Academic literature on the topic 'Plasma deposits'

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Journal articles on the topic "Plasma deposits":

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Hoshiyama, Yasuhiro, Kyouhei Yamaguchi, and Hidekazu Miyake. "Tungsten Carbide Dispersed High Cr-Ni Cast Iron Produced by Plasma Spraying." Materials Science Forum 891 (March 2017): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.891.565.

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Fe-C-W-Cr-Ni alloy powder in diameter of 32-53 μm made by argon atomization was low-pressure plasma sprayed to produce high Cr-Ni cast iron base deposits with finely dispersed tungsten carbide particles. The as-sprayed deposit produced on a non-cooled substrate was composed of γFe, αFe and carbide. The fine precipitates in the as-sprayed deposit were carbide. With increasing heat treatment temperature up to 1273 K, the carbide particles coarsened. The as-sprayed deposit produced on a non-cooled substrate had higher hardness than the heat-treated deposits. The wear resistance of the as-sprayed deposit produced on a non-cooled substrate was lower than that of heat-treated deposits. The as-sprayed deposit produced on a non-cooled substrate and heat-treated deposits had higher wear resistance than commercial stainless steel.
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Meyer, Duane E., Natale J. Ianno, John A. Woollam, A. B. Swartzlander, and A. J. Nelson. "Growth of diamond by rf plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition." Journal of Materials Research 3, no. 6 (December 1988): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1988.1397.

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A system has been designed and constructed to produce diamond particles by inductively coupled radio-frequency, plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. This is a low-pressure, low-temperature process used in an attempt to deposit diamond on substrates of glass, quartz, silicon, nickel, and boron nitride. Several deposition parameters have been varied including substrate temperature, gas concentration, gas pressure, total gas flow rate, rf input power, and deposition time. Analytical methods employed to determine composition and structure of the deposits include scanning electron microscopy, absorption spectroscopy, scanning Auger microprobe spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Analysis indicates that particles having a thin graphite surface, as well as diamond particles with no surface coatings, have been deposited. Deposits on quartz have exhibited optical bandgaps as high as 4 5 eV. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows that particles are deposited on a pedestal which Auger spectroscopy indicates to be graphite. This is a phenomenon that has not been previously reported in the literature.
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Flores, Osvaldo. "LOW PRESSURE CH2Cl2 PLASMA DISCHARGE." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 8, no. 3 (May 18, 2015): 2240–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v8i3.1490.

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Glow discharge of dichloromethane (DCM) was investigated employing Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), while the electron temperature and electron density were measured using a double Langmuir probe. Deposits formed were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photo Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The species identified by OES were the molecular bands of C2, C3, CH, H2, CH+, HCl+, Cl and C+. The material deposited displays a growing behavior. SEM observation shows several features which correspond to coalesce and growth mechanism. The characterization of the material deposited can explain the different stages of deposits that are formed on the electrode surface. Several factors are concerned in the complexity of the process, regarding the interaction of species formed during the plasma discharge. Involving several bonds types such as: C=C, C=C-CH2-Cl, C-C and CH.
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Jhavar, S., C. P. Paul, and N. K. Jain. "Experimental investigation on geometrical aspects of micro-plasma deposited tool steel for repair applications." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 32 (January 2014): 1460347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603470.

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Recent advancement in direct material deposition processes found wide applications in rapid prototyping, manufacturing and tooling industry. Micro-plasma deposition is one of the recent developments in this domain. This paper reports the deployment of newly integrated micro-plasma deposition system for the deposition of AISI P-20 tool steel on the AISI P20 tool steel substrate. A number of test tracks for single track deposition were deposited at the various combination of processing parameters. The sets of parameters yielding good deposits were selected to deposit overlap tracks. The geometry of single and overlapped tracks was evaluated to understand the parametric dependence. The study indicates that the aspect ratio of track geometry (ratio of width to height of track) is dependent on the processing parameters and the discharge current is identified as the most dominating parameters (contribution = 44%), followed by scan speed (contribution = 26.68%) and wire feed rate (contribution = 26.98%) with almost same effect. The microscopic study of the deposits indicates that the material deposited at the optimum processing parameters is free from surface and bulk defects. The estimated material properties are found to be at par with conventional processed material. This feasibility study proved that the micro-plasma deposition can be used for the generation of surfaces and multi-featured material deposition. It paved a way for the application of the process in die/mold repairs.
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Hoshiyama, Yasuhiro, Kentaro Hirano, and Hidekazu Miyake. "Production of Rapidly Solidified Composite Deposits Based on Iron with Vanadium Carbide Particles by Plasma Spraying." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 841–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.841.

