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1
Khushnudovna, Khojaniyazova Barno. "ТHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL SALT LEVELS ON AUTUMN WHEAT GROWTH." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-04-07.
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Soil salinity i.e. the presence of a solution of salts in the soil solution above the alternative level for plants, leads to a decrease in productivity, which has a negative impact on the growth and development of wheat plants. Complex environmental conditions lead to a decrease in product quality, which is important for the economy, while reducing the yield of wheat. Improving the salinity resistance of wheat remains one of the most pressing issues today. The most effective environmentally friendly way to increase the resistance of plants to salinity is to create varieties that are resistant to these extreme conditions and to accelerate their introduction into production.
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Zuo, Zhiyu, Junhong Guo, Caiyun Xin, Shengqun Liu, Hanping Mao, Yongjun Wang, and Xiangnan Li. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and abscisic acid-deficient mutant barley." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 10 (November 5, 2019): 516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/506/2019-pse.
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Salt acclimation is a process to enhance salt tolerance in plants. The salt acclimation induced salt tolerance was investigated in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Steptoe (wild type, WT) and its abscisic acid (ABA)-deficient mutant Az34. Endogenesis ABA concentration in leaf was significantly increased by salt stress in WT, while it was not affected in Az34. Under salt stress, the salt acclimated Az34 plants had 14.8% lower total soluble sugar concentration and 93.7% higher sodium (Na) concentration in leaf, compared with salt acclimated WT plants. The acclimated plants had significantly higher leaf water potential and osmotic potential than non-acclimated plants in both WT and Az34 under salt stress. The salt acclimation enhanced the net photosynthetic rate (by 22.9% and 12.3%) and the maximum quantum yield of PS II (22.7% and 22.0%) in WT and Az34 under salt stress. However, the stomatal conductance in salt acclimated Az34 plants was 28.9% lower than WT under salt stress. Besides, the guard cell pair width was significantly higher in salt acclimated Az34 plants than that in WT plants. The results indicated that the salt acclimated WT plants showed a higher salt tolerance than Az34 plants, suggesting that ABA deficiency has a negative effect on the salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in barley.
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Gupta, Sonal, and Ashwini A. Waoo. "Effect of salinity stress on phytochemical characteristics of Centella asiatica." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 2 (June 18, 2022): 684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i2.3387.
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Salinity is one of the predominant abiotic stresses which affects plant growth by inducing excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that leads to oxidative damage of plant cells. Plants alleviate salinity stress by regulating intracellular concentrations of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, antioxidants, etc. The present work aimed to study the impact of salt stress on the production of various phytochemicals like phenol, tannin, flavonoids, antioxidants, total protein content, etc. The Salt stress response of the test plant Centella asiatica was studied by irrigating variant concentrations (50mM, 100mm, 150mm, 200mM, 250mm) of salt (NaCl). The phytochemical activity of the plants grown under salinity stress was estimated by using an appropriate biochemical assay. Comparative analysis of the photochemical activity of the test plants in comparison with the control revealed that various phytochemicals were increased in response to salt stress. Salt stress increased the levels of antioxidants from 10.79 to 14.31 μg/ml), phenol from 30.8 to 43.3 in μg/ml, flavonoids (from 490 to 683.33 in μg/ml), tannin from 55.5 to 64.5 in μg/ml, and proteins from 5720 to 6080 in μg/ml in the C. asiatica plants. To sum up, salt stress elicited phytochemical accumulation in the C. asiatica plant, thereby improving the plant's growth by enhancing its resistance to salt stress. This finding may play an important role in the sustainable cultivation of commercially important crops like C. asiatica.
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Zuo, Zhiyu, Fan Ye, Zongshuai Wang, Shuxin Li, Hui Li, Junhong Guo, Hanping Mao, Xiancan Zhu, and Xiangnan Li. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wild-type and chlorophyl b-deficient mutant wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 1 (January 11, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/429/2020-pse.
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Salt acclimation can promote the tolerance of wheat plants to the subsequent salt stress, which may be related to the responses of the photosynthetic apparatus. The chlorophyl (Chl) b-deficient mutant wheat ANK 32B and its wild type (WT) were firstly saltly acclimated with 30 mmol NaCl for 12 days, then subsequently subjected to 6-day salt stress (500 mmol NaCl). The ANK 32B mutant plants had lower Chl b concentration, which was manifested in the lower total Chl concentration, higher ratio of Chl a/b and in reduced photosynthetic activity (P<sub>n</sub>). The effect of salt acclimation was manifested mainly after salt stress. Compared to non-acclimated plants, the salt acclimation increased the leaf water potential, osmotic potential (Ψ<sub>o</sub>) and K concentration, while decreased the amount of Na<sup>+</sup> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in WT and ANK 32B under salt stress, except for Ψ<sub>o</sub> in ANK 32B. In addition, the salt acclimation enhanced the APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity by 10.55% and 33.69% in WT and ANK 32B under salt stress, respectively. Compared to the genotypes, under salt stress, the Ψ<sub>o</sub>, F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>, P<sub>n</sub> and g<sub>s</sub> of mutant plants were 5.60, 17.62, 46.73 and 26.41% lower than that of WT, respectively. These results indicated that although the salt acclimation could alleviate the negative consequences of salt stress, it is mainly manifested in the WT, and the ANK 32B plants had lower salt tolerance than WT plants, suggesting that lower Chl b concentration has a negative effect on the salt acclimation induced salt tolerance in wheat.
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Hernández, Jose A., Ana Belén Aguilar, Bruno Portillo, Elvira López-Gómez, Jorge Mataix Beneyto, and Manuel F. García-Legaz. "The effect of calcium on the antioxidant enzymes from salt-treated loquat and anger plants." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 11 (2003): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03098.
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Salt treatment (50 mM NaCl) reduced plant growth of loquat (Eribotria japonica Lindl.) (by up to 40%) but not that of anger (Cydonia oblonga Mill.). Salt stress induced a strong leaf Na+ accumulation in both species. However, the observed increase in leaf Cl– level was higher in loquat (13-fold) than in anger plants (3.8-fold). Addition of Ca2+ (25 mM) significantly reduced Na+ and Cl– concentrations in both salt-treated species. In anger leaves, calcium addition to the nutrient media did not change the leaf calcium contents in salt-treated or untreated plants, this value being lower in salt-treated plants. However, in loquat plants, an increase in leaf Ca2+ was observed after the calcium addition. Surprisingly, an increase in Ca2+ concentration was also observed in salt-treated loquat plants. In general, anger plants had higher constitutive antioxidant enzyme levels in both control and salt-treated plants. Salt stress did not change antioxidant enzyme levels in loquat plants. A similar effect was observed in anger plants, but in this case a 2-fold induction of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity was observed.In both species, salinity produced an oxidative stress, indicated by an increase in lipid peroxidation, this value being much higher in loquat (83%) than in anger (40%) plants. In salt-treated plants, Ca2+ addition provided some protection to the membranes, because the increases observed in thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were not significant.In contrast, in control plants Ca2+ treatments increased glutathione reductase (GR) and decreased catalase activity in anger, but increased MDHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), GR and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in loquat plants. In salt-treated plants, Ca2+ additions decreased catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) for anger and raised DHAR, GR and SOD for loquat. However, the mechanism by which Ca2+ regulates antioxidant enzymes remains to be determined.These results suggest that anger plants have a higher capacity to scavenge AOS, both under saline and non-saline conditions. Accordingly, and related to the smaller Cl– increase observed, anger plants are more salt-tolerant, at least partly owing to the higher antioxidant enzyme levels observed.
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Tootoonchi, Mohsen, and Lyn A. Gettys. "Testing salt stress on aquatic plants: effect of salt source and substrate." Aquatic Ecology 53, no. 3 (April 9, 2019): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10452-019-09692-6.
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Yan, Feiyu, Hongliang Zhao, Longmei Wu, Zhiwei Huang, Yuan Niu, Bo Qi, Linqing Zhang, et al. "Basic Cognition of Melatonin Regulation of Plant Growth under Salt Stress: A Meta-Analysis." Antioxidants 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081610.
