Journal articles on the topic 'Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria'
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1
Franco, Julia A., and John W. Morgan. "Using historical records, aerial photography and dendroecological methods to determine vegetation changes in a grassy woodland since European settlement." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06092.
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By using historical records, aerial photography and dendroecological methods, we assessed the vegetation changes that have occurred in a grassy-woodland landscape at Inverleigh, Victoria, since 1850. Land managers have perceived that encroachment by native shrubs such as Acacia paradoxa DC. has occurred in woodlands in the area after their reservation for conservation following a long period of stock grazing, but data are needed to place these recent changes in context. The vegetation has passed through three management phases since early European settlement and these have contributed to the present vegetation patterns. The area was (1) initially set aside as a timber reserve at the time of European settlement and was periodically grazed by stock. (2) Logging, plantation forestry and stock grazing regimes caused large-scale disturbances to the understorey vegetation during the early 1900s and continued to the 1980s. In the 1970s, disturbances caused by recreational activities intensified the vegetation modification. During this time, the vegetation changed from an open woodland to denser, shrubbier woodland. Most soil disturbances ceased when (3) the area was declared a flora reserve in 1988. Evidence suggests that with the cessation of these disturbances, populations of the native shrub Acacia paradoxa increased dramatically, reducing the tree-gap area significantly. The major increase occurred from 1974 to 2002 when the area of tree gap declined by 38%. Age-class analyses suggested that most (>80%) of the A. paradoxa population is less than 25 years old, but plants may be able to live beyond 60 years. Logistic regression modelling suggested that distance to closest track influences present-day A. paradoxa distribution, as does soil moisture. This suggests that the soil disturbance from grading tracks and vehicle movements may be facilitating both the spread and initial establishment of A. paradoxa, particularly on soils of higher soil-moisture holding capacity. Strategies for future woodland management must consider how the current vegetation dynamics reflect past land-use history, and land managers must choose appropriate goals for biodiversity conservation in the light of these changes.
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Morgan, John W., Paulius A. Kviecinskas, and Martine Maron. "Effect of proximity of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) trees on buloke early sapling survival in a semiarid environment." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 4 (2013): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13002.
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Agricultural intensification has led to the dramatic decline of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) and the plant communities it dominates in southern Australia. Conservation of remnant buloke woodlands and revegetation of agricultural land are both required for the persistence and improved ecological function of this threatened community. We examined the effect of proximity of mature buloke trees on early sapling survival, to provide guidelines for revegetation aimed at enhancing degraded remnants. We planted buloke saplings at different distances from the base of remnant mature trees at a site in western Wimmera, Victoria, with and without herbaceous competition. Mature buloke trees altered most soil nutrients (positively), soil water content (negatively) and soil conductivity (positively) at different gradients from the tree base, depending on the factor measured. Mature buloke trees had a strong negative effect on conspecific sapling survival in the first summer after planting in both the presence and absence of an herbaceous understorey, possibly because of the strong effect of trees on soil moisture. Competition from mature buloke was high nearest to the trees (up to 9 m from tree base), but competition from the native understorey also appeared important for saplings in the tree gaps, as evidenced by their improved survival when the understorey was removed. We suggest that to establish buloke saplings in areas where mature trees already occur (i.e. enhancement plantings around isolated paddock trees), planting tubestock outside the canopy of mature buloke is necessary to enhance establishment success.
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Cahill, David M., James E. Rookes, Barbara A. Wilson, Lesley Gibson, and Keith L. McDougall. "Phytophthora cinnamomi and Australia's biodiversity: impacts, predictions and progress towards control." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 4 (2008): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07159.
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Phytophthora cinnamomi continues to cause devastating disease in Australian native vegetation and consequently the disease is listed by the Federal Government as a process that is threatening Australia’s biodiversity. Although several advances have been made in our understanding of how this soil-borne pathogen interacts with plants and of how we may tackle it in natural systems, our ability to control the disease is limited. The pathogen occurs widely across Australia but the severity of its impact is most evident within ecological communities of the south-west and south-east of the country. A regional impact summary for all states and territories shows the pathogen to be the cause of serious disease in numerous species, a significant number of which are rare and threatened. Many genera of endemic taxa have a high proportion of susceptible species including the iconic genera Banksia, Epacris and Xanthorrhoea. Long-term studies in Victoria have shown limited but probably unsustainable recovery of susceptible vegetation, given current management practices. Management of the disease in conservation reserves is reliant on hygiene, the use of chemicals and restriction of access, and has had only limited effectiveness and not provided complete control. The deleterious impacts of the disease on faunal habitat are reasonably well documented and demonstrate loss of individual animal species and changes in population structure and species abundance. Few plant species are known to be resistant to P. cinnamomi; however, investigations over several years have discovered the mechanisms by which some plants are able to survive infection, including the activation of defence-related genes and signalling pathways, the reinforcement of cell walls and accumulation of toxic metabolites. Manipulation of resistance and resistance-related mechanisms may provide avenues for protection against disease in otherwise susceptible species. Despite the advances made in Phytophthora research in Australia during the past 40 years, there is still much to be done to give land managers the resources to combat this disease. Recent State and Federal initiatives offer the prospect of a growing and broader awareness of the disease and its associated impacts. However, awareness must be translated into action as time is running out for the large number of susceptible, and potentially susceptible, species within vulnerable Australian ecological communities.
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Ogoma, Benard O., Stephen F. Omondi, Jane Ngaira, and Josephine W. Kimani. "Molecular Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Associated with Carissa edulis, an Endangered Plant Species along Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7792282.
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Carissa edulis is a tropical plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The species is widely used in the preparation of various herbal medicines. Earlier works in Kenya show that an aqueous extract from the roots of C. edulis has remarkable anti-herpes simplex virus. Due to its medicinal value, the species has been overexploited in its natural range and requires conservation interventions. Studies show that the species has beneficial relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that can enhance restoration of its population; however, no study has been undertaken to document the diversity of these AMF species. This study evaluated the genetic diversity of AMF associated with the roots of C. edulis within Lake Victoria basin ecosystem of Kenya. A cross-sectional, laboratory-based prospective study was carried out from roots of C. edulis collected from six sites within the ecosystem. Root samples were collected from 6 points (replicates) per site. AMF was assessed through morphological characterization and sequencing of small subunit of ribosomal DNA. Morphological identification identified four genera of AMF (Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, and Glomus) with no significant difference among the sites. Molecular analysis also revealed presence of four genera, but only two (Glomus and Acaulospora) were common for both the analyses with Glomus as the most predominant genera. In all the sites, there were large numbers of spores both in soil and in the roots confirming the association between C. edulis and AMF.
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Jones, HR, and BC Curnow. "Nodulation of subterranean clover growing in permanent pastures on acid soils in North-Central Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (1986): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860031.
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A survey ofclover at 44 sites in permanent dryland pastures in North-Central Victoria, highlighted poor nodulation of subterranean clover.In 1982 and 1983 respectively only 40 and 62% of plants were effectively nodulated 8-10 weeks after germination of the clover. Clover root rot was also present in both years, 64% of plants being affected in 1982 and 14% in 1983. Nodulation was negatively correlated with the incidence of root rot and with the percentage of exchangeable aluminium in the soil and positively correlated with the percentage of exchangeable calcium in the soil. The number of Rhizobium trifolii in the soil was not correlated with any of the soil factors measured.
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Parker, Roy D., Mike Treacy, and Joseph D. Janak. "Control of Chinch Bug, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.270.