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In the thermal spraying process, spray material is heated, melted, and accelerated by a high temperature flame. Thermal spraying can produce thick materials that rapidly solidify, because the alloy droplets accumulate successively on the substrate and solidify at a cooling rate in the range of 105-108Ks-1. Depending on the cooling conditions of the substrate and on the alloy composition, deposits are produced with metastable phases or extremely fine crystalline phases. Thermal spraying is an attractive method for the production of composite deposits with fine particles formed in-situ. In particular, iron based alloy with vanadium carbide, is useful in metal molds and also in pump parts due to its high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. In the present work, low-pressure plasma spraying of Fe-C-V/Ni-Mg and Fe-C-V-Cr-Ni/Ni-Mg blend powders were iron based composite deposits with finely dispersed vanadium carbide particles. The as-sprayed deposit produced from Fe-C-V/Ni-Mg blend powder is composed of αFe and V8C7. The as-sprayed deposit produced from Fe-C-V-Cr-Ni/Ni-Mg blend powder is made up of γFe, αFe, V8C7 and Cr7C3. The fine precipitates of approximately 0.3μm in the as-sprayed deposit are carbide. With increasing the heat-treatment temperature up to 1273K, the carbide particles coarsen. The hardness of as-sprayed deposit produced from the Fe-C-V-Cr-Ni/Ni-Mg, which has many fine carbide precipitates, is the hardest of the deposits.
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Hoshiyama, Yasuhiro, Tsutomu Miyazaki, and Hidekazu Miyake. "Production of Stainless Cast Iron Base Deposits with Dispersed Titanium Carbide Particles by Plasma Spraying." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1888–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1888.

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Fe-C-Ti-Cr-Ni alloy powder in diameter of 32-53 μm made by argon atomization is low-pressure plasma sprayed to produce stainless cast iron base deposits with finely dispersed titanium carbide particles. The as-sprayed deposit formed on a water-cooled substrate consists of γFe, αFe, TiC and Cr3C2. Heat treatment of the as-sprayed deposit above 873 K results in the formation of Cr7C3. The fine precipitates of approximately 0.2 μm in the as-sprayed deposit formed on a water-cooled substrate are carbide. The as-sprayed deposit produced on a non-cooled substrate and deposits which are obtained by heat treatment of the as-sprayed deposit are composed of γFe, αFe, TiC, Cr3C2 and Cr7C3. As heat treatment temperature increases, carbide precipitates coarsen. The hardness of deposit decreases with increasing heat treatment temperature. The wear resistance of as-sprayed deposit formed on a non-cooled substrate was higher than that of the deposit heat-treated at 1273 K. The as-sprayed deposit and deposit heat-treated at 1273 K have higher wear resistance than a commercial stainless steel.
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Lekobou, William P., Karl R. Englund, Marie-Pierre Laborie, and Patrick D. Pedrow. "Influence of atmospheric pressure plasma treatments on the surface properties of ligno-cellulosic substrates." Holzforschung 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2014-0211.

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AbstractThe paper aims at the investigation of atmospheric pressure weakly ionized plasmas with argon and acetylene to deposit plasma-polymerized coatings on wood veneers (birch, maple), cellulose paper, and pine wood flour to modify their surface properties, in particular their topography and wettability. The treatment was performed in a reactor containing an array of high-voltage needles and a grounded metallic mesh as electrodes. The deposition occurred in the discharge downstream of the plasma region. The plasma-polymerized acetylene deposits form spherical nodules on the surface of the substrates and change their wettability from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The water contact angles of the veneer were determined with a goniometer. The capillary rise was combined with the Washburn equation to assess the change in hydrophilicity of the plasma-treated wood flour.
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Taheraslani, Mohammadreza, and Han Gardeniers. "High-Resolution SEM and EDX Characterization of Deposits Formed by CH4+Ar DBD Plasma Processing in a Packed Bed Reactor." Nanomaterials 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9040589.

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The deposits formed during the DBD plasma conversion of CH4 were characterized by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and energy dispersive X-ray elemental analysis (EDX) for both cases of a non-packed reactor and a packed reactor. For the non-packed plasma reactor, a layer of deposits was formed on the dielectric surface. HRSEM images in combination with EDX and CHN elemental analysis of this layer revealed that the deposits are made of a polymer-like layer with a high content of hydrogen (60 at%), possessing an amorphous structure. For the packed reactor, γ-alumina, Pd/γ-alumina, BaTiO3, silica-SBA-15, MgO/Al2O3, and α-alumina were used as the packing materials inside the DBD discharges. Carbon-rich agglomerates were formed on the γ-alumina after exposure to plasma. The EDX mapping furthermore indicated the carbon-rich areas in the structure. In contrast, the formation of agglomerates was not observed for Pd-loaded γ-alumina. This was ascribed to the presence of Pd, which enhances the hydrogenation of deposit precursors, and leads to a significantly lower amount of deposits. It was further found that the structure of all other plasma-processed materials, including MgO/Al2O3, silica-SBA-15, BaTiO3, and α-alumina, undergoes morphological changes. These alterations appeared in the forms of the generation of new pores (voids) in the structure, as well as the moderation of the surface roughness towards a smoother surface after the plasma treatment.
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Ilavsky, J., G. G. Long, A. J. Allen, L. Leblanc, M. Prystay, and C. Moreau. "Anisotropic Microstructure of Plasma-Sprayed Deposits." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 8, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105996399770350368.

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Xu, Junli, Jing Zhang, and Zhongning Shi. "Extracting Aluminum from Aluminum Alloys in AlCl3-NaCl Molten Salts." High Temperature Materials and Processes 32, no. 4 (August 16, 2013): 367–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0152.

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AbstractExtracting aluminum from aluminum alloys in AlCl3-NaCl molten salts was investigated in this paper. The influences of experimental parameters such as electrolyte composition, cathodic current density and electrolysis time on the deposits morphology were discussed. The results show that the grain size of the deposits decreases with the increase of AlCl3 content in the electrolyte. Current density has a big effect on the morphology of the deposits. The particle size of deposits increases with the increase of current density, and dendritic morphology forms at high current density. High nucleation rates are achieved at high current densities above the limiting diffusion current density, and will result in a finer grain size. A non-dendritic deposit of aluminum was obtained at 170°C at 50 mA cm−2 cathodic current density for 1 h in the electrolyte having a 1.3 molar ratio of AlCl3/NaCl. The purity of the aluminum deposit is about 99.79% analyzed using inductively coupled plasma.