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Salt stress severely restricts the growth of plants and threatens the development of agriculture throughout the world. Worldwide studies have shown that exogenous melatonin (MT) can effectively improve the growth of plants under salt stress. Through a meta-analysis of 549 observations, this study first explored the effects of salt stress characteristics and MT application characteristics on MT regulated plant growth under salt stress. The results show that MT has a wide range of regulatory effects on plant growth indicators under salt stress, of which the regulatory effect on root indexes is the strongest, and this regulatory effect is not species-specific. The intensity of salt stress did not affect the positive effect of MT on plant growth, but the application effect of MT in soil was stronger than that in rooting medium. This meta-analysis also revealed that the foliar application of a concentration between 100–200 μM is the best condition for MT to enhance plant growth under salt stress. The results can inspire scientific research and practical production, while seeking the maximum improvement in plant salt tolerance under salt stress.
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Dekhil, Maha, Mohamed Ibrahim, Hani Saudy, and Sanaa Zaghloul. "EFFECT OF SELENIUM ON SALT TOLERANCE IN MAIZE PLANTS." Journal of Environmental Science 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jes.2020.150455.
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Vlasenko, Olga A., Natalia L. Kurachenko, Olga A. Ulyanova, and Ekaterina Yu Casanova. "NATURAL SALT SOLUTION EFFECT ON BLUEGRASS-WHEATGRASS PLANTS ASSOCIATION." Bulletin of KSAU, no. 9 (2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2021-9-100-107.
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Linić, Ida, Selma Mlinarić, Lidija Brkljačić, Iva Pavlović, Ana Smolko, and Branka Salopek-Sondi. "Ferulic Acid and Salicylic Acid Foliar Treatments Reduce Short-Term Salt Stress in Chinese Cabbage by Increasing Phenolic Compounds Accumulation and Photosynthetic Performance." Plants 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112346.
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Salinity stress is one of the most damaging abiotic stresses to plants, causing disturbances in physiological, biochemical, and metabolic processes. The exogenous application of natural metabolites is a useful strategy to reduce the adverse effects of stress on crops. We investigated the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) and ferulic acid (FA) (10–100 μM) on short-term salt-stressed (150 mM NaCl, 72 h) Chinese cabbage plants. Subsequently, proline level, photosynthetic performance, phenolic metabolites with special focus on selected phenolic acids (sinapic acid (SiA), FA, SA), flavonoids (quercetin (QUE), kaempferol (KAE)), and antioxidant activity were investigated in salt-stressed and phenolic acid-treated plants compared with the corresponding controls. Salt stress caused a significant increase in SA and proline contents, a decrease in phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic performance, especially due to the impairment of PSI function. SA and FA treatments, with a concentration of 10 μM, had attenuated effects on salt-stressed plants, causing a decrease in proline and SA level, and indicating that the plants suffered less metabolic disturbance. Polyphenolic compounds, especially FA, SiA, KAE, and QUE, were increased in FA and SA treatments in salt-stressed plants. Consequently, antioxidant activities were increased, and photosynthetic performances were improved. FA resulted in a better ameliorative effect on salt stress compared to SA.
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Zongshuai, Wang, Li Xiangnan, Zhu Xiancan, Liu Shengqun, Song Fengbin, Liu Fulai, Wang Yang, et al. "Salt acclimation induced salt tolerance is enhanced by abscisic acid priming in wheat." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 7 (July 19, 2017): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/287/2017-pse.
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High salt stress significantly depresses carbon assimilation and plant growth in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Salt acclimation can enhance the tolerance of wheat plants to salt stress. Priming with abscisic acid (1 mmol ABA) was applied during the salt acclimation (30 mmol NaCl) process to investigate its effects on the tolerance of wheat to subsequent salt stress (500 mmol NaCl). The results showed that priming with ABA modulated the leaf ABA concentration to maintain better water status in salt acclimated wheat plants. Also, the ABA priming drove the antioxidant systems to protect photosynthetic electron transport in salt acclimated plants against subsequent salt stress, hence improving the carbon assimilation in wheat. It suggested that salt acclimation induced salt tolerance could be improved by abscisic acid priming in wheat.
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Karlidag, Huseyin, Ertan Yildirim, and Metin Turan. "Salicylic acid ameliorates the adverse effect of salt stress on strawberry." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 2 (April 2009): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000200006.
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Strawberry is considered as a salinity sensitive species and is adversely affected in response to the salt stress in terms of growth and yield. Pot experiments were conducted to determine the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application on physiology, growth, chlorophyll and mineral content of strawberry grown under salt stress and greenhouse conditions. Strawberry plants were treated with SA at different concentrations (0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mM). Salinity treatments were established by adding 0 and 35 mM of NaCl to a base complete nutrient solution. Salt stress negatively affected the growth, chlorophyll content and mineral uptake of strawberry plants. However, plants treated with SA often had greater shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight and root dry weight as well as higher chlorophyll content under salt stress. The greatest values were obtained with 1.00 mM SA treatment in both saline and non-saline conditions. Leaf water relative content (LWRC) was reduced in response to salt stress while electrolyte leakage was raised. SA treatments induced increases in LWRC and decreases in electrolyte leakage compared to the control under salt stress. With respect to the nutrient content, SA treatments increased almost contents of all nutrients in leaves and roots of strawberry plants under salt stress. The greatest values were often obtained by the 1.00 mM SA treatment. These findings suggest that the SA treatments can ameliorate the negative effect of salinity on the growth of strawberries.
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CHALBI, Arbia, Besma SGHAIER-HAMMAMI, Narjes BAAZAOUI, Sofiene B. M. HAMMAMI, Hatem BEN-JOUIRA, Pedro GARCÍA-CAPARRÓS, Naceur DJÉBALI, et al. "Comparative study of the effect of salt stress, Alternaria alternata attack or combined stress on the Cakile maritima growth and physiological performance." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 12446. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49312446.
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Cakile maritima is a halophytic plant model that is well known by its ability to tolerate high salt concentrations. Salinity was reported to improve the tolerance of halophytes to several abiotic stresses; however, the involvement of salt in the tolerance to biotic stress is still scant. In the present work, the effect of salt on C. maritima responses towards the pathogenic Alternaria alternata was investigated. For that, C. maritima seeds were germinated for four weeks. Plants were then divided into four groups: i) Plants irrigated with salt (200mM NaCl); ii) Plants infested by fungus; iii) Plants irrigated with salt and infested by fungus and finally control plants (0mM NaCl, without inoculation). Our results showed that upon salt stress or fungal attack, plants reduced biomass production, hydration status and photosynthetic performance which were associated with a decrease in the gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, with a more pronounced effect upon fungal attack. However, under combined stress, a significant increase of these parameters was noticed, with a level close to that of control. Concerning nutrient contents, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg decreased in the C. maritima leaves exposed to both stresses applied individually. In contrast, all these nutrients were increased in plants grown under combined stress. Taken together, we can conclude that plants grown under combined stresses had better growth rate and physiological performance compared to all other treated plants, and that salt may be the key in improving the C. maritima ability to tolerate fungal attack.
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ALZAHRANI, Othman, Heba ABOUSEADAA, Taghreed K. ABDELMONEIM, Mohammed A. ALSHEHRI, Mohamed EL-MOGY, Hossam S. EL-BELTAGI, and Mohamed A. M. ATIA. "Agronomical, physiological and molecular evaluation reveals superior salt-tolerance in bread wheat through salt-induced priming approach." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 12310. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212310.
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Salt stress significantly limit wheat crop productivity worldwide. Exposure to non-lethal levels of salt stress, referred to as "salt-priming", allows plants to persist subsequent lethal conditions; the priming effect continues even after an extended salt stress-free period. This study attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of the salt-induced priming approach to cope with the toxic effects of long-term salinity stress in wheat. After 22 days of gradual salt acclamation to reach 250 mM NaCl, plants were recovered for eight days and finally shocked with 250 mM NaCl (priming+shock) for 7 days. After that, physiological parameters and gene expression of six salt-responsive genes were assessed. Additionally, 120 days after germination (at the end of the season), agronomic traits were recorded. Analysis of the agronomical traits revealed higher productivity in the salt-pretreated group (priming+shock) plants than the non-pretreated (shock only). Consistently, salt-pretreated plants maintained higher photosynthetic pigments level and decreased proline and MDA content than non-pretreated, suggesting enhanced salt tolerance. Moreover, salt-pretreated plants sustained high expressional levels of salt-responsive genes (TaNHX1, TaSOS1, TaSOS4, TaHKT1, TaHKT2, and TaAKT1) comparing with non-pretreated, indicating a vital role in ion homeostasis and conferring salt tolerance. Ultimately, this finding could facilitate novel smart approaches to improve wheat productivity under salt stress.