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Abstract A field study was conducted on a commercial farm located near Victoria, Tex., to evaluate soil insecticides used alone and in combination with a foliar insecticide for control of chinch bugs in sorghum. To initiate the study, 5 soil insecticides and an untreated check were compared in 12-row by 1,600-ft plots of sorghum planted 1 Mar in 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, soil insecticides were applied in a T-band using John Deere Max-Emerge equipment. Edaphic characteristics of the test site consisted of a Victoria clay soil-type with 1.3% organic matter, good soil moisture at planting time, and soil pH 6.8. An examination of 48 plants/plot on 26 Mar demonstrated that the untreated control had exceeded 40 chinch bugs/100 plants. This level was considered the economic threshold, at which a foliar insecticide should be applied to sorghum less than 6 inches tall (plants averaged 3.75 inches on that date). One-half of all plots in the test were treated 28 Mar with chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 EC). Using a ground rig, the foliar insecticide was applied in a 10-inch band over each row by using 2 8006E nozzles/row (total spray volume was 33 gal/acre at 32 psi). Efficacy of treatments was determined by counting plants on 21 Mar at 2 sites (13.75 ft) in each plot, counting chinch bugs on 3 dates in the center 2 rows of each plot, inspecting plants on 21 Mar for damage by southern corn rootworm, and harvesting each plot with a commercial machine for yield analysis on 16 Jul.
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Huang, Lin Gen, Xiao Hong Wang, Zhao Wei Shen, Xun Zhang, and Li Ping Zhang. "The Analysis of Plants Species Based on Soil Properties at Test Plot." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2560.
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Soil sampling was carried out on the experimental plot, and comprehensive analysis of characteristics of soil nutrient and physical and chemical environment based on the soil and water conservation monitoring site topography and vegetation etc., on the basis of present situation investigation. The plant selection analysis of different experiment plot was carried out combined with experiment village construction planning, and the plants by nature, on the basis of the different soil and water conservation monitoring sites have in common in Zhejiang province. Targeted put forward of the construction of the proposed plant and soil improvement measures, for each monitoring site experiment plot of provide the scientific basis for the establishment of soil and water conservation measures.
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Masitoh, F., D. Taryana, A. A. Wijaya, S. A. Arysandi, and A. N. Rusydi. "Promoting Bamboo as Water Resources Conservation Plant in Jedong Community." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1039, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012059.
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Abstract Bamboo has been widely used for water resource conservation. The benefits of bamboo as a water resource conservation plant are not well known by the public. This paper discussed the process of promoting bamboo as a conservation plant for the people of Jedong, Wagir Subdistrict, Malang Regency. They used water from Sumber-Wangkal and Sumber-Cokro Springs to fullfil their water needs. The methods applied in this research are soil surveying and causal loop diagrams model. The soil surveying and causal loop diagrams model were done to get the spring’s soil conditions and to find out the water resources conservations efforts by Jedong people in both springs, respectively. The soil samples analysis showed that the soil in both areas is suitable for bamboo plants. The causal loop diagrams (Jedong Water Resources Conservation) model showed that the village-owned water management (Pengelola Air Minum Desa/PAMDes), as the organizational system on water reseources management will be able to promote the bamboo plants for conservation. Promoting bamboo plants to the Jedong community is very important to support the water resources sustainability in Jedong.
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Boer, RFde, GR Steed, BJ Macauley, and Boer RF De. "Effects of stubble and sowing treatments on take-all of wheat in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 5 (1992): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920641.
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The effects of stubble management treatments on take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) of wheat were examined in 2 field experiments in north-eastern Victoria. Wheat stubble from a preceding crop was left standing, mulched, burnt or incorporated into soil prior to sowing wheat. At Rutherglen in 1984, neither the incidence nor the severity of take-all was affected by these treatments. Although the severity of root symptoms on take-all affected plants at anthesis and the incidence of white heads were very low, sowing with a zero till, triple disc drill resulted in a small but significant (P<0.05) increase in both disease severity and white head incidence (2% tillers with white heads), compared with sowing with a conventional tine drill (0.6% tillers with white heads), regardless of the stubble treatment. At Wilby in 1985, the incidence and severity of take-all in wheat at early tillering was higher in plots in which wheat stubble was incorporated into soil prior to sowing (16% plants affected), than in plots where stubble was left standing, mulched or burnt (2, 3 and 4% plants affected, respectively). At anthesis, however, there were no significant differences in the incidence of affected plants between the 4 stubble treatments (average of 81 % plants affected).
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Comino, E., B. P. Miller, and N. J. Enright. "Soil seedbanks in natural and restored boxironbark forests at Stawell Gold Mine, Victoria." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040009.
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Natural communities have the capacity to regenerate themselves, and this functional ecosystem attribute must be regarded as a key indicator of success for revegetation programmes. The accumulation of species (and individuals) as dormant propagules in a soil seedbank, representing potential future states for the vegetation, is one possible index of revegetation success. Here, we investigate the soil seedbanks for five natural vegetation (Box-Ironbark forest) remnants, a topsoil stockpile and three revegetated mine-site areas associated with gold mining at Stawell (Victoria, Australia). The revegetation efforts largely date from 1987 and, in terms of their composition and structure, are relatively similar to natural vegetation remnants. Soil samples were treated with heat or smoke (plus control) and were monitored for seedling emergence, species composition and density in the glasshouse for 150 days. Seedling densities in treated seedbank samples were high (2 200 to 17 500 seedlings m-2) while species richness was low, ranging from 10 to 20 species per sample. Exotic species made up 22?61 % of emergents and 33?50% of species observed. Correlation of seedbank composition and density with chemical attributes of soils, and with above ground (extant) vegetation at sites showed few significant relationships. Total species richness and the proportion of exotic species varied significantly between natural bushland remnants and revegetation areas. Richness was highest, and the proportion of exotic species was lowest in natural bushland samples. Total emergent numbers and the density of exotic emergents did not vary significantly between remnant bushland and revegetation areas. Declining vigour of some woody species in revegetation sites that are well represented in the seedbank, including Acacia pycnantha and A. genistifolia, indicates that the reintroduction of fire might be an appropriate management practice to facilitate long-term recovery of a functional community on these revegetated surfaces, but the potential for the establishment of weed species from the seed-bank following fire may pose a challenge to management.
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Suburika, Frederikus, Yosefina Mangera, and Wahida Wahida. "Conservation of Soil Moisture Using Mulch of Green Bean Plants (Vigna Radiata)." Musamus AE Featuring Journal 1, no. 1 (December 12, 2018): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35724/maef-j.v1i1.1609.
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The aim to this study was to determine the effect of plastic silver mulch and rice straw mulch on soil moisture conservation of green bean so that the plant can grow in dry season with enough water. The method used in this study was a randomized block design with three treatments: no mulch (T0), plastic silver mulch (T1) and rice straw mulch (T2). The parameters observed were physical soil of initial and final research, soil moisture measurements every 3 days, as well as growth and crop production parameters including plant height, number of seeds in pods, 100 seeds weight, sample plant production and total production. The results showed that the physical of soil analyzed were clay textured soil, preliminary porosity 60.77 and at the end of the study increased to 77.50%, organic matter 1.52%, initial bulk density 1.04 g/cm3 at the end of the study decreased to 0.60 g/cm3, soil permeability of 7.77 cm / hour and available water is 13.95%. The use of rice straw mulch from the beginning to the end of the study showed the best water content while the use of plastic silver mulch and no mulch showed water content not much different. The use of palstic silver mulch gives the highest yield of the best crops on 14 HST measurements where the plastic silver mulch differs markedly by the rice straw mulch and no mulch. The yield of green beans produced in the treatment of plastic silver mulch using the best results with a total production of 2.00 tons/ha, this result is significantly different from no mulch but not significantly different of rice straw mulch. Rice straw mulch is better used for soil conservation because it can improve soil aeration, retain water, prevent soil erosion, and increase organic matter on the soil.
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SHEIL, DOUGLAS, BRENTON LADD, LUCAS C. R. SILVA, SHAWN W. LAFFAN, and MIRIAM VAN HEIST. "How are soil carbon and tropical biodiversity related?" Environmental Conservation 43, no. 3 (February 15, 2016): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000011.