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plasma deposits":

1

Gill, Stephen Charles. "Residual stresses in plasma sprayed deposits." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386108.

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Gagnon, Joel Edward. "Genesis of hydrothermal high field strength element mineral deposits : evidence from laser ablation--inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100367.

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High field strength elements (HFSE) are geologically and economically important. These elements were once thought to be immobile during metasomatic processes, however, a growing body of empirical evidence indicates that HFSE can be mobilized under certain conditions. Despite this evidence, little is known about the factors controlling solubility, transport and deposition of HFSE by aqueous fluids, apart from some theoretical estimates and rare experimental studies. Therefore, the study of natural systems (e.g., HFSE ore deposits) provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate HFSE mobility by aqueous fluids. Five localities where evidence of hydrothermal transport of HFSE has been previously documented were included in this study: Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico; South Platte, Colorado; Rock Canyon Creek, British Columbia; St. Lawrence, Newfoundland; and Strange Lake, Quebec/Labrador. Minerals and, in the case of South Platte, fluid inclusions from these localities were analyzed using petrography and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) to evaluate the source of the HFSE and the hydrothermal fluids responsible for HFSE transport, and factors controlling HFSE and gangue mineral (e.g., fluorite, quartz) precipitation. Analysis of some of the important gangue minerals, which are also the primary host of fluid inclusions in many of these deposits (e.g., fluorite), is difficult using 266 nm Nd:YAG-based LA-ICPMS. Furthermore, complex mineral intergrowths and the desire to quantify the chemical composition of unknown minerals required the development of analytical and data reduction protocols for LA-ICPMS. Methods for conducting traversed opening of fluid inclusions, removing the host mineral contribution to fluid inclusion signals by calculating count rate ratios, and quantifying the composition of minerals without using an internal standard are presented. In general, hydrothermal enrichment of HFSE in these deposits appears to have resulted from interaction of an HFSE- and F-bearing magmatic fluid with another, Ca-bearing fluid or with Ca-bearing wall rocks or preexisting minerals. In most cases, HFSE appear to be derived locally, within the associated igneous intrusion.
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Lelong, Anthony. "Élaboration et caractérisation de couches minces nanocomposites cuivre/carbone : application à la dégradation de colorant en solution aqueuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AMIE0007.

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Le traitement des eaux industrielles usées est un enjeu pour la société. Notamment, les colorants très utilisés dans les produits manufacturés sont des polluants pour nos sources d'eau. Ce travail de thèse porte sur la dégradation de colorant(s) par un système de couche mince nanocomposite cuivre/carbone. Nos nanocomposites ont été élaborés grâce à un procédé plasma par pulvérisation cathodique en atmosphère réactive de cyclohexane (ou procédés hybride PVD/PECVD dépendant). Des études par spectroscopie d'émission optique et spectrométrie de masse ont été menées afin d'analyser le plasma lors de la phase de dépôt. Après leur synthèse, nos couches minces ont été caractérisées d'un point de vue structural (morphologie et microstructure), optique et électrique en fonction de différents paramètres de dépôt. Dans ce travail, le polluant utilisé est le carmin d'indigo classé dans la famille des indigoïdes célèbre pour la couleur bleu des jeans. Le suivi de la dégradation de ce colorant en solution aqueuse a été réalisé par spectrophotométrie UV-visible. Nos nanocomposites ont pu décolorer les solutions lors d'une illumination par une lampe halogène ou lors d'une phase de chauffage. Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude thermique de ce phénomène en fonction de différents paramètres (température, concentration initiale,…) et aux modèles thermodynamiques de cette réaction (Eyring et Arrhénius). Pour justifier la dégradation du colorant, un électro-nébuliseur couplé à un spectromètre de masse a été utilisé. Cette expérimentation montre que la molécule de carmin d'indigo a subi une perte de masse et que nos matériaux se comportent bien en catalyseurs
The treatment of industrial wastewater is an issue for the society. For instance, used dyes in manufactured products are pollutants for our waters sources. The thesis work focuses on dye degradation by thin films of copper/carbon nanocomposite. Our nanocomposites have been elaborated through a plasma method by a cathodic sputtering in reactive atmosphere of cyclohexane (hybrid process of PVD/PECVD). Studies by optical emission spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy have been carried out in order to analyze the plasma during the deposition. After elaboration, our thin films have been characterized from a structural (morphology and microstructure), electrical and optical point of view as a function of deposit parameters. In this work, we used indigo carmine as a pollutant. The dye belongs to the indigoid family and is commonly used for the blue color of jeans. The degradation of this dye in aqueous solutions has been monitored by UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Our nanocomposites have been able to discolour solutions by halogen lamp illumination or during moderate heating. The investigation focused on the thermal aspects of this phenomenon as a function of several parameters (temperature, initial concentration,…) with the help of thermodynamic models such as Arrhenius and Eyring. To justify the degradation of the dye, an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer has been used. It revealed that the molecule of indigo carmine underwent a loss of mass and that our materials perform as catalysts
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Möller, Sören [Verfasser]. "Fundamental processes of plasma and reactive gas surface treatment for the recovery of hydrogen isotopes from carbon co-deposits in fusion devices / Sören Möller." Düsseldorf : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052653855/34.

