, E. WAISMAN, H. SZE, et al. "Measurement and analysis of gas-puff density distributions for plasma radiation source z pinches." Laser and Particle Beams 19, no. 4 (October 2001): 579–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460119405x.

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High-sensitivity interferometry measurements of initial density distributions are reviewed for a wide range of gas-puff nozzles used in plasma radiation source (PRS) z-pinch experiments. Accurate gas distributions are required for determining experimental load parameters, modeling implosion dynamics, understanding the radiation properties of the stagnated pinch, and for predicting PRS performance in future experiments. For a number of these nozzles, a simple ballistic-gas-flow model (BFM) has been used to provide good physics-based analytic fits to the measured r, z density distributions. These BFM fits provide a convenient means to smoothly interpolate radial density distributions between discrete axial measurement locations for finer-zoned two-dimensional MHD calculations, and can be used to determine how changes in nozzle parameters and load geometry might alter implosion dynamics and radiation performance. These measurement and analysis techniques are demonstrated for a nested-shell nozzle used in Double Eagle and Saturn experiments. For this nozzle, the analysis suggests load modifications that may increase the K-shell yield.

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4

Ignatov, A. V., I. V. Krivtsun, and I. L. Semenov. "Characteristics of non-equilibrium arc plasma in plasmatron nozzle channel." Paton Welding Journal 2016, no. 1 (January 28, 2016): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2016.01.01.

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5

Liffman, Kurt. "Relativistic Jet Flow from a One Dimensional Magnetic Nozzle—Analytic Solutions." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 18, no. 3 (2001): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as01034.

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AbstractMagnetohydrodynamic devices that can accelerate plasmas to speeds of the order of hundreds of kilometres per second have been designed and built for nearly forty years. Up to the time of writing, however, the theory for such devices has been exclusively non-relativistic. In this paper we derive the special relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (SRMHD) equations and use them to obtain the relativistic, magnetic nozzle equation which describes the production of jet flows with speeds approaching the speed of light.We obtain analytic solutions to this equation and show that, in principle, magnetic field gradients can accelerate a plasma to highly relativistic speeds. We also show that the exit kinetic energy, EK, of a particle is given by the equation EK = m0C2FR, where m0 is the rest mass of the particle and CFR is the fast magnetosonic speed at the start of the flow.The relativistic nozzle differs in a number of ways from the non-relativistic case.A non-relativistic nozzle has a relatively symmetric converging/diverging shape, while a highly relativistic nozzle converges in the usual manner, but diverges, in an abrupt fashion, at the very end of the nozzle. The gentle divergence of non-relativistic nozzles causes the exit plasma densities and magnetic fields of the flow to have values that are small relative to their values at the start of the nozzle. The abrupt divergence of a highly relativistic nozzle implies that, for a less than perfect nozzle, the exit values of the mass density and the magnetic field strength are comparable to their initial values. This unexpected dichotomy in behaviour may have future application in understanding the ‘radio-loud’ and ‘radio-quiet’ relativistic jets that are produced from astrophysical sources.

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6

Aizawa, Tatsuhiko, Hiroshi Morita, and Kenji Wasa. "Low-Temperature Plasma Nitriding of Mini-/Micro-Tools and Parts by Table-Top System." Applied Sciences 9, no. 8 (April 23, 2019): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9081667.

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Miniature products and components must be surface treated to improve their wear resistance and corrosion toughness. Among various processes, low-temperature plasma nitriding was employed to harden the outer and inner surfaces of micro-nozzles and to strengthen the micro-springs. A table-top nitriding system was developed even for simultaneous treatment of nozzles and springs. A single AISI316 micro-nozzle was nitrided at 673 K for 7.2 ks to have a surface hardness of 2000 HV0.02 and nitrogen solute content up to 10 mass%. In particular, the inner and outer surfaces of a micro-nozzle outlet were uniformly nitrided. In addition, the surface contact angle increased from 40° for bare stainless steels to 104° only by low-temperature plasma nitriding. A stack of micro-nozzles was simultaneously nitrided for mass production. Micro-springs were also nitrided to improve their stiffness for medical application.