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SUMMARYThis article discusses how biological conservation can benefit from an understanding of soil carbon. Protecting natural areas not only safeguards the biota but also curtails atmospheric carbon emissions. Opportunities for funding biological conservation could potentially be greater if soil carbon content is considered. In this article current knowledge concerning the magnitude and vulnerability of soil carbon stocks is reviewed and the relationship of these stocks to biological conservation values is explored. Looking at two relatively well-studied tropical regions we find that 15 of 21 animal species of conservation concern in the Virunga Landscape (Central Africa), and nine of ten such species in the Federal District of Brazil (Central Brazil), rely on carbon-rich habitats (alluvial and/or wetlands). At national scales, densities of species, endemics and threatened taxa (plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish) show positive and significant relations with mean soil carbon content in all but two cases (threatened amphibians and threatened fish). Of more than 1000 threatened species in 37 selected tropical nations, 85% rely on carbon-rich habitats. This tendency is observed in plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and crustaceans, while birds appear more evenly distributed. Research to clarify and explore these relationships is needed. Soil carbon offers major opportunities for conservation.
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Torra, Joel, Frank Forcella, Jordi Recasens, and Aritz Royo-Esnal. "Emergence Patterns of Rare Arable Plants and Conservation Implications." Plants 9, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9030309.
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Knowledge on the emergence patterns of rare arable plants (RAP) is essential to design their conservation in Europe. This study hypothesizes that is possible to find functional groups with similar emergence patterns within RAP with the aim of establishing management strategies. Seeds of 30 different species were collected from Spanish arable fields and sown under two tillage treatments: (a) 1 cm depth without soil disturbance to simulate no-till, and (b) 1–10 cm depth with soil disturbance every autumn to simulate tillage to 10 cm depth. Two trials were established; the first trial being maintained for three seasons and the second for two seasons. Relative emergence in autumn, winter and spring was calculated each season. Afterwards, multivariate analysis was performed by K-means clustering and Principal Component Analysis to find groups of RAP species with similar emergence patterns. Four RAP groups were defined, and each was based on its main emergence season: autumn, winter, spring, or autumn-winter. Tillage treatment and the year of sowing had little effect on emergence patterns, which were mostly dependent on environmental factors, particularly temperature and rainfall. Therefore, conservation strategies could be designed for each of these RAP functional groups based on emergence patterns, rather than on a species-by-species basis.
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KOLESIK, PETER, ANDREW G. MANNERS, and BRENT HILLS-HAYES. "A new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) damaging ornamental Callistemon (Myrtaceae) in Australia." Zootaxa 4318, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4318.2.12.
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Callistemon (Myrtaceae) is a plant genus native to Australia with many cultivars grown as ornamentals worldwide. Several orange larvae of an undescribed gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were found feeding within vegetative buds of Callistemon viminalis plants grown in a production greenhouse in Victoria, Australia. Infested buds stopped their development and, following the departure of larvae, turned necrotic. Pupation took place in the soil. Young potted plants were infested and severely retarded in their overall growth. The new species is described and named Dasineura callistemoni Kolesik sp. nov.
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Duncan, MJ, and PJ Keane. "Vegetation Changes Associated With Phytophthora cinnamomi and Its Decline Under Xanthorrhoea australis in Kinglake National Park, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 3 (1996): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960355.
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Changes in the species composition associated with the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and changes in the potential activity of the fungus were measured at a dry sclerophyll forest site in Kinglake National Park. In soil infested with P. cinnamomi, both the percentage cover and density of the major overstorey species (Eucalyptus dives Schauer in Walp. and E. macrorhyncha F.Muell.) and major understorey species (Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br., Daviesia ulicifolia Andrews and Dillwynia phylicoides Cunn.) were significantly reduced, while both the cover and density of the sedge species (Gahnia sieberiana Kunth., Lepidosperma laterale R.Br.and L. semiteres F.Muell.) increased significantly. The density of the major grass species, Chionochloa pallida (R.Br.) S. W. L.Jacobs, did not change. Species that were susceptible to P. cinnamomi showed varying patterns of decline. Xanthorrhoea australis was the most sensitive to the presence of P. cinnamomi, showing an immediate and large decline in both percentage cover and density, while Daviesia ulicifolia was the least sensitive, showing a decline only at later stages of disease development in the vegetation. Lepidosperma laterale and L. seiiziteres were the major colonisers of the diseased vegetation at this site, and were succeeded by Gahnia sieberiana, which became the dominant sedge species in the diseased zone after the dead plants of X. australis had collapsed. A seasonal survey (1992-1994) of P. cinnamomi found the pathogen to be potentially active all year round at this site, with summer and winter maxima. A decline was measured in the potential activity of P. cinnamorni underneath diseased and dead plants of X. australis after a disease outbreak. The potential activity of P. cinnamomi was greatest in soil collected from the base of dying plants of X. australis and zero in soil from under dead and collapsed individuals of that species. A similar pattern of decline in the potential pathogen activity was measured for the same host species at disease sites in the Brisbane Ranges National Park and Angahook State Park. A similar consistent pattern of decline in the disease potential of P. cinnamomi in soil from under diseased and dead plants of X. australis was observed in a pot bioassay. This decline in disease potential was overcome by the addition of Eucalyptus sieberi L.A.S.Johnson seedlings and P. cinnamomi inoculum to the soil.
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Henry, Leonia, and Florence Alex Mamboya. "Distribution of Metals along Simiyu Wetland of Lake Victoria Basin and its Impact on Agriculture." Journal of Wetlands Ecology 6 (November 2, 2012): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v6i0.5967.
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More than 70% of communities living along Simiyu wetland area are agriculturalists and pastoralists. Physical land degradation and poor nutrient mobility within the soil-plant system have shown a notable impact on agricultural production. Cycling of selected and their impact on agriculture were investigated along Simiyu wetland. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) of the soil was studied with respect to soluble cations and selected trace metals. To study the longitudinal and spatial distribution of the selected metals along Simiyu wetland, samples (water, sediments and soil) were taken in three stations along the river namely Bariadi Bridge, Simiyu Bridge and the Simiyu River mouth. Sampling of soil was done at different distances from the river so as to study the flow pattern of the metals and hence to explain the direction of cycling. Sampling was done both inn wet and dry seasons to study the seasonal variation of the metals. Geographical Position System was used to locate the sampling points for soil and water/sediment. Metals Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Coper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd) and Manganese (Mn) analyses were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). High levels of Manganese and Zinc were detected in most samples with different distribution behavior between water and sediments that may reflect difference in solubility of metals in water or possible complex formation of the metals resulting to potentially less solubility of metals, hence retarding their bioavailability to plants low cation exchange capacity. Retarded nutrient mobility in clay soils was observed facilitated by the formation of hard pans resulting to less availability of the nutrients to plants. The study suggests some ways in which farmers can improve soil cation exchange capacity and hence improve agricultural productivity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jowe.v6i0.5967 J Wet Eco 2012 (6): 31-43
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Cherniavskih, V. I., I. V. Pravdin, E. V. Dumacheva, Tsugkiev, and V. B. Tsugkieva. "New Microbiological Preparations For Soil Conservation Agriculture." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 901, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/901/1/012058.
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Abstract In the system of soil-saving technologies, comparative tests of the effectiveness of the use of various biological products based on consortia of microorganisms, fungal cultures in the field were conducted, and their effectiveness was evaluated. We used the preparations “Nurse Mycorrhiza” (Russia), MycoCrop ® (Germany), a new drug of the “Biogor” series developed by the Scientific and Technical Center for Biological Technologies in Agriculture (NTC“BIO”) (Russia). The effectiveness of seed treatment with biological preparations is shown. Plants of spring wheat of the Darya variety, the seeds of which were treated with the preparation “Biogor”, had friendly aligned shoots, formed a better-developed root system, which later resulted in a significant increase in yield. The results of the dispersion analysis showed that the difference between the processing options is significant, and the processing by the “Biogor” consortium has a positive effect on the formation of grains in the ear, their mass, the mass of 1000 seeds, as well as on the yield of spring wheat in general. The use of a new preparation of the “Biogor” series, developed in LLC “STC “BIO” and containing a consortium of beneficial microorganisms, is promising for spring wheat: the weight of 1000 seeds increases by 13.5 %, the yield significantly increases by 12.5 %.
