Journal articles: 'Plasma-Based Accelerator'

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Ogata, Atsushi, and Kazuhisa Nakajima. "Recent progress and perspectives of laser–plasma accelerators." Laser and Particle Beams 16, no. 2 (June 1998): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600011654.

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Recent progress in laser-plasma accelerators has matured a concept of particle acceleration as a possible next-generation particle accelerator promising ultrahigh accelerating gradients in a compact size. Four major concepts of laser-plasma accelerators—the plasma beat wave accelerator, the laser wakefield accelerator, the self-modulated laser wakefield accelerator, and the plasma wakefield accelerator—are reviewed on accelerator physics issues and experiments demonstrating the basic mechanisms of their concepts. As a perspective to the future practical application, a design of 5-TeV linear colliders based on the laser wakefield accelerator is discussed.

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Polozov, Sergey M., and Vladimir I. Rashchikov. "Simulation studies of beam dynamics in 50 MeV linear accelerator with laser-plasma electron gun." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 10, 2021, Number 4 (December 31, 2021): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2021-10-4-260-270.

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Conventionally, electron guns with thermionic cathodes or field-emission cathodes are used for research or technological linear accelerators. RF-photoguns are used to provide the short electron bunches which could be used for FEL’s of compact research facilities to generate monochromatic photons. Low energy of emitted electrons is the key problem for photoguns due to high influence of Coulomb field and difficulties with the first accelerating cell simulation and construction. Contrary, plasma sources, based on the laser-plasma wakefield acceleration, have very high acceleration gradient but rather broad energy spectrum compared with conventional thermoguns or field-emission guns. The beam dynamics in the linear accelerator combines the laser-plasma electron source and conventional RF linear accelerator is discussed in this paper. Method to capture and re-accelerate the short picosecond bunch with extremely broad energy spread (up to 50 %) is presented. Numerical simulation shows that such bunches can be accelerated in RF linear accelerator to the energy of 50 MeV with output energy spread not higher than 1 % .

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Karimov, Alexander, Svyatoslav Terekhov, and Vladimir Yamschikov. "Pulsed Plasma Accelerator." Plasma 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2023): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma6010004.

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In this paper, we consider the acceleration of plasma fluxes in crossed electromagnetic fields. The possible technical approach to a prospective plasma accelerator is discussed. A simple hydrodynamic model describing the dynamics of the plasma ring in these fields is proposed. Based on this model, the estimations of basic characteristics for the accelerated flux are calculated for typical experimental conditions.

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Galletti, Mario, Maria Pia Anania, Sahar Arjmand, Angelo Biagioni, Gemma Costa, Martina Del Giorno, Massimo Ferrario, et al. "Advanced Stabilization Methods of Plasma Devices for Plasma-Based Acceleration." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030450.

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Towards the next generation of compact plasma-based accelerators, useful in several fields, such as basic research, medicine and industrial applications, a great effort is required to control the plasma creation, the necessity of producing a time-jitter free channel, and its stability namely uniformity and reproducibility. In this Letter, we describe an experimental campaign adopting a gas-filled discharge-capillary where the plasma and its generation are stabilized by triggering its ignition with an external laser pulse or an innovative technique based on the primary dark current (DC) in the accelerating structure of a linear accelerator (LINAC). The results show an efficient stabilization of the discharge pulse and plasma density with both pre-ionizing methods turning the plasma device into a symmetrical stable accelerating environment, especially when the external voltage is lowered near the breakdown value of the gas. The development of tens of centimeter long capillaries is enabled and, in turn, longer acceleration lengths can be adopted in a wide range of plasma-based acceleration experiments.

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Malka, V., J. Faure, Y. Glinec, and A. F. Lifschitz. "Laser–plasma accelerator: status and perspectives." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (January 25, 2006): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1725.

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Laser–plasma accelerators deliver high-charge quasi-monoenergetic electron beams with properties of interest for many applications. Their angular divergence, limited to a few mrad, permits one to generate a small γ ray source for dense matter radiography, whereas their duration (few tens of fs) permits studies of major importance in the context of fast chemistry for example. In addition, injecting these electron beams into a longer plasma wave structure will extend their energy to the GeV range. A GeV laser-based accelerator scheme is presented; it consists of the acceleration of this electron beam into relativistic plasma waves driven by a laser. This compact approach (centimetres scale for the plasma, and tens of meters for the whole facility) will allow a miniaturization and cost reduction of future accelerators and derived X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources.

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Li, Dongyu, Tang Yang, Minjian Wu, Zhusong Mei, Kedong Wang, Chunyang Lu, Yanying Zhao, et al. "Introduction of Research Work on Laser Proton Acceleration and Its Application Carried out on Compact Laser–Plasma Accelerator at Peking University." Photonics 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10020132.