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TCV, Do, and Scherer HW. "Compost as growing media component for salt-sensitive plants." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 5 (April 22, 2013): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/804/2012-pse.
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Composting has been considerably recognized as a viable management method for solid organic wastes aimed at recycling of its end-product as a potting substrate for ornamental plants. Pelargonium and Salvia as salt-sensitive plants were grown in the mixture of compost (75, 50, 25% by volume) and additives (Hygromull, Cocofiber and SPS-standard soil type 73 with 70% peat and 30% clay). Since plants may suffer from a high salt content, thus in a further experiment compost was added as a partial substitute for peat. The results of the first pot experiment reveal that the large percentage of compost in the substrate had negative effects on plant growth and nutrient uptake (N, P, K and Na). Both yield formation and nutrient uptake significantly increased and almost gained levels of those in the control in the second pot experiment when plants were grown in peat-based substrates. Especially, the growth of Salvia was significantly improved. Consequently, the compost-based media (> 50% volume of compost) cannot be recommended for salt sensitive ornamental plants, while less than 25% of compost incorporated into peat creates peat-based substrates which reasonably enhanced growth of Pelargonium and Salvia.
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Krausko, Miroslav, Zuzana Kusá, Darina Peterková, Mária Labajová, Ajay Kumar, Andrej Pavlovič, Michaela Bačovčinová, Martin Bačkor, and Ján Jásik. "The Absence of the AtSYT1 Function Elevates the Adverse Effect of Salt Stress on Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031751.
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Arabidopsis thaliana SYNAPTOTAGMIN 1 (AtSYT1) was shown to be involved in responses to different environmental and biotic stresses. We investigated gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence in Arabidopsis wild-type (WT, ecotype Col-0) and atsyt1 mutant plants irrigated for 48 h with 150 mM NaCl. We found that salt stress significantly decreases net photosynthetic assimilation, effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII), stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in both genotypes. Salt stress has a more severe impact on atsyt1 plants with increasing effect at higher illumination. Dark respiration, photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching and ΦPSII measured at 750 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density were significantly affected by salt in both genotypes. However, differences between mutant and WT plants were recorded only for qP and ΦPSII. Decreased photosynthetic efficiency in atsyt1 under salt stress was accompanied by reduced chlorophyll and carotenoid and increased flavonol content in atsyt1 leaves. No differences in the abundance of key proteins participating in photosynthesis (except PsaC and PsbQ) and chlorophyll biosynthesis were found regardless of genotype or salt treatment. Microscopic analysis showed that irrigating plants with salt caused a partial closure of the stomata, and this effect was more pronounced in the mutant than in WT plants. The localization pattern of AtSYT1 was also altered by salt stress.
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Turan, Metin, Tuba Arjumend, Ertan Yıldırım, Melek Ekinci, and Betül Ince. "Role of Exogenous Melatonin, Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitric Oxide on Organic Acid Content of Eruca sativa L. under Salt Stress." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v9i11.ah01.
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Salt stress affects agricultural output by influencing numerous internal metabolisms in plants and disrupting physiological and biochemical activities such as photosynthesis, translocation, respiration, and growth stimulants. The role of exogenous melatonin, hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide application on the organic acid contents of rocket plants under salt stress was examined in this study. Different salt doses (0, 150 and 250 mM NaCl) and exogenous applications (0, 50 and100 µM) were made to rocket plants under the greenhouse conditions. Plants leaves and roots exhibited a decline in the organic acid contents under salinity stress. Application of the amendments, however, was found significant in mitigating the negative effect of salt stress. Melatonin and hydrogen sulfide treatments had a stronger anti-salt action in the leaves. On the other hand, nitrous oxide role was more obvious in the roots followed by melatonin. With this, exogenous applications to the plant mitigated the harmful effects of salt stress on organic acid contents depending on the dose.
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Chen, Haoran, Sylvie Renault, and John Markham. "The Effect of Frankia and Hebeloma crustiliniforme on Alnus alnobetula subsp. Crispa Growing in Saline Soil." Plants 11, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11141860.
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The mining of the oil sands region of Canada’s boreal forest creates disturbed land with elevated levels of salts. Understanding how native plants respond to salt stress is critical in reclaiming these lands. The native species, Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa forms nitrogen-fixing nodules with Frankia, and ectomycorrhizae with a number of fungal species. These relationships may make the plant particularly well suited for restoring disturbed land. We inoculated A. alnobetula subsp. crispa with Frankia and Hebeloma crustiliniforme and exposed the plants to 0, 50, or 100 mM NaCl for seven weeks. Frankia-inoculated plants had increased biomass regardless of salt exposure, even though salt exposure reduced nitrogen fixation and reduced the efficiency of nitrogen-fixing nodules. The nitrogen-fixing symbiosis also decreased leaf stress and increased root phosphatase levels. This suggests that N-fixing plants not only have increased nitrogen nutrition but also have increased access to soil phosphorus. Mycorrhizae did not affect plant growth but did reduce nodule numbers and nodule efficiency. These results suggest that the nitrogen-fixing trait is more critical than mycorrhizae. While salt stress inhibits nitrogen-fixing symbiosis, plants still benefit from nitrogen fixation when exposed to salt.
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Shirokikh, I. G., S. Yu Ogorodnikova, Ya I. Nazarova, and O. N. Shupletsova. "Effect of salt stress on plants of wild-type Nicotiana tabacum L. and transformants with a choline oxidase (codA) gene." Proceedings on applied botany, genetics and breeding 183, no. 1 (April 15, 2022): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2227-8834-2022-1-86-94.
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Background. Soil salinity is one of the limiting factors for plant growth and productivity. The areas of saline lands increase annually, so it is important to study the mechanisms of plant resistance to salt stress.Material and methods. We studied the effect of salt stress on tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) of the wild type (‘Samsun’) and the transgenic line Cod 38 obtained by introducing the сodA gene, encoding bacterial choline oxidase, from Arthrobacter globiformis. Salt tolerance of the compared genotypes was assessed according to the growth indicators and the ability to preserve the pool of photosynthetic pigments under model salt stress conditions (150 mМ NaCl). The sensitivity of plants to salt stress was analyzed using biochemical tests that reflected the intensity of peroxidation processes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase).Results. The survival rates and biometric characteristics of transformants under salt stress were significantly higher than in wild-type plants. Under the impact of salt stress, the content of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaves of ‘Samsun’ plants decreased 1.5 and 1.3 times, respectively. Contrastingly, transformants under the same conditions showed a tendency to increase the pool of plastid pigments. A peculiarity of transgenic plants was also the reduced malondialdehyde content in their leaves, which indicates a low intensity of lipid peroxidation during salinization and can be explained by the functioning of endogenous glycine betaine as a compound with a multifunctional effect.Conclusions. It was shown that the transformation of plants with the bacterial gene of choline oxidase, followed by the accumulation of the protein product of the codA gene – glycine betaine, even in a minimal amount, was accompanied by positive effects on tobacco plants under salt stress conditions.
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El-Khashab, A. M. Abou, A. F. El-Sammak, A. A. Elaidy, M. I. Salama, and M. Rieger. "Paclobutrazol Reduces Some Negative Effects of Salt Stress in Peach." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 122, no. 1 (January 1997): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.122.1.43.
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One-year-old rooted cuttings of `Nemaguard' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] were irrigated with 0, 1000, or 2000 mg·L-1 salts under greenhouse conditions to study the effect of foliar paclobutrazol (PBZ) application on salt stress response. Salinity reduced growth of nontreated plants by ≈60%, but only by ≈30% for PBZ-treated plants. PBZ-treated plants also had less defoliation and fewer leaves per plant showing salt stress symptoms, and had higher rates of leaf gas exchange than nontreated plants. PBZ application generally reduced Na+ and Cl- contents in leaves, roots, and stems, regardless of salt treatment. Furthermore, total Na+ per plant in PBZ-treated plants was about half that found in nontreated plants, although total Cl- per plant was reduced by PBZ in only one of two salt treatments. The data suggested that PBZ promoted salt stress avoidance in peach by reducing the uptake and accumulation of harmful Na+ and Cl- ions in plant tissues.
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Laman, N. A., K. R. Kem, V. I. Anikeev, V. N. Zhabinskii, and N. B. Khripach. "Features of the brassinosteroid effect on plants under salt stress." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 66, no. 2 (May 6, 2022): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2022-66-2-199-205.