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Zhang, Lichao, LI Jun, and GE Peilin. "Discussion on Plants of Soil and Water Conservation Research in Jiangxi Province." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 565 (October 1, 2020): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/565/1/012018.
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Zhang, Miao, Fang Qing Chen, and Jin Xia Zhang. "The Temporal Dynamics of Cynodon Dactylon Soil - Root System in Soil Conservation and Slope Reinforcement." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.675.
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Cynodon dactylon has become a dominant riparian species in the reservoir region after the Three Gorges project was finished. In order to determine the effect of the species in soil conservation and slope reinforcement and the variation over time, the soil erosion resistance and shear strength of plants soil-root systems were tested during different seasons in a year through control experiment. Results showed that C. dactylon roots enhanced significantly soil conservation and slope reinforcement. The tensile strength of C. dactylon roots reached from 65.34 to 91.22Kpa/mm2 after three to twelve month growth, so did the soil erosion resistance coefficient from 0.34 to 0.86, shear strength from 20.82 to 25.98Kpa increasing by 39.62%, 154.90% and 24.74% respectively. We conclude that the temporal dynamics of C. dactylon roots influenced the performance of soil-root system in soil conservation and slope reinforcement.
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Tőzsér, Dávid, Béla Tóthmérész, Sándor Harangi, Edina Baranyai, Gyula Lakatos, Zoltán Fülöp, and Edina Simon. "Remediation potential of early successional pioneer species Chenopodium album and Tripleurospermum inodorum." Nature Conservation 36 (August 5, 2019): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.36.32503.
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Remediation with plants is a technology used to decrease soil or water contamination. In this study we assessed the remediation potential of two weed species (Chenopodium album and Tripleurospermum inodorum) in a moderately metal-contaminated area. Metal concentrations were studied in roots, stems and leaves, in order to assess correlations in metal concentrations between those in soil and plants. Furthermore, we calculated bioaccumulation factor (BAF), bioconcentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values to study the accumulation of metals from soil to plants and translocation within plants. We found correlation in metal concentrations between soil and plants. The metal accumulation potential was low in both species, indicating low BAF and BCF values. In contrast, high TF values were found for Mn, Ni, Sr, Zn, Ba, Fe, Cu and Pb in C. album, and for Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn and Sr in T. inodorum. Our results demonstrated that the potential of C. album and T. inodorum might be limited in phytoextraction processes; however, when accumulated, metals are successfully transported to aboveground plant organs. Thus, to achieve the efficient remediation of metal-contaminated soils, removal of the aboveground plant organs is recommended, by which soil disturbance can also be avoided.
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Haines, PJ, and NC Uren. "Effects of conservation tillage farming on soil microbial biomass, organic matter and earthworm populations, in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 3 (1990): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900365.
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A long-term field experiment was set up in 1981 in north-eastern Victoria to determine the effects of conservation tillage farming on agronomic and soil properties. Conventional cultivation was compared with direct drilling, and stubbles retained from the previous crop were compared with burning under direct drilling. Wheat was grown continuously over the 7 years of the experiment. Organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), soil microbial biomass and earthworm populations were measured. When samples were taken incrementally down the soil profile, there was a significant concentration gradient of organic matter under direct drilling. In the surface 2.5 cm, biomass C and N, and N mineralisation were 35, 30 and 62% greater, respectively, than under conventional cultivation. Direct drilling into retained stubble did not significantly increase organic C or total N. Of the estimated 7.8 t C/ha added to the soil from conserved crop stubbles, 4% was retained in the top 7.5 cm at the time of sampling. Organic C, total N and biomass C and N decreased with depth in both treatments. Microbial biomass varied considerably with season. The biomass of earthworms in the top 10 cm, under direct drilling, was more than twice that of conventional cultivation, while total worm numbers increased significantly (P<0.05), from 123 to 275/m2, when wheat stubble was retained with direct drilling compared to stubble burning.
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Donald, E. C., I. J. Porter, and R. A. Lancaster. "Band incorporation of fluazinam (Shirlan) into soil to control clubroot of vegetable brassica crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 8 (2001): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00135.
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Commercially suitable methods for application of fluazinam were evaluated in field trials conducted in Victoria and Western Australia. Incorporation of fluazinam into the soil in bands 23 cm wide along the transplant row (to a depth of about 15–20 cm) immediately before transplanting was the most effective method of application. Plants grown in soil treated in this way developed significantly less clubroot than when fluazinam was applied using either a spot drench (100 mL/plant) or a continuous spray over the plants immediately after transplanting. The banded soil incorporation treatment consistently increased the marketable yield of broccoli and cauliflower. In one trial, banded soil incorporation increased the marketable yield of both crops by at least 80% compared with the other commercial methods of application currently in use. The banded soil incorporation treatment was more reliable and effective in a range of soil types than the high volume drenches currently used. This method of application remained effective, significantly reducing clubroot severity, when the volume of water used to apply fluazinam was reduced by 80% from 2500 to 500 L/ha.
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Gray, Matthew J., Richard M. Kaminski, and Govinda Weerakkody. "Predicting Seed Yield of Moist-Soil Plants." Journal of Wildlife Management 63, no. 4 (October 1999): 1261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3802843.
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Johnson, D. W., J. H. Herbek, and L. W. Murdock. "Conservation of Stand, 1991." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/17.1.187a.
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Abstract Two insecticides applied using 3 treatment regimes were evaluated for conservation of plant stand. Plots were 6 × 15 ft consisting of five 10.5 inch rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design and planted on 7 Sep 91 using standard agricultural practices. Each treatment consisted of some combination of the following application types using either Disyston 8 E at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre or Furadan 4 F at 1.0 lb (AI)/ acre per application: Check = no application; pre = preplant, broadcast soil surface treatment using a COa powered plot sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre, followed by light incorporation with a cultipacker. All preplant treatments were applied 1 d before planting; Fall = foliar applied on 12 Oct 91 (35 days post plant) using ° COj powered sprayer delivering 23 gal/acre finished spray. Stand counts were derived by counting plants in 27V4 inches of row (2 ft2 in 10.5 inch rows) at 2 randomly-selected locations per plot, converting to plants per ft2, and averaging these values to obtain number of plants per ft2 for each plot. The fall count was taken on 10 Oct 89 and the final count at harvest on 29 Jun 90. The percent change (% change) in stand was computed as follows (Fall stand - Spring stand)/Fall stand.
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Sharma*, Jyotsna, and William R. Graves. "Assessment of Leitneria floridana in Disjunct Native Habitats: Implications for Horticulture and Conservation." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 897B—897. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.897b.
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Tolerance of shade, flooding, drought, and nutrient-poor substrate is desirable among ornamental plants installed in managed landscapes. Many attractive native taxa have not been evaluated for their resistance to environmental stressors. We assessed Florida corkwood (Leitneria floridana Chapman) in its natural habitat in four disjunct populations in the United States and tested the physical and chemical properties of the soil at the study sites. Measures at all sites were made within two weeks in late June, 2003. Leaf area, plant height, length of new shoots, and the rate of photosynthesis were higher among plants receiving more than 600 μmol·m-2·s-1 of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) compared to plants that occurred where maximum PAR was lower. Soil texture ranged from clay loam to fine sand, and soil pH across sites was 4.5 to 6.6. Concentration of nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ranged from 3 to 75 mg·L-1, 7 to 11 mg·L-1, and 3 to 64 mg·L-1, respectively. Bases of plants in Florida were submersed in water, while soil moisture percentages in Missouri and Texas were 6 to 30. The apparent tolerance of L. floridana to shade, low and high soil moisture, and nutrient-poor soil in native habitats indicates that it could be used in a wide range of managed landscapes. Its capacity to adapt to shade may permit the use of L. floridana as an understory species in managed landscapes, but stewards of natural areas may need to maintain open sites within its native habitat to allow expansion of populations. Because this assessment of L. floridana included native populations across the natural range of the species, our results are uniquely suited for both horticultural and ecological interpretation and application.