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7

Melamies, Inès A. "Adhesion from the Plasma Nozzle." adhesion ADHESIVES + SEALANTS 15, no. 4 (December 2018): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s35784-018-0024-6.

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8

Menon, Pranav. "Investigation of Variation in the Performance of an Electro Thermal Thruster with Aerospike Nozzle." Advanced Engineering Forum 16 (April 2016): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.16.91.

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One of the most recently developed modes of propulsion is electric propulsion. The commonly used chemical propulsion systems have the advantage of a high Specific Impulse as compared to that of ion propulsion systems. However, owing to the efficacy of ion propulsion systems, it is considered the future of space exploration.Electro thermal thrusters produce thrust by using electrical fields to force hot plasma out of the nozzle with certain exit velocity. The plasma’s exit velocity and the system’s thrust capacity, as of now, are insufficient for space travel to be conducted within a reasonable time. I intend to study the possibility of improving the thruster’s performance by using an aerospike nozzle as an exit nozzle which meets the conditions required for the thruster to function appropriately. I shall be studying the plasma plume exit velocity variation with respect to the nozzles used. Also, a thermal analysis will be conducted in order to find the correct material for the nozzle.

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9

Hooper, E. B. "Plasma detachment from a magnetic nozzle." Journal of Propulsion and Power 9, no. 5 (September 1993): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.23686.

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10

Pitayachaval, Paphakorn, and Muhammatsoifu Sato. "Investigating Parameters That Effect to Wear of Plasma Nozzle." MATEC Web of Conferences 213 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821301010.

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Plasma cutting machine normally applies to cut metal in electrical conductivity industrial according to an accuracy dimension and rapidly time consuming. A quality of this process is depend upon a cutting surface and kerf by controlling diameter of nozzle and size of electrode. Since kerf shape is crated base on nozzle diameter, while electrode is served plasma arc. This paper presents an investigating three cutting parameters: cutting speed, pressure gas, current ampere that affect to wear of plasma nozzle. The fixed variables are a plasma-cutting machine, Hypertherm powermax 45 xp, Bindee control CNC machine and specimens (100×100 mm.). The cutting speed was holed at 200, 300, 400 mm/min. The gas pressure was controlled at 6, 7, 8 bar. The current Ampere was handled at 40, 42, 45 A. The diameters of nozzle was measured using digital microscope. The experiments conducted based on ANOVA to establish the relationship of those parameters. The nozzle wear depended upon the current Ampere, the high gas pressure while the cutting speed was not effect to nozzle wear.

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11

Nemchinsky, Valerian A. "Plasma flow in a nozzle during plasma arc cutting." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 31, no. 21 (November 7, 1998): 3102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/31/21/016.

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12

Methling, Ralf, Nicolas Götte, and Dirk Uhrlandt. "Ablation-Dominated Arcs in CO2 Atmosphere—Part II: Molecule Emission and Absorption." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 4720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184720.

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Molecule radiation can be used as a tool to study colder regions in switching arc plasmas like arc fringes in contact to walls and ranges around current zero (CZ). This is demonstrated in the present study for the first time for the case of ablation-dominated high-current arcs as key elements of self-blast circuit breakers. The arc in a model circuit breaker (MCB) in CO2 with and an arc in a long nozzle under ambient conditions with peak currents between 5 and 10 kA were studied by emission and absorption spectroscopy in the visible spectral range. The nozzle material was polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in both cases. Imaging spectroscopy was carried out either with high-speed cameras or with intensified CCD cameras. A pulsed high-intensity Xe lamp was applied as a background radiator for the broad-band absorption spectroscopy. Emission of Swan bands from carbon dimers was observed at the edge of nozzles only or across the whole nozzle radius with highest intensity in the arc center, depending on current and nozzle geometry. Furthermore, absorption of C2 Swan bands and CuF bands were found with the arc plasma serving as background radiator. After CZ, only CuF was detected in absorption experiments.

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13

Sun, Chengcheng, Junying Min, Jianping Lin, and Hailang Wan. "Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatment on Adhesive Bonding of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer." Polymers 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11010139.