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Laser plasma acceleration has made remarkable progress in the last few decades, but it also faces many challenges. Although the high gradient is a great potential advantage, the beam quality of the laser accelerator has a certain gap, or it is different from that of traditional accelerators. Therefore, it is important to explore and utilize its own features. In this article, some recent research progress on laser proton acceleration and its irradiation application, which was carried out on the compact laser plasma accelerator (CLAPA) platform at Peking University, have been introduced. By combining a TW laser accelerator and a monoenergetic beamline, proton beams with energies of less than 10 MeV, an energy spread of less than 1%, and with several to tens of pC charge, have been stably produced and transported in CLAPA. The beamline is an object–image point analyzing system, which ensures the transmission efficiency and the energy selection accuracy for proton beams with large initial divergence angle and energy spread. A spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) is produced with high precision beam control, which preliminarily proved the feasibility of the laser accelerator for radiotherapy. Some application experiments based on laser-accelerated proton beams have also been carried out, such as proton radiograph, preparation of graphene on SiC, ultra-high dose FLASH radiation of cancer cells, and ion-beam trace probes for plasma diagnosis. The above applications take advantage of the unique characteristics of laser-driven protons, such as a micron scale point source, an ultra-short pulse duration, a wide energy spectrum, etc. A new laser-driven proton therapy facility (CLAPA II) is being designed and is under construction at Peking University. The 100 MeV proton beams will be produced via laser–plasma interaction by using a 2-PW laser, which may promote the real-world applications of laser accelerators in malignant tumor treatment soon.

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Pogorelsky, I. V., M. Babzien, K. P. Kusche, I. V. Pavlishin, V. Yakimenko, C. E. Dilley, S. C. Gottschalk, et al. "Plasma-based advanced accelerators at the Brookhaven Accelerator Test Facility." Laser Physics 16, no. 2 (February 2006): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1054660x06020095.

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Yang, Lei, Xiang Yang Liu, Si Yu Wang, and Ning Fei Wang. "Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Discharge Characteristics in Pulsed Electromagnetic Accelerators." Advanced Materials Research 765-767 (September 2013): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.765-767.805.

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Discharge is critical physical process in pulsed electromagnetic accelerators for arc plasma jet device, and its characteristics directly determines the accelerator performance. The mechanisms of discharge plasma and flow in the accelerator are analyzed by magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The model is coupled with electric circuit model based on weakly nonideal plasma conductivity and ablation model. Calculation results show that there is some nonideal plasma region which has important effects on electrical conductivity; most ablated gases are ionized at the half cycle of the discharge time and are accelerated by Lorentz force to high exhaust velocity; electrical conductivity, plasma temperature and density are increasing with discharge energy unleashed, and gradually reduce in the post-discharge.

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Pae, K. H., I. W. Choi, and J. Lee. "Self-mode-transition from laser wakefield accelerator to plasma wakefield accelerator of laser-driven plasma-based electron acceleration." Physics of Plasmas 17, no. 12 (December 2010): 123104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3522757.

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Williams, R. L., C. E. Clayton, C. Joshi, T. Katsouleas, and W. B. Mori. "Studies of relativistic wave–particle interactions in plasma-based collective accelerators." Laser and Particle Beams 8, no. 3 (September 1990): 427–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008673.

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The interaction of externally injected charged particles (electrons) with plasma waves moving with a phase velocity that is very close to the speed of light is examined. Such plasma waves form the basis of at least three collective accelerator schemes: the plasma beat wave accelerator (PBWA), the plasma wake-field accelerator (PWFA), and the laser wake-field accelerator (LWFA). First, the electron trapping threshold, energy gain and acceleration length are examined using a 1-D model. This model elucidates how the final energies of the injected test electrons depend upon their injection and extraction phases and phase slippage. Phase energy diagrams are shown to be extremely useful in visualizing wave-particle interactions in 1-D. Second, we examine, using a two-dimensional model, the effects of radial electric fields on focusing or defocusing the injected particles depending upon their radial positions and phases in the relativistically moving potential well. Finally, we extend the model to 3-D so that the effect of injected particles' emittance on the acceleration process may be determined. This simple 3-D model will be extremely useful in predicting the electron energy spectra of several current experiments designed to demonstrate ultrahigh gradient acceleration of externally injected test particles by relativistic plasma waves.

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Esarey, E., P. Sprangle, J. Krall, and A. Ting. "Overview of plasma-based accelerator concepts." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 252–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.509991.

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Leemans, Wim, Eric Esarey, Cameron Geddes, Carl Schroeder, and Csaba Tóth. "Laser guiding for GeV laser–plasma accelerators." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (January 25, 2006): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1724.

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Guiding of relativistically intense laser beams in preformed plasma channels is discussed for development of GeV-class laser accelerators. Experiments using a channel guided laser wakefield accelerator at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have demonstrated that near mono-energetic 100 MeV-class electron beams can be produced with a 10 TW laser system. Analysis, aided by particle-in-cell simulations, as well as experiments with various plasma lengths and densities, indicate that tailoring the length of the accelerator, together with loading of the accelerating structure with beam, is the key to production of mono-energetic electron beams. Increasing the energy towards a GeV and beyond will require reducing the plasma density and design criteria are discussed for an optimized accelerator module. The current progress and future directions are summarized through comparison with conventional accelerators, highlighting the unique short-term prospects for intense radiation sources based on laser-driven plasma accelerators.

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MALKA, V., A. F. LIFSCHITZ, J. FAURE, and Y. GLINEC. "GeV MONOENERGETIC ELECTRON BEAM WITH LASER PLASMA ACCELERATOR." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2007): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207042057.