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The dependence of the protective effect of brassinosteroids (BS) in a wide range of concentrations on the growth of the root system of fiber flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings under salt stress was studied. A narrow range of BS concentrations was revealed, in which they cause a weakening of the inhibitory effect of salinity on the root system of seedlings. An almost complete coincidence of the BS concentration ranges was noted, in which the maximum stress-protective effect of phytohormones was observed for the both crops (6,9 ⋅ 10–7–5,9 ⋅ 10–8 М for fiber flax and 2,8 ⋅ 10–7–2,4 ⋅ 10–8 М for spring barley). In the experiment with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which lasted 19 days, already on the 6th day before the seedlings were placed under stress conditions, the elongation of the seedlings treated with exogenous brassinosteroids was noted. By the end of the experiment (in the second leaf unfolding phase), all brassinosteroids showed a pronounced protective-stimulating effect under the salinity conditions that depended on the chemical structure of the hormone and changed in the brassinolide > homobrassinolide > homocastasterone > epibrassinolide series.
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Massai, Jacob Tchima, Hamida Aminatou, Jean Boris Sounya, Dieudonné Ranava, Sebastien Vondou Vondou, Ousman Adjoudji, and Palou Madi Oumarou. "Effect of salt on seed germination and plant growth of Anacardium occidentale." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 4 (November 18, 2021): 1563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i4.20.
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In Cameroon, despite the increased growing of cashew in recent years, orchard yields remain low due to the quality of seed and unsuitable peasant farming practices. This work realized in the nursery at Wakwa aimed at evaluating the effect of different concentrations of salt on cashew germination and growth. The trial was conducted during the rainy season. The substrate was made up of a mixture of sand, black soil and cow manure respectively at 1/4, 1/2 and 1/4. Seeds were soaked in different proportions of salt solution (5%, 10% and 15%) for 24 hours. The experimental design was a complete randomized block comprising four treatments, each of which was replicated three times. Treatments consisted of different percentage of salt (5%. 10% and 15%) and the control without salt (0%). Salt concentration acted in different ways on germination, survey rate and plants growth. Germination inhibition by salt changed according to the salt concentration and time, being highest at the start of experiment and decrease over time. At 28DAS, 5% and 10% concentrations did not have an inhibitory effect, which made it possible to improve survey rate at this time. Conversely, 15% had a stimulating effect on the vigor and plants growth of cashew. This study showed that soaking cashew seeds in the salt after 24 hours at different concentration does not delay germination and concentration 15% allow to obtained well growth and more vigorous plants.
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Hossain, M. M., and H. Nonami. "Effect of salt stress on physiological response of tomato fruit grown in hydroponic culture system." Horticultural Science 39, No. 1 (February 16, 2012): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/63/2011-hortsci.
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The effect of salt stress on physiological response of hydroponically grown tomato fruit was investigated. Fruit growth rate, water status, cuticle permeability and induction of blossom-end rot (BER) of tomato fruit were considered for this study. Salt stress was applied by using Ca salt treatment and it plays an important role on all parameters studied in this experiment. Fruit growth rate, predawn water potential, osmotic potential and cuticle permeability were significantly lower in treated plants than in control plants. On the other hand, tissue turgor of control and treated fruit showed almost similar values 12 days after flowering (DAF). This result indicated that turgor was osmotically regulated in fruit under stress condition. Fruit growth rate was found to decline from 12 DAF and eventually ceased when BER externally appeared on fruit surface at the age of 19 DAF in this experiment. The reduction of growth rate coincided with the reduction of water potential in fruit tissue due to salt stress. Although BER externally appeared at 19 DAF anatomical investigation showed that intercellular air space becomes discoloured at least one week before external symptoms appeared on fruit tip. Different levels of cuticular permeability indicated that the deposition of cuticular wax on fruit surface was enhanced by the salt stress condition in tomato fruit. Since, BER was found to appear on fruit tip under high calcium concentration in solution it can be concluded that calcium deficiency was not the only the cause of BER in tomato, rather salt stress might alter metabolic activity in developing tomato fruit.
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Giambalvo, Dario, Gaetano Amato, Davide Borgia, Rosolino Ingraffia, Calogero Librici, Antonella Lo Porto, Guglielmo Puccio, Paolo Ruisi, and Alfonso S. Frenda. "Nitrogen Availability Drives Mycorrhizal Effects on Wheat Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Recovery under Salt Stress." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112823.
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The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is generally considered effective in improving salt tolerance in plants; however, the advantages it offers can vary greatly depending on the context in which it occurs; furthermore, the mechanisms underlying these responses are still unclear. A study was conducted to investigate the role of nitrogen (N) availability on the effectiveness of AM symbiosis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants grown under salt stress. Plants were grown in pots in the absence or in presence of salt stress (soil electrical conductivity of 1.50 and 13.00 dS m−1, respectively), with or without AM fungi inoculation (Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae), varying the N dose supplied (0 or 80 mg N per pot). Results indicate that AM symbiosis can alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress on the growth of durum wheat only when plants are grown under sufficient N availability in soil; in such conditions mycorrhizal symbiosis determined an improvement of leaf traits (leaf area, SLA, stability of plasma membranes and SPAD), N uptake, N fertilizer recovery and water use efficiency. On the contrary, when wheat plants were grown in conditions of N deficiency, the mycorrhizal symbiosis had no effect (under salt stress) or even depressive effect (under unstressed condition) on plant growth and N uptake, highlighting how, in some cases, competition for nutrients between plants and AM can arise. This study suggests that N availability in the soil can drive the effects of AM symbiosis in assisting the plant with containing saline stress.
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Augé, Robert, Keunho Cho, Jean Stutz, and Heather Toler. "(319) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Response of Sorghum Plants to Combined Drought and Salt Stresses." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1037C—1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1037c.
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Colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can increase host resistance to drought stress, although the effect is unpredictable. Since AM symbiosis also frequently increases host resistance to salt stress, and since drought and salt stress are often linked in drying soils, we speculated that the AM influence on plant drought response may be linked to AM influence on salt stress. We tested the hypothesis that AM-induced effects on drought responses would be more pronounced when plants of comparable size are exposed to drought in salinized soils. In two greenhouse experiments, several water relations characteristics were measured in sorghum plants colonized by Glomus intraradices, Gigaspora margarita, or a mixture of AM species during a sustained drought following exposure to salt treatments (NaCl stress, osmotic stress, or soil leaching). The presence of excess salt in soils widened the difference in drought responses between AM and non-AM plants in just two instances: days needed for plants to reach stomatal closure, and promotion of stomatal conductance. In other instances, the addition of salt tended to nullify an AM-induced change in drought response; e.g., an AM effect on the decline in leaf or soil water potential required to cause stomatal closure disappeared when soils were salinized. Our findings confirm that AM fungi can alter host response to drought but do not lend much support to the idea that AM-induced salt resistance might help explain why AM plants can be more resilient to drought stress than their non-AM counterparts.
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Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene, Nick E. Christians, and Micheal D. K. Owen. "Effect of 2,4-D and Triclopyr on Annual Bedding Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 13, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-13.3.122.
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Abstract Greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate annual flower response to simulated drift of Weedar 64 (dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D) and Turflon Amine (triethylamine salt of triclopyr). Mature annual flowers responded differently to low concentrations of Weedar 64 and Turflon. The order for species from most sensitive to least sensitive was petunia > begonia = marigold =pansy =statice > geranium =impatiens =rose periwinkle =salvia. Rates less than 128 g ae/ha (0.11 lb ae/A) caused only slight injury. Injury was expressed in reduced flower production and callus. Turflon suppressed flowering 19% more than Weedar 64. Both herbicides reduced flowering at rates greater than 100 g/ha (0.088 lb/A).
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Kekere, Otitoloju. "Effect of Air-Borne Salinity on the Growth and Appearance of the Tropical Perennial Strandline Plant, Commelina erecta subsp. maritima (C.V. Morton) C.V. Morton." Sustainable Agriculture Research 3, no. 2 (March 31, 2014): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v3n2p77.