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To improve the strength of the adhesive-bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) joints, atmospheric pressure plasma treatment (APPT) was used to treat a CFRP substrate surface. This study investigated the effects of nozzle distance (i.e., the distance between plasma nozzle and CFRP substrate) and nozzle speed (i.e., the moving speed of plasma nozzle relative to CFRP substrate) of APPT on the lap-shear strength of adhesive-bonded CFRP joints. Results show that the lap-shear strength of plasma-treated CFRP joints increased to a peak value and then decreased as the nozzle distance increased, and the nozzle distance associated with the peaked joint strength depends on the applied nozzle speed. The lap-shear strength of plasma-treated adhesive-bonded CFRP joints reaches up to 31.6 MPa, compared to 8.6 MPa of the as-received adhesive-bonded CFRP joints. The surface morphology of plasma-treated CFRP substrates was investigated by scanning electron microscope observation, and the mechanism associated with the improved joint strength after applying APPT was revealed through surface chemistry analysis. It is found that APPT not only effectively removed the content of Si element and –CH3 (i.e., the main compositions of release agent) from the as-received CFRP substrate surface, but also generated many polar groups (i.e., –NH2, –OH, –COOH, etc.), which has a positive effect on increasing the wettability and interfacial bonding strength of CFRP substrates and consequently results in a significant improvement of lap-shear strength of plasma-treated CFRP joints. In addition, the result of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test shows that the surface temperature of CFRP substrate should not exceed 175.3 °C during APPT. In this study, an empirical model governing temperature, nozzle distance and nozzle speed was established to guide the selection of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment process parameters in industrial manufacture.

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14

Wei, Pei, Zhengying Wei, Guangxi Zhao, Y. Bai, and Chao Tan. "Optimal Design of Nozzle for Supersonic Atmosphere Plasma Spraying." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 7 (August 1, 2016): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2015-0036.

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AbstractThrough numerical simulation, key issues concerning the plasma jet features as well as the sizes of nozzle for supersonic atmosphere plasma spraying (SAPS) were analyzed in this paper. Numerical results were compared with the experimental measurements and a good agreement has been achieved. Due to the effect of mechanical compression, the increasing sizes of r1, r2, r3 and r4 (r1, r2, r3 and r4 are the sizes of nozzle) lead to a decrease in temperature and velocity of plasma jet. But large size of r5 can increase the external temperature and velocity of plasma jet, which benefit particles accelerating at the far downstream region. A new nozzle was designed based on the simulation results. Compared to the temperature and velocity of plasma jet in the original nozzle, the maximum temperature and velocity of plasma jet in new structure are increased by about 9.8% and 44.5%, which is a benefit to the particles to reach a higher speed and surface temperature.

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15

Pittayachaval, Paphakorn, Yanisa Aupkaew, Sirinat Sakhonkhan, Thittaya Sukan, and Chirathorn Patchaikhonang. "Investigating Plasma-Nozzle Wear Based on Processing Time and Current Ampere." Materials Science Forum 987 (April 2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.987.171.

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Plasma cutting machine widely uses in electrical conductivity industrial according to an accuracy dimension and minimum time consuming. A cutting surface and kerf are keys process parameter to establish process quality by controlling diameter of nozzle and size of electrode. Since kerf shape is crated base on nozzle diameter, while electrode is served plasma arc. This paper presents an investigating nozzle wear based on current ampere and processing time. The controlled variables are a plasma-cutting machine, Hypertherm powermax 45 xp, Bindee control CNC machine and cutting path as whorl specimen of low carbon steel. The current Ampere was handled at 35, 40, 45 A. The processing time was controlled at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 minutes. The diameters of nozzle were measured using digital microscope. The experiments conducted based on ANOVA to establish the relationship of those parameters. The nozzle wear depended upon the current Ampere and processing time in which a regression equation was presented as a result.

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16

York, Thomas M., Barry A. Jacoby, and Pavlos Mikellides. "Plasma flow processes within magnetic nozzle configurations." Journal of Propulsion and Power 8, no. 5 (September 1992): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.23588.