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Laser plasma accelerators produce today ultra short, quasi-monoenergetic and collimated electron beams with potential applications in material science, chemistry and medicine. The laser plasma accelerator used to produce such an electron beam is presented. The design of a laser based accelerator designed to produce more energetic electron beams with a narrow relative energy spread is also proposed here. This compact approach should permit a miniaturization and cost reduction of future accelerators and associated X-Free Electrons Lasers (XFEL).

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14

Assmann, R. W., M. K. Weikum, T. Akhter, D. Alesini, A. S. Alexandrova, M. P. Anania, N. E. Andreev, et al. "EuPRAXIA Conceptual Design Report." European Physical Journal Special Topics 229, no. 24 (December 2020): 3675–4284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000127-8.

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AbstractThis report presents the conceptual design of a new European research infrastructure EuPRAXIA. The concept has been established over the last four years in a unique collaboration of 41 laboratories within a Horizon 2020 design study funded by the European Union. EuPRAXIA is the first European project that develops a dedicated particle accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology. It focuses on the development of electron accelerators and underlying technologies, their user communities, and the exploitation of existing accelerator infrastructures in Europe. EuPRAXIA has involved, amongst others, the international laser community and industry to build links and bridges with accelerator science — through realising synergies, identifying disruptive ideas, innovating, and fostering knowledge exchange. The Eu-PRAXIA project aims at the construction of an innovative electron accelerator using laser- and electron-beam-driven plasma wakefield acceleration that offers a significant reduction in size and possible savings in cost over current state-of-the-art radiofrequency-based accelerators. The foreseen electron energy range of one to five gigaelectronvolts (GeV) and its performance goals will enable versatile applications in various domains, e.g. as a compact free-electron laser (FEL), compact sources for medical imaging and positron generation, table-top test beams for particle detectors, as well as deeply penetrating X-ray and gamma-ray sources for material testing. EuPRAXIA is designed to be the required stepping stone to possible future plasma-based facilities, such as linear colliders at the high-energy physics (HEP) energy frontier. Consistent with a high-confidence approach, the project includes measures to retire risk by establishing scaled technology demonstrators. This report includes preliminary models for project implementation, cost and schedule that would allow operation of the full Eu-PRAXIA facility within 8—10 years.

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Miley, G. H., Y. Gu, J. DeMora, and M. Ohnishi. "Accelerator plasma-target-based fusion neutron source." Fusion Engineering and Design 41, no. 1-4 (September 1998): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(98)00148-3.

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Ghaith, Amin, Driss Oumbarek, Charles Kitégi, Mathieu Valléau, Fabrice Marteau, and Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie. "Permanent Magnet-Based Quadrupoles for Plasma Acceleration Sources." Instruments 3, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments3020027.

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The laser plasma accelerator has shown a great promise where it uses plasma wakefields achieving gradients as high as GeV/cm. With such properties, one would be able to build much more compact accelerators, compared to the conventional RF ones, that could be used for a wide range of fundamental research and applied applications. However, the electron beam properties are quite different, in particular, the high divergence, leading to a significant growth of the emittance along the transport line. It is, thus, essential to mitigate it via a strong focusing of the electron beam to enable beam transport. High-gradient quadrupoles achieving a gradient greater than 100 T/m are key components for handling laser plasma accelerator beams. Permanent magnet technology can be used to build very compact quadrupoles capable of providing a very large gradient up to 500 T/m. We present different designs, modeled with a 3D magnetostatic code, of fixed and variable systems. We also review different quadrupoles that have already been built and one design is compared to measurements.

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Tayyab, M., S. Bagchi, J. A. Chakera, D. K. Avasthi, R. Ramis, A. Upadhyay, B. Ramakrishna, T. Mandal, and P. A. Naik. "Mono-energetic heavy ion acceleration from laser plasma based composite nano-accelerator." Physics of Plasmas 25, no. 12 (December 2018): 123102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5053640.

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XIA, G., R. ASSMANN, R. A. FONSECA, C. HUANG, W. MORI, L. O. SILVA, J. VIEIRA, F. ZIMMERMANN, and P. MUGGLI. "A proposed demonstration of an experiment of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration based on CERN SPS." Journal of Plasma Physics 78, no. 4 (February 7, 2012): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000086.

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AbstractThe proton bunch-driven plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) has been proposed as an approach to accelerate an electron beam to the TeV energy regime in a single plasma section. An experimental program has been recently proposed to demonstrate the capability of proton-driven PWFA by using existing proton beams from the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) accelerator complex. At present, a spare Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) tunnel, having a length of 600 m, could be used for this purpose. The layout of the experiment is introduced. Particle-in-cell simulation results based on realistic SPS beam parameters are presented. Simulations show that working in a self-modulation regime, the wakefield driven by an SPS beam can accelerate an externally injected ~10 MeV electrons to ~2 GeV in a 10-m plasma, with a plasma density of 7 × 1014 cm−3.

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Sarri, Gianluca, Luke Calvin, and Matthew Streeter. "Plasma-based positron sources at EuPRAXIA." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 64, no. 4 (February 10, 2022): 044001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6587/ac4e6a.

