Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plants Metabolism

Academic literature on the topic 'Plants Metabolism'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plants Metabolism"

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Casanova-Sáez, Rubén, Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí, and Karin Ljung. "Auxin Metabolism in Plants." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 13, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): a039867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a039867.

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STEPAN-SARKISSIAN, G. "Carbohydrate Metabolism in Plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 13, no. 5 (October 1, 1985): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0130972a.

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Witte, Claus-Peter, and Marco Herde. "Nucleotide Metabolism in Plants." Plant Physiology 182, no. 1 (October 22, 2019): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.00955.

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Bedhomme, Mariette, Michaela Hoffmann, Erin A. McCarthy, Bernadette Gambonnet, Richard G. Moran, Fabrice Rébeillé, and Stéphane Ravanel. "Folate Metabolism in Plants." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 41 (July 29, 2005): 34823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m506045200.

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Kennedy, Robert A., Mary E. Rumpho, and Theodore C. Fox. "Anaerobic Metabolism in Plants." Plant Physiology 100, no. 1 (September 1, 1992): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.1.1.

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Harwood, John, and Thomas S. Moore. "Lipid metabolism in plants." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352688909382269.

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Nisar, Nazia, Li Li, Shan Lu, Nay Chi Khin, and Barry J. Pogson. "Carotenoid Metabolism in Plants." Molecular Plant 8, no. 1 (January 2015): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.007.

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Gutbrod, Katharina, Jill Romer, and Peter Dörmann. "Phytol metabolism in plants." Progress in Lipid Research 74 (April 2019): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2019.01.002.

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Witte, Claus-Peter. "Urea metabolism in plants." Plant Science 180, no. 3 (March 2011): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.11.010.

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Hill, Steven A. "Carbohydrate metabolism in plants." Trends in Plant Science 3, no. 10 (October 1998): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(98)01320-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plants Metabolism"

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Garlick, Andrew P. "Carbohydrate metabolism during oxidative stress in plants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270014.

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Turan, Y. "Pyrimidine primary and secondary metabolism in plants." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.639271.

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In this study, the biosynthesis of albizziine has been elucidated, and a direct precursor relationship shown to exist between uracil and albizziine. This was confirmed by the demonstration that [2-14C]uracil specifically labels C-5 of albizziine. It is concluded that the biosynthetic sequence involves the hydroxylation of uracil to isobarbituric acid, then amination to 5-aminouracil, followed by hydrogenation and ring-opening, to yield albizziine. 2,3-Diaminopropanoic acid was shown to be formed from albizziine by the action of β-ureidopropionase. Thus, the formation of albizziine and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid represents a further aspect of the interfacing of pyrimidine primary and secondary metabolism through uracil. Lathyrine was shown to be catabolyzed in Lathyrus tingitanus to yield the non-protein amino acid 4-hydroxyhomoarginine, and it was thus confirmed that 4-hydroxyhomoarginine is a catabolite rather than a precursor of lathyrine. 2-Amino-4-carboxypyrimidine, the immediate precursor of the lathyrine ring-system, was shown to be synthesized enzymically from uracil. The relative amount of exogenously supplied uracil diverted into production of the isomeric pyrimidinyl amino acids willardiine and isowillardiine in Pisum sativum, and also that diverted into the production of the pyrimidine amino acid lathyrine in Lathyrus tingitanus was determined. Uracil was shown to have a pronounced inhibitory effect on the germination and growth of Phaseolus aureus and Glycine max. As these plants do not produce pyrimidine-derived secondary products, this observation is consistent with the view that production of such compounds is a detoxification mechanism for bioactive pyrimidines.
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Blume, Christian [Verfasser]. "Glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism in higher plants : how natural and artificial pathways contribute to plant metabolism / Christian Blume." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1130810666/34.

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Basson, Carin Elizabeth. "Analysis of intermediate carbon metabolism in strawberry plants." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1907.

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Sachan, Nita. "Identification of signaling factors involved in the regulation of alkaloid metabolism in N.tabacum." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2004. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyplph2004d00179/NS%5FDiss.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2004.
Title from document title page (viewed Jan. 7, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 127p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 118-126).
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Tront, Jacqueline Marie. "Plant Activity and Organic Contaminant Processing by Aquatic Plants." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5234.

