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Journal articles on the topic "Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria"
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Franco, Julia A., and John W. Morgan. "Using historical records, aerial photography and dendroecological methods to determine vegetation changes in a grassy woodland since European settlement." Australian Journal of Botany 55, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06092.
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By using historical records, aerial photography and dendroecological methods, we assessed the vegetation changes that have occurred in a grassy-woodland landscape at Inverleigh, Victoria, since 1850. Land managers have perceived that encroachment by native shrubs such as Acacia paradoxa DC. has occurred in woodlands in the area after their reservation for conservation following a long period of stock grazing, but data are needed to place these recent changes in context. The vegetation has passed through three management phases since early European settlement and these have contributed to the present vegetation patterns. The area was (1) initially set aside as a timber reserve at the time of European settlement and was periodically grazed by stock. (2) Logging, plantation forestry and stock grazing regimes caused large-scale disturbances to the understorey vegetation during the early 1900s and continued to the 1980s. In the 1970s, disturbances caused by recreational activities intensified the vegetation modification. During this time, the vegetation changed from an open woodland to denser, shrubbier woodland. Most soil disturbances ceased when (3) the area was declared a flora reserve in 1988. Evidence suggests that with the cessation of these disturbances, populations of the native shrub Acacia paradoxa increased dramatically, reducing the tree-gap area significantly. The major increase occurred from 1974 to 2002 when the area of tree gap declined by 38%. Age-class analyses suggested that most (>80%) of the A. paradoxa population is less than 25 years old, but plants may be able to live beyond 60 years. Logistic regression modelling suggested that distance to closest track influences present-day A. paradoxa distribution, as does soil moisture. This suggests that the soil disturbance from grading tracks and vehicle movements may be facilitating both the spread and initial establishment of A. paradoxa, particularly on soils of higher soil-moisture holding capacity. Strategies for future woodland management must consider how the current vegetation dynamics reflect past land-use history, and land managers must choose appropriate goals for biodiversity conservation in the light of these changes.
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Morgan, John W., Paulius A. Kviecinskas, and Martine Maron. "Effect of proximity of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) trees on buloke early sapling survival in a semiarid environment." Australian Journal of Botany 61, no. 4 (2013): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13002.
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Agricultural intensification has led to the dramatic decline of buloke (Allocasuarina luehmannii) and the plant communities it dominates in southern Australia. Conservation of remnant buloke woodlands and revegetation of agricultural land are both required for the persistence and improved ecological function of this threatened community. We examined the effect of proximity of mature buloke trees on early sapling survival, to provide guidelines for revegetation aimed at enhancing degraded remnants. We planted buloke saplings at different distances from the base of remnant mature trees at a site in western Wimmera, Victoria, with and without herbaceous competition. Mature buloke trees altered most soil nutrients (positively), soil water content (negatively) and soil conductivity (positively) at different gradients from the tree base, depending on the factor measured. Mature buloke trees had a strong negative effect on conspecific sapling survival in the first summer after planting in both the presence and absence of an herbaceous understorey, possibly because of the strong effect of trees on soil moisture. Competition from mature buloke was high nearest to the trees (up to 9 m from tree base), but competition from the native understorey also appeared important for saplings in the tree gaps, as evidenced by their improved survival when the understorey was removed. We suggest that to establish buloke saplings in areas where mature trees already occur (i.e. enhancement plantings around isolated paddock trees), planting tubestock outside the canopy of mature buloke is necessary to enhance establishment success.
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Cahill, David M., James E. Rookes, Barbara A. Wilson, Lesley Gibson, and Keith L. McDougall. "Phytophthora cinnamomi and Australia's biodiversity: impacts, predictions and progress towards control." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 4 (2008): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt07159.
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Phytophthora cinnamomi continues to cause devastating disease in Australian native vegetation and consequently the disease is listed by the Federal Government as a process that is threatening Australia’s biodiversity. Although several advances have been made in our understanding of how this soil-borne pathogen interacts with plants and of how we may tackle it in natural systems, our ability to control the disease is limited. The pathogen occurs widely across Australia but the severity of its impact is most evident within ecological communities of the south-west and south-east of the country. A regional impact summary for all states and territories shows the pathogen to be the cause of serious disease in numerous species, a significant number of which are rare and threatened. Many genera of endemic taxa have a high proportion of susceptible species including the iconic genera Banksia, Epacris and Xanthorrhoea. Long-term studies in Victoria have shown limited but probably unsustainable recovery of susceptible vegetation, given current management practices. Management of the disease in conservation reserves is reliant on hygiene, the use of chemicals and restriction of access, and has had only limited effectiveness and not provided complete control. The deleterious impacts of the disease on faunal habitat are reasonably well documented and demonstrate loss of individual animal species and changes in population structure and species abundance. Few plant species are known to be resistant to P. cinnamomi; however, investigations over several years have discovered the mechanisms by which some plants are able to survive infection, including the activation of defence-related genes and signalling pathways, the reinforcement of cell walls and accumulation of toxic metabolites. Manipulation of resistance and resistance-related mechanisms may provide avenues for protection against disease in otherwise susceptible species. Despite the advances made in Phytophthora research in Australia during the past 40 years, there is still much to be done to give land managers the resources to combat this disease. Recent State and Federal initiatives offer the prospect of a growing and broader awareness of the disease and its associated impacts. However, awareness must be translated into action as time is running out for the large number of susceptible, and potentially susceptible, species within vulnerable Australian ecological communities.
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Ogoma, Benard O., Stephen F. Omondi, Jane Ngaira, and Josephine W. Kimani. "Molecular Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) Associated with Carissa edulis, an Endangered Plant Species along Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya." International Journal of Forestry Research 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7792282.
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Carissa edulis is a tropical plant belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The species is widely used in the preparation of various herbal medicines. Earlier works in Kenya show that an aqueous extract from the roots of C. edulis has remarkable anti-herpes simplex virus. Due to its medicinal value, the species has been overexploited in its natural range and requires conservation interventions. Studies show that the species has beneficial relationships with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that can enhance restoration of its population; however, no study has been undertaken to document the diversity of these AMF species. This study evaluated the genetic diversity of AMF associated with the roots of C. edulis within Lake Victoria basin ecosystem of Kenya. A cross-sectional, laboratory-based prospective study was carried out from roots of C. edulis collected from six sites within the ecosystem. Root samples were collected from 6 points (replicates) per site. AMF was assessed through morphological characterization and sequencing of small subunit of ribosomal DNA. Morphological identification identified four genera of AMF (Gigaspora, Acaulospora, Scutellospora, and Glomus) with no significant difference among the sites. Molecular analysis also revealed presence of four genera, but only two (Glomus and Acaulospora) were common for both the analyses with Glomus as the most predominant genera. In all the sites, there were large numbers of spores both in soil and in the roots confirming the association between C. edulis and AMF.
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Jones, HR, and BC Curnow. "Nodulation of subterranean clover growing in permanent pastures on acid soils in North-Central Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 1 (1986): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860031.
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A survey ofclover at 44 sites in permanent dryland pastures in North-Central Victoria, highlighted poor nodulation of subterranean clover.In 1982 and 1983 respectively only 40 and 62% of plants were effectively nodulated 8-10 weeks after germination of the clover. Clover root rot was also present in both years, 64% of plants being affected in 1982 and 14% in 1983. Nodulation was negatively correlated with the incidence of root rot and with the percentage of exchangeable aluminium in the soil and positively correlated with the percentage of exchangeable calcium in the soil. The number of Rhizobium trifolii in the soil was not correlated with any of the soil factors measured.