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Abstract Plasma-based positron sources are attracting significant attention from the research community, thanks to their rather unique characteristics, which include broad energy tuneability and ultra-short duration, obtainable in a compact and relatively inexpensive setup. Here, we show a detailed numerical study of the positron beam characteristics obtainable at the dedicated user target areas proposed for the EuPRAXIA facility, the first plasma-based particle accelerator to be built as a user facility for applications. It will be shown that MeV-scale positron beams with unique properties for industrial and material science applications can be produced, alongside with GeV-scale positron beams suitable for fundamental science and accelerator physics.

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Ke, Lintong, Changhai Yu, Ke Feng, Zhiyong Qin, Kangnan Jiang, Hao Wang, Shixia Luan, et al. "Optimization of Electron Beams Based on Plasma-Density Modulation in a Laser-Driven Wakefield Accelerator." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062560.

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We demonstrate a simple but efficient way to optimize and improve the properties of laser-wakefield-accelerated electron beams (e beams) based on a controllable shock-induced density down-ramp injection that is achieved with an inserted tunable shock wave. The e beams are tunable from 400 to 800 MeV with charge ranges from 5 to 180 pC. e beams with high reproducibility (of ~95% in consecutive 100 shots) were produced in elaborate experiments with an average root- mean-square energy spread of 0.9% and an average divergence of 0.3 mrad. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations were also performed to accordingly verify and uncover the process of the injection and the acceleration. These tunable e beams will facilitate practical applications for advanced accelerator beam sources.

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Polozov, Sergey M., and Vladimir I. Rashchikov. "Longitudinal motion stability of electrons inside the plasma channel of LPWA." Cybernetics and Physics, Volume 7, 2018, Number 4 (December 23, 2018): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35470/2226-4116-2018-7-4-228-232.

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The acceleration of electrons in laser-plasma channels is one of the contemporary ideas on the energy frontier of accelerators. Demands of low energy spectrum and emittance are especially important for discussed colliders and light sources based on acceleration in plasma channels. The idea to use a laser-plasma accelerator as injector for these installations instead of traditional RF linacs looks like as a very perceptive way to replace the conventional RF linac-injector or linac-driver by a very compact system. Therefore, the new results of beam dynamics simulations in laser-plasma channel having pre-bunching stage are discussed in paper. Main simulations were focused on the study of the longitudinal electron motion stability inside of the plasma channel. It was shown that the form and the value of the plasma potential well are essentially depend on laser pulse amplitude, form and duration. The electron beam dynamics, in turn, is specified by plasma potential well parameters, which define the electrons capturing into acceleration and output parameters of the bunch. Electrons loosed from the synchronous motions in the plasma wave are defocusing soon after falling out from the potential well and are pushed to the plasma channel wall.

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Garrigues, L., and G. Fubiani. "Tutorial: Modeling of the extraction and acceleration of negative ions from plasma sources using particle-based methods." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 4 (January 28, 2023): 041102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128759.

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In this Tutorial, we consider plasma sources with applications to fusion devices and high energy accelerators. These ion sources typically produce negative ions from hydrogen-isotope gases, which are extracted through one or multiple apertures and accelerated to high kinetic energies. Next, they are either double stripped of two electrons to form positive ions used as precursors in accelerator devices or neutralized to produce a neutral beam injected in tokamak reactors. Contrary to the working conditions of most ion sources where volume production prevails, the mechanism of negative ion production by dissociative electron attachment on vibrationally excited molecules inside the plasma volume of fusion-type hydrogen-fueled high power discharges is mostly balanced by their destruction by detachment before being extracted rendering this means of producing negative ions rather inefficient. Surface production through the transfer of electrons from low work function metallic materials to the impacting atoms is the alternative solution to fulfill the requirements for the applications concerned. Negative ions are produced close to the aperture from which they are extracted. As a result, the analysis and understanding of the extraction mechanisms through experimental diagnostics is rather difficult due to the lack of accessibility and can only give a partial view. In addition, most of the experimental work is focused on the validation of requirements for the applications and not to the investigation of the fundamental processes that take place inside these types of sources. This Tutorial is focused on the description and understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the extraction and acceleration of negative ions from hydrogen plasma sources through modeling methods. We describe the numerical techniques of particle-based methods with a specific emphasis on particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision algorithms. An analysis of the physical processes involved in driving the negative ions from the plasma source, across the apertures and inside the accelerator as reported in the literature, is presented in detail. This Tutorial concludes with additional and future works to be addressed in the coming years.

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Gonsalves, A. J., K. Nakamura, C. Lin, D. Panasenko, S. Shiraishi, T. Sokollik, C. Benedetti, et al. "Tunable laser plasma accelerator based on longitudinal density tailoring." Nature Physics 7, no. 11 (August 21, 2011): 862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys2071.

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Egorov, I. S., A. V. Klimkin, A. V. Poloskov, M. A. Serebrennikov, and M. V. Trigub. "Experimental installation for studying cathode plasma processes in vacuum gap of pulsed electron accelerator with gas or liquid injection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2064, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2064/1/012036.