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17

Hoyt, R. P., J. T. Scheuer, K. F. Schoenberg, R. A. Gerwin, R. W. Moses, and I. Henins. "Magnetic nozzle design for coaxial plasma accelerators." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 23, no. 3 (June 1995): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.402343.

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18

Slavíček, P., A. Hrdlicka, M. Dvorakova, and V. Kanicky. "Diagnostics of Plasma Pencil Discharge for Chemical Analysis." PLASMA PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY 6, no. 1 (2019): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ppt.2019.1.95.

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We present diagnostics of plasma pencil discharge as alternative excitation source for analytical chemistry. The plasma pencil is special type of rf plasma nozzle at atmospheric pressure. Through this nozzle flows working gas argon with aerosol. The aerosol sample introduction system employed a double pass Scott spray chamber with a pneumatic concentric nebulizer. The parameters of the plasma were calculated by optical emission spectroscopy.<br /><br />

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19

Honglertkongsakul, Kanchaya. "Optical Emission Spectroscopy of Argon Plasma Jet." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.245.

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Argon plasma jet in a single-electrode configuration was generated at low temperature and atmospheric pressure by 50 kHz radiofrequency power supply. Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) was used to investigate the local emissivity of argon plasma in the range between 200 and 1,100 nm. The spatial distribution of reactive species was measured at different distances of the plasma expansion from the nozzle exit such as 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 cm. These measurements were obtained to analyze the plasma parameters such as electron temperature and electron density. The effect of distances of the plasma expansion from the nozzle exit on the plasma parameters was studied. The main intensive argon lines were found in the region between 690 and 970 nm. The electron temperature was found in the range of 0.5-1.1 eV. The electron density was found in the range of 4.0x1012-1.2x1013 cm-3. The plasma parameters strongly depended on the distances of the plasma expansion from the nozzle exit.

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20

Wen, Yi Fang, Yan Nian Rui, Chuang Chen, and Hong Wei Wang. "The Optimal Design of the Plasma Discharge Structure of the Far Zone of the Hollow Cathode." Advanced Materials Research 819 (September 2013): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.819.344.

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The discharge of RF hollow cathode far zone plasma has advantages of high ion concentration, easy to implement the processing of a large area, given more and more attention. The characteristics of hollow cathode plasma flow have a great relationship with the hollow cathode nozzle structure. How to design the hollow cathode nozzle discharge structure accurately and conveniently is the key problem of the hollow cathode far plasma surface treatment. This article builds a hollow cathode plasma discharge self-consistent model; derive the relationship between the discharge current of the hollow cathode plasma and the hollow cathode nozzle structure. Optimize the design of the hollow cathode discharge structure using discharge particle simulation software, to achieve a fast and accurate design and the purpose of efficient plasma surface modification.

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21

Matveev, Igor B., Svetlana A. Matveeva, Evgeniy Y. Kirchuk, Serhiy I. Serbin, and Vladimir G. Bazarov. "Plasma Fuel Nozzle as a Prospective Way to Plasma-Assisted Combustion." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 38, no. 12 (December 2010): 3313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2010.2063716.

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22

Kuznetsov, M. A., D. P. Ilyaschenko, A. V. Kryukov, S. A. Solodsky, E. V. Lavrova, and E. V. Verkhoturova. "Development of Executive Equipment Design for Implementing the Process of Generating of Drops of Microand Nanoscale Range." Devices and Methods of Measurements 12, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2220-9506-2021-12-1-38-45.