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Parker, Roy D., Mike Treacy, and Joseph D. Janak. "Control of Chinch Bug, 1988." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/14.1.270.
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Abstract A field study was conducted on a commercial farm located near Victoria, Tex., to evaluate soil insecticides used alone and in combination with a foliar insecticide for control of chinch bugs in sorghum. To initiate the study, 5 soil insecticides and an untreated check were compared in 12-row by 1,600-ft plots of sorghum planted 1 Mar in 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting time, soil insecticides were applied in a T-band using John Deere Max-Emerge equipment. Edaphic characteristics of the test site consisted of a Victoria clay soil-type with 1.3% organic matter, good soil moisture at planting time, and soil pH 6.8. An examination of 48 plants/plot on 26 Mar demonstrated that the untreated control had exceeded 40 chinch bugs/100 plants. This level was considered the economic threshold, at which a foliar insecticide should be applied to sorghum less than 6 inches tall (plants averaged 3.75 inches on that date). One-half of all plots in the test were treated 28 Mar with chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 EC). Using a ground rig, the foliar insecticide was applied in a 10-inch band over each row by using 2 8006E nozzles/row (total spray volume was 33 gal/acre at 32 psi). Efficacy of treatments was determined by counting plants on 21 Mar at 2 sites (13.75 ft) in each plot, counting chinch bugs on 3 dates in the center 2 rows of each plot, inspecting plants on 21 Mar for damage by southern corn rootworm, and harvesting each plot with a commercial machine for yield analysis on 16 Jul.
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Huang, Lin Gen, Xiao Hong Wang, Zhao Wei Shen, Xun Zhang, and Li Ping Zhang. "The Analysis of Plants Species Based on Soil Properties at Test Plot." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2560.
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Soil sampling was carried out on the experimental plot, and comprehensive analysis of characteristics of soil nutrient and physical and chemical environment based on the soil and water conservation monitoring site topography and vegetation etc., on the basis of present situation investigation. The plant selection analysis of different experiment plot was carried out combined with experiment village construction planning, and the plants by nature, on the basis of the different soil and water conservation monitoring sites have in common in Zhejiang province. Targeted put forward of the construction of the proposed plant and soil improvement measures, for each monitoring site experiment plot of provide the scientific basis for the establishment of soil and water conservation measures.
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Masitoh, F., D. Taryana, A. A. Wijaya, S. A. Arysandi, and A. N. Rusydi. "Promoting Bamboo as Water Resources Conservation Plant in Jedong Community." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1039, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1039/1/012059.
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Abstract Bamboo has been widely used for water resource conservation. The benefits of bamboo as a water resource conservation plant are not well known by the public. This paper discussed the process of promoting bamboo as a conservation plant for the people of Jedong, Wagir Subdistrict, Malang Regency. They used water from Sumber-Wangkal and Sumber-Cokro Springs to fullfil their water needs. The methods applied in this research are soil surveying and causal loop diagrams model. The soil surveying and causal loop diagrams model were done to get the spring’s soil conditions and to find out the water resources conservations efforts by Jedong people in both springs, respectively. The soil samples analysis showed that the soil in both areas is suitable for bamboo plants. The causal loop diagrams (Jedong Water Resources Conservation) model showed that the village-owned water management (Pengelola Air Minum Desa/PAMDes), as the organizational system on water reseources management will be able to promote the bamboo plants for conservation. Promoting bamboo plants to the Jedong community is very important to support the water resources sustainability in Jedong.
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Boer, RFde, GR Steed, BJ Macauley, and Boer RF De. "Effects of stubble and sowing treatments on take-all of wheat in north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 5 (1992): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920641.
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The effects of stubble management treatments on take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) of wheat were examined in 2 field experiments in north-eastern Victoria. Wheat stubble from a preceding crop was left standing, mulched, burnt or incorporated into soil prior to sowing wheat. At Rutherglen in 1984, neither the incidence nor the severity of take-all was affected by these treatments. Although the severity of root symptoms on take-all affected plants at anthesis and the incidence of white heads were very low, sowing with a zero till, triple disc drill resulted in a small but significant (P<0.05) increase in both disease severity and white head incidence (2% tillers with white heads), compared with sowing with a conventional tine drill (0.6% tillers with white heads), regardless of the stubble treatment. At Wilby in 1985, the incidence and severity of take-all in wheat at early tillering was higher in plots in which wheat stubble was incorporated into soil prior to sowing (16% plants affected), than in plots where stubble was left standing, mulched or burnt (2, 3 and 4% plants affected, respectively). At anthesis, however, there were no significant differences in the incidence of affected plants between the 4 stubble treatments (average of 81 % plants affected).
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Comino, E., B. P. Miller, and N. J. Enright. "Soil seedbanks in natural and restored boxironbark forests at Stawell Gold Mine, Victoria." Pacific Conservation Biology 10, no. 1 (2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc040009.
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Natural communities have the capacity to regenerate themselves, and this functional ecosystem attribute must be regarded as a key indicator of success for revegetation programmes. The accumulation of species (and individuals) as dormant propagules in a soil seedbank, representing potential future states for the vegetation, is one possible index of revegetation success. Here, we investigate the soil seedbanks for five natural vegetation (Box-Ironbark forest) remnants, a topsoil stockpile and three revegetated mine-site areas associated with gold mining at Stawell (Victoria, Australia). The revegetation efforts largely date from 1987 and, in terms of their composition and structure, are relatively similar to natural vegetation remnants. Soil samples were treated with heat or smoke (plus control) and were monitored for seedling emergence, species composition and density in the glasshouse for 150 days. Seedling densities in treated seedbank samples were high (2 200 to 17 500 seedlings m-2) while species richness was low, ranging from 10 to 20 species per sample. Exotic species made up 22?61 % of emergents and 33?50% of species observed. Correlation of seedbank composition and density with chemical attributes of soils, and with above ground (extant) vegetation at sites showed few significant relationships. Total species richness and the proportion of exotic species varied significantly between natural bushland remnants and revegetation areas. Richness was highest, and the proportion of exotic species was lowest in natural bushland samples. Total emergent numbers and the density of exotic emergents did not vary significantly between remnant bushland and revegetation areas. Declining vigour of some woody species in revegetation sites that are well represented in the seedbank, including Acacia pycnantha and A. genistifolia, indicates that the reintroduction of fire might be an appropriate management practice to facilitate long-term recovery of a functional community on these revegetated surfaces, but the potential for the establishment of weed species from the seed-bank following fire may pose a challenge to management.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria"
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Pasaribu, Nursahara. "Restoration of vegetation along a channelized stream." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941378.
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The disturbed soil from a stream channelization project at Cooper Woods was used to evaluate the feasibility of establishing native grasses and forbs and their effectiveness in preventing soil erosion. Treatments included; 1- plots seeded, no application of herbicide, 2-plots seeded, herbicide applied, 3-unseeded and untreated control plots. The effect of variation in slope was assessed for each treatment. Cover and density were significantly different (Ps0.05) during the first and second year of sampling. No significant differences in mean total cover or mean density were attributed to slope variation. There was not a significant interaction between treatment variables in 1994 and 1995. Mean erosion was insignificant (Pz0.05) in 1994. Mean erosion was significantly different (Ps0.001) between slope categories in 1995. Bulk density was insignificant within vegetative treatments in 994, however in 1995, bulk density was significantly different(P=0.002). Plant cover and density were generally negatively associated with soil erosion and bulk density. However, there were a number of anomalies in the results. Four of the native species seeded in treatment plots became well established during the study period. Additional time is necessary to determine the establishment success of the remaining species and their effects on soil erosion.Department of Biology
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Wills, Timothy Jarrod 1974. "Succession in sand heathland at Loch Sport, Victoria : changes in vegetation, soil seed banks and species traits." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/7742.