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Abstract One of the directions of using plasma sources is the formation of plasma emitters for electron beams as part of direct-action charged particle accelerators. The parameters of the accelerator generators require mutual matching with the characteristics of the plasma emitters. The paper describes the design, composition and diagnostic equipment of an experimental stand based on a vacuum chamber of a pulsed electron accelerator for testing plasma sources of pulsed electron beams. The stand includes a vacuum volume with a high-voltage bushing, pumping out pipes, diagnostic windows along the perimeter and a mounting flange of a complex device for diagnosing the characteristics of pulsed electron beams. The stand provides the possibility of controlled supply of gas and liquid to the formation region of the plasma emitter of electrons under the influence of an accelerating voltage pulse. The location of the diagnostic windows and flanges of the stand allows direct optical observations of the plasma formation region in the frontal and profile directions. The use of the stand will make it possible to determine the characteristics of the tested plasma emitters for their operation as part of a vacuum diode of pulsed electron accelerator.

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Hakimi, Sahel, Xiaomei Zhang, Calvin Lau, Peter Taborek, Franklin Dollar, and Toshiki Tajima. "X-ray laser wakefield acceleration in a nanotube." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 34 (December 10, 2019): 1943011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19430115.

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Plasma-based accelerator technology enables compact particle accelerators. In Laser Wakefield Acceleration, with an ultrafast high-intensity optical laser driver, energy gain of electrons is greater if the electron density is reduced. This is because the energy gain of electrons is proportional to the ratio of laser’s critical density to electron density. However, an alternative path for higher energy electrons is increasing the critical density via going to shorter wavelengths. With the advent of Thin Film Compression, we now see a path to a single cycle coherent X-ray beam. Using this X-ray pulse allows us to increase the plasma density to solid density nanotube (carbon or porous alumina) regime and still be under-dense for a Laser Wakefield Acceleration technique. We will discuss some implications of this below.

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Jaroszynski, D. A., R. Bingham, E. Brunetti, B. Ersfeld, J. Gallacher, B. van der Geer, R. Issac, et al. "Radiation sources based on laser–plasma interactions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, no. 1840 (January 25, 2006): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1732.

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Plasma waves excited by intense laser beams can be harnessed to produce femtosecond duration bunches of electrons with relativistic energies. The very large electrostatic forces of plasma density wakes trailing behind an intense laser pulse provide field potentials capable of accelerating charged particles to high energies over very short distances, as high as 1 GeV in a few millimetres. The short length scale of plasma waves provides a means of developing very compact high-energy accelerators, which could form the basis of compact next-generation light sources with unique properties. Tuneable X-ray radiation and particle pulses with durations of the order of or less than 5 fs should be possible and would be useful for probing matter on unprecedented time and spatial scales. If developed to fruition this revolutionary technology could reduce the size and cost of light sources by three orders of magnitude and, therefore, provide powerful new tools to a large scientific community. We will discuss how a laser-driven plasma wakefield accelerator can be used to produce radiation with unique characteristics over a very large spectral range.

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Planche, Thomas, and Paul M. Jung. "Symplectic and self-consistent algorithms for particle accelerator simulation." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 36 (December 30, 2019): 1942027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19420272.

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In this paper, we review three methods to construct symplectic and self-consistent multiparticle algorithms to simulate space–charge effects in particle accelerators. The first method is based on a discrete multiparticle Hamiltonian with an interaction term that depends explicitly on the coordinates of the macroparticles. The second method derives from Low’s Lagrangian for a collisionless plasma. The third method is based on a corresponding collisionless Hamiltonian. The last two methods have been mostly developed by the plasma physics community, but are equally applicable to accelerator physics problems.

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Stellato, Francesco, Maria Pia Anania, Antonella Balerna, Simone Botticelli, Marcello Coreno, Gemma Costa, Mario Galletti, et al. "Plasma-Generated X-ray Pulses: Betatron Radiation Opportunities at EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB." Condensed Matter 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat7010023.

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EuPRAXIA is a leading European project aimed at the development of a dedicated, ground-breaking, ultra-compact accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology and on the development of their users’ communities. Within this framework, the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF, INFN) will be equipped with a unique combination of an X-band RF LINAC generating high-brightness GeV-range electron beams, a 0.5 PW class laser system and the first fifth-generation free electron laser (FEL) source driven by a plasma-based accelerator, the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB facility. Wiggler-like radiation emitted by electrons accelerated in plasma wakefields gives rise to brilliant, ultra-short X-ray pulses, called betatron radiation. Extensive studies have been performed at the FLAME laser facility at LNF, INFN, where betatron radiation was measured and characterized. The purpose of this paper is to describe the betatron spectrum emitted by particle wakefield acceleration at EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB and provide an overview of the foreseen applications of this specific source, thus helping to establish a future user community interested in (possibly coupled) FEL and betatron radiation experiments. In order to provide a quantitative estimate of the expected betatron spectrum and therefore to present suitable applications, we performed simple simulations to determine the spectrum of the betatron radiation emitted at EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB. With reference to experiments performed exploiting similar betatron sources, we highlight the opportunities offered by its brilliant femtosecond pulses for ultra-fast X-ray spectroscopy and imaging measurements, but also as an ancillary tool for designing and testing FEL instrumentation and experiments.

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Scheinker, Alexander, Daniele Filippetto, and Frederick Cropp. "6D Phase space diagnostics based on adaptively tuned physics-informed generative convolutional neural networks." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012068.