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Poulter, Neil. "Novel antimicrobial plasma deposited films." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518294.

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Bacterial infection is a growing concern in hospital and community settings, where the issue of biofilms is a major problem. Most current methods of preventing microbial attachment and biofilm formation are limited due to application, process or inherent flaws. It was proposed that thin films containing an organometallic element could be deposited using plasma, a quick, clean surface modification technique; to create antimicrobial films which could then be applied to a range of substrates.
Several novel antimicrobial monomer systems were synthesised and characterised based on silver, copper and zinc as the active constituent with phosphines, phosphites, maleimide and a novel Schiff base among the ligand systems. All monomers were found to greatly inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in solution and on solid media. Successful monomers were deposited onto suitable substrates (glass, gold, plastics, non-woven polypropylene) using continuous wave and pulse plasma, with the films characterised and low levels of active metal found in analysis using XPS and SIMS. Films were tested against solutions of pathogenic bacteria using a number of traditional and modern microbiological techniques and found to inhibit growth under a range of conditions, potentially due to the synergistic action of metal and ligand on bacterial cells. Effective control of bacteria was exhibited at times varying from 1h to 24h+. Highly volatile compounds were produced which allowed quick deposition of plasma films, which showed excellent activity against bacteria (99.9%+ growth reduction), indicating viability for potential application. All films tested showed no inhibition or toxicity to eukaryotic cells.
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Anutgan, Mustafa. "Investigation Of Plasma Deposited Boron Nitride Thin Films." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608611/index.pdf.

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Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) thin films are deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Effects of heat treatment and source gases on the structure and physical properties are investigated. Chemical bonding is analyzed in comparison with the better understood isoelectronic carbon compound, graphite. It seems that the basic difference between h-BN and graphite arises from the different electronegativities of boron and nitrogen atoms. Optical absorptions in UV-visible range for crystalline and amorphous structures are outlined. The expressions used for the evaluation of mechanical stress induced in thin films are derived. The deposited films are considered to be turbostratic as they do not exhibit the characteristic optical absorption spectra of a crystal. A new system, stylus profilometer, is implemented and installed for thin film thickness and mechanical stress measurements. Hydrogen atom density within the films, estimated from FTIR spectroscopy, is found to be a major factor affecting the order and mechanical stress of the films. Heat treatment of the films reduces the hydrogen content, does not affect the optical gap and slightly increases the Urbach energy probably due to an increased disorder. Increasing the nitrogen gas flow rate in the source gas results in more ordered films. The virtual crystal of these films is detected to be unique. Relative bond concentrations of the constituent elements indicate a ternary boron-oxygen-nitrogen structure. The physical properties of h-BN such as high resistivity and wide band gap seem suitable for optoelectronic applications such as gate dielectrics in thin film transistors and light emitting devices in the blue region.
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Muir, Benjamin Ward. "Oxygen plasma treatment of polycarbonate for improved adhesion of plasma deposited siloxane thin films." Monash University, School of Physics and Materials Engineering, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9721.

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MANIAN, HRISHIKESH. "MECHANICAL AND PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF RF DEPOSITED PLASMA POLYMERS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1108996115.

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Javed, Muhammad Asif. "Novel Surface Modification Approaches for the Production of Renewable Starch-based Barrier Coatings." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för teknik- och naturvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-7461.

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Shaw, David. "Removal of fusion-relevant deposits from metallic surfaces using low-temperature plasmas." Thesis, University of York, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22422/.

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Optical diagnostics on fusion devices are important for both research and real time control. All of these diagnostics depend on reflective optics in the form of metallic mirrors. Etching and re-deposition during fusion operation from the beryllium inner wall onto the mirrors can cause severe degradation in the reflectivity. Using the mirror as the powered electrode to form a capacitively coupled plasma above the surface is seen as the most favourable method for recovery of the mirror reflectivity. The ions created within the plasma can bombard the surface and remove the deposit. This method has been tested experimentally in various ways and in various geometries and has been proven to work in these cases. However, in order to optimise the system modelling efforts are carried out within this thesis. The Hybrid Plasma Equipment Model (HPEM) is configured to simulate the etching plasma and is benchmarked against experimental results. After successful benchmarking parameters are varied in an attempt to find optimum settings for the successful implementation of this method on ITER. Results concluding that individual mirrors require individual modelling efforts as trends cannot necessarily be applied to each mirror geometry. A beryllium/argon/oxygen gas chemistry set is created to more accurately model the ITER environment which is compared with a published aluminium/argon/oxygen set. Aluminium is currently used as a proxy for beryllium in the majority of experimental work. They are shown to be dissimilar in their behaviour within a bulk Ar plasma which will have knock on effects for the etching process. The bulk plasma properties remain identical at low fractions of Be or Al. Also presented is work involving understanding the mechanism behind modification of polypropylene using an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet. A two stage process is identified involving atomic oxygen from the jet and nitrogen from the surrounding atmosphere.

Books on the topic "Plasma deposits":

1

J, Mort, and Jansen Frank, eds. Plasma deposited thin films. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC, 1986.

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J, Mort, and Jansen F. Ph D, eds. Plasma deposited thin films. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1986.

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Zimcik, D. G. Plasma-deposited protective coatings for spacecraft applications. [S.l.]: [s.n.], 1991.

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Tennyson, Roderick C. Evaluation of plasma-deposited protective coatings for spacecraft applications. Washington, D. C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992.