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Dube, Ernest. "Soil fertility enhancement through appropriate fertilizer management on winter cover crops in a conservation agriculture system." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1001044.
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A study was carried out to determine the effects of oat (Avena sativa) and grazing vetch (Vicia darsycapa) winter cover crops and fertilizer application on SOM, phosphorus (P) pools, nutrient availability, nutrient uptake, maize yield and seedbanks of problematic weeds in an irrigated maize-based conservation agriculture (CA) system. A separate experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of the winter cover crops on nitrogen (N) management, N use efficiency and profitability. After four years of continuous rotation, the winter cover crops significantly (p<0.05) increased particulate SOM and hot water soluble carbon in the 0 – 5 and 5 – 20 cm soil depths. When fertilized, oat was better able to support SOM sequestration in water stable aggregates at 0 – 20 cm whilst grazing vetch was more effective at 20 – 50 cm. Where no fertilizer was invested, there were significant (p<0.01) reductions in biomass input and SOM on oat-maize and weedy fallow-maize rotations whereas vetch-maize rotations did not respond, both at 0 – 5 and 5 – 20 cm. Targeting fertilizer to the winter cover crop required less fertilizer, and yet gave a similar SOM response as targeting the fertilizer to the maize crop. In addition to increasing SOM in the surface soil (0 – 5 cm), the winter cover crops significantly (p<0.05) increased labile pools of P, including microbial P. The cover crops also significantly (p<0.05) increased maize P concentration during early growth, extractable soil P, Cu, Mn, and Zn but had no effect on Ca and K. Grazing vetch increased soil mineral N but reduced extractable soil Mg. Without fertilizer, there were sharp declines in maize grain yield on oat and weedy fallow rotations over the four year period, but less so, on the grazing vetch. Grazing vetch increased maize growth, grain yield response to N fertilizer, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and profitability for fertilizer rates below 180 kg N ha-1. Oat effects however on maize yield and NUE were generally similar to weedy fallow. Based on the partial factor productivity of N, the highest efficiencies in utilization of fertilizer N for maize yield improvement under grazing vetch and oat are obtained at 60 kg N ha-1 and would decline thereafter with any increases in fertilizer application rate. Grazing vetch gave N fertilizer replacement values of up to 120 kg N ha-1 as well as the highest marginal rates of return to increasing N fertilizer rate. The cover crops were more effective than the weedy fallow in reducing seedbank density of Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine indica, Amaranthus retroflexus and Datura stramonium at 0 – 5 cm soil depth, causing weed seed reductions of 30 - 70%. The winter cover crops however, selectively allowed emergence of the narrow leafed weeds; Cyperus esculentus and Digitaria sanguinalis in the maize crop. The findings of this study suggested that grazing vetch is suited for SOM improvement in low fertilizer input systems and that fertilizer is better invested on winter cover crops as opposed to maize crops. Oat, on the other hand, when fertilized, would be ideal for C sequestration in water stable aggregates of the surface soil. Grazing vetch is ideal for resource poor farmers who cannot afford mineral fertilizers as it gives grain yield improvement and high fertilizer replacement value. Grazing vetch can produce enough maize yield response to pay its way in the maize-based systems and oat may not require additional N than that applied to the weedy fallow. Phosphorus and Zn are some of the major limiting essential plant nutrients on South African soils and the winter cover crops could make a contribution. The cover crops also hasten depletion of some problematic weeds from seedbanks, leading to reduced weed pressure during maize growth.
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Kambaj, Kambol Oliver. "In situ and ex situ soil respiration in natural, Acacia-invaded and cleared riparian ecotones in the Fynbos Biome." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/79854.
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Thesis (MScConEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Soil respiration (Rs) is a major component of CO2 emissions and the global carbon balance. In the context of global change it of interest to understand seasonal patterns of RS in fynbos riparian ecosystems, particularly in invaded-riparian ecotones of these Mediterranean type ecosystems (MTE's) in the Western Cape, South Africa. Riparian ecotones are three dimensional transitional zones that provide multiple ecosystem services and functions and they act as the linkage between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems where key ecological and geomorphological processes occur. Riparian ecotones are highly prone to disturbance, and because of this reason are also vulnerable to invasion by invasive alien plants (IAPs), notably Acacia species. Invasion by IAPs is considered one of the major threats to global change and biodiversity causing extensive ecological, economical, and social impacts. In south-western Cape, more than two thirds of the riparian environment is invaded to some extent, IAPs replacing the well adapted native species along river systems. In particular, impact of IAPs on soil respiration (Rs) may be relevant, with consequences for ecosystem function and services. Clearing of invaded riparian zones initiated by the Working for Water program has been a successful in eradicating alien plants within riparian areas even though recovery after alien clearing is lagging at many sites, and knowledge on repair of ecosystem function is lacking. Various studies have generated knowledge on carbon cycling and Rs in forests, savanna, grasslands, tundra and Mediterranean shrublands, but little is known about Rs in riparian zones, and even less about soil CO2 efflux in invaded riparian fynbos riparian ecotones. The objective of this study was to contribute to a better understanding and quantifying the effect and impact of IAPs on carbon cycling between and across riparian ecotones with different invasion status: natural, invaded, and cleared. The study areas were located in the south-western Cape and measurements of Rs, soil temperature, soil moisture, root mass, litter mass, and soil properties were carried out in riparian soils of the mountain and transitional stream longitudinal river sections, and uplands fynbos areas of six different perennial river systems. In each site, four to five transects were laid out with one sampling site of each landscape position (wet bank, dry bank, and terrestrial areas) giving a total of 12 to 15 samples per site. Soil respiration measurements were taken over a period of two years, and were done seasonally. Results from