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This research explored fate of organic contaminants in aquatic plant systems through (i) experimental development of relationships to describe sorption, uptake and enzymatic processing of contaminants by plants and inhibition of aquatic plants by contaminants and (ii) incorporation of experimental relationships into a conceptual model which describes contaminant fate in aquatic plant systems. This study focused on interactions of aquatic plants L. minor and M. aquaticum with halogenated phenols. 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) are precursors for the highly toxic and heavily applied herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D and were examined in detail. Chlorophenols are generally resistant to microbial degradation, a property which may limit microbial remediation options as effective alternatives for clean up of contaminated sites. Relationships for fundamental interactions between plants and contaminants that dictate uptake, enzymatic processing and sequestration of contaminants by aquatic plants were established. An assay which quantified production of oxygen by plants was developed to quantify plant metabolic activity and inhibition. Uptake of chlorinated phenols depended on plant activity and aqueous phase concentration of contaminant in the protonated form. Therefore, plant activity, contaminant pKa and media pH were established as critical parameters controlling rate of contaminant uptake. A conceptual model was developed which incorporated plant activity and inhibition into a mathematical description of uptake of organic contaminants by aquatic plants. The conceptual model was parameterized using experimental data delineating effect of plant activity, inhibition and speciation on contaminant uptake and the model was verified using independently gathered data. Experimentation with radio-labeled chlorinated phenols established that contaminants were sequestered internal to plants by plant enzymatic processing. 19F NMR was established as a technique to quantify transformation and conjugation products internal to plants and contaminant assimilation by plants and demonstrated that multiple metabolites containing the parent compound were present and quantifiable internal to plants. Finally, fate of plant-sequestered contaminants in an anaerobic bioassay was examined using Desulfitobacterium sp. strain Viet1. The results of this study address the role of aquatic plants in sequestration of contaminants in surface waters that indicate the potential and limitations of use of aquatic plants in natural and engineered treatment systems.
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Hardy, D. J. "Studies of tocopherol and phospholipid metabolism in plants." Thesis, Bangor University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384175.

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Masakapalli, Shyam Kumar. "Network flux analysis of central metabolism in plants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ac8b3836-9ab7-4060-b50a-df8aaa0e4ba5.

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The aim of this thesis was to develop stable-isotope steady-state metabolic flux analysis (MFA) based on 13C labeling to quantify intracellular fluxes of central carbon metabolism in plants. The experiments focus on the analysis of a heterotrophic cell suspension culture of Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynh. (ecotype Landsberg erecta). The first objective was to develop a robust methodology based on combining high quality steady-state stable labeling data, metabolic modeling and computational analysis. A comprehensive analysis of the factors that influence the outcome of MFA was undertaken and best practice established. This allowed a critical analysis of the subcellular compartmentation of carbohydrate oxidation in the cell culture. The second objective was to apply the methodology to nutritional perturbations of the cell suspension. A comparison of growth on different nitrogen sources revealed that transfer to an ammonium-free medium: (i) increased flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) by 10% relative to glucose utilisation; (ii) caused a substantial decrease in entry of carbon into the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA); and (iii) increased the carbon conversion efficiency from 55% to 69%. Although growth on nitrate alone might be expected to increase the demand for reductant, the cells responded by decreasing the assimilation of inorganic N. Cells were also grown in media containing different levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Comparison of the flux maps showed that decreasing Pi availability: (i) decreased flux through the oxPPP; (ii) increased the proportion of substrate fully oxidised by the TCA cycle; and (iii) decreased carbon conversion efficiency. These changes are consistent with redirection of metabolism away from biosynthesis towards cell maintenance as Pi is depleted. Although published genome-wide transcriptomic and metabolomic studies suggest that Pi starvation leads to the restructuring of carbon and nitrogen metabolism, the current analysis suggests that the impact on metabolic organisation is much less extreme.
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Masterson, Christine. "Carnitine and fatty acid metabolism in higher plants." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254030.

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Foley, A. A. "Metabolism and function of membrane lipids in plants." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356208.

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Books on the topic "Plants Metabolism"

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R, Verpoorte, and Alfermann A. W, eds. Metabolic engineering of plant secondary metabolism. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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S, Moore Thomas, ed. Lipid metabolism in plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1993.