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Quigley, P. E., P. J. Cunningham, M. Hannah, G. N. Ward, and T. Morgan. "Symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii collected from pastures in south-western Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 6 (1997): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96089.
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Summary. The whole-soil inoculation method was used to assess the symbiotic effectiveness of rhizobia populations in soils collected from 18 randomly-selected pastures in south-western Victoria. This was part of a larger study which described the condition of pasture within this region. Based on the shoot weights of test subterranean clover plants, cv. Mount Barker, effectiveness varied from 36 to 94% depending on the site of rhizobia collection. This range was wider than that found in an earlier survey of rhizobia effectiveness conducted nearby. WU95, the commercial inoculant for subterranean clover, was significantly more effective than 9 of the rhizobia samples. Rhizobia from 2 sites were especially poor and their effectiveness (37%) was not significantly different from the nil inoculum control (28%). Symbiotic effectiveness was not related to soil pH, available sulfur, available phosphorus, total nitrogen or mean annual rainfall for each site where rhizobia were collected. After pooling data for all sites, the shoot weights were significantly related to the proportions of plants with nodules assigned high nodulation scores. In contrast, low scores, within 1 of 6 categories, did not significantly affect shoot weight. The technique of using mean nodulation score was less capable of discriminating differences in symbiotic effectiveness, compared with assessment based on test plant weight.
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Pozniak, S., V. Haskevich, M. Pshevlotsky, and O. Teleguz. "Problems of use and conservation of soil of Lviv region." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 46 (December 26, 2013): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2013.46.1495.
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The article analyzes the agro-ecological situation and problems of soil use in Lviv region. It is established that the conduct of agriculture is often not the landscape and environmental conditions of the area and agro-ecological conditions of cultivation of agricultural crops. In soils have become widespread degradation processes, such as water and wind erosion, acidification, dehumidification, the depletion of elements of the other power plants. The measures of rational use and protection of soils are proposed. Key words: Lviv region, soil, agro-ecological state of, degradation, soil protection.
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Way, Thomas R., Thomas R. Way, Ted S. Kornecki, Haile Tewolde, Dexter B. Watts, Ted S. Kornecki, Haile Tewolde, and Dexter B. Watts. "Soil Rut Effects on Planter Performance for Cotton in a Conservation Tillage System." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 38, no. 6 (2022): 951–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.15144.
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Highlights Soil rutting commonly occurs during harvest and these ruts can adversely affect row crop planter performance. Four rut types were used, two formed by a tire and two formed by cutting the soil and removing soil from the ruts. Cotton seedling emergence at 15 days after planting typically was greater in unrutted soil than in rutted soil. Regression equations show a trend of decreased emergence as rut depth increased for both a sandy loam and a clay soil. Abstract. Soil rutting commonly occurs during harvest and ruts formed during harvesting can adversely affect row crop planter performance at the start of the subsequent cropping season. We conducted a three-year experiment on a sandy loam and a clay soil to investigate effects of soil ruts on the performance of a row crop planter while planting cotton into a rolled rye cover crop, and effects of planter depth setting on planter performance when planting through soil ruts. The four rut types used, prior to planting the rye cover crop in the fall, were a single tire rut, the rut from a dual pair of tires, and two rut types formed by cutting the soil 25 and 50 mm (1 and 2 in.) deep and removing soil from the ruts. The results show that although not all differences were statistically significant, for five of the six combinations of year and soil, cotton seedling emergence at 15 days after planting was greater when the soil had no rut, i.e., flat unrutted soil, than when the planter traveled across soil ruts while planting. In four of the six combinations of year and soil, emergence was significantly greater for the no rut soil condition than for a rut which was formed the previous fall by cutting 50 mm (2 in.) deep and removing soil from the rut. The three seeding depth settings used in the experiment positioned the bottom peripheries of the two disks of the double-disk opener 28, 35, and 40 mm (1.1, 1.4, and 1.6 in.) beneath the bottom peripheries of the depth-gauge wheels, providing those nominal seeding depths before the closing wheels firmed the soil. The planter depth setting did not significantly affect emergence at 15 days after planting for any of the six combinations of year and soil. Mean values of emergence at 15 days after planting in the sandy loam, averaged over the three years, were 13.9, 11.5, 12.2, 11.4, and 7.6 plants/m of row length (4.2, 3.5, 3.7, 3.5, and 2.3 plants/ft of row length) for the No rut, Single tire, Dual tire, Shallow cut, and Deep cut conditions, respectively. The means in the clay were 13.6, 5.7, 5.8, 12.6, and 7.4 plants/m of row length (4.2, 1.7, 1.8, 3.8, and 2.3 plants/ft of row length), respectively. Regression equations show a trend of decreased emergence as rut depth increased for both soils, with the clay regression line having a greater magnitude slope than the sandy loam line. Keywords: Cotton, Emergence, Planters, Planting, Seeders, Seeding, Soil ruts, Sowing.
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Colesie, Claudia, Maxime Gommeaux, T. G. Allan Green, and Burkhard Büdel. "Biological soil crusts in continental Antarctica: Garwood Valley, southern Victoria Land, and Diamond Hill, Darwin Mountains region." Antarctic Science 26, no. 2 (May 23, 2013): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102013000291.
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AbstractBiological soil crusts are associations of lichens, mosses, algae, cyanobacteria, microfungi and bacteria in different proportions forming a thin veneer within the top centimetres of soil surfaces. They occur in all biomes, but particularly in arid and semi-arid regions, even in the most extreme climates. They carry out crucial ecosystem functions, such as soil stabilization, influencing water and nutrient cycles, and contribute to the formation of microniches for heterotrophic life. In continental Antarctica especially, these roles are essential because no higher plants provide such ecosystem services. We provide a detailed description of biological soil crusts from Garwood Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys region (78°S) and Diamond Hill (80°S) in the Darwin Mountains region. The coverage was low at 3.3% and 0.8% of the soil surface. At Garwood Valley the crusts were composed of green algal lichens, cyanobacteria, several species of green algae and the mossHennediella heimii(Hedw.) R.H. Zander. Diamond Hill crusts appear to be unique in not having any species of cyanobacteria. Major parts are embedded in the soil, and their thickness correlates with higher chlorophyll contents, higher soil organic carbon and nitrogen, which are fundamental components of this species poor cold desert zone.
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Nur, Ruslinda, Krisdayanti a, and Rusnianti Nur. "RATE ANALYSIS OF SOIL EROSION USING UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION (USLE) METHOD IN JENEBERANG WATERSHED." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2022): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14235.
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Erosion in a watershed is a complex phenomenon that affects the quality of land resources due to either natural or human influence. The purpose of this study to determine the rate of erosion in the Jeneberang watershed and produce a recommendation of soil conservation to reduce the rate of erosion. This study uses some parameter maps, such as Rain Erosivitas Index (R) map, Land Erodibility Index (K) map, Length and Slopes Declivity Factor (LS) map, and Plants Management Factor and Soil Conservation (CP). All parameters were analysed using USLE map to determine the rate of erosion. The analysis results the rate of erosion by USLE method indicates the hazard level of the erosion in the Jeneberang watershed are dominantly at the very low levels with an area 55.068,39 ha or 71.6% of the research area. However, the erosion in the study area can not be ignored because there is a very high level of danger to the extensive erosion 11.681,55 or 15% of the research area. Therefore, generated a recommendation of soil conservation by soil cover planting and terrace construction repairs. By this conservation recommendation, the area with a high level of the rate of erosion reduce in the amount of 10,6%.