this study showed that Rs was different among seasons with highest soil respiration rates in summer. Soil CO2 efflux increased in response to warm and dry conditions during summer, while seasonal soil CO2 efflux declined in autumn and winter in response to wet and cold soil conditions. The large increase in soil CO2 efflux response to warm and dry periods when temperature was 25 to 30 °C over all riparian sites and was highest in invaded sites compared to the natural and cleared sites. A significant difference was found between sites with different statuses with invaded sites leading seasonal Rs rates. Natural and cleared sites did not differ significantly in their CO2 efflux rates, suggesting that clearing of IAPs may put invaded ecosystems on a trajectory of restoration. There were also differences in terms of landscape positions; dry banks zones of the invaded sites had higher rates compared to wet banks and the uplands areas. Our results further suggest that roots are the most important component of overall Rs rates, rather than microbial respiration. When we incubated soils minus roots, little difference was evident, either when viewing the results by invasion status or by landscape position, which suggest that inherent soil differences in terms of microbial respiration were not different. We also use a trenching approach to further investigate this, and though we found Rs to decline significantly, trends later suggest that decomposition of fine and course roots likely obscured the decline in overall Rs due to root respiration. Overall, our results showed that clearing of invaded riparian zones will likely lead to successful restoration of soil functioning in terms of C cycling. Clearing of Acacia-invaded riparian ecotones will likely lead to a decline in root density, and which removes a major component of overall Rs. These results make the investigation of the C balance of invaded riparian ecotones and terrestrial areas critical in order to assess their contribution to regional C cycles.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grondrespirasie (Rs) is 'n belangrike komponent van CO2 uitstroming en die globale koolstofbalans. Binne die konteks van globale verandering is dit van groot belang om die seisoenale patrone van Rs in fynbos oewer ekosisteme, veral in indringer-oewer ekotone, in die Meditereense tipe ekosisteme (MTE's) in die Wes- Kaap, Suid- Afrika te verstaan. Oewerekotone is drie-dimensioneel oorgangssones wat veelvuldige ekosisteem dienste en funksies verskaf. Hulle dien as die verbinding tussen terrestriële en water-ekosisteme waar kern ekologiese en geomorfologiese prosesse plaasvind. Oewerekotone is hoogs vatbaar vir versteuringe, en as gevolg van hierdie rede, is hul ook kwesbaar vir indringing deur indringer plante (IAPs), veral Acacia spesies. Indringing deur IAPs word beskou as een van die groot bedreigings tot en met globale verandering en biodiversiteit, wat ekstensiewe ekologiese, ekonomiese, en sosiale impakte veroorsaak. In die suid- westelike Kaap word meer as twee derdes van die oeweromgewing tot 'n mate binnegedring. IAPs vervang die goed aangepaste inheemse spesies langs riviersisteme. Die impak van IAPs, spesifiek op grondrespirasie mag substansieël wees, met gevolge vir ekosisteem funksies en dienste. Opruiming van hierdie spesifieke oewer sones, geinisieer deur die Working for Water program, was suksesvol in die uitroeing van indringer plante binne oewer areas. Alhoewel herstel na indringer opruiming op baie terreine agter is, is kennis oor die herstel van ekosisteemfunksies gebrekkig. Verskeie studies het kennis ontwikkel oor koolstofsiklisering en Rs in woude, savanna, graslande, tundra en Meditereense struiklande, maar daar is minimale informasie oor oewersones,en nog minder oor grond CO2 uitstroming in indringer oewer fynbos en oewer ekotone. Die doel van hierdie studie is om 'n bydrae te lewer koolstofsiklisering beter te verstaan, en die impak van IAPs op koolstofsiklisering te kwantifiseer tussen en oor oewerekotone met verkillende indringer statusse: natuurlik, binnegedring en skoongemaak. Die studie areas was geleë in die suid- westelike Kaap, en maatstawe van Rs, grond temperature, grondvogtigheid, wortelmassa, plantafvalmassa, en grondeienskappe is uitgevoer in oewergrond van die berg en transisionele stroom longitudinale rivier seksies, asook terrestriële fynbos areas van ses verskillende standhoudende riviersisteme. In elke area is vier tot vyf transekte uitgelê met een monsternemingsarea van elke landskapsposisie (nat bank, droë bank en terrestriële areas) met 'n totaal van 12 tot 15 monsters per area. Grondrespirasie maatstawe is geneem oor 'n periode van twee jaar, en is seisoenaal uitgevoer. Resultate van die studie het getoon dat Rs verkil het tussen seisoene, met die hoogste grondrespirasietempo in die somer. Grond CO2 uitstroming het toegeneem in reaksie op warm en droë kondisies gedurende somer, terwyl seisoenale grond CO2 uitstroming afgeneem het in herfs en winter in reaksie op nat en koue grond kondisies. Die grootste toename in grond CO2 uitstroming was in reaksie op warm en droë periodes wanneer temperature gewissel het tussen 25 tot 30˚C oor alle oewersones, en was die hoogste in binnegedringde sones, vergeleke met die natuurlike en skoongemaakte terreine. 'n Beduidende verskil is gevind tussen terreine met verskillende statusse in CO2 uitstromingskoerse‚ 'n aanduiding dat opruiming van IAPs binnegedringde ekosisteme op 'n trajek van restorasie plaas. Daar was ook verskille in terme van landskapsposisies; droë bank sones van die binnegedringde terreine het hoër tempos gehad, vergeleke met die nat bank en die hoogland areas. Ons resultate dui verder aan dat wortels, eerder as mikrobiologiese respirasie, die mees belangrike komponente van Rs koerse uitmaak. Toe ons grond minus wortels inkubeer, is min verskille opgemerk, as gekyk word na die resultate deur indringer status of landskapsposisie, wat toon dit dat inherente grondveskille in terme van mikrobiologiese respirasie nie verskillend is nie. Ons het verder ook 'n sloot-benadering gebruik om verdere ondersoek hierop in te stel, en alhoewel ons bevind dat Rs aansienlik afgeneem het, dui neigings later aan dat afbraak van fyn en growwe wortels die afname in gehele Rs as gevolg van wortel respirasie waarskynlik verdoesel. Ons resultate dui daarop dat opruiming van binngedringde oewers klaarblyklik sal lei tot suksesvolle restorasie van grondfunksionering in terme van C siklisering. Opruiming van Acacia- binnegedringde oewer ekotone sal vermoedelik lei tot 'n afname in worteldigtheid, en wat 'n belangrike komponent van die gehele Rs kan verwyder. Hierdie resultate maak die ondersoek van die C balans van binngedringde oewer ekotone en terrestriële areas krities, om sodoende hulle bydrae tot streeksgewyse C siklusse te asseseer.
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Negim, Osama. "New technique for soil reclamation and conservation : in situ stabilisation of trace elements in contaminated soils." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13821/document.
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Les sols sous contraintes que ce soit du point de vue charges polluantes comme avec les Métaux Traces (MT) ou bien du point de vue stress hydrique (perte des capacités de rétention menant à la désertification des sols) concernent de nombreux espaces du territoire national, de même que la région du pourtour Méditerranéen. Le nombre de sites pollués par des substances inorganiques affectant de larges espaces est en constante augmentation. Les stratégies pour leur rémédiation sont variées mais très peu envisagent la dépollution tout en restaurant les propriétés pédologiques des sols concernés. La rémédiation comme la restauration des capacités fertilisantes de sols pollués sont un enjeu international. Pour cela, la stratégie de cette étude porte sur le développement d’outils technologiques innovants basée sur la phytorémédiation assistée par des matrices duales de sols contaminés par des MT (Cuivre, Chrome, Arsenic). Ces matrices duales ont une action double concomitante en permettant une immobilisation ou un piégeage des MT tout en favorisant la repousse végétale ou la catalyse de la croissance végétale. Le piégeage peut se faire par l’apport d’amendement ayant des capacités d’échanges (généralement liées à l’existence de phase allophane et/ou d’un réseau poral important) et de rétention (liées au réseau porale et à l’existence de phases minérales type phosphates, silice amorphe, oxydes hydroxydes de fer-manganèse). L’élaboration, à partir de laitiers d’aciéries, d’une matrice susceptible d’adsorber des MT (aspect dépollution) tout en favorisant la pousse végétale (aspect amendement) nous a permis de tester ce produit de synthèse. La seconde originalité de cette étude est d’analyser le potentiel de ces matrices, non seulement à différentes échelles (du pot en passant par le stade mésocosme et jusqu’au champ), du point de vue impact écotoxique – dépollution de sols associé à une re-végétalisation. Cette dernière participe également au transfert des charges polluantes (MT) depuis l’amendement de synthèse ou du sol vers, et dans le réseau racinaire des radicelles et ainsi favoriser la réhabilitation des propriétés hydriques des sols par le développement d’un couvert végétale pérenne. On conjugue ainsi un apport dépolluant à celui de maintient de la potentielle anti-désertification grâce au développement de solutions innovantes respectueuses de l’environnement sur la base de technologie douce valorisant les co produits de l’industrieSoil contamination by trace elements is a widespread problem in many parts of the world. The accumulation of toxic metals in soil is mainly inherited from parent materials or inputs through human activities. In fact, one of the sources of soil contaminations is very important resulting from chemical widely used wood preservative industries in aquatic environments and storing the wood after treatment by chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Elements such as As, Cu, Cr, and Zn can be found in excess in contaminated soils at wood treatment facilities, especially when Cu sulphates and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) were used as a preservative against insects and fungi, which may result in soil phytotoxicity as well as toxic to plants, animals and humans. New techniques are being developed to remediate trace elements in contaminated soils such as phytoremediation and in situ stabilization. In situ stabilization technique or in situ immobilisation is one of the common practices for reducing negative effects of metals and metalloids such as As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in contaminated soils by adding amendments. Alkaline materials are usually added to acidic soils to improve soil chemical and physical properties and also to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of contaminant. Slag, which consists of calcium oxide, phosphorus oxide, silicon oxide, iron oxide, and other metal oxides, is an alkaline by-product of metallurgical processes or a residue of incineration processes. Slags have been successfully used to soil reclamation and soil fertiliser. It has been used as a soil additive to reduce various metals contaminated soil by precipitation and adsorption on the surface of metal oxide. The objectives of this Ph.D study were to evaluate the physical, chemical soil properties and the distribution of trace elements in contaminated soil. Also to evaluate the characteristics of two different slags samples, a basic slag (BS) and a basic slag phosphate (BSP) which are alkaline by-products of the French steel industry and which used as a soil amendments to improve soil properties and for the in situ immobilisation of copper and metals in chromated copper arsenate (CCA) contaminated soil
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Öhnfeldt, Rebecca. "Ordinary and Extraordinary : Heritage plants and their farmers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385640.
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This thesis explores how Swedish farmers, who have chosen to farm with heritage plant varieties, motivate their choices and how they as a result of their choices view themselves as farmers. This is investigated against present and future challenges regarding food security and the loss of agricultural biodiversity and biocultural heritage, which, in order to be faced, will require a wider range of plants in cultivation. To find out why farmers make certain choices is vital if we are to make necessary structural changes within the agricultural sector. The farmers’ motives are broad and they are, based on the concept of hybridity, presented and analysed through the categories memory, identity and reciprocity. These motives are also closely linked to how they view themselves as farmers. The findings are further interpreted through the concept of biocultural refugia, which is a means of studying how certain places can harbour different species while simultaneously being an area for sustainable food production. In this thesis biocultural refugia represents how the respondents are part of creating and maintaining diversity within plant cultivation and its surrounding practices. This diversity will be required in order for agriculture to handle current challenges in a sustainable way.
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Evasdotter, Liselott. "Restoration of a Rich Fen by Top Soil Removal : Temporal and Spatial Responses among Vascular Plants, Bryophytes and Land Snails during 15 years." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-152175.
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Rich fens are calcareous and nutrient poor wetlands with a rich flora of orchids, sedges and mosses. As many as one hundred plant species are rich fen specialists. Many wetlands have been drained historically, and transformed to agricultural land or production forests. Today rich fens cover only 2-3% of the total mire area in Sweden. Rich fen is a rare and valuable habitat also from a European perspective and is protected in the Natura 2000-network. To increase and maintain the biodiversity and ecosystem services rich fens can offer, it is important to increase the rich fen area by restoration and management. Rich fen restoration can be carried out in different ways. In this report the restoration method of top soil removal is investigated. The method has never been tested before in Sweden and therefore it is important to evaluate the suitability of the method for further conservation work. Before restoration, the study area had been drained, used as arable land and pasture, and finally become abandoned and overgrown by tall eutrophic herbaceous vegetation. An excavator dug away the layer of nutrient rich top soil and then the site was left for spontaneous development. Adjacent to the restored area, there is a small remnant of rich fen. Monitoring of the restored area was performed during the first five years after the restoration. I repeated the monitoring after ten years, and analyzed the long-term succession of plants and snails, in comparison with the status in the reference fen. The vegetation in the restored parts is approaching the one in the reference fen. For example, the number of rich fen specialists has increased steadily. However, the colonization of bryophytes is slow. They cover at most 20 % in the restored parts, while 80 % in the reference fen, possibly because of dispersal limitation and the fact that the restored area is drier than the reference fen. More species of herbs can be found in the restored parts than in the reference fen. Another difference is the high cover of bare soil in the restored areas, compared to none in the reference fen. Some trees and bushes are growing in the area, primarily birch (Betula pubescens) and different species of Salix. The land snails have successfully colonized the restored areas. After two years the same number of species was found in the restored area, as in the reference fen. The total number of species found in the restored areas was 26, compared to 29 in the reference fen, among them three rare rich fen indicator species. The results show how the restored site has developed from bare mineral soil to a rich fen site, approaching the species composition of the reference fen. Several species of rich fen specialists among vascular plants, bryophytes and land snails have established in the restored areas. The small rich fen close to the restored area functions as a source from where plants and animals can spread. Overall the restoration shows very positive results, going from bare soil to rich fen vegetation in only ten years.
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Memiaghe, Herve Roland. "Old field restoration : vegetation response to soil changes and restoration efforts in Western Cape Lowlands." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1956.
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Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.In the Mediterranean climate regions of the world, agricultural practices have caused considerable landscape transformation and lead to introduction of alien species that now dominate secondary succession on abandoned agricultural fields. Various restoration attempts have been made to reduce alien plant species cover, and to enhance the re-establishment and cover of native plant species. However, results and successes were mostly short-term due to re-growth and persistence of the weedy alien species, which has been suggested to be caused by land use history, especially the nutrient enrichment of soil, and particularly phosphorus and nitrogen. This study investigated different soil properties (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil moisture, as well as available phosphorus (P) and total nitrogen (N)) on 10 and 20 year old abandoned fields, as a function of depth in three habitats (ridge (old cultivated area), ditch (old drainage line) and slope (intermediate zone between ridge and ditch)) on the old fields. The relationship between these soil properties and the vegetation occurring on the two old fields was established. At the same time, restoration treatments (autumn burn, combination of autumn burn and herbicide, herbicide application alone, as well as spring burn) were conducted to reduce the cover and abundance of non-native plant species and Cynodon dactylon, and to enhance cover of native species. Results from the study show that levels of all investigated soil properties were higher on the younger field. The highest difference was observed in EC and pH. Seasonal differences in both soil properties could also be observed. A principal component analysis indicated that the dynamic of all soil properties shaped the vegetation type on old fields, with the main soil properties being dependent on land-use history and time since abandonment. This study suggests that EC and pH could be part of parameters that drive the persistence of undesirable species persistence on old fields and inhibit native plant species instead.
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Van, der Waal Benjamin Wentsel. "The influence of Acacia Mearnsii invasion on soil properties in the Kouga Mountains, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005515.
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The invasion of Acacia mearnsii in the Kouga catchment, Eastern Cape, South Africa, has various negative impacts on the ecosystem. These impacts include: reduced species richness, increased water use, increased nutrients and increased N cycling rates. The native shrubby fynbos vegetation has adapted to the acidic nutrient poor soils and Mediterranean climate of the Kouga Mountains. Fynbos, however, is currently being out competed by the much taller Acacia mearnsii trees, due to their competitive nature and ability to fix nitrogen, thereby enriching the soil. The invaded sections of the valley bottoms and lower hill slopes are characterised by an almost complete monoculture of Acacia mearnsii, with very few fynbos species still present. The Department of Water and Environmental Affairs sponsored Working for Water programme started clearing Acacia mearnsii in 1996 in the Kouga Mountains. Cleared sites have remained bare for long periods, indicating that soil properties are not favourable for indigenous propagule re-establishment. The aim of this research was to assess how A. mearnsii invasion and clearing affect fynbos recovery through its impact on soils. This was done by characterising vegetation and soil properties on fynbos, infested and cleared slopes. Vegetation cover for various growth forms was determined and a species list was compiled for each plot. The slope angle, surface hardness, litter cover, bare ground cover and soil depth were measured in the field, whereas water repellency, particle size and the chemical composition were measured in the laboratory. Furthermore, the plant establishment capacity of soils from fynbos, infested and cleared slopes was calculated. This was done by germinating fynbos seeds and growing fynbos plants in soils from the various slopes. The effect that invasion and clearing has on soil erosion was quantified using erosion plots on fynbos, infested and cleared slopes. The invasion and clearing of Acacia mearnsii led to an increase in soil nutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon and manganese. Furthermore, soils became more acidic, with increased water repellency and reduced surface hardness. The vegetation changed to a tree-dominated structure, replacing the native species. Native plant germination was relatively unaffected by invasion and clearing, with an increase in germination just after clearing. Plant growth of a native grass, Themeda triandra, and herb, Helichrysum umbraculigerum, has increased on soils from cleared slopes. This study showed that soil movement increased on slopes which are invaded and cleared of Acacia mearnsii, with erosion rates doubling on invaded slopes
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Hamade, Firas Nadim. "Sediment removal from urban runoff using seep berms and vegetative filtration." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50271.
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Previous field demonstration projects in metro-Atlanta have shown that seep berms, which are elongated sedimentation basins at the outlet of a disturbed land area, can provide high suspended sediment trap efficiencies with respect to coarse sediments on construction sites having drainage areas greater than five acres. Previous literature has shown that vegetative filter strips are efficient traps for fine suspended sediment in stormwater runoff. A combination of a seep berm and vegetative filter in series was studied in this thesis as an erosion control measure with quantification of its flow resistance and sediment removal efficiency. First, a field demonstration project was implemented to evaluate seep berms as a viable erosion control measure through a side-by-side comparison with the more commonly-used silt fences on construction sites with drainage areas less than five acres in metro Atlanta. High suspended sediment trap efficiencies were recorded for the seep berm on two separate sites, and the seep berm was shown to be superior to silt fences with respect to sediment control in the site runoff. Then a vegetative filter was studied in the laboratory in a specially-built flume for that purpose. The relationship between vegetative drag coefficient and various parameters reflecting flow conditions and vegetation density in steady, uniform open channel flow was studied in the flume. Both rigid, emergent vegetation and submerged, flexible vegetation were studied at two different plant densities. The application of porous media flow concepts to open channel flow through vegetation resulted in a collapse of data for vegetative drag coefficient for the various vegetation types and densities into a single relationship when plotted against vegetative stem Reynolds number. Point velocity and turbulence intensity profiles at different locations in the vegetative filter were recorded with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter to observe the turbulence structure of the flow and its effects on vegetative drag and settling of sediment. A sediment slurry consisting of a suspension of fine sand was fed into the flume, and an automated sampler was used to measure suspended sediment concentrations along the vegetative filter length for a series of discharges from which sediment flux and trap efficiency could be determined. Experimental data for trap efficiency were plotted against a dimensionless settling efficiency for each type of vegetation and density. These relationships, along with the one developed for the coefficient of drag, were applied in a numerical design technique that allows designers to determine the flow depth, velocity and trap efficiency of a vegetative filter of known dimensions for a given flow rate, sediment grain size distribution, slope, and vegetation density. In a typical design example, the combined trap efficiency proved that a seep berm followed by a vegetative filter can be a very effective erosion control measure.
Books on the topic "Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria"
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1940-, Pasternak D., and Schlissel Arnold 1948-, eds. Combating desertification with plants. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
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1929-, Dvořák J., Novák L. 1931-, and Antal J, eds. Soil conservation and silviculture. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994.
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Lorenz, David G. Conservation plants for the Northeast. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1989.
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Lorenz, David G. Conservation plants for the Northeast. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1991.
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Lorenz, David G. Conservation plants for the Northeast. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1991.
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Lorenz, D. G. Conservation plants for the northeast. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1991.
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Chadhokar, P. A. Multipurpose plant species for soil and water conservation. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Community Forestry and Soil Conservation Development Dept., Ministry of Agriculture, 1985.
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Roode, Mirjam van. The effects of vegetative barrier strips on surface runoff and soil erosion in Machakos, Kenya: A statistical versus a spatial modelling approach. Utrecht: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap/Faculteit Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen Universiteit Utrecht, 2000.
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C, Greenfield John, and Magrath William, eds. New vegetative approaches to soil and moisture conservation. Washington, D.C: World Wildlife Fund & the Conservation Foundation, 1990.
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Chadhokar, P. A. Pasture seed production in soil and water conservation. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Soil and Water Conservation Dept., Ministry of Agriculture, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria"
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Morton, H. L. "Plants for conservation of soil and water in arid ecosystems." In Plants for Arid Lands, 203–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6830-4_15.
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González-Sánchez, Emilio J., Manuel Moreno-Garcia, Amir Kassam, Saidi Mkomwa, Julio Roman-Vazquez, Oscar Veroz-Gonzalez, Rafaela Ordoñez-Fernandez, et al. "Climate smart agriculture for Africa: the potential role of conservation agriculture in climate smart agriculture." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 66–84. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0003.
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Abstract To achieve the challenges raised in Agenda 2063 and the Malabo Declaration, new agricultural techniques need to be promoted. Practical approaches to implement climate smart agriculture and sustainable agriculture, able to deliver at field level, are required. These include sustainable soil and land management that allows different user groups to manage their resources, including water, crops, livestock and associated biodiversity, in ways that are best suited to the prevailing biophysical, socio-economic and climatic conditions. The adoption of locally adapted sustainable soil management practices is needed to support climate change mitigation and adaptation from the agricultural perspective. In this sense, Conservation Agriculture (CA) can be adapted to local conditions, and help achieve the key objectives. The application of CA principles brings multiple benefits, especially in terms of soil conservation, but also for mitigating climate change. In fact, CA has the ability to transform agricultural soils from being carbon emitters into carbon sinks, because of no-tillage (NT) techniques and the return to the soil of diverse crop biomass from above-ground parts of plants and from diverse roots systems and root exudates. Similarly, fossil energy use decreases due to the reduction in agricultural operations, and so less CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. Lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in CA also result, because of reduced and more efficient use of inputs. Scientific studies confirm the sequestration potential of increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks on croplands in Africa on each of the continent's major bioclimatic areas. Coefficients of SOC sequestration for Africa are presented in this chapter.