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Modeling of velocities and temperatures processes distribution in the plasma-forming channel determining the design features and optimal parameters of the plasma torch nozzle is one of promising directions in development of plasma technologies. The aim of this work was to simulate the processes of velocities and temperature distribution in the plasma-forming channel and to determine the design features and optimal geometric parameters of the plasmatron nozzle which ensures the formation of necessary direction of plasma flows for generation of surface waves on the surface of a liquid metal droplet under the influence of the investigated instabilities.One of the main tasks is to consider the process of plasma jet formation and the flow of electric arc plasma. For obtaining small-sized particles one of the main parameters is the plasma flow velocity. It is necessary that the plasma outflow velocity be close to supersonic. An increase of the supersonic speed is possible due to design of the plasmatron nozzle especially the design feature and dimensions of the gas channel in which the plasma is formed. Also the modeling took into account dimensions of the plasma torch nozzle, i. e. the device should provide a supersonic plasma flow with the smallest possible geometric dimensions.As a result models of velocities and temperatures distribution in the plasma-forming channel at the minimum and maximum diameters of the channel were obtained. The design features and optimal geometric parameters of the plasmatron have been determined: the inlet diameter is 3 mm, the outlet diameter is 2 mm.The design of the executive equipment has been developed and designed which implements the investigated process of generating droplets of the micro- and nanoscale range. A plasmatron nozzle was manufactured which forms the necessary directions of plasma flows for the formation of surface waves on the metal droplet surface under the influence of instabilities. An algorithm has been developed for controlling of executive equipment that implements the process of generating drops of micro- and nanoscale range.

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23

Pinson, I. Ya, O. Yu Olisova, I. V. Verhkoglyad, and Elena Sergeevna Snarskaya. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROPLASMA PIXEL RF TECHNOLOGY OF THE ACCENT PRIME MULTI-FUNCTION DEVICE FOR RADIO FREQUENCY AND ULTRASOUND THERAPY." Russian Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 22, no. 3-4 (August 15, 2019): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/dv42947.

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The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the latest Pixel RF microplasma nozzle for the Accent Prime device (Alma Lasers, Israel), which allows to use cold plasma for the correction of skin pathology with minimal patient rehabilitation time, quick tissue regeneration and maximum procedure efficiency. Innovative roller nozzles with many spicule electrodes provide local penetration of plasma radio-frequency charges with the formation of microchannels in the skin with a zone of thermal plasma damage. We observed 12 women aged 30 to 40 years with manifestations of involutional skin changes in the form of wrinkles. The procedures were carried out according to the method of processing each skin crease 1 time in 2 weeks 3-4 procedures per course with research before treatment and 6 weeks after the end of the course. The procedures were performed with an individual selection of energy for each patient in the range of 10-12 watts. Studies after a course of procedures with the Microplasma Pixel RF nozzle demonstrated an improvement in the skin microrelief pattern, namely, a decrease in wrinkling by 27% from the initial level and a relief reduction by 15.67%.

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24

Bennet, Alexander, Christine Charles, and Rod Boswell. "Non-local plasma generation in a magnetic nozzle." Physics of Plasmas 26, no. 7 (July 2019): 072107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5098484.

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25

Merino, Mario, and Eduardo Ahedo. "Fully magnetized plasma flow in a magnetic nozzle." Physics of Plasmas 23, no. 2 (February 2016): 023506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4941975.

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26

Smolyakov, A. I., A. Sabo, P. Yushmanov, and S. Putvinskii. "On quasineutral plasma flow in the magnetic nozzle." Physics of Plasmas 28, no. 6 (June 2021): 060701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0050226.

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27

Zhu, Xia, Taisuke Satoh, Hiromichi Toyota, Shinfuku Nomura, Yukiharu Iwamoto, and Pria Gautama. "Basic Characteristics of In-Liquid Plasma Jet and Electrode Damage." Key Engineering Materials 749 (August 2017): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.749.76.

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The most progress towards a practical method of fusing municipal waste incineration ash has been in the use of a plasma jet that employs arc discharge, a form of thermal plasma. However, a remaining problem is that stable plasma generation is prevented by melting of the nozzle of the plasma-jet torch by the high-temperature plasma flow. With the objective of developing high-speed fusion treatment for waste materials using an in-liquid plasma jet, basic research was conducted on plasma stability and the durability of plasma-jet torches, including electrodes and nozzles. Basic plasma jet characteristics such as the discharge voltage, current, and power value at the time of plasma jet generation were investigated experimentally. The relationship between the temperature distribution near the tip of a plasma jet torch and electrode damage was investigated by fluid-heat coupled analysis using the finite element method.

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28

Bushroa, A. R., and C. C. Ying. "Plasma Non-Transferred Arc Cladding of Alumina Powder on Mild Steel-Parameters Optimization Using Taguchi Method." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1003.