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Abstract A physics-informed generative convolutional neural network (CNN)-based 6D phase space diagnostic is presented which generates all 15 unique 2D projections (x, y), (x, y′),...,(z, E) of a charged particle beam’s 6D phase space (x, y, z, x′, y′, E). The CNN is trained by supervised learning over a wide range of input beam distributions, accelerator parameters, and the associated 6D beam phase spaces at multiple accelerator locations. The CNN is applied in an un-supervised adaptive manner without knowledge of the input beam distribution or accelerator parameters and is robust to their unknown time variation. Adaptive feedback automatically tunes the low-dimensional latent space of the encoder-decoder CNN to predict the 6D phase space based only on 2D (z, E) longitudinal phase space measurements from a device such as a transverse deflecting RF cavity (TCAV). This method has the potential to provide diagnostics beyond the existing state of the art at many accelerator facilities. Studies are presented for two very different accelerators: the 5-meter-long ultra-fast electron diffraction (UED) HiRES compact accelerator at LBNL and the kilometer long plasma wakefield accelerator FACET-II at SLAC.

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Shiltsev, V. D. "Ultimate colliders for particle physics: Limits and possibilities." International Journal of Modern Physics A 34, no. 34 (December 10, 2019): 1943002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x19430024.

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The future of the world-wide HEP community critically depends on the feasibility of the concepts for the post-LHC Higgs factories and energy frontier future colliders. Here we overview the accelerator options based on traditional technologies and consider the need for plasma colliders, particularly, muon crystal circular colliders. We briefly address the ultimate energy reach of such accelerators, their advantages, disadvantages and limits in the view of perspectives for the far future of the accelerator-based particle physics and outline possible directions of R&D to address the most critical issues.

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Joshi, Chan, Wei Lu, and Zhengming Sheng. "Progress in laser acceleration of particles." Journal of Plasma Physics 78, no. 4 (August 2012): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377812000669.

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Laser acceleration of particles is currently a very active area of research in Plasma Physics, with an emphasis on acceleration of electrons and ions using short but intense laser pulses. In this special issue we access the current status of this field by inviting leading researchers all over the world to contribute their original works here. Many of these results were first presented at the recent Laser-Particle Acceleration Workshop (LPAW 2011) held in Wuzhen, China in June 2011. In addition to the laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) of electrons (Tzoufras et al.) and laser acceleration of ions (Tsung et al.), there were exciting new proposals for a proton-driven plasma wakefield accelerator (Xia et al.) and for a dielectric-structure-based two-beam accelerator (Gai et al.) presented at this workshop, and we are very pleased to have the authors' contributions on these included here.

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Siders, C. W., S. P. Le Blanc, A. Babine, A. Stepanov, A. Sergeev, T. Tajima, and M. C. Downer. "Plasma-based accelerator diagnostics based upon longitudinal interferometry with ultrashort optical pulses." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 24, no. 2 (April 1996): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.509994.

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Zuhr, R. A. "Accelerator-based plasma-wall interaction studies on the TEXTOR tokamak." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 10-11 (May 1985): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(85)90289-7.

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Simakov, E. I., G. Andonian, S. S. Baturin, and P. Manwani. "Limiting effects in drive bunch beam dynamics in beam-driven accelerators: instability and collective effects." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 05 (May 1, 2022): P05013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/p05013.

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Abstract In a collinear beam-driven wakefield accelerator, a bunch of charged particles is accelerated by a strong electric field that is generated in a medium by a preceding high-charge drive bunch. Multiple beam-driven acceleration concepts have been proposed and demonstrated in proof-of-principle experiments. In some concepts, the medium is plasma where very strong electric fields are created due to the motion of ions and electrons with respect to each other. In other configurations, the medium is a slow-wave electromagnetic structure made of dielectric and/or metal, and high gradients are achieved due to the very short duration of the electromagnetic pulse excited in the structure by the drive bunch. Because of the high charge, and consequently long length of the drive bunch, wakefields excited by the leading particles of the drive bunch affect the trailing particles in the same bunch and result in beam-driven instabilities obstructing the drive bunch's stable propagation and extended interactions with the witness bunch, ultimately terminating the energy transfer process. This paper presents an overview of the drive-bunch beam dynamics in beam-driven structure- and plasma-based accelerators with a focus on beam instabilities that limit stable propagation of the drive bunch, such as the beam break-up instability and transverse defocusing and deflection in cases of cylindrical and planar structures and plasma waveguides. Possible mitigation techniques are discussed.

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Uesaka, Mitsuru, and Kazuyoshi Koyama. "Advanced Accelerators for Medical Applications." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 09 (January 2016): 235–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626816300115.

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We review advanced accelerators for medical applications with respect to the following key technologies: (i) higher RF electron linear accelerator (hereafter “linac”); (ii) optimization of alignment for the proton linac, cyclotron and synchrotron; (iii) superconducting magnet; (iv) laser technology. Advanced accelerators for medical applications are categorized into two groups. The first group consists of compact medical linacs with high RF, cyclotrons and synchrotrons downsized by optimization of alignment and superconducting magnets. The second group comprises laser-based acceleration systems aimed of medical applications in the future. Laser plasma electron/ion accelerating systems for cancer therapy and laser dielectric accelerating systems for radiation biology are mentioned. Since the second group has important potential for a compact system, the current status of the established energy and intensity and of the required stability are given.