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<p>Selection of salt spray tolerant plants with good physical appearance is of concern to ornamental growers in coastal communities. <em>Commelina erecta</em> subsp. <em>maritima</em> (C.V. Morton) C.V. Morton is a seashore plant that is widely distributed along the coast of West Africa. Therefore, the effect of salt spray was examined on the plant in a greenhouse experiment to determine its responses to various levels of air-borne salinity and to have an insight in the ecophysiological adaptations underlying these responses. It was also aimed to determine if varying levels of salt spray differentially damaged the plant. Filtered seawater was used to spray potted plants at: two sprays per week (2SS), four sprays per week (4SS) or six sprays per week (6SS) while in the control treatment (CSS), plants were sprayed with deionized water. Plants sprayed with seawater did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) in percentage necrotic leaf area compared to the control. All the plants survived but growth was inhibited by salt spray. Salt spray caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in leaf size and total chlorophyll content. Salt was accumulated in the shoot of salt-sprayed plants which led to ion toxicity. Salt sprays led to reduction in amount of essential nutrients in plant parts. <em>C</em>.<em> </em><em>erecta </em>subsp. <em>maritima</em> adjusted osmotically to salt stress and increased stem succulence for ion dilution. The growth of the plant was negatively affected by salt sprays but it showed no significant necrotic damage, hence it is suitable for use as a landscaping plant in coastal beaches.</p>
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Acosta-Motos, Jose, Maria Ortuño, Agustina Bernal-Vicente, Pedro Diaz-Vivancos, Maria Sanchez-Blanco, and Jose Hernandez. "Plant Responses to Salt Stress: Adaptive Mechanisms." Agronomy 7, no. 1 (February 23, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy7010018.
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This review deals with the adaptive mechanisms that plants can implement to cope with the challenge of salt stress. Plants tolerant to NaCl implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. These changes include increases in the root/canopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the leaf anatomy that ultimately lead to preventing leaf ion toxicity, thus maintaining the water status in order to limit water loss and protect the photosynthesis process. Furthermore, we deal with the effect of salt stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence and some of the mechanisms thought to protect the photosynthetic machinery, including the xanthophyll cycle, photorespiration pathway, and water-water cycle. Finally, we also provide an updated discussion on salt-induced oxidative stress at the subcellular level and its effect on the antioxidant machinery in both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive plants. The aim is to extend our understanding of how salinity may affect the physiological characteristics of plants.
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Fujita, Kounosuke, Junki Ito, Pravat K. Mohapatra, Hirofumi Saneoka, Kei Lee, Heilil Kurban, Kouji Kawai, and Katsumi Ohkura. "Circadian rhythm of stem and fruit diameter dynamics of Japanesepersimmon (Diospyrus kaki Thunb.) is affected by deficiency of water in saline environments." Functional Plant Biology 30, no. 7 (2003): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp03020.
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Early diagnosis of water deficiency is essential to mitigate salt stress injury in plants. The effects of salt stress during the fruit growth stage on stem and fruit diameters of Japanese persimmon trees (Diospyrus kaki Thunb.) were measured by a micromorphometric technique under greenhouse conditions. This technique is less cumbersome and more precise in comparison to measurement of water potential in a small pressure chamber. The effect of stress was measured on photosynthetic rate, pre-dawn water potential, stomatal conductance, transpiration and Na+ and K+ contents of the stem and leaves. Salt stress was imposed by irrigating the plants with NaCl solution. Stem and fruit diameters of the plants given the control treatment started to decrease around 0600 h and reached a minimum at 1400 h. Salt stress did not change the diurnal pattern of response in stem and fruit diameter dynamics, but decreased the amplitude of the circadian rhythm by influencing both declining and recovery phases. The effect of salt stress on stem diameter appeared after 1 d of treatment, and on the third day in the fruit. Salt stress also reduced water potential, photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal conductance, and increased concentrations of Na and K in the plant parts. Most of these effects were expressed after a lag period of 5 d of salt application. Utilization of micromorphometric techniques for early diagnosis of water deficiency in salt-prone environments is recommended based on results of this study.
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Zhang, Geng, Yuanhua Wang, Kai Wu, Qing Zhang, Yingna Feng, Yu Miao, and Zhiming Yan. "Exogenous Application of Chitosan Alleviate Salinity Stress in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)." Horticulturae 7, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7100342.
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Soil salinity is one of the major factors that affect plant growth and decrease agricultural productivity worldwide. Chitosan (CTS) has been shown to promote plant growth and increase the abiotic stress tolerance of plants. However, it still remains unknown whether the application of exogenous CTS can mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on lettuce plants. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of foliar application of exogenous CTS to lettuce plants grown under 100 mM NaCl saline conditions. The results showed that exogenous CTS increased the lettuce total leaf area, shoot fresh weight, and shoot and root dry weight, increased leaf chlorophyll a, proline, and soluble sugar contents, enhanced peroxidase and catalase activities, and alleviated membrane lipid peroxidation, in comparison with untreated plants, in response to salt stress. Furthermore, the application of exogenous CTS increased the accumulation of K+ in lettuce but showed no significant effect on the K+/Na+ ratio, as compared with that of plants treated with NaCl alone. These results suggested that exogenous CTS might mitigate the adverse effects of salt stress on plant growth and biomass by modulating the intracellular ion concentration, controlling osmotic adjustment, and increasing antioxidant enzymatic activity in lettuce leaves.
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Koleška, Ivana, Dino Hasanagić, Rodoljub Oljača, Vida Todorović, Borut Bosančić, and Senad Murtić. "The Effect of Grafting on Calcium Influx in Tomato Fruits under Salt Stress Conditions." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 20, no. 2 (November 5, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1902065k.
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Two commercial tomato cultivars were used to determine whether grafting could prevent decrease of Ca2+ concentration under salt stress conditions. The cultivars Buran F1 and Berberana F1 were grafted onto rootstock "Maxifort" and grown under three levels of the elevated soil salinity (S1 EC 3.80 dS m-1, S2 6.95 dS m-1 and S3 9.12 dS m-1). Ca2+ concentration of non-grafted plants of both examined hybrids was lower at all salinity levels in comparison to the control. In the fruits of grafted plants salt stress significantly decreased Ca2+ concentration only at the third salinity level (EC 9.12 dS m-1). The possibility of grafting tomato plants to improve influx of Ca2+ under salt stress conditions is discussed.
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Cappellari, Lorena del Rosario, Julieta Chiappero, Tamara Belén Palermo, Walter Giordano, and Erika Banchio. "Volatile Organic Compounds from Rhizobacteria Increase the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites and Improve the Antioxidant Status in Mentha piperita L. Grown under Salt Stress." Agronomy 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081094.
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Salinity is a major abiotic stress factor that affects crops and has an adverse effect on plant growth. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) play a significant role in microorganism–plant interactions. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) emitted by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GB03 on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and the antioxidant status in Mentha piperita L. grown under 0, 75 and 100 mM NaCl. Seedlings were exposed to mVOCs, avoiding physical contact with the bacteria, and an increase in NaCl levels produced a reduction in essential oil (EO) yield. Nevertheless, these undesirable effects were mitigated in seedlings treated with mVOCs, resulting in an approximately a six-fold increase with respect to plants not exposed to mVOCs, regardless of the severity of the salt stress. The main components of the EOs, menthone, menthol, and pulegone, showed the same tendency. Total phenolic compound (TPC) levels increased in salt-stressed plants but were higher in those exposed to mVOCs than in stressed plants without mVOC exposure. To evaluate the effect of mVOCs on the antioxidant status from salt-stressed plants, the membrane lipid peroxidation was analyzed. Peppermint seedlings cultivated under salt stress and treated with mVOC showed a reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, which is considered to be an indicator of lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, and had an increased antioxidant capacity in terms of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl−1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity in relation to plants cultivated under salt stress but not treated with mVOCs. These results are important as they demonstrate the potential of mVOCs to diminish the adverse effects of salt stress.
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Sekmen Cetinel, Askim Hediye, Azime Gokce, Erhan Erdik, Barbaros Cetinel, and Nedim Cetinkaya. "The Effect of Trichoderma citrinoviride Treatment under Salinity Combined to Rhizoctonia solani Infection in Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081589.