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This research described the optimization of the process parameters for clad coating of alumina (Al2O3) powder on AISI 1018 mild steel utilizing plasma non-transferred arc cladding process using Taguchi method and Pareto ANOVA analysis. Four factors were selected which were plasma arc current, plasma torch velocity, distance between nozzle and layer and ratio of alumina powder to binder. The analysis of the results showed that the optimal combination for high microhardness were distance between nozzle and layer at 3 mm and plasma torch velocity at 0.03 mm.

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29

Zhang, Yan Ming, and Xiao Mei Wang. "Effect of Plasma Treatment on Water Absorbability of PP Nonwovens." Advanced Materials Research 1048 (October 2014): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1048.13.

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The surface of polypropylene (PP) nonwovens was modified by low-temperature plasma technology. Three factors influencing the plasma treatment, i.e. current, time and distance between nozzle and fabric surface, were studied by single factor experiments. The effect of hydrophilic modification of PP nonwovens was evaluated with water absorption. The variation of water absorption of PP nonwovens after plasma treatment was tested. The experimental results show that the plasma treatment can improve the water absorbability of PP nonwovens. The water absorbability increases with the increasing current, but decreases with the increasing distance from nozzle to fabric surface. With the increase of time, the water absorbability increases firstly then decreases.

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30

Konishi, Kyohei, Manabu Tanaka, Akihisa Murata, and Tadasuke Murata. "Numerical Analysis of Gas Tungsten Arc Welding with a Constricted Nozzle for Butt Joint of Thin-Sheet Metals." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.383.

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GTA (Gas Tungsten Arc) welding process has been studied as a higher level welding process. The “GTA welding process with constricted nozzle” is one of new welding processes [1]. In this new process, arc stiffness is greatly improved by attaching an additional gas nozzle which is called “constricted nozzle” inside the shielding gas nozzle. The design of a constricted nozzle is shown in Figure 1. With this new process, a butt joint of thin-sheet metals can be achieved although that is difficult with a conventional GTA welding process. In this study, numerical simulation is conducted to understand phenomena of arc plasma in a GTA welding process with a constricted nozzle scientifically.

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31

Shahmohammadi Beni, Mehrdad, Wei Han, and K. N. Yu. "Dispersion of OH Radicals in Applications Related to Fear-Free Dentistry Using Cold Plasma." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 2119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9102119.

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Cold atmospheric plasmas (CAPs) are being used in applications related to dentistry. Potential benefits include tooth whitening/bleaching, the sterilization of dental cavities, and root canal disinfection. Generated reactive species, such as hydroxyl (OH) radicals, play a critical role in the effectiveness of CAPs in dentistry. In the present work, the mandibular jaw and teeth were modeled. The propagation of CAP plume in ambient air was dynamically tracked using the level set method. The transport and dispersion OH radicals away from the nozzle and towards the teeth under treatment were also tracked. The distributions of concentration of OH radicals over the teeth were obtained for nozzle to tooth distances of 2 and 4 mm. The discharge of the OH radicals out of the nozzle was found to be asymmetrical. Interestingly, depending on the type of tooth treated, the dispersion of OH radicals out of the nozzle could be altered. The present model and obtained results could be useful for advancements towards a fear-free dentistry using CAPs.

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32

Tahara, Hirokazu, Yasutaka Ando, and Takao Yoshikawa. "Plasma Characteristics of Supersonic Nitrogen/Hydrogen-Mixture and Ammonia Plasma Jets and Nitrided Material Properties." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.373.

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Spectroscopic and electrostatic probe measurements were made to examine plasma characteristics under nitriding for a 10-kW-class direct-current arc plasma jet generator with a supersonic expansion nozzle in a low pressure environment. Heat fluxes into the plate from the plasma were also evaluated. Ammonia and mixtures of nitrogen and hydrogen were used as the working gas. The H-atom electronic excitation temperature and the N2 molecule-rotational excitation temperature intensively decreased downstream in the nozzle although the NH molecule-rotational excitation temperature did not show an axial decrease. As approaching the titanium plate, the thermodynamical nonequilibrium plasma came to be a temperature-equilibrium one. Both the electron number density near the plate and the heat flux increased with H2 mole fraction for mixtures gases. In cases with mixtures of N2 and H2, a radical of NH with a radially wide distribution is considered to contribute to the better nitriding as a chemically active and non heating process.

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33

Meng, Jian Bing, Xiao Juan Dong, and Wen Ji Xu. "Study on the Temperature Distribution of a Combined Plasma Arc Based on Spectral Diagnostics of Plasma." Applied Mechanics and Materials 26-28 (June 2010): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.26-28.387.

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The beam form has a direct effect on the quality and efficiency of flexible forming using a combined plasma arc. But it is difficult to directly measure relative parameters of combined plasma arc for its characteristics of high temperature and high energy density. In this paper, an image collection system was designed with a lens, a neutral filter, an interference filter and a CCD camera. And then, the acquired digital image of diagnostic face of plasma arc was implemented pre-processing such as removing noises, edge extraction, histogram equalization, contrast enhancement, enhancing morphological features. Furthermore, based on spectral diagnostics of plasma arc, the effects of working current, gas flow and the distance from the nozzle outlet to the anode on temperature distribution of combined plasma arc were also investigated. The results show that the temperature of combined plasma arc is much dependent on the working current, while is less sensitive to the argon flow rate and the distance from the nozzle outlet to the workpiece anode.

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34

Jodoin, Bertrand, Pierre Proulx, and Yves Mercadier. "Numerical Study of Supersonic Direct Current Plasma Nozzle Flow." AIAA Journal 36, no. 4 (April 1998): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.408.

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Oshima, Nobuaki, Ryuji Takada, Yusuke Kubota, Petros Abraha, and Tamio Hara. "Development of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet with Slit Nozzle." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 50, no. 1S1 (January 1, 2011): 01AH06. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.50.01ah06.

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Ferrero, Andrea, and Dario Pastrone. "Plasma Actuator–Assisted Rocket Nozzle for Improved Launcher Performance." AIAA Journal 57, no. 4 (April 2019): 1348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j057956.

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37

TAKAMA, Yoshiki, and Kojiro SUZUKI. "Flow Characteristics of Plasma Wind Tunnel Using Magnetic Nozzle." TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, SPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN 7, ists26 (2009): Pe_9—Pe_14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/tstj.7.pe_9.

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Jodoin, Bertrand, Pierre Proulx, and Yves Mercadier. "Numerical study of supersonic direct current plasma nozzle flow." AIAA Journal 36 (January 1998): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.13864.

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39

Kimura, T., A. Komatsu, S. Yoshioka, and T. Miyazaki. "Small diameter nozzle plasma arc as a processing tool." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 6 (June 1992): 3384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142556.

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Oshima, Nobuaki, Ryuji Takada, Yusuke Kubota, Petros Abraha, and Tamio Hara. "Development of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet with Slit Nozzle." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 50 (January 20, 2011): 01AH06. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.50.01ah06.

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41

Chang, O. H., A. Kaminska, and M. Dudeck. "Influence of Torch Nozzle Geometry on Plasma Jet Properties." Journal de Physique III 7, no. 6 (June 1997): 1361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp3:1997192.

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42

Ahedo, E., and M. Merino. "Two-dimensional supersonic plasma acceleration in a magnetic nozzle." Physics of Plasmas 17, no. 7 (July 2010): 073501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3442736.

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Arefiev, Alexey V., and Boris N. Breizman. "Magnetohydrodynamic scenario of plasma detachment in a magnetic nozzle." Physics of Plasmas 12, no. 4 (April 2005): 043504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1875632.

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44

Cao, M., F. Gitzhofer, D. V. Gravelle, R. Henne, and M. I. Boulos. "A torch nozzle design to improve plasma spraying techniques." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-0252/6/1/006.

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45

Jankovic, M., and J. Mostaghimi. "A new nozzle design for dc plasma spray guns." Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 15, no. 4 (December 1995): 607–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01447063.

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46

Tian, Bin, Mario Merino, and Eduardo Ahedo. "Two-dimensional plasma-wave interaction in an helicon plasma thruster with magnetic nozzle." Plasma Sources Science and Technology 27, no. 11 (November 22, 2018): 114003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6595/aaec32.

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Hatala, Michal, Jozef Zajac, Róbert Čep, and Imrich Orlovský. "Research of the Technological Parameters Importance for Plasma Arc Thermal Cutting." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 3742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.3742.

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Many clients and plasma arc thermal cutting devices providers deal with the question which technological factor in adjustment process of cutting has the greatest influence on the final product quality. Many researchers and teachers deal with this issue during lecturing these knowledges for university students. The article presents the design and evaluation of plasma arc cutting technological process. Influence of technological factors on roughness parameters Ra of the steel surface ISO Fe510 have been evaluated using planned experiments. Using factor experiment, the significance of the four process factors: plasma burner feed speed, plasma gas pressure, nozzle diameter, distance between nozzle mouth and material have been observed. Regression models obtained by multiple linear regression indicates the quality level as observed factors function.

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BORA, B., M. KAKATI, and A. K. DAS. "Variation of axial and radial temperature in an expanded thermal plasma jet." Journal of Plasma Physics 76, no. 5 (January 15, 2010): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377809990511.

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AbstractThe distribution of temperature in an expanded thermal plasma jet is investigated by modified Langmuir probes. The validation of classical probe theory in the entire experimental chamber pressure range of 10–100 mbar is thoroughly established before the measurements. The average temperature of the plasma jet at the nozzle exit was also measured by calorimetric estimation of total heat loss from the plasma upstream of that point. A correlation is made using simple analytical expression in between the average temperature measured from the heat loss data and the centerline temperature at the nozzle exit measured by Langmuir probe. The profile parameter n for the radial distribution of temperature in a plasma jet is calculated for different operating current and gas flow rates.

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Wang, Hai Yan, Yi Jiang, Yuan Peng Xia, and Yun Li Zhou. "Influence of Plasma Torch Nozzle Design on Plasma Arc Analyzed with Finite Element Method." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 751–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.751.

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Plasma torch is one of the most important parts for plasma arc generating system. A design of orifices in a nozzle would decide the properties of plasma arc. However, mechanisms of orifice to plasma arc are seldom discussed. In this paper, the plasma arc with two assistant orifices were analyzed by finite element method. It was concluded that the plasma arc would be further compressed in the direction parallel to two assistant orifices, but expand perpendicular to assistant orifices. Through the constriction of two assistant orifices, the shape of the plasma arc would be elliptical other than circular of the oridinary plasma arc. The torch design with two assistant orifices could be available to many fields such as plasma arc welding, especially to a welding torch with a large pressure chamber.

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Tahara, Hirokazu, Kenji Fujiuchi, and Yasutaka Ando. "Material Processing Using Supersonic Reactive Plasma Jets in Thermodynamical and Chemical Nonequilibrium State." Materials Science Forum 502 (December 2005): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.502.303.

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Nitriding of metals and reactive spraying for nitride ceramics are planned using a 10-kW-class direct-current nitrogen or H2/N2-mixture arc plasma jet generator with a supersonic expansion nozzle in a low pressure environment. The H-atom electronic excitation temperature and the N2 molecule-rotational excitation temperature intensively decreased downstream in the nozzle although the NH molecule-rotational excitation temperature did not show an axial decrease. As approaching the titanium plate for nitriding, the thermodynamical nonequilibrium plasma came to be a temperature-equilibrium one. Both the electron number density near the plate and the heat flux into the plate increased with H2 mole fraction for mixtures gases. In cases with H2/N2-mixtures, a radical of NH with a radially wide distribution is considered to contribute to the better nitriding as a chemically active and non heating process. Numerical simulation was carried out to examine interactions between injected ceramic particles and the nitrogen plasma flow. When plasma was accelerated to supersonic flow through the nozzle, ceramic particles were smoothly accelerated by the aerodynamic drag force and heated in the highly-reactive plasma flow. The calculated results showed that the supersonic plasma jet in thermodynamical and chemical nonequilibrium state might have some potentials for material processing, even for spraying, because of its high reactivity.

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