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Miyoshi, Kazuhisa. Plasma-deposited amorphous hydrogenated carbon films and their tribological properties. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Miyoshi, Kazuhisa. Plasma-deposited amorphous hydrogenated carbon films and their tribological properties. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Miyoshi, Kazuhisa. Plasma-deposited amorphous hydrogenated carbon films and their tribological properties. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Miyoshi, Kazuhisa. Plasma-deposited amorphous hydrogenated carbon films and their tribological properties. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Flückiger, Roger Sylvain. Microcrystalline silicon thin films deposited by VHF plasmas for solar cell applications. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre Verlag, 1995.

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Kim, Danny. Dry passivation studies of GaAs(110) surfaces by gallium oxide thin films deposited by electron cyclotron resonance plasma reactive molecular beam epitaxy for optoelectronic device applications. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plasma deposits":

1

Seifert, Th, E. Niederschlag, E. Pernicka, and F. Fiedler. "Lead isotope pilot study from ore deposits in the Erzgebirge, Germany, and surrounded areas by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS)." In Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st Century, 1095–98. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003077503-281.

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Norman, Marc D. "The 187Re-187Os and 190Pt-186Os Radiogenic Isotope Systems: Techniques and Applications to Metallogenic Systems." In Isotopes in Economic Geology, Metallogenesis and Exploration, 89–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27897-6_4.

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AbstractRhenium, Os, and Pt are redox sensitive elements that are concentrated in highly reducing environments such as those associated with black shales but mobile under more oxidizing conditions such as those associated with arc volcanism. They are chalcophile in many terrestrial ore-forming environments, and their isotopic systematics provide unique opportunities to date the formation of sulfide ore deposits and understand their petrogenesis. Fractional crystallization of magmatic sulfide ores generates primary variations in Re/Os and Pt/Os that allow mineral and whole rock isochron ages to be determined and discrimination of crustal and mantle sources based on initial Os isotopic compositions. Molybdenite is especially well suited for geochronology due to its high Re/Os and resistance to resetting. Rhenium concentrations in molybdenite tend to reflect the composition or provenance of the ore-forming fluids, with higher concentrations associated with more primitive sources or more oxidized fluids and lower concentrations with more evolved and/or reduced conditions, although local and regional factors also have a significant influence. Many studies have used pyrite for dating but its typically low Re concentration, variable initial Os isotopic composition (reflecting fluid mxing), and susceptibility to re-equilibration makes its use as a geochronometer problematic in many cases. Other sulfide minerals such as bornite and arsenopyrite have shown promise for Re–Os isotope geochronology but additional studies are needed to evaluate their broader applicability for dating of ore deposits. The isobaric beta decay of parent isotope 187Re to 187Os has restricted investigation of this system by microbeam techniques such as ion microprobe or laser ablation mass spectrometry, especially for geochronology. This requires either chemically processing the sample to separate the elements or novel techniques such as collision-cells that preferentially ionize the Re and Os during the analysis. Thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) are the most widely applied techniques for Re-Pt-Os isotopic analyses. Specialized techniques for sample digestion to ensure redox equilibrium between Os in the sample and the isotopically enriched spikes used for isotope dilution measurements are typically required. This chapter briefly reviews development of the 187Re-187Os and 190Pt-186Os isotopic systems for earth science, physico-chemical controls on their behavior in ore-forming environments, and applications to metallogenic systems.
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Fontaine, Julien, and Christophe Donnet. "Fundamentals on Tribology of Plasma-Deposited Diamond-Like Carbon Films." In Industrial Plasma Technology, 335–38. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527629749.ch26.

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Woollam, J. A. "Ellipsometric Analysis of Plasma Deposited and Plasma Etched Materials." In Plasma Processing of Semiconductors, 375–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5884-8_20.

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Schreiber, H. P., J. E. Klemberg-Sapieha, E. Sacher, and M. R. Wertheimer. "Performance Aspects of Plasma-Deposited Films." In Polymeric Materials for Corrosion Control, 291–98. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1986-0322.ch026.

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Guénadou, David, Luc Bianchi, and Eric Puzenat. "Methane Reforming Deposit by Suspension Plasma Spraying." In Advances in Science and Technology, 2077–82. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-01-x.2077.

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Sahiner, M. Alper. "Characterization of Local Structures in Plasma Deposited Semiconductors by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy." In Complex Plasmas, 299–320. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05437-7_9.

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Wulff, Harm. "X-Ray Diagnostics of Plasma-Deposited Thin Layers." In Introduction to Complex Plasmas, 345–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10592-0_14.

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Wen, Fuh Liang, Yu Lin Lo, C. H. Lin, and S. C. Mou. "A Pulse DC Plasma Deposited Resistor Process." In Materials Science Forum, 865–70. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-990-3.865.

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Detomaso, L., R. Gristina, G. S. Senesi, L. C. Lopez, P. Favia, and Riccardo d'Agostino. "Plasma-Deposited Acrylic Acid Coatings on Flat and Nanostructured Substrates for Cell-Culture Experiments." In Plasma Processes and Polymers, 389–402. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605584.ch28.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plasma deposits":

1

Ctibor, P., P. Rohan, and P. Chráska. "Effect of Spraying Distance on Plasma Deposit’s Behavior." In ITSC2001, edited by Christopher C. Berndt, Khiam A. Khor, and Erich F. Lugscheider. ASM International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2001p0677.