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Einstein-Curtis, J., S. J. Coleman, N. M. Cook, J. P. Edelen, S. Barber, C. Berger, and J. van Tilborg. "Online correction of laser focal position using FPGA-based ML models." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2420, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2420/1/012074.

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Abstract Ultrafast lasers play an increasingly critical role in the generation, manipulation, and acceleration of electron beams for High Energy Physics applications. Laser plasma accelerators enable order of magnitude improvements in accelerating gradient and promise compact tunable GeV electron beam sources, while novel photocathode systems permit fundamental advances in electron beam manipulation for accelerator and radiation applications Advances in fast feedback systems are required to stabilize laser performance at kHz repetition rate operation against environmental fluctuations. A field programmable gate array (FPGA) based digital control system, coupled with responsive optics, can provide rapid and precise stabilization of ultrafast lasers. A collaboration between RadiaSoft and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BELLA Center to develop, test, and deploy these systems across a range of beamlines operating at >1 Hz repetition rate, including 1 kHz systems, was created.

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Lu Daquan, 陆大全. "Compact High Energy Laser-Wakefield Accelerator Based on Preformed Plasma Channel." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 46, no. 4 (2009): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop20094604.0060.

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Liu, Tao, Chao Feng, Dao Xiang, Jiansheng Liu, and Dong Wang. "Generation of ultrashort coherent radiation based on a laser plasma accelerator." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 311–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518018209.

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A laser plasma accelerator (LPA) has the potential to realize compact free-electron laser (FEL) radiation at the regular laboratory scale. However, large initial angular divergence and energy spread dramatically hinder ways to transport the beam and realize FEL radiation. Although methods have been proposed to solve these problems, the relatively large jitter, including transverse position jitter and energy jitter, still limits the advance of these experiments. In this paper a simple method to realize coherent harmonic generation based on a LPA beam is proposed. The scheme is very compact, adopting a high-power laser split from the driver laser, a short modulator and a short radiator which has a great tolerance to these typical types of jitter. Numerical simulations indicate that coherent third-harmonic radiation with gigawatt-level power and single spike spectra can be obtained, verifying the feasibility of the scheme and indicating the capability to generate ultrashort fully coherent radiation.

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Yakimenko, Vitaly, and Tom Katsouleus. "Proton-based driver for the plasma wakefield accelerator with TeV reach." Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 53, no. 8 (June 3, 2011): 085010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/53/8/085010.

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Gauduel, Y. A. "Laser-plasma accelerator based femtosecond high-energy radiation chemistry and biology." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 373 (July 2, 2012): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/373/1/012012.

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Nguyen, Federico, Axel Bernhard, Antoine Chancé, Marie-Emmanuelle Couprie, Giuseppe Dattoli, Christoph Lechner, Alberto Marocchino, Gilles Maynard, Alberto Petralia, and Andrea Renato Rossi. "Free Electron Laser Performance within the EuPRAXIA Facility." Instruments 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4010005.

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Over the past 90 years, particle accelerators have evolved into powerful and widely used tools for basic research, industry, medicine, and science. A new type of accelerator that uses plasma wakefields promises gradients as high as some tens of billions of electron volts per meter. This would allow much smaller accelerators that could be used for a wide range of fundamental and applied research applications. One of the target applications is a plasma-driven free-electron laser (FEL), aiming at producing tunable coherent light using electrons traveling in the periodic magnetic field of an undulator. In this work, the plasma-based electron beams with the most promising qualities, designed in the framework of EuPRAXIA, are analyzed in terms of the FEL performance.

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Xia, Guoxing, Alexandre Bonatto, Roger Pizzato Nunes, Linbo Liang, Oscar Jakobsson, Yuan Zhao, Barney Williamson, Can Davut, and Xueying Wang. "Plasma Beam Dumps for the EuPRAXIA Facility." Instruments 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2020): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4020010.

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Beam dumps are indispensable components for particle accelerator facilities to absorb or dispose beam kinetic energy in a safe way. However, the design of beam dumps based on conventional technology, i.e., energy deposition via beam–dense matter interaction, makes the beam dump facility complicated and large in size, partly due to the high beam intensities and energies achieved. In addition, specific methods are needed to address the radioactive hazards that these high-power beams generate. On the other hand, the European Plasma Research Accelerator with eXcellence in Application (EuPRAXIA) project can advance the laser–plasma accelerator significantly by achieving a 1–5 GeV high-quality electron beam in a compact layout. Nevertheless, beam dumps based on the conventional technique will still produce radiation hazards and make the overall footprint less compact. Here, a plasma beam dump will be implemented to absorb the kinetic energy from the EuPRAXIA beam. In doing so, the overall compactness of the EuPRAXIA layout could be further improved, and the radioactivity generated by the facility can be mitigated. In this paper, results from particle-in-cell simulations are presented for plasma beam dumps based on EuPRAXIA beam parameters.