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Trihoderma citrinoviride protects plants from diseases by functioning as antagonists of many pathogenic fungi or by triggering the antioxidant defense system in plants. In the present study, to uncover the possible alleviative role of Trichoderma against salinity and Rhizoctonia solani infection, strawberry plants were pretreated Trichoderma citrinoviride and then subjected to salinity, R. solani and combined salinity and R. solani. The effect of T. citrinoviride on the alleviation of the effects of salt stress and Rhizoctonia solani infection was investigated by analysing leaf dry weight, PSII efficiency, and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes in the leaves of strawberry plants. T. citrinoviride improved competitive capability against salinity and R. solani infection. It showed 79% inhibition of the growth of pathogen R. solani. T. citrinoviride reduced 63% of the severity of disease in the leaves. Trichoderma pretreatment maximized plant dry weight. The T. citrinoviride-pretreated plants showed higher levels of PSII efficiency (Fv/Fm). Decreased lipid peroxidation and H2O2 accumulation compared to untreated seedlings under salt stress and R. solani infection was observed. Trichoderma-pretreated and –untreated plants respond differently to salt stress and R. solani infection by means of antioxidant defense. As compared to untreated seedlings, treated seedlings showed significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), cell wall peroxidase (CWPOX) under salt stress and R. solani infection, indicating that treated seedlings might sense lower stress as compared to untreated seedlings. The study reports the effective adaptive strategy and potential of T. citrinoviride in alleviating the negative impact of salt stress and R. solani infection in strawberry.
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Matei, Andreea Natalia, Mohamad Al Hassan, Monica Boscaiu, Valeriu Alexiu, and Oscar Vicente. "Responses to Drought and Salinity in the Endangered Species Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 73, no. 2 (November 30, 2016): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:12286.
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The negative effects of environmental stress factors on plant distribution and survival are increasing due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. We have analysed some responses to abiotic stress in Ligularia sibirica, a postglacial relict that is critically endangered in Europe. L. sibirica seedlings were subjected to water or salt stress treatments in the greenhouse. After the treatments, plant material was harvested and several growth parameters were measured; leaf contents of common osmolytes, the degree of oxidative stress affecting the plants and the level of antioxidant phenolic compounds were also determined. Both, drought and, especially, salt stress had a negative effect on the growth of L. sibirica plants. Treated plants showed an increase in proline (Pro) and total soluble sugars (TSS) levels, stronger under salt stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidative stress biomarker) contents almost doubled, and antioxidant phenolics increased significantly in salt-stressed, but not in water-stressed plants. Pro accumulation can be used as a salt and drought stress biomarker in L. sibirica and, together with TSS, likely contributes to osmotic adjustment under stress. Increase of antioxidant phenolics appears to partly compensate the salt-induced generation of oxidative stress.
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Hamada, A., and A. Al-Hakimi. "Exogenous ascorbic acid or thiamine increases the resistance of sunflower and maize plants to salt stress." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.57.2009.3.8.
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Increasing NaCl levels retarded the net photosynthetic rate, biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments and membrane integrity of maize and sunflower seedlings; a serious effect was exhibited when NaCl was applied at high concentration. On the other hand, the K + efflux increased at increasing NaCl levels. In addition, the various salt levels induced considerable variations in the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. The vitamins applied were generally effective in partially or completely countering the inhibitory effects of salt stress on net photosynthetic rate, pigments biosynthesis and membrane integrity, exerting a stimulatory action on these parameters, especially in plants subjected to moderate and low salinity levels. The leakage of K + was reduced by the application of both ascorbic acid (AsA) and thiamine (B 1 ). Soaking the seeds of salt-stressed plants in AsA or B 1 had a favourable effect on the accumulation of certain ions and antagonized or ameliorated the inhibitory effect of salt stress.
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Stadnik, Barbara, Renata Tobiasz-Salach, and Marzena Mazurek. "Effect of Silicon on Oat Salinity Tolerance: Analysis of the Epigenetic and Physiological Response of Plants." Agriculture 13, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010081.
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Environmental conditions are the primary factor determining the growth and yield of plants. As a result of climate change, the negative impact of abiotic factors is intensifying. One of them is salt stress. Soil salinity is one of the major problems in agriculture in the world and affects many cultivar species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicon foliar application on the physiological and epigenetic reaction of oats (Avena sativa L.) under salt stress. The pot experiment was carried out in controlled conditions. Oat plants were subject to sodium chloride (NaCl) at a concentration of 200 mM and applied to the soil. Three concentrations of Optysil (200 g∙L−1 SiO2) were used for foliar fertilization. Measurements were made of the relative chlorophyll content in the leaves, the selected chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and the gas exchange parameters. In this study, methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms (MSAP) analysis was used to investigate the effect of Si application during salinity stress on the DNA methylation level in oat plants. The results of this study indicated that the exogenous application of silicon improved the tolerance of the oat plants to salinity. The doses of 0.1% and 0.2% Optysil had the greatest effect on alleviating the impact of salt stress on the oat plants. In this research, the epigenetic as well as the physiological response of plants to the applied experimental factors were analyzed, which is a broad coverage of the research topic on the effects of salinity and silicon on plants.
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Cenk PAŞA. "The response of some calendula cultivars (Calendula officinalis L.) to salt during the germination period." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 21, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.2.0450.
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Calendula officinalis L. is one of the important medicinal plants known as "Pot marigold" in the world and has become widespread in recent years due to its medicinal and economic importance. Salt stress is one of the important abiotic stress factors that limits crop productivity by affecting the growth of plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. These negative effects of salt stress, which affects growth and development by causing osmotic and ion stress in plants; It varies depending on the type of salt, the level and duration of the stress, the genotype of the plant exposed to the stress and the developmental stage. This research was carried out to determine the effects on some physiological parameters of calendula (Calendula officinalis) plant grown under different salt (NaCl) dose applications (control, 50, 100 and 150 mM). Parameters such as germination time, germination rate, root and stem length, root and stem length of calendula plant were investigated. As a result of the research; The effect of salt stress on the investigated parameters was found to be statistically significant. It was determined that increasing salt concentrations decreased germination rate, germination time, stem and root length.
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Hancı, Fatih, and Gizem Tuncer. "How Do Foliar Application of Melatonin and L-Tryptophan Affect Lettuce Growth Parameters Under Salt Stress?" Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 4 (April 27, 2020): 960–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i4.960-964.3224.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous Melatonin (100, 300 and 500 µM) and L-tryptophan (125, 250, 375 ppm) applications on some growth parameters of lettuce plants grown under salt stress. The study was carried out under semi-controlled greenhouse conditions in spring (March/April) season. The exogenous applications to lettuce plants were carried out two times as foliar spraying. Salt stress was generated by adding NaCl (0 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM) to irrigation water. The complete randomized design was used with three replications in this experiment. At the end of the study, it was found that the highest doses of exogenous applications had the highest effect on the parameters of the number of leaves, salinity necrosis, fresh leaf weight, fresh root weight, and total surface area of lettuce plants under 200 mM salinity condition. When the effects of the subtract on these values were compared, the effect of melatonin was found to be more pronounced. Leaf width, leaf length, and leaf surface temperature values were not affected by the external application. These values only changed depending on salt concentration. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the application of 500 µM melatonin significantly increased salt tolerance in lettuce plants. However, in order to reach a more general conclusion, the dose ranges and genotype/variety numbers should be increased.
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Nawaz, Khalid, Khalid Hussain, Ejaz Hussain Siddiqi, and Abdul Majeed. "Effect of Na2SO4 Salinity on Brinjal (Solanum melongena)." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2018.020329.
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Soluble salts are present in all soils and irrigation water, which are essential and required for normal plant development and growth. The design used for the experiment is CRD with three replicates with three different treatments of Na2SO4, was conducted to check the effect of salinity on plant growth. After 14 days interval it was observed that different replicates showed different morphological growth parameters due to application of Na2SO4. Results showed that replicates with maximum salt concentration i.e. that is 60 ppm Na2SO4 gave best growth which showed that maximum salt stress for Brinjal was good enough for growth and stress showed positive response on the plants with 60 ppm Na2SO4.normally salinity stress in excess is harmful for plant growth but our experimental observations showed that our Brinjal specie was salt tolerant. Plants bore the salt stress upto 60 ppm Na2SO4. It was examined that this tolerance limit was not harmful and not acted as stress on Brinjal spp. Infact it favored the plant growth. Discrepancies and inconsistencies can also exist there in some of information due to difference in environments, cultivars and experimental conditions.
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Sá, Francisco V. da S., Marcos E. B. Brito, Luderlândio de A. Silva, Rômulo C. L. Moreira, Emanoela P. de Paiva, and Lauter S. Souto. "Exogenous application of phytohormones mitigates the effect of salt stress on Carica papaya plants." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 24, no. 3 (March 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n3p170-175.