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De Kok, Luit J., Linda Tabe, Michael Tausz, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Rainer Hoefgen, Michael T. McManus, Robert M. Norton, Heinz Rennenberg, Kazuki Saito, and Ewald Schnug, eds. Sulfur Metabolism in Plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4450-9.

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Stafford, Helen A., and Ragai K. Ibrahim, eds. Phenolic Metabolism in Plants. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3430-3.

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Gupta, Kapuganti Jagadis, ed. Nitrogen Metabolism in Plants. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9790-9.

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1935-, Morré D. James, Boss Wendy F, Loewus Frank Abel 1919-, and International Workshop on Second Messengers and Phosphoinositides in Plants (1st : 1988 : West Lafayette, Ind.), eds. Inositol metabolism in plants. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990.

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Konrad, Mengel, and Pilbeam D. J, eds. Nitrogen metabolism of plants. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.

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Davies, D. D. Intermediary metabolism in plants. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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1922-, Stafford Helen A., Ibrahim Ragai K, and Phytochemical Society of North America. Meeting, eds. Phenolic metabolism in plants. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

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C, Plaxton William, and McManus Michael T, eds. Control of primary metabolism in plants. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plants Metabolism"

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Camara, Bilal, Philippe Hugueney, Alain d’Harlingue, Joëlle Quennemet, Rudy Schantz, Jacques Henry Weil, and Marcel Kuntz. "Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Regulation in Plants." In Secondary-Metabolite Biosynthesis and Metabolism, 337–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3012-1_24.

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Oksman-Caldentey, K.-M., and R. Arroo. "Regulation of Tropane Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants and Plant Cell Cultures." In Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism, 253–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9423-3_13.

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Glawischnig, E., M. D. Mikkelsen, and B. A. Halkier. "Glucosinolates: Biosynthesis and Metabolism." In Sulphur in Plants, 145–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0289-8_8.

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Chen, Xuemei. "MicroRNA Metabolism in Plants." In RNA Interference, 117–36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75157-1_6.

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Pilon-Smits, Elizabeth A. H., and Colin F. Quinn. "Selenium Metabolism in Plants." In Plant Cell Monographs, 225–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10613-2_10.

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Thompson, John F., Ivan K. Smith, and James T. Madison. "Sulfur Metabolism in Plants." In Agronomy Monographs, 57–121. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr27.c3.

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Amir, Rachel, and Yael Hacham. "Methionine Metabolism in Plants." In Agronomy Monographs, 251–79. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr50.c16.

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Hooykaas, P. J. J. "Agrobacterium, A Natural Metabolic Engineer of Plants." In Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism, 51–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9423-3_3.

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Selvakesavan, Rajendran K., Dariusz Kruszka, Preeti Shakya, Dibyendu Mondal, and Gregory Franklin. "Impact of Nanomaterials on Plant Secondary Metabolism." In Nanomaterial Interactions with Plant Cellular Mechanisms and Macromolecules and Agricultural Implications, 133–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20878-2_6.

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AbstractPlants encounter various nanomaterials (NMs) as pesticides and fertilizers. It is also possible that nanomaterials reach plants as waste from consumer products and industry. The effects of such NMs on plants have been widely studied, and both positive and negative effects of NMs on plant growth and development have been reported. Recent metabolomics studies suggest that nanoparticles affect the concentration of secondary metabolites in plants by modulating reactive nitrogen/oxygen species, gene expression, and signaling pathways. Secondary metabolites are plant compounds that accumulate in plants through their secondary metabolism. To date, more than 200,000 defined structures of secondary metabolites have been identified, among which many of them possess antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidepressant, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties. The application of elicitors is a simple strategy to increase the production of secondary metabolites in plant cell and tissues. The ability of nanomaterials to induce plant secondary metabolism has recently been exploited in the elicitation of pharmaceutically important compounds from various plant species. The ability of different NMs to induce the accumulation of different classes of compounds in the same plant species has also been accomplished. The molecular mechanisms behind the effects of NMs on plant secondary metabolism revealed the putative genes involved in NM-mediated elicitation of various plant compounds in several reports. This chapter reviews the current understanding of the effects of nanoparticles on plant secondary metabolism and the elicitation of pharmacologically important compounds from plant species.
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Blée, Elizabeth, and Francis Schuber. "Oxylipins in Plants: The Peroxygenase Pathway." In Plant Lipid Metabolism, 262–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8394-7_72.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plants Metabolism"

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Surnina, E. N., A. A. Burenina, T. P. Astafurova, and S. B. Turanov. "The effect of LED lighting on the morphogenesis and metabolism of lettuce plants." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future. Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-417.