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Marin, Eugen, Marinela Mateescu, and Carmen Bălțatu. "Advanced method of managing soil conservation works in Smart Farms." E3S Web of Conferences 286 (2021): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128603016.
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The paper presents the results obtained in the SMART farm by using an advanced method of managing soil conservation works. These works involve, first of all, the collection and storage of data on the spot regarding the following parameters in which the plants will grow: disease climate (air temperature, dew point), growth climate (air temperature, solar radiation, deficiency vapours pressure, relative air humidity, precipitation, wind speed, maximum wind speed, daily evaporation) and soil monitoring (soil moisture, precipitation, soil salinity, soil temperature). Data collection is done through intelligent sensors from a wireless weather station and the reception of this information in real-time on a computer/smartphone by the farmer. Therefore, the farmer will be able to make instant decisions on soil conservation work, thusly saving time and workforce for additional on farm inspections.
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Das, P. "Exploration of Trees of Koraput District of Odisha for Biodiversity Conservation." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2014-893sp3.
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Author has prepared a list of 80 plants species which are grown naturally in the forest have fulfilled the needs of local people. The plants provide renewable plant resources such as timber, fuel, gum, resin, food, etc. and also helps for the conservation of biodiversity, control soil erosion, maintain humidity and regulate environmental pollution. The present study was conducted with a view to protect biodiversity.
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Kabir, Zahangir. "Tillage or no-tillage: Impact on mycorrhizae." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-160.
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Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are ubiquitous in agricultural soils. These fungi play important roles in plant nutrition and soil conservation. The persistence of AM fungi in ecosystems depends on the formation and survival of propagules (e.g., spore, hyphae and colonized roots). While spores are considered to be resistant structure that may be view as “long-term” propagules when viable host plants are not present, hyphae are considered to be the main source of inocula when host plants are present and the soil is not disturbed. Tillage is an integral part of modern agriculture that can modify the physical, chemical and biological properties of a soil. Consequently, tillage practices may also affect AM fungi. The various tillage practices used in the management of soil for maximum crop production may negatively impact the survival of AM fungal propagules. In tilled soil, certain AM species may survive while others may disappear. Because AM fungi are more abundant in the topsoil, deep plowing may dilute their propagules in a greater volume of soil, thereby reducing the level of infection of a plant root. Tillage is particularly detrimental to AM hyphae if the soil is tilled in the fall and the hyphae are detached from the host plant. Under no-till (NT), AM fungi survive better, particularly when they are close to the host crop on which they developed. There is speculation that in NT systems, plants may follow old root channels and potentially encounter more AM fungal propagules than plants growing in soil that has been tilled. Management of AM fungi in NT soil is essential to maximizing benefits to crops. This review reports how tillage practices affect AM fungi species richness, survivability and infectivity, and how conservation tillage can increase AM fungi survival, consequently improving plant phosphorus uptake and soil aggregate stability. Key words: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, conservation tillage, conventional tillage, P uptake, soil aggregate stability, cover crops, crop yield
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Marler, Thomas E. "Foliar Nutrition of Serianthes nelsonii Seedlings as a Conservation Tool." HortScience 57, no. 3 (March 2022): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16391-21.
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Conservation of the endangered Serianthes nelsonii is constrained by lack of research. Transplanted containerized plants die in the competitive in situ environment. This study determined if foliar applications of nutrient solution could replace edaphic fertilizer applications for mitigating competition for soil nutrients. Weekly sprays with 0.1× Hoagland solution were compared with weekly drenches of 0.5× Hoagland solution. Plants receiving edaphic or foliar nutrition were not different in height, and height growth was 72% above that of control plants. Similar results were obtained for stem diameter and leaf number. Leaf nutrient concentrations were not different for the two nutrition treatments, but stem nutrient concentration differences were dependent on the element. Stem copper, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc concentrations were not different for edaphic vs. foliar nutrition. Contrarily, stem boron, calcium, iron, magnesium, and manganese concentrations were greater in plants receiving edaphic nutrients. The results indicate nutritional needs of recently out-planted plants may be supplied directly to leaves to mitigate below-ground competition for nutrient resources.
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Coventry, DR, and JF Kollmorgen. "An association between lime application and the incidence of take-all symptoms on wheat on an acid soil in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 5 (1987): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870695.
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The effects of lime, deep ripping and fertiliser treatments on the occurrence of take-all symptoms in wheat in north-eastern Victoria, was studied in a field experiment. Large wheat grain yield increases had previously been obtained at this site from both liming and deep ripping of the soil. Symptoms typical of take-all (Gaeumannomyces grarninis var. tritici) were observed on plants in all plots in the 1985 season. There were no differences in numbers of dead heads in wheat grown on unlimed soil and where the soil was treated with 0.5 and 1.0 t lime ha-l. However, 20 and 30% of the heads were dead heads where the soil was treated with 2.5 and 5.0 t lime ha-1 respectively. Plants with dead heads were severely lesioned. Where disease was most severe, 1000-grain weight was reduced. Although liming the soil increased the damage by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and perhaps other pathogens, the overall grain yields were not reduced because of the countering effect of lime promoting yield. Lime also altered the composition of grasses in pasture plots, resulting in more brome grass and barley grass. The control of take-all by crop rotations and controlling grassy weeds in pasture could be a necessary adjunct to liming if maximum yield benefits are to be obtained.
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Stackpoole, Sarah M., Beth Ann A. Workmaster, Randall D. Jackson, and Kevin R. Kosola. "Nitrogen conservation strategies of cranberry plants and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi in an agroecosystem." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, no. 11 (November 2008): 2736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.07.017.
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Briggs, A., and J. W. Morgan. "Morphological diversity and abundance of biological soil crusts differ in relation to landscape setting and vegetation type." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 3 (2008): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07194.
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Biological soil crusts are common in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including Australia. Crusts alter soil factors including water availability, nutrient content and erosion susceptibility and are likely to both directly and indirectly affect vascular plants. Despite emerging recognition as important ecosystem components, these soil communities are understudied. We describe the morphological composition and distribution of lichens and bryophytes in soil crusts from the northern riverine plains, Victoria, in relation to landscape setting and vegetation type. Sampling was conducted across a geomorphological gradient in three different vegetation types (Callitris glaucophylla woodland, Eucalyptus woodland and red-soil native tussock grassland) with an annual rainfall of ~400 mm. Mean cover of biological soil crust for the study area was 18%, with mosses and crustose and foliose lichens the most conspicuous components. Total cover of biological soil crust increased as bare ground and vascular plant cover increased, and litter cover decreased. As a consequence, cover and morphological composition of biological soil crusts differed in the three vegetation types, with mosses responding differently from lichens and liverworts in relation to the cover of litter, bare ground and vascular plants. Hence, biological soil crusts were a conspicuous component in vegetation where they had not previously been described and may play an important role in regulating the structure and function of these plant communities.
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Galingging, R. Y., S. Purwandari, and H. Tunisa. "The potential and conservation of medicine plants in Central Kalimantan." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 913, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012111.
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Abstract Central Kalimantan consist of various type of lands e.g. peats soil, acid sulphate and uplands. Potential of the medicinal plant in Central Kalimantan forest is scattered in various forest areas and it is in high diversity various life form and uses. Method of study: exploration and collection conducted in five districts, i.e. Kotawaringin Timur, Kotawaringin Barat, Barito Selatan, Barito Utara and Murung Raya, starting from March 2016 until December 2018.The aims of this study was as follows : (1). The exploration process, (2). The ex-situ and in-situ conservation, (3). The characterization process, (4). The documentation process.The results of these activities involve ex situ collection of 5 accessions of medicinal plants that can be used as a source of biofarmaca. Medicinal plant conservation could be through in-situ and or ex-situ. The in-situ conservation held by managing the forest area as the natural habitat of the medicinal plants, while the ex-situ conservation held outside of the native habitats. Appropriate utilization and research activities are important in conservation of the medicinal plants Central Kalimantan..