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Mathesius, Ulrike. "Conservation and divergence of signalling pathways between roots and soil microbes — the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis compared to the development of lateral roots, mycorrhizal interactions and nematode-induced galls." In Roots: The Dynamic Interface between Plants and the Earth, 105–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2923-9_11.
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Morimoto, Junko, Susumu Goto, Akito Kuroyanagi, Motoko Toyoshima, and Yuichiro Shida. "Natural Succession of Wetland Vegetation in a Flood-Control Pond Constructed on Abandoned Farmland." In Ecological Research Monographs, 209–24. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6791-6_13.
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AbstractCan a flood-control basin be considered a component of green infrastructure (GI) with not only disaster prevention functions but also biodiversity conservation functions? We studied the succession of wetland vegetation in a flood-control basin constructed in a floodplain. The number of species composing the buried seeds depended on the depth of the soil layer, with shallower (recent) layers having more species. Plants germinated from buried seeds in deep (ancient) soil layers were small and difficult to identify based on morphology alone, but DNA-based analyses made it possible to identify these species. The occurrence of three species of Juncus and Cyperus in the peat layer that developed between 840 and 1215 years ago indicates that it is possible to regenerate wetland plants from the past if the buried seeds are well preserved and in good condition. The excavated section of the experimental site, which was set in part of the flood-control basin, received dispersed seeds from the surrounding agricultural land and contained more species than did the soil layer itself. The shallower the water depth was (the shallower the excavation depth), the greater the number of species that occurred. In addition, species with different life forms occurred depending on the water depth. More species occurred in the entire flood-control basin than in the experimental site. The factors that determined the type of plant community were years since excavation, water depth, and water quality. Finally, we discussed the management practices concerning the supply of propagules and the management of suitable habitats as essential factors for flood-control basins constructed on fallow land to function as GI.
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Snapp, Sieglinde S., Carmen M. Ugarte, Dane W. Hunter, and Michelle M. Wander. "Cover crops for soil health." In Improving soil health, 147–88. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0094.11.
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Cover crops are accessory plants integrated in production agriculture as means to enhance organic inputs and diversification, both above and belowground. The living cover provides a bundle of environmental services including soil conservation and healthy function. This chapter reviews the literature in terms of cropping system regional niches for incorporation of cover crops, and the consequences for soil health. This includes impacts on soil organic matter, water balance, nutrient and disease regulation, physical aggregation, crop yield and economics. A better understanding of the biophysical processes that cover crops influence is starting to emerge in the literature, and is reported on, with a number of research gaps identified. Cropping systems windows that are short and marginal in quality, severally restrict cover crop growth and associated benefits. The potential for positive soil health benefits through cover cropping is high, in the complexity of real-world agricultural systems, and variable soil responses.
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Krishnasamy, Selvanayaki, Ramkumar Lakshmanan, and Mythili Ravichandran. "Phytoremediatiation of Metal and Metalloid Pollutants from Farmland: An In-Situ Soil Conservation." In Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98659.
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Phytoremediation is an effective technology for in-situ remediation of high level polluted soils. Phytoremediation is a plant-mediated approach, which involves the use of plants to absorb and remove elemental pollutants or lower their concentration or bioavailability to soil. Plants have efficacy to absorb compounds in the soil even at low concentration through their root system. Plant root system has geotropism which helps them to extend into the soil matrix and hyper accumulate heavy metals to increase their bioavailability considerably and thereby the polluted soil is domesticated and the soil fertility is enhanced. The heavy-metal-resistant endophytes give the promising effect on plant growth, by decreasing metal phytotoxicity and affecting metal translocation and accumulation in plants. It is an eye opening for researches to implement the phytoremediation of organic contaminants through endophytes that produce various enzymes to metabolize organic contaminants and reduce both the phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration of volatile contaminants. Here, we focus on the most widely used phytoremediation strategies, phytostabilization, phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, and phytofiltration in the remediation of heavy metal-polluted soil.
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Boyle, Alan, and Catherine Redgwell. "11. Conservation of Nature, Ecosystems, and Biodiversity." In Birnie, Boyle, and Redgwell's International Law and the Environment, 617–723. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780199594016.003.0011.
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Our survival on earth, this chapter argues, depends on the conservation of the world’s natural resources. These resources comprise of soil, water, the atmosphere, plants, trees, and other life forms. The chapter looks at the earth’s current ‘ecological footprint’ and the future of that ecological footprint as it stands now. There is now widespread scientific consensus that biodiversity is being lost, and that pressures on biodiversity are increasing. The chapter asks what we can do about this, in terms of international law. The chapter identifies how international law seeks to ensure the protection and conservation and sustainable use of nature, its ecosystems and biodiversity, and the effectiveness of measures developed to conserve land?based living resources, forests, and deserts.
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Solomou, Alexandra D., and Athanassios Sfougaris. "Predicting Woody Plant Diversity as Key Component of Ecosystems." In Research Anthology on Ecosystem Conservation and Preserving Biodiversity, 1116–37. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch054.
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The Mediterranean basin is a global hotspot of biodiversity. Woody plants are key components of ecosystems. This article explores the environmental impacts on woody plant species richness and diversity in maquis and abandoned olive groves in an important ecological area of central Greece. The results showed that woody plant species richness and diversity had increasing values in maquis compared to abandoned olive groves. According to Principal Component Analysis, woody plant species richness and diversity (Shannon diversity index) were positively correlated with soil organic matter, plant litter, N, P, K, slope and precipitation in maquis. Also, positive correlations among woody plant species richness and diversity, and soil organic matter, and slope were detected in abandoned olive groves. Conclusively, the present study is the first in the area and the results it will be utilized as a decision support tool for sustainability assessment of ecosystems with the help of the information systems.
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Zhu, Yajuan. "Water Source of Six Woody Plants in Different Habitats on Desertified Land of Ordos Plateau, Semi-Arid China." In Deserts and Desertification [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99658.
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Water and soil erosion and sandy desertification are two mainly land desertification types on eastern and southern Ordos Plateau, north China. Hippophae rhamnoides, Armeniaca sibirica and Pinus tabuliformis are three woody plants for soil and water conservation on loess slope. Sabina vulgaris, Artemisia ordosica and Salix psammophila are three shrubs for sand control on sand dune. Water source of six woody plants were investigated by stable isotope technology. The results showed that the δ18O of shallow soil water was similar to that of rainwater in July and September in two habitats. Both of six woody plants in two habitats mainly used shallow soil water in May. However, three shrubs on sand dune mainly used both of shallow and deep soil water in July and September. Three woody plants on loess slope mainly used rainwater or deep soil water in July and September. Therefore, six woody plants utilized different depths of soil water or rain water based on their availability in different seasons, which is an adaptive strategy to the semiarid climate on Ordos Plateau.
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Singh, Shipra, and Abhishek K. Verma. "Plant Functional Traits in Tropical Dry Forests." In Research Anthology on Ecosystem Conservation and Preserving Biodiversity, 852–74. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5678-1.ch043.
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Plants have certain characteristics which allow them to respond to various environmental conditions, like changes in climate, water scarcity in the soil, lack of minerals; among others. In some of these traits, the responses to climatic phenomena such as drought can be evidenced through morphological adaptations (spines, succulent tissues, trichomes) or physiological adaptations (regulation of water potential at the cellular level, the concentration of nutrients, etc.). A systematic literature review was performed to study plant functional traits (PFTs) in tropical dry forests (TDFs). The chapter suggests the role of functional traits in community dynamics and processes. The authors will also highlight the limitations of PFTs in TDFs and how they can be improved.
Conference papers on the topic "Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria"
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da Silveira, Djalma Dias, Renato Paula de Andrade, and Airton Lui´s Heck. "Biomass Combustion Wastes Utilization in Natural Gas Pipeline Construction." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27081.
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Pipeline construction in rock soils demands an extreme care, under a constructive point-of-view, specially regarding a possible damage to the pipeline coating. Irregular pieces of rock (result of rock blasting) can contribute to this damage. Actual methodologies can be resumed in the utilization of selected soil (extracted from natural areas) as “padding” layer and also to cover the pipeline. Another methodology is mechanical protection utilization (special sleeves and wood grids). This paper proposes the utilization of biomass wastes after burning in Biomass Fire Power Plants as “padding” and “covering” agent, in substitution to the soil extracted from natural areas. The waste studied is produced after the burning of rice husk wastes that are burned in power plants in operation at the South Region of Brazil. Laboratory analyses were conducted and the results are presented and discussed, in terms of pipeline integrity and soil quality effects. Main results of this work are related to the possibility of cost reduction by the utilization of waste as the “padding” and “covering” agents in pipeline construction, as well as the selected soil extraction areas conservation, that can be used to another economical or environmental activity. Another result can be the reducing of mechanical protection elements used during the construction step. Finally, this paper contributes to the development of new initiatives related to alternative materials using in pipeline construction routines, based on cost reduction × environmental sustainability binomial, that can result in more sustainable gas pipeline construction projects.
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Ganea, Anatolie. "Conservarea in situ a agrobiodiversității vegetale – factor de reușită în promovarea agriculturii durabile." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.58.
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The article gives brief information on inventorying of some crop wild relatives in the forest ecosystems of different soil-climatic zones of Republic of Moldova, and collection of accessions of the local forms of cultivated plants on farms. It was found that natural populations of 5 pilot species – wild cherry, wild pear, cornelian cherry, wild apple and hazelnut are degrading under the influence of envi-ronmental stresses. It is noted that the range of social-economic and political factors of the past 60-70 years has led to significant genetic erosion of the local gene pool of agricultural crops. Elaboration of the effective methods for in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity will facilitate the greening of agricultural production and introduction of the elements of sustainable agriculture.
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alrajhi, Khazna. "Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Roots and Rhizosphere Soil from different arid locations of Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0060.
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Recently more attention or interest has been developed towards the role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in plant growth. Qatar, which is a part of the Arabian Gulf region, is mostly arid with hot and dry climatic conditions. The current research aims to investigate the Occurrence, species composition and abundance of AMF in Qatar, for which rhizosphere soil samples and roots of 16 plants belonging to 12 families from eight locations were collected. The AMF from different samples were identified based on the sequencing of the PCR product of the amplified conserved ITS region. The results showed that the AMF infection rate varies with location and plant species. Tamarix aphylla recorded the highest AMF infection rate (100%), followed by Blepharis ciliaris (98%) and Sporobolus ioclados (92%). AMF spore counts per 100g of soil ranged from 29.3 spores in Blepharis ciliaris to 643 spores /100g in Fagonia indica. The spore counts per location is variable and the range was 29.3 to 643/100g soil, however, no correlation has been detected between root colonization rate and spore counts. While all AMF identified at species levels were reported in other regions this research will be the first to investigate the AMF biodiversity from Qatar. However, new species are still expected since some were identified only at higher taxonomic levels. Claroideoglomus drummondii and Rhizophagus irregularis were the most widespread species while Claroideoglomus claroideum and Diversispora aurantia were the less present. This study provides comprehensive biological data about taxonomy, distribution and prevalence of AMF in Qatar soil, which opens new research towards developing its future applications for environmental conservation and sustainable agriculture.
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Shafahi, Maryam, and Daniel Woolston. "Aquaponics: A Sustainable Food Production System." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39441.
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Aquaponics is an eco-friendly system for food production utilizing aquaculture and hydroponics to cultivate fish and crop without soil. It is an inexpensive symbiotic cycle between the fish and plant. In an aquaponic system, fish waste (ammonia) is fed into the plant bed which acts as a bio-filter and takes the nitrate which is essential to grow vegetation. The fresh new water is then returned to the fish enclosure to restart the cycle. A unique advantage of an aquaponic system is conserving water more effectively compared to traditional irrigation systems. Conservation of water is accomplished by recirculating water between the plant bed and the fish habitat continuously. Organic fertilization of plants using dissolved fish waste is the other benefit of aquaponics. Utilizing plants as a natural alternative to other filters, requires less monitoring of water quality. In our project, an aquaponics system was designed and built in Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies at California State Polytechnic University of Pomona. The future purpose of our project is finding an optimized situation for the aquaponics system to produce food and save water more efficiently and eco-friendly.
Reports on the topic "Plants for Soil Conservation Victoria"
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Boyle, Maxwell, and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2019 data summary. National Park Service, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2290019.
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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and monitoring is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. The first year of conducting this monitoring effort at four SECN parks, including 52 plots on Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA), was 2019. Twelve vegetation plots were established at Cape Hatteras NS in July and August. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cape Hatteras National Seashore in 2019. Data were stratified across four dominant broadly defined habitats within the park (Maritime Tidal Wetlands, Maritime Nontidal Wetlands, Maritime Open Uplands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands) and four land parcels (Bodie Island, Buxton, Hatteras Island, and Ocracoke Island). Noteworthy findings include: A total of 265 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 52 vegetation plots, including 13 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Maritime Tidal Wetlands: saltmeadow cordgrass Spartina patens), swallow-wort (Pattalias palustre), and marsh fimbry (Fimbristylis castanea) Maritime Nontidal Wetlands: common wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), saltmeadow cordgrass, eastern poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans var. radicans), and saw greenbriar (Smilax bona-nox) Maritime Open Uplands: sea oats (Uniola paniculata), dune camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), and seabeach evening-primrose (Oenothera humifusa) Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: : loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), southern/eastern red cedar (Juniperus silicicola + virginiana), common wax-myrtle, and live oak (Quercus virginiana). Five invasive species identified as either a Severe Threat (Rank 1) or Significant Threat (Rank 2) to native plants by the North Carolina Native Plant Society (Buchanan 2010) were found during this monitoring effort. These species (and their overall frequency of occurrence within all plots) included: alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides; 2%), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; 10%), Japanese stilt-grass (Microstegium vimineum; 2%), European common reed (Phragmites australis; 8%), and common chickweed (Stellaria media; 2%). Eighteen rare species tracked by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (Robinson 2018) were found during this monitoring effort, including two species—cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium caerulescens) and Gulf Coast spikerush (Eleocharis cellulosa)—listed as State Endangered by the Plant Conservation Program of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCPCP 2010). Southern/eastern red cedar was a dominant species within the tree stratum of both Maritime Nontidal Wetland and Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Other dominant tree species within CAHA forests included loblolly pine, live oak, and Darlington oak (Quercus hemisphaerica). One hundred percent of the live swamp bay (Persea palustris) trees measured in these plots were experiencing declining vigor and observed with symptoms like those caused by laurel wilt......less