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Golovatskaya, I. F., M. V. Nechaeva, and E. V. Boiko. "20E-dependent regulation of growth and secondary metabolism of cell culture Lychnis chalcedonica L." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-124.

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Leonova, T. S., V. V. Chantseva, M. Glomb, O. Shiroglazova, K. Henning, E. M. Dynasty, K. A. Antonova, et al. "The effect of short-term drought on the metabolism and nutritional properties of pea seeds." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-262.

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Pavlenko, O. S., D. A. Evdokimov, N. S. Sadovskaya, O. N. Mustafayev, R. A. Sidorov, and I. V. Goldenkova-Pavlova. "Transcriptome analysis of Euonymus europaeusat different stages of fetal development revealed key lipid metabolism genes." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-330.

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Ivanov, A. A., and A. A. Kosobryukhov. "The cooperation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the early stages of ontogenesis of wheat plants." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-184.

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Ismailov, T. T., T. A. Konnova, T. S. Ermekkaliev, S. A. Dmitrieva, N. E. Gogolevа, and Yu V. Gogolev. "Identification and analysis of products of abscisic acid metabolism by rhizosphere strain of Novosphingobium sp. P6W." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-194.

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Molchan, O. V., T. N. Kudelina, L. V. Obukhovskaya, and E. S. Zubei. "Regulation of primary and secondary plant metabolism by LED lighting of various spectral composition and intensity." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future. Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-293.

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Tomić, Dalibor, Vladeta Stevović, Milomirka Madić, Miloš Marjanović, Nenad Pavlović, Đorđe Lazarević, Mirjana Petrović, Vladimir Zornić, and Jasmina Knežević. "THE ROLE OF COBALT IN FORAGE LEGUMES." In 1st International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt28.105t.

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The growth and metabolism of plants, especially on acidic soils, largely depend on the concentration of cobalt (Co) in the soil, i.e. the rhizosphere. An optimal supply of cobalt is essential for N2 fixation of Rhizobium bacteria that are in symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, influencing their better growth and supplying them with nitrogen. When there is a lack of Co in the plant, the organic production of legumes falls. Indirectly or directly, Co also affects other metabolic processes in plants. The aim of the work was to analyze the importance of optimal provision of forage legumes with cobalt for obtaining high and quality yields of forage and seeds.
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Bezrukova, M. V., A. R. Lubyanova, D. R. Maslennikova, A. A. Plotnikov, and F. M. Shakirova. "The role of methyl jasmonate in the regulation of water metabolism and cell wall modification in osmotic stress." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-61.

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Bitarishvili, S. V., P. Yu Volkova, and V. S. Bondarenko. "The role of phytohormones and their genes of metabolism in the adaptation of barley plants to radiation exposure." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-69.

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Reports on the topic "Plants Metabolism"

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Granot, David, and Richard Amasino. Regulation of Senescence by Sugar Metabolism. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585189.bard.