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Abstract Spraying distance (SD) is one of the main parameters that can affect the spraying process - its efficiency as well as deposit's character. The reason lies in a different thermal history of particles corresponding to different spraying distances. Variation in the structure, preferred orientation, variation of the phase contents and/or in the chemical composition of deposits can be then found for different SDs. Consequently, properties of coatings can greatly vary, not only in the resistance state but also on deposit's annealing. Some materials are, however, more and some less sensitive to that effect. The goal of this work is to compare CaTiO3 samples produced by plasma spraying with WSP at SD = 350 and 450mm with sintered samples. The following properties were compared: microhardness, thermal expansion coefficient, permittivity and reflectivity. Porosity and the differential thermal analysis of resistance and annealed deposits were also compared. Perovskite CaTiO3 belongs among materials very stable during spraying - neither chemical nor phase differences were found between the feedstock powder, free-flight particles, as-sprayed deposit and annealed deposit. Despite that there are significant differences in behavior of deposits and freestanding parts sprayed from different SDs. All the recorded differences for CaTiO3 plasma sprayed deposits with varying SDs must be therefore accounted to the deposit's structural differences, such as pore and splat sizes and shapes and preferred orientation. Additional differences on annealing can be probably attributed to the different amount of "stored" thermal energy in deposits due to the varying SD. However, there is a lower limit for SD assuring a quality deposit on spraying.
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lavsky, J., G. G. Long, A. J. Allen, L. Leblanc, M. Prystay, and C. Moreau. "Anisotropic Microstructure of Plasma-Sprayed Deposits." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p1577.

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Abstract The microstructure of plasma-sprayed deposits (PSD) is dominated by two void systems - interlamellar pores and intralamellar cracks - each with a different anisotropy. Varying anisotropics and crack-to-pore ratios within PSDs are responsible for the anisotropic properties observed in the deposits. While it is difficult to apply standard porosity measurement techniques to the assessment of anisotropic microstructures, novel techniques utilizing different approaches have recently emerged. Image analysis (IA) of impregnated PSD samples is the most direct technique. The structure is stabilized by impregnation and then polished and imaged. The limitations of IA lie in the impregnation process and in the subsequent polishing. Also, the images produced from anisotropic materials can be difficult to interpret quantitatively. The technique of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has recently been successfully applied to the study of PSDs. The major advantages of SANS are that it does not require sample preparation and that quantitative information can be gotten about the separate crack and pore systems, including their distinctive anisotropics. However, the relationship between the SANS results and the underlying structure is more complex and less intuitive than for IA, and the availability of the SANS technique is limited by the need to have access to a powerful neutron source, such as a reactor. Also, the two techniques present different views of the microstructure because of the different sensitivities in different parts of the size range. This paper compares results from IA and SANS from a set of thick plasma-sprayed ceramic deposits possessing a range of crack/pore microstructures, and discusses how the two techniques might complement one another.
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Wallace, J. S., and J. Ilavsky. "Elastic Modulus Measurements in Plasma Sprayed Deposits." In ITSC 1997, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1997p0757.

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Abstract A technique has been developed to characterize the elastic modulus of zirconium oxide - 8 % yttrium oxide plasma sprayed deposits. A commercial hardness indenter has been modified to record load - displacement as a spherical ball is elastically loaded onto the surface of the material to be measured. The resulting data are used to calculate the elastic modulus. Since the loads used are in the elastic region, the technique is, in theory, nondestructive. Relatively small areas of the material, approximately 50 μm in diameter, are sampled by the indenter, allowing local mapping of elastic modulus variations throughout the deposit. Using this technique, elastic modulus variations have been measured through the thickness of the deposit. Also, different moduli were measured in the cross-section and through the thickness and these differences are correlated with the microstructure. Finally, significant increases in elastic modulus have been found in samples annealed for 2.5 h at 1100°C. These changes have been correlated with small angle neutron scattering measurements of void surface area.
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Syed, A. A., G. Antou, and A. Denoirjean. "High Temperature Mechanical Properties of Plasma Sprayed Thin YSZ Deposits." In ITSC2007, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p0971.

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Abstract Elastic properties of 20 and 40 µm thick deposits of yttria fully stabilized zirconia (YSZ), fabricated by vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) and air plasma spraying (APS) with modified injection system were investigated at room temperature by nanoindentation, and 4 point flexion test and at 800°C by 4 point bend test. The data was correlated with structural analysis of different YSZ deposits. At room temperature, E values of VPS YSZ deposit decreased from 237 ± 6 to 105 ± 5 GPa on increasing nanoindentation load from 1 mN to 450 mN. The results indicated change from intrinsic to defect-dependent E values with increasing load. Despite lower porosity of VPS deposit (6 ± 1%) compared to that of APS (24 ± 1%), E values, measured by flexion test at room temperature and at 800°C, of former were 35 ± 1 and 16 ± 1 and of latter were 55 ± 1 and 18 ± 1 GPa respectively. The interlamellar sliding, parallel to applied load, was considered as prime reason of lower rigidity of deposits.
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Dong, Xin-Yuan, Xiao-Tao Luo, Shan-Lin Zhang, and Chang-Jiu Li. "A Novel Strategy for Applying Oxide-Free Self-Fluxing Alloy Coatings by Self-Fusing Atmospheric Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0682.

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Abstract In this study, NiCrBSi powders with a size range of 30-50 μm were deposited on mild steel substrates by self-fusing atmospheric plasma spraying. Particle temperatures exceeded 2400 °C and the deposits were remarkably dense with low oxygen content. Based on the results, a novel strategy is proposed to directly deposit dense, oxide-free coatings by plasma spraying without the need of post-spray fusing processes.
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Zhang, C., H. Liao, W. Y. Li, C. Coddel, C. J. Li, C. X. Li, and X. J. Ning. "Characterization of YSZ SOFC Electrolyte Deposited by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying and Low Pressure Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2006, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, R. S. Lima, and J. Voyer. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2006p0415.

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Abstract Yttria doped zirconia has been widely employed as electrolyte materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Plasma spraying is a cost-effective process to deposit YSZ electrolyte. In this study, the 8 mol % Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (YSZ) layer was deposited by low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) with fused-crushed and agglomerated powders to examine the effect of spray method and particle size on the electrical conductivity and gas permeability of YSZ coating. The microstructure of YSZ coating was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the gas permeability was significantly influenced by powder structure. The gas permeability of YSZ coating deposited by fused-crushed powder is one order lower in magnitude than that by agglomerated powder. Moreover, the gas permeability of YSZ deposited by LPPS is lower than that of APS YSZ. The electrical conductivity of the deposits through thickness direction was measured by potentiostat/galvanostat based on three-electrode assembly approach. The electrical conductivity of YSZ coating deposited by LPPS with fused-crushed powder of small particle size was 0.043 S × cm-1 at 1000°C, which is about 20% higher than that of APS YSZ with the same powder.
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Chien, K. L. C., M. Golozar, and T. W. Coyle. "Effect of Solution Chemistry on Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Deposition of LiFePO4." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p0394.

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Abstract Solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) is a thermal spray process in which deposits are formed by injecting solutions with the appropriate chemistry directly into the plasma. The deposits consist of grains or particles as small as ~20nm, and may be very porous or nearly dense, depending on the solution and deposition parameters. Recently, the potential of SPPS to deposit fine particle, porous coatings suitable for use as electrochemical electrodes for fuel cells and gas sensors has been demonstrated. This paper describes the efforts to deposit LiFePO4 coatings which may be of interest for Li ion battery electrodes with SPPS. In this case, along with the porosity, surface area, and microstructure of the deposited coatings, crystal structure also plays an important role in determining the performance of the LiFePO4 electrodes. Solution precursors with different solution chemistries containing lithium, iron and phosphorus ions are injected into hydrocarbon plasma issuing from a DC-arc torch. The effects of solution chemistries on coating morphologies and crystal structure were investigated. The results indicate that the porosity and crystal structure of the coatings can be tailored by selecting different additives.
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Fan, X., M. Boulos, G. Masini, O. Kovářík, and J. Bensch. "Induction Plasma Deposition of Refractory Metal: Processing Parameters Optimization." In ITSC2007, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2007p0727.

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Abstract To prepare a dense, defect-free deposit of refractory metals relies not only on the droplets’ state, their temperature and velocity prior to impact on the surface of substrate and/or the precedent deposited layer, but also on the surface temperature of the substrate, whereupon the droplets impact. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation, in which the particles temperature, velocity, and the substrate temperature are studied all-in-one step to understand their influence on the deposit quality. The experimental results make our knowledge of the induction plasma spray of refractory metals process more integrated. Based on our estimation on the effect of all of the three factors, a set of optimized process parameters was established and proved by applying it in producing stationary deposits and coating layers. The results obtained distinguish the induction plasma spray a unique technique, which is ideal to be utilized in refractory metals deposit.
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Leigh, S. H., G. C. Lee, and C. C. Berndt. "Modelling of Elastic Constants of Plasma Spray Deposits with Spheroid-Shaped Voids." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0587.

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Abstract The five independent elastic constants of plasma spray deposits were calculated from constitutive equations and the microstructural information (void aspect ratios and porosity) were gained from stereological analysis. The voids within the deposit were assumed to be a spheroidal shape. The structure of the deposit was considered to be transversely isotropic with respect to the spray direction, which requires five independent elastic constants of a stiffness tensor. Solid mechanics models containing spheroid-shape voids were applied to obtain the five independent elastic constants of the deposits. The calculated elastic constants were compared to the experimentally determined values.
10

Montavon, G., B. Robert, C. Verdy, V. Monin, K. E. Atcholi, and C. Coddet. "Characterization of the Tensile Properties of Vacuum Plasma Spray Copper Deposits." In ITSC 1996, edited by C. C. Berndt. ASM International, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1996p0827.

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Abstract The mechanical properties (i.e., tensile and shear properties) of vacuum plasma spray copper deposits presenting different porosity levels were determined. The tensile properties of the copper plasma spray deposit appeared to strongly depend on the porosity level, but whatever was the porosity level of the sample, the fracture always exhibited a ductile character, with the failure cups expanding preferentially on the pores and secondarily on the grain boundaries of the annealed microstructures. The tests clearly shown that the material presented an isotropic ductile-plastic hardening behavior typical of copper based materials, but this behavior being significantly influenced by the porosity level of the deposit.

Reports on the topic "Plasma deposits":

1

Leybourne, M. I., J. M. Peter, M A Schmidt, D. Layton-Matthews, A. Voinot, and L. Mathieu. Geochemical evidence for a magmatic contribution to the metal budget of the Windy Craggy Cu-Co(±Zn) volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit, northwestern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328018.

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Volcanogenic massive-sulfide (VMS) deposits may have had metal contributions from magmatic degassing and leaching of footwall rocks. The Windy Craggy Cu-Co-Zn VMS deposit in northwestern British Columbia may include magmatic contributions, based on laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) of fluid inclusions (enriched in Sb, Sn, and Bi) and lithogeochemistry. Sulfide-mineral trace-element abundances in the massive-sulfide orebody, underlying stockwork zone, gold zone, and altered and unaltered mafic rock and argillite were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS. Elevated Au, W, As, Bi, Sb, Se, Te, Tl, Ag, Co, and Mo contents occur within the gold and/or stockwork zones. Increasing 'magmatic metals' with increasing Co/Ni values suggest direct magmatic contribution to the deposit. Covariation of Co with these so-called 'magmatic elements' indicates that it, too, may be of magmatic origin, sourced via fluids exsolved from a crystallizing magma; however, evidence from the composition of rocks and sulfide minerals from Windy Craggy and other VMS deposits suggests that there is probably no meaningful distinction between hydrothermal leaching and direct magmatic contributions and that most - if not all - fluids that form VMS deposits should be termed 'magmatic-hydrothermal'.
2

Paradis, S., S. E. Jackson, D. Petts, G. J. Simandl, R. J. D'Souza, and T S Hamilton. Distribution of trace elements in pyrite from carbonate-hosted sulfide deposits of southern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328002.

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This paper combines petrography with in situ laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to document trace-element variations in pyrite (Py) from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits in the Kootenay Arc, British Columbia. Three generations of pyrite are Py 1, Py 2, and Py 3. Pyrite 1, the earliest (occurring in MVT deposits only), has higher Ag, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, and V than adjacent Py 3. It has higher Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, and Tl than Py 2. Pyrite 2 occurs in MVT and FCR deposits. Relative to FCR Py 2, MVT Py 2 is enriched in Co, Ni, Mo, Ba, Tl, and Pb and depleted in other elements. The FCR Py 2 has growth-related compositional banding, which is absent in MVT Py 2. The FCR Py 2 has Ag, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, and Zn enriched cores, intermediate Au- and As-rich bands, and Co- and Ni-rich rims. Pyrite 3, the latest occurring pyrite, present in MVT and FCR deposits, is enriched in Co and Ni near overgrowths or infillings of sphalerite. Variations in composition of Py reflect mineralogy, characteristics of ore-forming fluids, and differences in physicochemical conditions between MVT and FCR deposits at the time of ore deposition.
3

Plouffe, A., D. Petts, I M Kjarsgaard, and M. Polivchuk. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry mapping of porphyry -related epidote from south-central British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331671.

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The microscopic composition of thirteen samples of epidote related to porphyry Cu mineralization was mapped using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) at the Geological Survey of Canada. The objective of this research is to improve the indicator mineral method of mineral exploration in glaciated terrains by utilizing the trace element composition of epidote. Six bedrock samples from porphyry Cu deposits of south-central British Columbia (Gibraltar, Mount Polley and Woodjam), three bedrock samples from the Nicola Group located close (<2 km) from the intrusions host of porphyry mineralization and afar (12 km), and four epidote grains from two till samples, one at Gibraltar and a second one at Mount Polley, were analyzed. Backscattered electron (BSE) images and the LA-ICP-MS maps show an heterogeneous distribution of Fe and Al in epidote following complex and mottled patterns and consistent zoning typically with high Fe and low Al concentrations in the core progressing to low Fe and high Al concentrations in the rim. Trace elements are heterogeneously distributed in epidote following the Fe/Al zoning in some samples. Evidence of late infiltration of trace elements (e.g. Cu, Zn, and REE) along fractures in epidote is observed in some samples. The variability in epidote composition is thought to be related to the changing conditions during its crystallization including oxidation state, pH, oxygen fugacity, fluid composition, temperature and pressure. Multiple LA-ICP-MS spot analyses need to be conducted on this mineral to fully evaluate its composition as an indicator mineral of porphyry Cu mineralization.
4

Branch, Brittany, Chad McCoy, and Andrew Vackel. Impact Response of Control Atmosphere Plasma Spray Deposited Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1868139.

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Langlois, E., S. D. Murthy, I. Bhat, R. Gutmann, E. Brown, R. Dziendziel, M. Freeman, and N. Choudhury. Characteristics of indium oxide plasma filters deposited by atmospheric pressure CVD. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/350942.

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Noriega Solano, Camilo, Daniel Mulford Soto, and Andrea López Pinilla. Recomendaciones para la producción de plántulas en zonas de altas temperatura. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.video.2021.9.

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El semillero es el lugar de inicio de la vida productiva y reproductiva de la planta, constituido por una infraestructura, debidamente delimitada y protegida de la intemperie, adecuado para depositar las semillas y brindarles los cuidados necesarios para una buena germinación desde la emergencia de las plántulas, sus primeros estados de desarrollo hasta el trasplante.
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Robbins, Joshua, and Michael Seman. Electrochromic Devices Deposited on Low-Temperature Plastics by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/850233.

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Schmidt, M. A., J. M. Peter, S. E. Jackson, Z. Yang, M I Leybourne, and D. Layton-Mathews. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis of fluid inclusions from the Windy Craggy Cu-Co-Au volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit: method development and preliminary results. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/306480.

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Inflow to a crack in playa deposits of Yucca Lake, Nevada Test Site, Nye County, Nevada. US Geological Survey, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri844296.

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