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Shatrova, Ksenia, Ivan Shanenkov, and Alexander Y. Pak. "The Influence of the Central Electrode Material on Coaxial Magnetic Plasma Accelerator Operation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 698 (December 2014): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.698.222.

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Materials based on carbon and nitrogen, and tungsten carbides exhibit catalytic properties that allow implementing the production of hydrogen from water. These materials can be prepared by various techniques, including the method of plasma dynamic synthesis in the electro-discharge plasma jet generated by a coaxial magnetic plasma accelerator. The device is experimental and requires further research and modification. The paper presents obtained operating parameters of the coaxial magnetic plasma accelerator in dependence on the material from which the central electrode is made.

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Skalyga, V. A., I. V. Izotov, S. S. Vybin, T. V. Kulevoy, G. N. Kropachev, A. L. Sitnikov, and S. V. Grigoriev. "Design of the proton injector for compact neutron source DARIA." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2244, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2244/1/012092.

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Abstract Project of the proton accelerator-driven compact neutron source DARIA (Dedicated for Academic Research and Industrial Application) is developed in order to replace small and middle flux neutron sources based on the nuclear reactors. DARIA has a uniquely high ratio of efficiency to cost due to deep optimization of each key element of the system (proton injector and accelerator, target, neutron moderator and neutron instruments. A unique ECR ion source, developed at the IAP RAS, would be used as a proton beam injector. In such device the plasma is heated by the powerful 28 GHz gyrotron radiation, providing a record level of volumetric energy input for such systems over 100 W/cm^3. The high plasma density and the optimal electron temperature provide proton beams formation with a current of up to several hundred mA and an emittance that meets the requirements of modern accelerators. The paper discusses the advantages of using such an ion source, its scheme and design performance.

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Hora, Heinrich. "Dynamic superposition of laser fields for acceleration of ions and of electrons up to TeV/cm gain." Laser and Particle Beams 6, no. 4 (November 1988): 625–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600005590.

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With the aim to provide more economic systems for acceleration of electrons, the possibilities of laser accelerators are discussed. The driving of electrons in laser wave fields in a longitudinal direction is based on nonlinear forces, which in simplified form cause the ponderomotion. Since the formulation of the Sessler theorem it is evident that optical signals moving with the speed of light in vacuum may not transfer energy to charged particles. A slowing down—even for a very minor difference only—does result in acceleration. Since the beat-wave accelerator using plasma led to numerous problems, a scheme is proposed that works without such dielectric effects by the superposition of laser wave fields in vacuum. Then the reduction of the signal velocity is performed by a controlled time dependence of the frequency with a phase or direction of at least one of the laser beams in interference.

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SMIRNOV, A. P., W. PARK, YA N. ISTOMIN, D. P. KOSTOMAROV, E. A. SHEINA, A. B. SHMLEV, and V. N. VOLYNETS. "Neoclassical thermal conductivity in ICP plasma at low pressure." Journal of Plasma Physics 74, no. 3 (June 2008): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377807006952.

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AbstractThe plasma temperature in a new plasma source shows unusual behaviour at low pressures (about 1 mTorr) and high absorbed powers. In Ar plasma at pressures of about 1 mTorr, the electron temperature shows a pronounced maximum inside an electromagnetic accelerator, which is followed by a rapid drop at the boundary between the accelerator region and the main chamber. In this paper a neoclassical thermo-conductivity model based on the analysis of the electron trajectories is proposed to describe the sharp electron temperature profile. Quantitative agreement of the calculated temperature profile with the experiment is observed.

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Shvydkiy, G. V., I. I. Zadiriev, E. A. Kralkina, and K. V. Vavilin. "Acceleration of ions in a plasma accelerator with closed electron drift based on a capacitive radio-frequency discharge." Vacuum 180 (October 2020): 109588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109588.

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BOLTON, PAUL R. "NONINVASIVE LASER PROBING OF ULTRASHORT SINGLE ELECTRON BUNCHES FOR ACCELERATOR AND LIGHT SOURCE DEVELOPMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 03n04 (February 10, 2007): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207042331.

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Companion development of ultrafast electron beam diagnostics capable of noninvasively resolving single bunch detail is essential for the development of high energy, high brightness accelerator facilities and associated beam-based light source applications. Existing conventional accelerators can exhibit timing-jitter down to the 100 femtosecond level which exceeds their single bunch duration capability. At the other extreme, in relatively jitterless environments, laser-plasma wakefield accelerators (LWFA) can generate single electron bunches of duration estimated to be of order 10 femtoseconds making this setting a valuable testbed for development of broadband electron bunch diagnostics. Characteristics of electro-optic schemes and laser-induced reflectance are discussed with emphasis on temporal resolution.

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Gauduel, Y. A. "Laser-plasma accelerator and femtosecond photon sources-based ultrafast radiation chemistry and biophysics." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 02 (February 14, 2017): C02048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/02/c02048.

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Shiraishi, S., C. Benedetti, A. J. Gonsalves, K. Nakamura, B. H. Shaw, T. Sokollik, J. van Tilborg, et al. "Laser red shifting based characterization of wakefield excitation in a laser-plasma accelerator." Physics of Plasmas 20, no. 6 (June 2013): 063103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4810802.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plasma-Based Accelerator'

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