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Research objectives a. Analyze transgenic plants that undergo rapid senescence due to increased expression of hexokinase. b. Determine if hexokinase-induced senescence accelerates natural senescence using senescence specific promoters that drive expression of a reporter gene (GUS) and a cytokinin producing gene (IPT - isopentyl transferase). c. Isolate and analyze plant genes that suppress sugar-induced cell death (SICD) in yeast, genes that potentially are involved in programmed cell death and senescence in plants. Background to the topic Leaf senescence is a regulated process of programmed cell death (PCD) in which metabolites are recycled to other active parts of the plant. Senescence associated genes (SAGs) are expressed throughout leaf senescence. Sugar flux and metabolism is thought to playa fundamental regulatory role in senescence. We found that transgenic tomato plants with high hexokinase activity, the initial enzymatic step of sugar (hexose) metabolism, undergo rapid leaf senescence, directly correlated with hexokinase activity. These plants provide a unique opportunity to analyze the regulatory role of sugar metabolism in senescence, and its relation to cytokinin, a senescence-inhibiting hormone. In addition, we found that sugar induces programmed cells death of yeast cells in direct correlation to hexokinase activity. We proposed to use the sugar induced cell death (SICD) to isolate Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD. Such genes could potentially be involved in senescence induced PCD in plants. Major conclusions The promoters of Arabidopsis senescence-associated genes, SAG12 and SAGI3, are expressed in senescing tomato leaves similar to their expression in Arabidopsis leaves, indicating that these promoters are good senescence markers for tomato plants. Increased hexokinase activity accelerated senescence and induced expression of pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters in tomato plants, suggesting that sugar regulate natural senescence via hexokinase. Expression of IPT, a cytokinin producing gene, under pSAG12 and pSAG13 promoters, delayed senescence of tomato leaves. Yet, senescence accelerated by hexokinase was epistatic over cytokinin, indicating that sugar regulation of senescence is dominant over the senescence-inhibiting hormone. A gene designated SFP1, which is similar to the major super family monosaccharide transporters, is induced during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis and may be involved in sugar transport during senescence. Accordingly, adult leaves accumulate sugars that may accelerate hexokinase activity. Light status of the entire plant affects the senescence of individual leaves. When individual leaves are darkened, senescence is induced in the covered leaves. However, whole adult plant placed in darkness show delayed senescence. In a search for Arabidopsis genes that suppress SICD we isolated 8 cDNA clones which confer partial resistance to SICD. One of the clones encodes a vesicle associated membrane protein - VAMP. This is the first evidence that vesicle trafficking might be involved in cell death. Implications Increased hexokinase activity accelerates senescence. We hypothesized that, reduced hexokinase activity may delay senescence. Preliminary experiments using a hexokinase inhibitor support this possible implication. Currently we are analyzing various practical approaches to delay leaf senescence via hexokinase inhibition. .
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Ohlrogge, John B. Understanding Acyl Chain and Glycerolipid Metabolism in Plants. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1098253.

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Jander, Georg, Gad Galili, and Yair Shachar-Hill. Genetic, Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of Arabidopsis Threonine Aldolase and Associated Molecular and Metabolic Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696546.bard.

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Since the amino acids threonine and isoleucine can be limiting in mammalian diet and there is interest in increasing their abundance in certain crop plants. To meet this need, a BARD proposal was written with two main research objectives: (i) investigate new avenues for manipulating threonine and isoleucine content in plants and (ii) study the role of threonine aldolase in plant metabolism. Research conducted to meet these goals included analysis of the sub-cellular localization of threonine aldolase in the plant, analysis of metabolic flux in developing embryos, over- and under-expression of Arabidopsis threonine aldolases, and transcriptional and metabolic analysis of perturbations resulting from altered threonine aldolase expression. Additionally, the broader metabolic effects of increasing lysine biosynthesis were investigated. An interesting observation that came up in the course of the project is that threonine aldolase activity affects methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis. Further research showed that threonine deaminase and methionine gamma-lyase both contribute to isoleucine biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, isoleucine content can be altered by manipulating the expression of either or both of these enzymes. Additionally, both enzymes contribute to the up to 100-fold increase in isoleucine that is observed in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. Toward the end of the project it was discovered that through different projects, both groups had been able to independently up-regulate phenylalanine accumulation by different mechanisms. The Galili lab transformed Arabidopsis with a feedbackinsensitive bacterial enzyme and the Jander lab found a feedback insensitive mutation in Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase. Exchange of the respective plant lines has allowed a comparative analysis of the different methods for increasing phenylalanine content and the creation of double mutants. The research that was conducted as part of this BARD project has led to new insights into plant amino acid metabolism. Additionally, new approaches that were found to increase the accumulation of threonine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine in plants have potential practical applications. Increased threonine and isoleucine levels can increase the nutritional value of crop plants. Elevated isoleucine accumulation may increase the osmotic stress tolerance of plants. Up-regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis can be used to increase the production of downstream higher-value plant metabolites of biofuel feed stocks.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Cohen, Jerry D., and Ephraim Epstein. Metabolism of Auxins during Fruit Development and Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573064.bard.

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We had proposed to look at several aspects of auxin metabolism in fruit tissues: 1) IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan and IAA biosynthesis via the non-tryptophan pathway; 2) changes in the capacity to form conjugates and catabolites of auxin at different times during fruit development and; 3) the effects of modifying auxin metabolism in fruit tissues. The latter work focused primarily on the maize iaglu gene, with initial studies also using a bacterial gene for hydrolysis of IAA-aspartate. These metabolic and molecular studies were necessary to define potential benefits of auxin metabolism modification and will direct future efforts for crop improvement by genetic methods. An in vitro system was developed for the production of tomato fruit in culture starting from immature flowers in order to ascertain the effect of auxin modification on fruit ripening. IAA supplied to the fruit culture media prior to breaker stage resulted in an increase in the time period between breaker and red-ripe stages from 7 days without additional IAA to 12 days when 10-5 M IAA was added. These results suggest that significant changes in the ripening period could be obtained by alteration of auxin relationships in tomato fruit. We generated transgenic tomato plants that express either the maize iaglu gene or reduced levels of the gene that encodes the enzyme IAA-glucose synthetase. A modified shuttle vector pBI 121 expressing the maize iaglu gene in both sense and antisense orientations under a 35S promoter was used for the study. The sense plants showed total lack of root initiation and development. The antisense transgenic plants, on the other hand, had unusually well developed root systems at early stages in development. Analysis showed that the amount and activity of the endogenous 75 kDa IAGLU protein was reduced in these plants and consequently these plants had reduced levels of IAA-glucose and lower overall esterified IAA.
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6

Schuster, Gadi, and David Stern. Integration of phosphorus and chloroplast mRNA metabolism through regulated ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695859.bard.

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New potential for engineering chloroplasts to express novel traits has stimulated research into relevant techniques and genetic processes, including plastid transformation and gene regulation. This proposal continued our long time BARD-funded collaboration research into mechanisms that influence chloroplast RNA accumulation, and thus gene expression. Previous work on cpRNA catabolism has elucidated a pathway initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage, followed by polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation. A major player in this process is the nucleus-encoded exoribonuclease/polymerasepolynucleotidephoshorylase (PNPase). Biochemical characterization of PNPase has revealed a modular structure that controls its RNA synthesis and degradation activities, which in turn are responsive to the phosphate (P) concentration. However, the in vivo roles and regulation of these opposing activities are poorly understood. The objectives of this project were to define how PNPase is controlled by P and nucleotides, using in vitro assays; To make use of both null and site-directed mutations in the PNPgene to study why PNPase appears to be required for photosynthesis; and to analyze plants defective in P sensing for effects on chloroplast gene expression, to address one aspect of how adaptation is integrated throughout the organism. Our new data show that P deprivation reduces cpRNA decay rates in vivo in a PNPasedependent manner, suggesting that PNPase is part of an organismal P limitation response chain that includes the chloroplast. As an essential component of macromolecules, P availability often limits plant growth, and particularly impacts photosynthesis. Although plants have evolved sophisticated scavenging mechanisms these have yet to be exploited, hence P is the most important fertilizer input for crop plants. cpRNA metabolism was found to be regulated by P concentrations through a global sensing pathway in which PNPase is a central player. In addition several additional discoveries were revealed during the course of this research program. The human mitochondria PNPase was explored and a possible role in maintaining mitochondria homeostasis was outlined. As polyadenylation was found to be a common mechanism that is present in almost all organisms, the few examples of organisms that metabolize RNA with no polyadenylation were analyzed and described. Our experiment shaded new insights into how nutrient stress signals affect yield by influencing photosynthesis and other chloroplast processes, suggesting strategies for improving agriculturally-important plants or plants with novel introduced traits. Our studies illuminated the poorly understood linkage of chloroplast gene expression to environmental influences other than light quality and quantity. Finely, our finding significantly advanced the knowledge about polyadenylation of RNA, the evolution of this process and its function in different organisms including bacteria, archaea, chloroplasts, mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture
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Loewus, F. A., and P. A. Seib. D-erythroascorbic acid: Its preparations, chemistry, and metabolism (fungi and plants). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6716929.

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8

Loewus, F. A., and P. A. Seib. D-erythroascorbic acid: Its preparations, chemistry, and metabolism (fungi and plants). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6082504.

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9

Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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10

Loewus, F. A., and P. A. Seib. D-erythroascorbic acid: Its preparations, chemistry, and metabolism (fungi and plants). Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10131033.

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