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ABSTRACT The salinity has complex effects on the physiological, nutritional and hormonal interactions of plants. This study aimed to evaluate the mitigating action of exogenous application of different types and concentrations of phytohormones on Carica papaya under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse, using a randomized block design with treatments formed from a 2 x 3 x 5 factorial scheme, relative to two concentrations of salts in the irrigation water (0.6 and 2.4 dS m-1), three types of phytohormones [Auxin = indole-3-acetic acid; Cytokinin = CPPU (N-(2-chloro-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea) and Gibberellin = gibberellic acid(AG3)], and five concentrations of the phytohormone (0, 12.5, 25.0, 37.5 and 50.0 µM L-1), with three repetitions, totaling 90 plots, and the experimental unit consisted of six plants. C. papaya cv. ‘Sunrise Solo’ was grown on polyethylene trays of 162 cells, with capacity for 50 mL. The plants were evaluated for survival percentage and phytomass accumulation until 25 days after sowing. Increase in irrigation water salinity has deleterious effects on C. papaya plants regardless of the application of phytohormones. Exogenous application of gibberellin has a positive effect in mitigating salt stress on C. papaya plants, greater than the effects of auxins and cytokinins. Exogenous application of gibberellin and auxin at concentration of 37.5 µM L-1 mitigates the effects of salinity on C. papaya plants. Exogenous application of cytokinin at concentrations of 12.5 to 50.0 µM L-1 is not viable for C. papaya plants.
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Carillo, Petronia, Gabriella Mastrolonardo, Francesco Nacca, and Amodio Fuggi. "Nitrate reductase in durum wheat seedlings as affected by nitrate nutrition and salinity." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 3 (2005): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04184.
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The combined effects of nitrate (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mm) and salt (0, 100 mm NaCl) on nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat seedlings were investigated by analysis of nitrate reductase (NR) expression and activity, and metabolite content. High salinity (100 mm NaCl) reduced shoot growth more than root growth. The effect was independent of nitrate concentration. NR mRNA was present at a low level in both leaves and roots of plants grown in a nitrogen-free medium. NaCl increased NR mRNA at low nitrate, suggesting that chloride can mimic nitrate as a signal molecule to induce transcription in both roots and leaves. However, the level of NR protein remained low in salt-stressed plants, indicating an inhibitory effect of salt on translation of NR mRNA or an increase in protein degradation. The lower activity of nitrate reductase in leaves of high-nitrate treated plants under salinity suggested a restriction of NO3– transport to the shoot under salinity. Salt treatment promoted photorespiration, inhibiting carbohydrate accumulation in plants grown on low nitrate media. Under salinity free amino acids, in particular proline and asparagine, and glycine betaine could function as osmolytes to balance water potential within the cell, especially when nitrogen availability exceeded the need for growth.
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Matoh, Tōru, Patcharaporn Kairusmee, and Eiichi Takahashi. "Salt-Induced Damage to Rice Plants and Alleviation Effect of Silicate." Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 32, no. 2 (June 1986): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380768.1986.10557506.
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王, 晗. "Effect of Salt Stress on Seed Germination of Eight Woody Plants." Botanical Research 09, no. 03 (2020): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/br.2020.93018.
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Arshad, Muhammad, Muhammad Kaleem Ullah, Asad Iqbal, Muhammad Usman Tariq, and Ahmad Waqas. "Effect of Saline Water Irrigation and Dilution of Salts on Water Management Water in Green Pepper." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 4 (December 16, 2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol4iss4pp15-22.
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Irrigation has an important role in food production worldwide by increasing crop quality and production. As such, the use of fresh water for agricultural or vegetable products is declining in quantity and quality over the coming decades. A major factor in brine water is abiotic stress, which disrupts efficiency and is one of the major sources of significant crop loss worldwide. The vegetable is the most commonly cultivated vegetable crop in Pakistan, which has wide economic potential, but its productivity and quality, diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and insect pests or stresses include cold, heat, salinity, drought, and mild stress. The main objective of this research is to observe the effect of saltwater irrigation on green paper. Assessment of various salt-water regimes in terms of their impact on plant growth. Detection of salinity levels and salt-water regimes. The research was conducted at the Water Management Research Center Agricultural University, Faisalabad. Experimental Station of the Water Management Research Center in the Punjab (Pakistan) Province during the spring and summer of 2019. The results of this study confirm the utility of salt variation in pepper plants. Plants were classified as salt-tolerant and sensitive based on the parameters studied. NaCl nutrient solutions of less than 2 (g) have been shown to tolerate excess salt in all plants, and other plants have proven to be highly salt-sensitive at all salinity levels. Salinity is the major stressor in all of these stresses due to the lack of drainage water or groundwater used for sewage for irrigation. For every part of the salinity level beyond its limit, the yield of pepper decreases by 14%.
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Abdelnour, Sameh A., Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Ahmed E. Noreldin, Gaber Elsaber Batiha, Amani Magdy Beshbishy, Husein Ohran, Asmaa F. Khafaga, Sarah I. Othman, Ahmed A. Allam, and Ayman A. Swelum. "High Salt Diet Affects the Reproductive Health in Animals: An Overview." Animals 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040590.
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Salinity is a reliable issue of crop productivity loss in the world and in certain tropical and subtropical zones. However, tremendous progress in the genetic improvement of plants for salinity tolerance has been made over several decades. In light of this, halophytic plants can be used as animal feeds and have promising features because they are a good feed resource. However, the main constraint of saline pasture systems is the extreme concentration of NaCl salt in drinking water and forage plants for grazing animals. Ecological reports revealed that excess diet salt causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Animal fed halophytic forages may have adverse effects on growth performance and reproductive function in males and females due to inducing reductions in hormone regulation, such as testosterone, FSH, LH, and leptin. It was indicated that high salt intake promotes circulating inflammatory factors in the placenta and is associated with adversative effects on pregnancy. This review focuses on the scientific evidence related to the effect of high salt intake on growth performance, spermatogenesis, sperm function, and testicular morphology changes in male animals. In addition, the review will also focus on its effect on some female reproductive features (e.g., ovarian follicle developments, placental indices, and granulosa cell function).
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E. Y Henry, Eunice, Eliane Kinsou, Armel C. G. Mensah, Françoise Assogba Komlan, and Christophe Bernard Gandonou. "Réponse des plantes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivées sous stress salin à une application exogène de calcium et de potassium." Journal of Applied Biosciences 159 (March 31, 2021): 16363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.159.1.
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Objectifs : Le stress salin constitue un des stress environnementaux majeurs qui agit négativement sur la croissance des plantes. L’effet positif d’une application exogène de calcium et de potassium a été déterminé sur la croissance des plants de tomate soumis à la salinité. Méthodologie et résultats : Les plants de trois cultivars de tomate ont été exposés à six traitements comprenant le témoin sans NaCl ; 120 mM de NaCl et une combinaison entre 120 mM de NaCl et un apport de 40 mM de CaSO4 ; CaCl2 ; KNO3 ou K2SO4. La croissance des plantes a été déterminée après quinze jours d’exposition. L’application exogène de potassium n’a pas amélioré la croissance des plants stressés tandis que celle du calcium a atténué significativement les effets du NaCl sur les plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Aucun effet améliorateur n’a été observé chez les cultivars Tounvi et F1 Mongal. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Seule l’application exogène des deux formes de calcium a atténué les effets de la salinité sur la croissance des plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Le CaSO4 s’est révélé comme le meilleur composé pouvant atténuer les effets néfastes du sel chez la tomate, suivi par le CaCl2 notamment au niveau de la partie aérienne alors qu’au niveau de la partie racinaire, le CaCl2 a été plus efficace. Ainsi la réponse des plants de tomate cultivés sous stress salin à une application exogène de composés dépend non seulement du cultivar, de l’organe pris en compte mais aussi de la nature des composés apportés. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l’effet améliorateur du calcium. Le CaSO4 et CaCl2 seront utiles pour la gestion de la salinité dans les zones de production de tomate Akikon. Mots clés : tolérance à la salinité, tomate, potassium, calcium, biomasse fraîche, biomasse sèche. Henry et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Réponse des plantes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivées sous stress salin a une application exogène de calcium et de potassium 16364 Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plants cultivated under salt stress to exogenous application of calcium and potassium ABSTRACT Aims: Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that have a negative effect on plant growth. The ameliorative effect of exogenous application of calcium and potassium was determined on the growth of tomato plants subjected to salinity. Methodology and results: Plants of three tomato cultivars were exposed to six treatments including the control without NaCl; 120 mM NaCl and a combination of 120 mM NaCl and an input of 40 mM CaSO4; CaCl2; KNO3 or K2SO4. Plant growth was determined after 15 days of exposure. The exogenous application of potassium did not improve the growth of stressed plants while that of calcium significantly attenuated the effects of NaCl on plants of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. No ameliorative effect was observed in cultivars Tounvi and F1 Mongal. Conclusions and applications of the results: Only exogenous application of both forms of calcium attenuated the effects of salinity on plant growth of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. CaSO4 has proven to be the best compound that can mitigate the harmful effects of salt in tomatoes, followed by CaCl2 especially in the aerial part, while in the root part, CaCl2 has been more effective. Thus, the response of tomato plants grown under salt stress to an exogenous application of compounds depends not only on the cultivar and the organ taken into account, but also on the nature of the compounds used. Further studies are needed to determine the physiological mechanisms involved in the ameliorative effect of calcium. CaSO4 and CaCl2 will be useful for the management of salinity in Akikon tomato production areas. Keywords: tolerance to salinity, tomato, potassium, calcium, fresh biomass, dry biomass.