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Li, Zhengyang, Yafeng Lu, Yukuan Wang, and Jia Liu. "The Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Soil Conservation Function of Ecosystems in the North–South Transition Zone in China: A Case Study of the Qinling-Daba Mountains." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 5829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105829.
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Maintaining and improving the soil conservation function of an ecosystem is of positive significance to the sustainable and stable development of that ecosystem. We used the RUSLE model to evaluate the soil conservation function of the Qinling-Daba Mountains from 1982, 1995, 2005, and 2015 in order to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of soil conservation. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) During the study period, the amount of average actual soil erosion in the Qinling-Daba Mountains was 955.39 × 108 t, the amount of actual soil erosion fluctuated greatly from year after year, there were obvious spatial aggregation and temporal and spatial transfer phenomena, and there was serious soil nutrient loss in the east. (2) From 1982 to 2015, soil conservation in the Qinling-Daba Mountains increased by 27.75 × 108 t during fluctuations. The soil conservation was negatively correlated with elevation and slope, and was positively correlated with vegetation coverage. (3) The average soil conservation of forest ecosystems and farmland ecosystems accounts for 78.11% of the total soil conservation, but there are differences in the ways in which to achieve soil conservation function. The order for soil conservation function of different vegetation types is crops > shrub > broad-leaved forest > coniferous forest > grass > meadow > grassland > coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest > alpine plant > swamp. (4) The average retention of N, P and K elements in soil were 75.57 × 104 t, 25.35 × 104 t and 737.28 × 104 t, respectively. The soil elements had the consistency of spatial difference in spatial distribution and were time scaled. The soil nutrient loss in the eastern region is serious. Shrubs, broadleaf forests and crops have the greatest effect on soil nutrient retention. Alpine plants retain the greatest amount of soil nutrients per unit area. Therefore, the establishment of reasonable soil conservation strategies and scientific vegetation interplanting measures will help to enhance the soil conservation function of the Qinling-Daba Mountains ecosystem and improve the ecosystem production capacity.
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Yuniti, I. Gusti Diah Ayu, Jhon Hardy Purba, Nanang Sasmita, Liris Lis Komara, Tomycho Olviana, and I. Made Kartika. "Balinese Traditional Agroforestry as Base of Watershed Conservation." Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v6i1.54.
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Forests, traditional gardens and green spaces play an important role in regulating the water flow of an area. Along with the high demand for land in Bali for agriculture and tourism, many forest areas have been converted into hotels and settlements. Forest conversion has caused many problems such as erosion, soil fertility decreased, flora fauna extinction, floods, drought, global warming and the disturbing watershed, especially rivers for springs. The purpose of this study is the development of watershed conservation in Bali based on traditional agroforestry. The method that used is vegetation analysis. Calculation of the erosion amount using the USLE formula. Sampling was done by ten plots. The results showed that traditional agroforestry vegetation consisted of vertical and horizontal structures. The characteristic of traditional agroforestry is that dominant plants are distributed irregularly, thus creating a miniature structure like a forest. The vertical structure consists of trees, horizontal structure filled with species of garden plants and agriculture. Trees have roots spread intensively in the soil and reduce nutrient leaching. Land cover by vegetation protects the soil and erosion. The agroforestry has a role as an act of soil and water conservation. Traditional agroforestry land cover has a relatively low C coefficient (0.05-0.25) compared to other lands. The level of erosion hazard is low and moderate. Average erosion value of 55.01 t.ha-1.yr-1. This indicates that traditional agroforestry makes the soil have a higher ability to absorb water, thereby reducing surface runoff. Likewise, organic material that improves the water content capacity. In addition, water quality can be improved through the humus filter function. During a long dry season, there is a drought due to low rainfall, but rivers and springs were able to supply water for the peoples daily needs. This condition occurs because of the tree retentions in traditional gardens. Conservation actions need to be taken, namely maintaining trees vegetation, increasing reforestation, bench terraces use, mounds and mulch use. This condition also places traditional agroforestry as a sustainable land management system.
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Davis, Jennifer A., Ian D. Rutherfurd, and Brian L. Finlayson. "The Eppalock Soil Conservation Project, Victoria, Australia: The Prevention of Resevoir Sedementation and the Politics of Catchment Management." Australian Geographical Studies 37, no. 1 (March 1999): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8470.00064.
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Lestari, Yuli, and Mukhlis. "Peatland water conservation by agroforestry system." E3S Web of Conferences 305 (2021): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130503004.
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Peat swamp forest have a high economic value and are potential for agricultural development. However, peatlad are fragile ecosystems because they are easily damaged and difficult to restore. The main problem of all peat soil types is their irreversible drying. In this condition the peat soil is easy burning, unable to store water, and if the groundwater is far from the surface, the plants will be stressed from lack of water. Therefore to support sustainable agricultural development on peatlands it requires careful planning, application of appropriate technology and suitable management. One of the land management systems that can be applied on peatlands is combining agricultural crop and forest plant (agroforestry). Forest plant and seasonal agriculture crops can increase CO2 absorption so that photosynthetic efficiency and oxygen production increase. These proses increase the production of biomass which can maintain soil organic matter and prevent erosion. Organic matter enhance the effectiveness of rewetting and water retention capacity. In addition, this system also affects the microclimate, such as the soil becoming more humid because it gets shade from the vegetation above it, so reduce temperature and elevated air moisture. Indirectly, agroforestry can reduce excessive evaporation and maintains the ground water level, especially during the dry season. This review aim to explain the role of intercropping system in peatland water conservation.
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Salama, Ahmed, Mukund R. Shukla, Elena Popova, Nathan S. Fisk, Maxwell P. Jones, and Praveen K. Saxena. "In vitro propagation and reintroduction of golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta), a critically imperilled plant species." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 762–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0207.
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Golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta Greenm.) is a hemiparasitic herbaceous perennial native to the Pacific Northwest of North America and is considered critically imperilled with only 11 populations remaining in the wild. The main objective of this study was to develop ex situ and in situ conservation through micropropagation and field plantings. In vitro cultures were initiated using nodal explants from two plants raised from seeds collected from a natural population. Shoots were then multiplied on Murashige and Skoog basal medium with 2.0 μmol L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), 3.0 μmol L−1 kinetin (Kn), 2.2 g L−1 phytagel, and 3% sucrose. Explant position on source plants, culture vessel design, and application of different plant growth regulator levels for BA, Kn, and thiadiazuron (TDZ) were tested to optimize micropropagation protocols. Clones from the plants showed differences in plant height and number of nodes in response to various BA and TDZ concentrations. In vitro shoots were successfully rooted under ex vitro conditions using commercial rooting powder (0.8% indole-3-butyric acid) with an average of ∼17 roots per shoot and acclimatized in the greenhouse with 100% survival rate. Two-month-old plants were transferred to a Parks Canada restoration site at Fort Rodd Hill, Victoria, BC, with 7.5% survival. The use of micropropagation in combination with reintroduction efforts offers an excellent opportunity for conserving endangered plant biodiversity in vitro and facilitating in situ conservation efforts by providing plants for reintroduction.
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Knopf, E., H. Blaschke, J. C. Munch, G. Rambold, A. Murage, P. Kirika, and S. Okaka. "Impacts of Soil on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Growth Responses of Moringa spp., Plants Sampled from Lake Victoria Basin." Journal of Biological Sciences 16, no. 1-2 (December 15, 2015): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2016.12.21.
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Crase, Beth, Ian D. Cowie, and Carrie R. Michell. "Distribution and conservation status of the rare plants Melaleuca triumphalis and Stenostegia congesta (Myrtaceae), Victoria River district, northern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 7 (2006): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05159.
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Targeted searches of approximately 150 km of cliff lines for two rare sandstone shrubs, Melaleuca triumphalis Craven and Stenostegia congesta A.R.Bean, thought to be restricted to the Victoria River gorge system within Gregory National Park, increased the number of known populations from 3 and 6 to 31 and 37, respectively. Both species occur predominantly in rocky and often fire-protected niches on sandstone cliffs and scree slopes, and are frequently associated with permanent drip-lines and seepage areas. Although their broad habitat requirements are similar, the two species do occur in slightly different niches. The data presented here suggest that M. triumphalis is reasonably fire tolerant, whereas S. congesta appears to be more fire sensitive. Weeds and introduced animals are not thought to pose a threat to these rare species. Models developed using remotely sensed and landscape-scale data (digital elevation models, radiometrics, geology and distance to rivers and streams) suggest that these species may also occur outside Gregory National Park in other areas of the Northern Territory such as on Bullo River and Bradshaw stations and in Keep River National Park. It is suggested that both species be regarded as Vulnerable under the IUCN guidelines.
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Jazib, Ahshan, Mohd Talim Hossain, and Raihan I. Raju. "Clonal propagation of Dracaena fragrans cv. Victoria through tissue culture technology." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 2 (October 19, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v8i2.49833.
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Micropropagation of Dracaena fragrans cv.Victoria was conducted using the young, tender and disease-free leaves and nodal segments as explants collected from the local market of Savar, Dhaka. Surface sterilization of the explants pretreated with a liquid detergent and then 0.2% HgCl2 for 4-5 minutes produces maximum contamination free explants without any toxicity. After surface sterilization, different explants were inoculated on gelrite gelled MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D for callus induction and with different concentrations and combinations of BAP and NAA for direct shoot induction. Nodal explants showed high callus induction potentiality (80%) on MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l 2,4-D. The highest frequency of direct shoot induction from nodal segment was 80% and the number of shoots per nodal segment was(5.28±1.17) when they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BAP and 0.3 mg/l NAA. The highest shoot multiplication (83.33%) with maximum number of shoot per unit callus (5.62±1.24) and maximum shoot length (3.27±0.82 cm) was observed when the nodal calli were transferred in gelrite gelled MS medium in combination with 4.5 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l NAA. Additionally, the incorporation of 4% sucrose and 10% coconut water with the above mentioned medium showed the satisfactory shoot growth and development with an average 7.84±1.30 shoots per unit of callus which was 4.21±0.78 cm in length. Moreover, addition of 3.0 mg/l GA3 with the above mention medium showed highest rate of shoot elongation (5.83±2.31cm). For root induction, in vitro raised shoots were transferred onto half-strength of MS liquid medium augmented with different concentrations and combinations of auxins (IBA and NAA). Maximum rooting (75%) were observed in halfstrength MS liquid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IBA. After appropriate rooting the plantlets were successfully acclimatized (85% survival) when they were cultured in polybag containing (1:1:1) garden soil, sand and compost mixture before transferred to soil. Regenerated plants were morphologically identical with mother plants and showed their uniform growth in field condition.
Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 8(2): 1-11, 2019 (December)
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Liu, Fu Quan, Jing Liu, Peng Fei Liu, and Hong Hui Zhu. "Benefit Evaluation of Soil-Reinforcement by Roots between Five Plants by Analytic Hierarchy Process." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 3514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.3514.
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Caragana microphyllaLam,Salix psammophilaC.wang et Ch.Y.Yang,Sabina vulgarisAnt,Artemisia sphaerocephalaKrasch andHippophae rhamnidesLinn are common plants used in soil and water conservation in the arid and semi-arid regions of Inner Mongolia. In order to screen the soil-reinforcement and anti-erosion plants for this area, the tensile mechanical property, root-soil surface friction property, and the root-soil composite shear property of roots were studied. During the summer drought period, ten factors of the five kinds of four-age plants were evaluated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results showed that the benefit index of soil-reinforcement by roots wereCaragana microphylla(0.72)>Sabina vulgaris(0.38)>Salix psammophila(0.03)>Artemisia sphaerocephala(-0.23)>Hippophae rhamnides(-0.90). Therefore,Caragana microphyllaLam should be considered as the preferred reference specie in soil-reinforcement and anti-erosion for the arid and semi-arid regions of China.
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Sommerville, Katy E., and Jennifer Read. "Contrasting water-use strategies in two sympatric cool-temperate rainforest species, Nothofagus cunninghamii (Nothofagaceae) and Atherosperma moschatum (Atherospermataceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 2 (2008): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07138.
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Nothofagus cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. and Atherosperma moschatum Labill. co-occur in cool-temperate rainforest across the wetter parts of Tasmania and Victoria, Australia, but A. moschatum extends to drier areas than N. cunninghamii. Possible reasons include differential tolerance of drought and fire or dispersal capacity. Here, we compare these species in their responses to water deficits. Differences in seedling survival, leaf tissue damage, shoot water relations, stomatal sensitivity, allocation of biomass and the long-term water-use efficiency of each species in response to water stress were investigated. N. cunninghamii showed traits typical of a high-water-use species, such as high stomatal conductance, a strategy that is not surprising in a rainforest species. However, it also displayed an exceptional ability to draw water from the soil and longer seedling roots, allowing replacement of water lost, at least in the short term. A. moschatum showed a more conservative water-use strategy, surviving greater internal dehydration with less damage, and displaying greater stomatal sensitivity to drought and long-term water-use efficiency in trees. The apparently superior long-term drought resistance of A. moschatum may in part explain its more common occurrence in drier regions than N. cunninghamii, at least in Tasmania, while the capacity of N. cunninghamii to survive short but severe periods of water stress correlates well with its higher position in the canopy and greater exposure to sunlight and desiccating winds. However, there is little evidence to suggest that the absence of N. cunninghamii from the rainforests of eastern Victoria is due to drought. We also suggest that the water-use strategy of N. cunninghamii may relate not just to surviving water deficits, but to maximising annual carbon gain in a temperate climate that is, on average, driest during the warmest time of the year.
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Kirkegaard, JA, R. Munns, RA James, PA Gardner, and JF Angus. "Reduced growth and yield of wheat with conservation cropping. II. Soil biological factors limit growth under direct drilling." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950075.
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Wheat was grown in intact cores of soil removed from a field experiment in which seedlings had grown more slowly in direct-drilled soil than in cultivated soil. Experiments were conducted in controlled environments to resolve (1) whether shallower sowing of direct-drilled crops caused slower growth, (2) whether the soil factors causing the slower growth were physical or biological and (3) if biological, whether Rhizoctonia solani was the major pathogen. The conditions of the experiments removed possible constraints of water and nutrient supply but otherwise simulated the environment of wheat seedlings in southern Australia. Shallower sowing led to faster emergence and increased seedling growth, but irrespective of sowing depth, direct-drilled plants grew more slowly than plants in cultivated soil. Shoot growth of direct-drilled plants was 25-65% less than that of cultivated plants. These growth reductions were largely overcome by sterilizing the soil with y radiation or by fumigation with methyl bromide, indicating that biological factors were primarily responsible. Rhizoctonia was implicated as the cause of the reduced shoot growth when infection was severe (>3 on a 0-5 scale). There was no correlation between infection severity and shoot growth at moderate levels (<3) and significant reductions in shoot growth occurred in the absence of Rhizoctonia. These reductions were evident on the first leaf suggesting a direct influence on shoot growth rather than one mediated through inadequate uptake of water or nutrients. Infection of the germinating seed by Pythium spp. or the effects of phytohormones produced by inhibitory bacteria on the roots are possible causes of reduced shoot growth of direct-drilled seedlings. The dominant role of biological factors in determining plant response to soil management indicates the need for further studies to identify the organisms responsible, to determine the mechanism by which they influence shoot growth, and the effect of management on their populations and activity.
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Nolan, Madeline, Carina Bilodeau, and Lisa Stratton. "Trade-off’s in Restoration: Using Soil Amendments to Address Restoration Challenges for Plants." Ecological Restoration 38, no. 1 (February 25, 2020): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.38.1.32.
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