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E. Y Henry, Eunice, Eliane Kinsou, Armel C. G. Mensah, Françoise Assogba Komlan, and Christophe Bernard Gandonou. "Réponse des plantes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivées sous stress salin à une application exogène de calcium et de potassium." Journal of Applied Biosciences 159 (March 31, 2021): 16363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.159.1.
Full textAbstract:
Objectifs : Le stress salin constitue un des stress environnementaux majeurs qui agit négativement sur la croissance des plantes. L’effet positif d’une application exogène de calcium et de potassium a été déterminé sur la croissance des plants de tomate soumis à la salinité. Méthodologie et résultats : Les plants de trois cultivars de tomate ont été exposés à six traitements comprenant le témoin sans NaCl ; 120 mM de NaCl et une combinaison entre 120 mM de NaCl et un apport de 40 mM de CaSO4 ; CaCl2 ; KNO3 ou K2SO4. La croissance des plantes a été déterminée après quinze jours d’exposition. L’application exogène de potassium n’a pas amélioré la croissance des plants stressés tandis que celle du calcium a atténué significativement les effets du NaCl sur les plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Aucun effet améliorateur n’a été observé chez les cultivars Tounvi et F1 Mongal. Conclusion et applications des résultats : Seule l’application exogène des deux formes de calcium a atténué les effets de la salinité sur la croissance des plantes du cultivar sensible Akikon. Le CaSO4 s’est révélé comme le meilleur composé pouvant atténuer les effets néfastes du sel chez la tomate, suivi par le CaCl2 notamment au niveau de la partie aérienne alors qu’au niveau de la partie racinaire, le CaCl2 a été plus efficace. Ainsi la réponse des plants de tomate cultivés sous stress salin à une application exogène de composés dépend non seulement du cultivar, de l’organe pris en compte mais aussi de la nature des composés apportés. Des études complémentaires sont nécessaires pour déterminer les mécanismes physiologiques impliqués dans l’effet améliorateur du calcium. Le CaSO4 et CaCl2 seront utiles pour la gestion de la salinité dans les zones de production de tomate Akikon. Mots clés : tolérance à la salinité, tomate, potassium, calcium, biomasse fraîche, biomasse sèche. Henry et al., J. Appl. Biosci. 2021 Réponse des plantes de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivées sous stress salin a une application exogène de calcium et de potassium 16364 Response of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum mill.) plants cultivated under salt stress to exogenous application of calcium and potassium ABSTRACT Aims: Salt stress is one of the major environmental stresses that have a negative effect on plant growth. The ameliorative effect of exogenous application of calcium and potassium was determined on the growth of tomato plants subjected to salinity. Methodology and results: Plants of three tomato cultivars were exposed to six treatments including the control without NaCl; 120 mM NaCl and a combination of 120 mM NaCl and an input of 40 mM CaSO4; CaCl2; KNO3 or K2SO4. Plant growth was determined after 15 days of exposure. The exogenous application of potassium did not improve the growth of stressed plants while that of calcium significantly attenuated the effects of NaCl on plants of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. No ameliorative effect was observed in cultivars Tounvi and F1 Mongal. Conclusions and applications of the results: Only exogenous application of both forms of calcium attenuated the effects of salinity on plant growth of the susceptible cultivar Akikon. CaSO4 has proven to be the best compound that can mitigate the harmful effects of salt in tomatoes, followed by CaCl2 especially in the aerial part, while in the root part, CaCl2 has been more effective. Thus, the response of tomato plants grown under salt stress to an exogenous application of compounds depends not only on the cultivar and the organ taken into account, but also on the nature of the compounds used. Further studies are needed to determine the physiological mechanisms involved in the ameliorative effect of calcium. CaSO4 and CaCl2 will be useful for the management of salinity in Akikon tomato production areas. Keywords: tolerance to salinity, tomato, potassium, calcium, fresh biomass, dry biomass.
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Singer, Catherine K., and Chris A. Martin. "Effect of Landscape Mulches and Drip Irrigation on Transplant Establishment and Growth of Three North American Desert Native Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.3.166.
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Abstract A two-year experiment was conducted to determine growth responses of three North American desert native plants, brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), four wing salt bush (Atriplex canescens), and Santa Rita prickly pear cactus (Opuntia santa rita) to four landscape mulch treatments (shredded landscape tree trimmings, composted ponderosa pine residue, decomposing granite, or a no mulch control). In addition, brittle bush and four wing salt bush plants were drip irrigated with either 1275 liters (337 gal) or 2550 liters (674 gal) of water-plant−1year−1. Santa Rita prickly pear cacti were not irrigated. Transplant survivability of brittle bush was differentially affected by mulch treatment. In contrast, mulch treatments had no impact on survivability of four wing salt bush or Santa Rita prickly pear. Mulch treatments also had no effect on growth indices of all plants. Compared to the no mulch control treatment, shredded tree trimming mulch increased relative water content of Santa Rita prickly pear padded stems. Shoot dry weights were greatest for non-irrigated four wing salt bush and brittle bush. These findings suggest that supplemental drip irrigation and inorganic mulches might not be needed to grow some North American desert plants in southwest urban landscapes.
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Biswas, Shreyasee, Monika Koul, and Ashok Kumar Bhatnagar. "Effect of Salt, Drought and Metal Stress on Essential Oil Yield and Quality in Plants." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 10 (October 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601036.
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Essential oil extracted from plants is of high commercial value in medicine, cosmetics and perfumery. Enhancing yield and maintaining the quality of oil is of significant commercial importance. Production of oil in plants is dependent on various biotic and abiotic factors to which the plants are subjected during their growth. Plants are exposed to various degrees of stress on account of natural and human-induced factors. Salinization, drought and presence of heavy metals in the substratum cause substantial effect on the yield and quality of bioactive constituents in the oil. In many plants, the level and kind of stress have detrimental effects on the growth and development. This review provides an account of the studies on some common abiotic stresses to which essential oil plants are exposed during their growth period and their influence on quality and quantity of oil. The yield and quality vary in different plants and so is the response. Enhancing essential oil productivity is an important challenge, and understanding the role played by stress may offer significant advantages to the essential oil farmers and processing industry. Scientific evaluation of the data on many important but unexplored essential oil plants will also help in mitigating, ameliorating and minimizing the harmful effects caused by stress.
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JALAL, Rewaa S., and Aala A. ABULFARAJ. "Exogenous application of agmatine improves water stress and salinity stress tolerance in turnip (Brassica rapa L.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 50, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 12601. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha50112601.
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This study was carried out to determine the consequence of foliar application of agmatine (0 and 0.5 mM), on growth, physiological and biochemical traits, and yield of turnip (Brassica rapa L.) plants grown under water stress or salt stress conditions. The effect of three irrigation regimes (100%, 80% and 40% of field capacity) and three salt concentrations (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) on turnip plants grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were studied. Water deficit developed at 40% Field capacity (FC) and salinity stress, especially at 200 mM, resulted in significant decreases in all growth parameters when compared to control plants (100% FC) including root length and diameter as well as shoot weights per plant. Water stress and high salt stress negatively affected most physiological and biochemical characteristics such as total chlorophyll, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate. Water use efficiency (WUE) increased under 80% FC or 100 mM NaCl. Antioxidant enzymes activity, catalase and peroxidase and glutathione reductase, increased with water stress and salt stress. Foliar application of agmatine seemed to alleviate the adverse effects of water stress and salt stress on turnip. Alleviating harmful effects of salt stress and enhancing water stress tolerance by agmatine was associated with improving leaf gas exchange, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile.