Journal articles on the topic 'Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on'
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1
Kapadia, Chintan, R. Z. Sayyed, Hesham Ali El Enshasy, Harihar Vaidya, Deepshika Sharma, Nafisa Patel, Roslinda Abd Malek, et al. "Halotolerant Microbial Consortia for Sustainable Mitigation of Salinity Stress, Growth Promotion, and Mineral Uptake in Tomato Plants and Soil Nutrient Enrichment." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158369.
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Salinity significantly impacts the growth, development, and reproductive biology of various crops such as vegetables. The cultivable area is reduced due to the accumulation of salts and chemicals currently in use and is not amenable to a large extent to avoid such abiotic stress factors. The addition of microbes enriches the soil without any adverse effects. The effects of microbial consortia comprising Bacillus sp., Delftia sp., Enterobacter sp., Achromobacter sp., was evaluated on the growth and mineral uptake in tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under salt stress and normal soil conditions. Salinity treatments comprising Ec 0, 2, 5, and 8 dS/m were established by mixing soil with seawater until the desired Ec was achieved. The seedlings were transplanted in the pots of the respective pH and were inoculated with microbial consortia. After sufficient growth, these seedlings were transplanted in soil seedling trays. The measurement of soil minerals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, and pH and the Ec were evaluated and compared with the control 0 days, 15 days, and 35 days after inoculation. The results were found to be non-significant for the soil parameters. In the uninoculated seedlings’ (control) seedling trays, salt treatment significantly affected leaf, shoot, root dry weight, shoot height, number of secondary roots, chlorophyll, and mineral contents. While bacterized seedlings sown under saline soil significantly increased leaf (105.17%), shoot (105.62%), root (109.06%) dry weight, leaf number (75.68%), shoot length (92.95%), root length (146.14%), secondary roots (91.23%), and chlorophyll content (−61.49%) as compared to the control (without consortia). The Na and K intake were higher even in the presence of the microbes, but the beneficial effect of the microbe helps plants sustain in the saline environment. The inoculation of microbial consortia produced more secondary roots, which accumulate more minerals and transport substances to the different parts of the plant; thus, it produced higher biomass and growth. Results of the present study revealed that the treatment with microbial consortia could alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and improve the growth of tomato plants under salinity stress. Microbial consortia appear to be the best alternative and cost-effective and sustainable approach for managing soil salinity and improving plant growth under salt stress conditions.
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Tchakounté, Gylaine Vanissa Tchuisseu, Beatrice Berger, Sascha Patz, Matthias Becker, Henri Fankem, Victor Désiré Taffouo, and Silke Ruppel. "Selected Rhizosphere Bacteria Help Tomato Plants Cope with Combined Phosphorus and Salt Stresses." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111844.
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Plants are often challenged by multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously. The inoculation of beneficial bacteria is known to enhance plant growth under these stresses, such as phosphorus starvation or salt stress. Here, for the first time, we assessed the efficiency of selected beneficial bacterial strains in improving tomato plant growth to better cope with double stresses in salty and P-deficient soil conditions. Six strains of Arthrobacter and Bacillus with different reservoirs of plant growth-promoting traits were tested in vitro for their abilities to tolerate 2–16% (w/v) NaCl concentrations, and shown to retain their motility and phosphate-solubilizing capacity under salt stress conditions. Whether these selected bacteria promote tomato plant growth under combined P and salt stresses was investigated in greenhouse experiments. Bacterial isolates from Cameroonian soils mobilized P from different phosphate sources in shaking culture under both non-saline and saline conditions. They also enhanced plant growth in P-deficient and salt-affected soils by 47–115%, and their PGP effect was even increased in higher salt stress conditions. The results provide valuable information for prospective production of effective bio-fertilizers based on the combined application of local rock phosphate and halotolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. This constitutes a promising strategy to improve plant growth in P-deficient and salt-affected soils.
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Zacepina, I. "Salinity resistance of pear and quince forms." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-6-89-94.
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Salt resistance of plants is the ability of agricultural plants to grow on saline soils. In the late XIX - early XX centuries, there was a believe that a large number of soils are characterized by an excessive salt content. It can have a harmful and even destructive effect on the plant organism. In addition, Inept irrigation often leads to salinization. The harmful effect of high salts concentration can also be a result of essentially high doses of mineral fertilizers. The article presents the study results on the significant differences in the salt resistance level of the initial forms of pear and quince in laboratory conditions. To determine the salt resistance, we took leaves and then placed them into a 0.6 % sodium chloride solution. Distilled water was used as a control.
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Nawaz, Khalid, Khalid Hussain, Ejaz Hussain Siddiqi, and Abdul Majeed. "Effect of Na2SO4 Salinity on Brinjal (Solanum melongena)." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2018.020329.
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Soluble salts are present in all soils and irrigation water, which are essential and required for normal plant development and growth. The design used for the experiment is CRD with three replicates with three different treatments of Na2SO4, was conducted to check the effect of salinity on plant growth. After 14 days interval it was observed that different replicates showed different morphological growth parameters due to application of Na2SO4. Results showed that replicates with maximum salt concentration i.e. that is 60 ppm Na2SO4 gave best growth which showed that maximum salt stress for Brinjal was good enough for growth and stress showed positive response on the plants with 60 ppm Na2SO4.normally salinity stress in excess is harmful for plant growth but our experimental observations showed that our Brinjal specie was salt tolerant. Plants bore the salt stress upto 60 ppm Na2SO4. It was examined that this tolerance limit was not harmful and not acted as stress on Brinjal spp. Infact it favored the plant growth. Discrepancies and inconsistencies can also exist there in some of information due to difference in environments, cultivars and experimental conditions.
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LI, XIAOYU, CHUNSHENG MU, JIXIANG LIN, YING WANG, and XIUJUN LI. "EFFECT OF ALKALINE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM SALTS ON GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, IONS ABSORPTION AND SOLUTES SYNTHESIS OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 1 (September 9, 2013): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000458.
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SUMMARYPotassium (K) is an essential nutrient and abundant cation in plant cells. The application of K+ could alleviate abiotic stress. However, it was reported that the alleviation of K+ on salt-stressed plants only happened when K+ concentration was low. Most studies were focused on effects of sodium salts on plants in salty soils, and little information was reported about potassium salts, especially a higher level of potassium in alkaline salts. To explore the effects of K+ in alkaline salts on plant growth, and whether it had a same destructive impact as Na+, we mixed two alkaline sodium salts (ASS) (NaHCO3:Na2CO3 = 9:1) and two alkaline potassium salts (APS) (KHCO3:K2CO3 = 9:1) to treat 10-day-old wheat seedlings. Effects of ASS and APS on growth, photosynthesis, ions absorption and solutes accumulation were compared. Results indicated that effects of potassium salts in soil on plants growth were related to K+ concentration. Both growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings decreased, and the reduction was higher in APS treatment than in ASS treatment at 40 mM alkalinity. ASS treatment absorbed Na+, competing with K+ and free Ca2+, and inhibited the absorption of inorganic anions. APS treatments accumulated K+ and reduced the absorption of anions, with no competition with other cations. Both APS and ASS treatments promoted free Mg2+ accumulation and inhibited H2PO4−uptake. The reduction of H2PO4− promoted organic acid synthesis indirectly. Soluble sugar and proline accumulation were also related to the alkaline condition and extra K+ addition. In conclusion, excess potassium ions in soil, especially in alkaline soils, were harmful to plants. APS was another severe salt stress, intensity of which was higher than ASS. The growth and physiological response mechanisms of wheat seedlings to APS were similar to ASS. Both inorganic ions and organic solutes took part in the osmotic adjustment. Differences for APS depended on K+, but ASS on Na+.
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Tobe, Kazuo, Xiaoming Li, and Kenji Omasa. "Effects of five different salts on seed germination and seedling growth of Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae)." Seed Science Research 14, no. 4 (December 2004): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004188.
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Saline soils contain multiple types of salt, each of which may exert a different effect on seed germination and seedling growth of plants. The effects of five types of salt on the initial growth of Haloxylon ammodendron, a shrub found on both saline and non-saline areas in deserts of China, were investigated. Seeds were incubated at 20°;C in the dark in a solution (0 to –5.1 MPa) of a salt (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4 or MgSO4) or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000, or in a salt (NaCl or MgCl2) or PEG solution containing a low concentration of CaCl2. Seed germination, seedling growth and cation (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+) contents of seedlings were examined. Each salt had a different effect on seed germination, seedling growth and influx and outflux of cations in the seedlings. In both NaCl and MgCl2 treatments, the addition of low concentrations of CaCl2 favoured seed germination and seedling growth, and reduced K+ outflux from seedlings, but caused no appreciable decrease in the influx of Na+ or Mg2+ into seedlings. Marked abnormalities in seedlings were found only in treatments with Mg2+ salts, but these effects were completely alleviated by a low concentration of Ca2+ (Ca2+/Mg2+ = 0.012). The different responses of the initial growth in H. ammodendron to different isotonic salt solutions were attributed to differences among salt components in membrane permeability, toxicity and effects on functions of the plasma membrane and/or the cell wall.
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Boman, Brian J., Mongi Zekri, and Ed Stover. "Managing Salinity in Citrus." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0108.
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Although citrus (Citrus spp.) is sensitive to salinity, acceptable production can be achieved with moderate salinity levels, depending on the climate, scion cultivar, rootstock, and irrigation-fertilizer management. Irrigation scheduling is a key factor in managing salinity in areas with salinity problems. Increasing irrigation frequency and applying water in excess of the crop water requirement are recommended to leach the salts and minimize the salt concentration in the root zone. Overhead sprinkler irrigation should be avoided when using water containing high levels of salts because salt residues can accumulate on the foliage and cause serious injury. Much of the leaf and trunk damage associated with direct foliar uptake of salts can be reduced by using microirrigation systems. Frequent fertilization using low rates is recommended through fertigation or broadcast application of dry fertilizers. Nutrient sources should have a relatively low salt index and not contain chloride (Cl) or sodium (Na). In areas where Na accumulates in soils, application of calcium (Ca) sources (e.g., gypsum) has been found to reduce the deleterious effect of Na and improve plant growth under saline conditions. Adapting plants to saline environments and increasing salt tolerance through breeding and genetic manipulation is another important method for managing salinity.
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Zhang, Ying, Fa Yun Li, Ting Ting Sun, and Jin Long Wang. "Effect of Deicing Salts on Urban Soils and the Health of Roadside Pines (Pinus tabulaeformis) in Northeast China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.353.
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Accumulation of high concentrations of Na and Cl ions in soils is one factor that hampers plant establishment along roadsides in regions where deicing salts are used to improve winter driving conditions. However, there is little information on the accumulation of deicing salts in roadside soil as well as on the phytotoxic impact of deicing salts on pines in Northeast China. The accumulation of salt in soil and injuries on pine needles (Pinus tabulaeformis) were investigated in the urban areas of Shenyang city in 2011. The results showed that the use of deicing salts on roads leads to the high accumulation of sodium (352–513 mg•kg-1) and chloride (577–2,353 mg•kg-1) in urban roadside soil. High pH and EC values suggested that the alkaline status and high soluble salts in the soil. High accumulation of deicing salts in roadside soil has been shown to have a phytotoxic effect on pines (Pinus tabulaeformis). Concentrations of Na and Cl in leaves were higher in the roadside plants than the plants appearing healthy in control site. The accumulation of Na and Cl in the needles were present up to an average of 274 mg•kg-1 (24–672 mg•kg-1) and 3,681 mg•kg-1 (786–9,919 mg•kg-1), respectively. It is evident that the deicing salts spray has a significant effect on the accumulation of sodium and chloride in urban roadside soils and needles of Pinus tabulaeformis, as well as the occurrence of visible injuries.
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Kütük, C., G. Çaycı, and L. K. Heng. "Effects of increasing salinity and 15N-labelled urea levels on growth, N uptake, and water use efficiency of young tomato plants." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02006.
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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the response of tomato plants (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.) to salinity and to determine the interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen fertilisation on yield, nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), and root-zone salinity during early plant growth. Furthermore, the effects of salinity and N fertilisation were evaluated by measurement of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). Tomato plants were grown in pots filled with 8 kg (dry weight equivalent) of Krumbach sandy loam. Salinity treatments were imposed by irrigation water containing Na, Ca, and Mg salts and having electrical conductivity of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 dS/m at 25�C. 15N-labelled urea (10 atom % excess) was also applied at 0, 80, 160, and 240 mg N/kg soil. Increasing salinity reduced plant growth; fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots decreased significantly, except for the non-fertilised plants. The maximum growth reduction in shoots occurred due to salinity–N fertilisation relationships at 12 dS/m (59.4% reduction compared with 0 dS/m in 160 mg N/kg). Root growth was less affected than shoots. Vegetative growth and N content increased with increasing nitrogen treatment. However, salinity generally reduced N uptake by plants. Δ was negatively correlated with WUE at all salinity levels in young tomato plants. Similar correlations were also obtained between WUE and Δ at various N treatments; the result suggests that Δ is a useful tool for assessing stress conditions. Smaller Δ values were obtained when salinity or N level increased. Increasing N fertiliser increased WUE in plants, whereas increasing salinity increased WUE at 3 dS/m and decreased WUE to some extent at other salinity levels. Electrical conductivity of the root-zone increased due to increasing salinity and time, whereas pH decreased. It was concluded that the early stage of development was a salt sensitive period for tomato plants.
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Mukhamejanova, D., I. V. Axyonova, B. B. Ilyassova, and R. T. Omarov. "Effect of ion-exchange sorbents and fly ash on increasing the tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under salt stress." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2020-131-2-42-52.
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The sorbents’ ability to bind other substances has become one of the reasons for their active use for filtration and purification of industrial liquids. In this paper, using a model system of barley, the protective effect of sorbents for removing excess toxic salts from the medium was studied. Under saline conditions in the presence of sorbents, plants of Hordeum vulgare L. showed normal growth and development, as well as moderate activity of aldehydeoxidase, catalase and superoxidismutase. It was assumed that ion-exchange sorbents block the flow of Na + into the cell by absorbing the ions of toxic salts from the medium with the release of an equivalent number of plant-safe ions. This mechanism causes the absence of a hypersensitive response in experimental samples and weak development of oxidative stress. Fly ash was used as ameliorant in saline conditions. Emerged barley samples also showed minimal inhibition in the accumulation of dry mass. It was found that fly ash can act as a promising ameliorant that improves the biological and chemical state of the degraded soils
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Hoshan, Muhsen N. "Review of Reclamation of salinity affected soils by leaching and their effect on soil properties and plant growth." Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 149–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.1.14.
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The irrigated soils in dry and semi-arid areas suffer from the problem of salt accumulation because of not using sufficient leaching water to remove the salts added with the irrigation water. Soil salinity contributes to a decrease in the growth and productivity of plants grown in those conditions, as well as affecting the physical, chemical and hydraulic properties of the soil. The reclamation process is a radical solution to the problem of salinization, and one of the most important basic ingredients for the success of the process of reclamation of saline soils is to determine the optimal amount of leaching water or what is called ( leaching Norm). Hence, the leaching process and the net movement of the leaching water are required to remove the salts to prevent them from concentrating in the root zone to the appropriate level for the plants' tolerance to ensure that it does not affect their growth and productivity. The concept of leaching a soil from salts and improving its physical and chemical properties depends on several factors, including the method of leaching, salinity, the amount of water added during the leaching process and the time period for leaching, as well as the properties of the soil and other factors. The salts present in the surface layer and their transfer with the movement of water to the depths and from there to the places of puncture, they also indicated that the increase in the leaching periods with low salinity of leaching water in the intermittent leaching method showed greater efficiency in using less quantities of water, in addition to that the increase in the leaching periods may increase From the speed of leaching salts from the soil, they also indicated that increasing the amount of water and leaching periods may contribute to reducing the salinity of the studied soil, especially in unsaturated soil conditions.
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Li, Xiaopeng, Scott X. Chang, and K. Francis Salifu. "Soil texture and layering effects on water and salt dynamics in the presence of a water table: a review." Environmental Reviews 22, no. 1 (March 2014): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2013-0035.
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Soil texture and its vertical spatial heterogeneity may greatly influence soil hydraulic properties and the distribution of water and solutes in the soil profile; therefore, they are of great importance for agricultural, environmental, and geo-engineering applications such as land reclamation and landfill construction. This paper reviews the following aspects on water and salt dynamics in the presence of a water table: (i) the effect of soil texture on the extent of upward movement of groundwater in homogenous soils and (ii) the impact of soil textural layering on water and salt dynamics. For a homogenous soil, the maximum height of capillary rise (hmax) or the evaporation characteristic length (ECL) is closely related to the soil texture. When the water table is deeper than hmax, water will evaporate at some depth below surface and salts will be retained below the evaporation front, causing the separation of water and salt. For layered soils, flow barriers (capillary and hydraulic barriers) can make the soil hold more water than a nonlayered one. A capillary barrier may work when a fine-textured layer overlies a coarse-textured layer during infiltration or a coarse-textured layer overlies a fine-textured layer during evaporation, and a hydraulic barrier may occur when a poorly permeable layer exists in the soil profile. The extra water held by flow barriers may improve water availability to plants and may at the same time increase salinization and other environmental risks. Under special conditions, such as in seasonally frozen soils with a shallow water table, there is an additional soil salinization incentive caused by freeze–thaw cycles. Above all, further research is needed to understand the complex effects of soil texture and layering on water and salt dynamics, especially in artificial soils such as reclaimed soils with contrasting properties.
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Belovolova, Alla, Natal’ya Gromova, Alexander Esaulko, Evgeniy Golosnoy, and Ylia Grechishkina. "Influence of saline soils and mineral fertilizers on the germination and formation of sunflower seeds." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 06016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016406016.
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The research was carried out with the aid of vegetation experiments and on saline soils in production crops of the Stavropol territory farms (Andropovsky, Mineralovodsky and Kochubeyevsky districts). The goal of the research was to identify patterns of germination and formation of sunflower seeds, depending on the influence of saline soils and the use of mineral fertilizers. It was found that sunflower seeds germinate at fairly high concentrations of soil salts. In vegetation experiments, where saline soil containing 1.14% and 1.71% of chloride- sulfate salts was used, the number of sprouted seeds was 96.0% and 89.3% of the unsalted background, respectively, 14 days after sowing. The salinization type has a various impact on seed germination. A greater reduction in their germination was observed during sulfate-chloride salinization. The predominance of sulfates in the salt composition up to 0.4% did not have a negative effect on seed germination, while the predominance of chlorides reduced their germination, starting from 0.2%. If the difference between the two types of salinization at 0.4% was only 2%, then at 1.4% it reached 18%, which indicates an increase in the toxic effects of chlorides as their concentrations increase. In the process of growing plants, soil salts affect plants directly through the root system.
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Ju, Jin-Hee, Ju-Young Park, and Yong-Han Yoon. "Influence of Different Types of Land Use on the Contents of Potentially Toxic Elements and De-icing Salts in Roadside Soils and Trees in Urban Areas." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 8985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12218985.
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In order to manage the urban environment and reduce pollution, it is essential to determine potentially toxic elements and de-icing salts in roadside soils and plants, which are major components of green infrastructure. A field study was conducted to elucidate the influence of land use on potentially toxic elements and de-icing salts in roadside soil and trees in urban areas. The effect of land use was determined in commercial, residential, industrial, and green areas of Cheongju city. The roadside soil and plant samples were collected from four different sites along a major roadway in the city. The chemical parameters determined were pH, electronic conductivity, potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, As, Pb, Ni), and de-icing salts (Na, Ca, Mg). The pH, electronic conductivity, potentially toxic elements (except copper), and de-icing salt values were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the land use. On the other hand, the potentially toxic element (except zinc and nickel) levels in roadside tree leaves (Ginkgo biloba) were not affected by the different land use, whereas the de-icing salt levels were significantly different (p < 0.05). The enrichment factor (EF) of potentially toxic elements was found to be lower than that of de-icing salts with the highest values of sodium in green areas and of magnesium in commercial areas. These results provide information on the implications of land use, including the surrounding area of influenced roadside soil and plant chemistry for the urban ecosystem.
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Bin Yousaf, Muhammad Talha, Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz, Ghulam Yasin, Hefa Cheng, Irfan Ahmed, Sadaf Gul, Muhammad Rizwan, Abdur Rehim, Qi Xuebin, and Shafeeq Ur Rahman. "Determining the appropriate level of farmyard manure biochar application in saline soils for three selected farm tree species." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): e0265005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265005.
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Salinity is a global problem, and almost more than 20% of the total cultivated area of the world is affected by salt stress. Phytoremediation is one of the most suitable practices to combat salinity and recently biochar has showed the tremendous potential to alleviate salt-affected soils and enhance vegetation. Trees improve the soil characteristics by facilitating the leaching of salts and releasing organic acids in soil. Moreover, in the presence of trees, higher transpiration rates and lower evaporation rates are also helpful in ameliorating salt affected soils. This study was designed to check the effect of different levels of biochar on the morph-physiological characteristics of three important agroforestry tree species: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Vachellia nilotica, and Dalbergia sissoo, in saline soils. Farmyard manure biochar was applied at the rate of 3% (w/w), 6% (w/w), and 9% (w/w) to find appropriate levels of biochar for promoting the early-stage trees growth under saline conditions. Results of the current study revealed that maximum shoot length (104.77 cm), shoot dry weight (23.72 g), leaves dry weight (28.23 g), plant diameter (12.32 mm), root length (20.89 cm), root dry weight (18.90 g), photosynthetic rate (25.33 μ moles CO2 m-2s-1) and stomatal conductance (0.12 mol H2O m-2 s-1) were discovered in the plants of Eucalyptus camaldulensis at the rate of 6% (w/w). All tree species showed better results for growth and physiological characteristics when biochar was applied at the rate of 6% (w/w). In comparison, a decreasing trend in growth parameters was found in the excessive amount of biochar when the application rate was increased from 6% (w/w) to 9% (w/w) for all three species. So, applying an appropriate level of biochar is important for boosting plant growth in saline soils. Among different tree species, Vachellia nilotica and Eucalyptus camaldulensis both showed very promising results to remediate salt affected soils with Vachellia nilotica showing maximum potential to absorb sodium ions.
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ABDEL LATEF, Arafat A., Md HASANUZZAMAN, and Md TAHJIB-UL-ARIF. "Mitigation of salinity stress by exogenous application of cytokinin in faba bean (Vicia faba L.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 12192. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49112192.
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Soil salinity limits agricultural land use and crop productivity, thereby a major threat to global food safety. Plants treated with several phytohormones including cytokinins were recently proved as a powerful tool to enhance plant’s adaptation against various abiotic stresses. The current study was designed to investigate the potential role of 6-benzyladenine (BA) to improve broad bean (Vicia faba L.) salinity tolerance. The salt-stressed broad bean plantlets were classified into two groups, one of which was sprayed with water and another was sprayed with 200 ppm of BA. Foliar applications of BA to salt-exposed plants promoted the growth performance which was evidenced by enhanced root-shoot fresh and dry biomass. Reduced proline was strongly connected to the enhanced soluble proteins and free amino acids contents, protecting plant osmotic potential following BA treatment in salt-stressed broad bean. BA balanced entire mineral homeostasis and improved mineral absorption and translocation from roots to shoots, shoots to seeds and roots to seeds in salt-stressed plants. Excessive salt accumulation increased malondialdehyde level in leaves creating oxidative stress and disrupting cell membrane whereas BA supplementation reduced lipid peroxidation and improved oxidative defence. BA spray to salinity-stressed plants also compensated oxidative damage by boosting antioxidants defence mechanisms, as increased the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase. Moreover, clustering heatmap and principal component analysis revealed that mineral imbalances, osmotic impairments and increased oxidative damage were the major contributors to salts toxicity, on the contrary, BA-augmented mineral homeostasis and higher antioxidant capacity were the reliable markers for creating salinity stress tolerance in broad bean. In conclusion, the exogenous application of BA alleviated the antagonistic effect of salinity and possessed broad bean to positively regulate the osmoprotectants, ion homeostasis, antioxidant activity and finally plant growth and yield, perhaps suggesting these easily-accessible and eco-friendly organic compounds could be powerful tools for the management of broad bean growth as well as the development of plant resiliency in saline prone soils.
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Quist, Tanya M., C. Frank Williams, and M. L. Robinson. "Effects of Varying Water Quality on Growth and Appearance of Landscape Plants." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 17, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-17.2.88.
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Abstract Increasing demand for limited water supplies in populated arid regions over the next decade may require implementation of new water-use practices. Eliminating use of high-quality water for landscape irrigation by using low-quality water delivered through secondary systems is an ideal option for conserving potable water. However, irrigation of woody landscape plants using waters high in inorganic salts may adversely affect soil fertility, structure, plant growth and appearance. Twelve woody ornamentals commonly used in landscapes in Salt Lake County, Utah, were treated with three blends of Utah Lake and Provo River water to assess the quality of plants produced. Three irrigation treatments, designated high-, medium-, and low-quality water were blended to maintain sodium concentrations of 15, 80 and 120 mg/liter respectively. Soils irrigated with medium-and low-quality water developed significantly higher adjusted sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and salinity than soils irrigated with high quality water and the effect varied with time. Except for four species, medium-and low-quality water did not significantly lower scores for plant appearance. Results of this two-year study support development of secondary water systems and use of lower-quality water for landscape irrigation.
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Chandra, R., A. P. Tyagi, M. Bouraima-Saliou, V. Leon, and R. Pineau. "Effects of nickel salt concentrations on germination and development of Grevillea exul var. rubiginosa." South Pacific Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 27, no. 1 (2009): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sp09003.
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Endemic plant species have been considered as one of the best means of ecological restoration of exploited mine sites in New Caledonia. These plants have the adaptability characteristics that allow them to thrive on serpentine soils. This study has investigated the physiological effects of nickel concentrations at different developmental stages on Grevillea exul var. rubiginosa an endemic New Caledonian species. The first two stages of a plant life cycle germination and post germination under controlled conditions were studied. The experiment involved Petri dish germination and growth of seeds and seedlings respectively particularly root development and length in different salts of nickel (acetate, chloride and sulphate) with 0�500 ppm concentrations. Decrease in both studied parameters: germination rates and root lengths were observed with increasing concentrations of nickel solutions supplied to seeds. A minimum concentration of 5 ppm of nickel in the medium had a positive effect on germination rate as well as root length. Results suggest that it is the concentration of nickel used in the present investigation to test the germination rate and root elongation in Grevillea exul var. rubiginosa which are essential for experimental work in the field rather than the form (salt) of nickel. These results will be help-full in re-vegetation efforts of nickel mining sites in New Caledonia.
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Nuttall, J. G., R. D. Armstrong, and D. J. Connor. "Early growth of wheat is more sensitive to salinity than boron at levels encountered in alkaline soils of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 11 (2006): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04264.
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The early vegetative growth of 3 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Frame, BT Schomburgk and Schomburgk, was evaluated over a range of soil salinity and soluble boron (B) concentrations in pots. Additions of boric acid and mixed salts to a sandy clay soil produced extractable B levels of 2, 13, 24, 51 and 129 mg/kg and salinities (ECe) of 0.8, 8, 15, 23 and 29 dS/m. In both cases, the levels produced in the first 4 treatments corresponded well with those commonly observed in subsoils of the southern Mallee. Within the ranges tested, wheat cultivars had relatively greater tolerance to B toxicity than to salinity. Significant differences in tolerance also existed among the 3 cultivars for B, but not for mixed salts. For Frame, BT Schomburgk and Schomburgk, critical concentrations of soil soluble B were estimated at 53, 32 and 27 mg/kg, respectively, in the absence of salinity. For salinity tolerance, the 3 wheat cultivars could all tolerate an ECe up to about 9 dS/m equally well. In combination with B, salinity still dictated overall response in growth with the interactive effect of B being to increase sensitivity of plants at low levels of salt. Shoot B concentrations in Frame ranged from 15 to 947 mg/kg for increasing soil B treatments but these responses did not correlate well with growth reduction. Shoot Na contents ranged from 0.02 to 0.58%, but was not a reliable indicator of Na+ toxicity due to interactive effects of B: increasing B reduced Na+ uptake. Generally, differences in B tolerance among the cultivars highlighted the existence of genetic variation in adaptation of wheat to high levels of soil B; however, this does not appear to be the case for salt tolerance in wheat. Because high levels of B and salt usually co-exist in the field, plant tolerance to these limitations need to exist in combination.
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Hernández-Canseco, Jessie, Angélica Bautista-Cruz, Saúl Sánchez-Mendoza, Teodulfo Aquino-Bolaños, and Patricia S. Sánchez-Medina. "Plant Growth-Promoting Halobacteria and Their Ability to Protect Crops from Abiotic Stress: An Eco-Friendly Alternative for Saline Soils." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2022): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040804.
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Arid and semi-arid soils display low productivity due to abiotic stress associated with drought and salinity. Halobacteria can increase the yield of crops grown under these types of stress. These bacteria thrive across a wide salinity range (1–25% NaCl) and also in the absence of NaCl and have direct and indirect mechanisms that promote plant growth. This review summarizes studies conducted over the past five years that have assessed the effect of halobacteria on plants and soil fertility. The criteria used in the selection of halobacteria were also reviewed. Few studies have assessed the impact of halobacteria on soil fertility. The selection of halobacteria has been based on a qualitative criterion considering the morphology of colonies grown in media enriched with salts, mainly Na+. Not all bacteria growing in salt-enriched media are capable of capturing Na+ ions. Therefore, a quantitative criterion should be applied for the selection of halobacteria, which could be their ability to capture Na+ ions in vitro. This, together with the assessment of the effect of halobacteria on soil fertility, may largely contribute to the recovery of saline soils.
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Abdulmugheth, Omaima Mohammed, and Bushra Subair Abdulsada AL-Maliky. "Detection of Salinity Tolerance Pseudomonas Fluorescense Isolates and their Effect on Control Fusarium Wilt Disease Caused by Fusarium Oxysporum F. Sp. Lycopersici on Tomato." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.1.nq22324.
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This study was conducted to obtain salinity-tolerance Iraqi isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescence. Besides, test its salinity tolerance on PDA culture media and study its effect in the control of fusarium wilt disease on tomatoes caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Six isolates of bacteria were isolated from areas with soils showing symptoms of salinity, their potential for salinity tolerance was tested by three concentrations of NaCl (5, 10, and 15%). In addition to their antagonistic potential against the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici isolate (FO3) was also tested on a PDA medium. The isolates PO1 and PO2 were selected, which showed the potential to salinity tolerate at different concentrations of salt and the most growth-inhibiting of the pathogenic fungus F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. The two isolates were partially identified using the PCR technique, and the sequence was deposited in the NCBI global gene bank, they were given Accession No. (ON041212 and ON041213). The two isolates' effect in controlling fusarium wilt on tomato plants showed efficiency in reducing the rate and severity of wilt disease. Thus, the incidence reached (13.33-85.00%) and the disease severity (10.34-80.00%) respectively, compared to the control treatment (without pathogenic fungi), which showed the incidence and disease severity amounted to (90.00 - 93.33%). Moreover, the treatment of inducing resistance showed high effectiveness with significant differences among all treatments in reducing the incidence and disease severity amounted to (10.34 - 13.33%).
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Kryvenko, A., and S. Burykina. "Efficiency of forms and terms of zinc application in the winter wheat fields." Agrobìologìâ, no. 2(142) (December 22, 2018): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2018-142-2-25-33.
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To improve the technology of winter wheat cultivation it becomes more relevant to discuss the issue of enhancing crop microelement nutrition, which is very important when mineral fertilizers are applied at a higher rate than the one accepted in the zone. Chornozem (black) soils in general, and southern ones in particular, have a neutral or slight alkaline response, i.e. most of the microelements are slow movable and in fact are not available for the plants. The efficiency of the microelement application uppermost affected by the form they are in. Recent experiments prove that the most efficient form of microelement transportation to the plants is complex compounds of metals with organic ligands – chelates. The most common chelators are organic acids with carboxyl groups: ethylendiamintetraacetic (EDTA), diethylentryaminpentaacetic (DTPA), dihydroxybutylendiamintetraacetic (DBTA), ethylendiamindisuccinic (EDDA); phosphonic acids – oxyethylendendiphosphonic (OEDF) and nitryltrymethylenphosphonic (NTF). The research aims to study the effect of forms and ways of zinc application on the yield formation and grain quality of soft winter wheat on the southern chornozems (black soils). The experiments were carried out on southern chornozems, low-humus heavy loamy well-cultivated. The size of a sown plot is 120 m2, that of a record one is 50 m2, replication is fourfold. Fertilizers were applied in a form of ammonium nitrate, granulated superphosphate and potassium salt, and also superphosphate with zinc complexonate (0.75 %). Vegetative winter wheat fields were treated with the solutions of zinc salts with help of a manual sprayer. An experiment scheme was given when the results were presented. Black fallow was the predecessor of winter wheat, cv. Knopa. The efficiency of microelement was studied when it was applied in the form of zinc sulfate, chelate form, where oxyethylendendiphosphonic (OEDF) oxyethylendendiphosphonic (OEDF), superphosphate with zinc chelate on OEDF basis were used as ligand (0.75 %) Monitoring and analyzing were done according to the conventional methods in compliance with a standard technique. Statistical processing of the received results was done using a package of applied software Excel and Statistika, the methods of dispersive, correlative and regressive analyses. When N90P60K40, which contained superphosphate modified with zinc complexonate based on OEDF, was applied, the yield increase was 20.2 % as compared with the variant without fertilizers, including 6.4 % – due to zinc. It is advisable to apply zinc in the form of its complexonate with OEDF, the yield increase is 0.15 cwt/ha, as compared with zinc sulfate, and a share of the effect of this factor is 14.0 %. The application of zinc complexonate under pre-sowing cultivation at a rate of 2.0 kg/ha had no benefit over one-time treatment of the plants at the phase of tillering at a rate 250 g/ha, but doing this treatment at a phase of shooting resulted in a serious yield increase (0.20 t/ha at SSD 0.95 = 0.18). Foliar application with the solution of zinc complexonate (250 g/ha) increases the grain yield of winter wheat with the highest effect from a two-time treatment at tillering and shooting phases; the increase ranges from 0.20 to 0.54 t/ha. The efficiency of Zn application by 75.7-96.0% in arid conditions of the south of Ukraine is defined by hydrothermal conditions of spring vegetation, and a microelement helps winter wheat plants develop resistance to a temperature stress. A grain zinc concentration in the experimental variants ranged from 18.4 to 22.1 mg/kg (in the control it was 14.5 mg/kg). Key words: zinc, winter wheat, vegetation phases, quality, southern chornozem.
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Maurya, Pankaj Kumar, Vijay Bahadur, and Ghanshyam Thakur. "Effect of Salinity and Sodicity on Vegetable Production and Remedial Measures: A Review." International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, May 12, 2022, 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i1831078.
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The word salinity comes from the Latin word salinium which means "salt cellar" and it means "position or quality of being". Sodicity indicates the amount of sodium converted to calcium and magnesium in soil. High sodicity suppresses plant growth due to sodium toxicity and nutrient imbalance in plants, as well as low availability of mineral nutrients in the soil. Salt stress is the cause of the slow growth and growth of plants and leads to changes in yield and quality in a variety of crops. Plants provide a complex response to salt and changes in the morphology, physiology and metabolism of plants are observed. The effect of salt on various vegetable plants namely beetroot, cabbage, capsicum, kabuli chana, coriander, fenugreek, lettuce, onion, tomato, potato was reviewed. Salinity was adversely damaged as a result of salinity: Seed formation, survival percent, phonological attribute, growth and yield, its components, dry and fresh weight were affected. Photosynthesis and respiratory rates of plants were reduced. Salinity reduced total carbohydrate, fatty acid, and protein content but notably increased amino acid levels. The growth of asparagus and tomatoes was more concentrated in sodic soils than saline soils, indicating that asparagus and tomatoes are sensitive to sodicity. Beans also die in sodic soils, indicating that the beans are very sensitive to sodicity. The negative effects of alkaline water on the addition of gypsum and FYM have shown a significant increase in plant growth and yield limits.
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Campobenedetto, Cristina, Giuseppe Mannino, Jules Beekwilder, Valeria Contartese, Rumyana Karlova, and Cinzia M. Bertea. "The application of a biostimulant based on tannins affects root architecture and improves tolerance to salinity in tomato plants." Scientific Reports 11, no. 1 (January 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79770-5.
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AbstractRoots have important roles for plants to withstand adverse environmental conditions, including salt stress. Biostimulant application was shown to enhance plant resilience towards abiotic stresses. Here, we studied the effect of a tannin-based biostimulant on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under salt stress conditions. We investigated the related changes at both root architecture (via imaging and biometric analysis) and gene expression (RNA-Seq/qPCR) levels. Moreover, in order to identify the main compounds potentially involved in the observed effects, the chemical composition of the biostimulant was evaluated by UV/Vis and HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap analysis. Sixteen compounds, known to be involved in root development and having a potential antioxidant properties were identified. Significant increase of root weight (+ 24%) and length (+ 23%) was observed when the plants were grown under salt stress and treated with the biostimulant. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the application of the biostimulant upregulated 285 genes, most of which correlated to root development and salt stress tolerance. The 171 downregulated genes were mainly involved in nutrient uptake. These data demonstrated that the biostimulant is able not only to restore root growth in salty soils, but also to provide the adequate plant nourishment by regulating the expression of essential transcription factors and stress responsive genes.
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Silva, A. A. R., G. S. Lima, C. A. V. Azevedo, L. L. S. A. Veloso, C. N. Lacerda, H. R. Gheyi, W. E. Pereira, V. R. Silva, and L. A. A. Soares. "Methods of application of salicylic acid as attenuator of salt stress in cherry tomato." Brazilian Journal of Biology 82 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.265069.
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Abstract Salt stress caused by excess salts present in irrigation water, is one of the biggest barriers in agricultural production, especially in semi-arid regions. Thus, the use of substances, such as salicylic acid, that minimize the deleterious effects of salinity on plants can be an alternative to ensure satisfactory production. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of application of salicylic acid on the growth, production and water use efficiency of cherry tomato plants under salt stress. The study was conducted in a greenhouse, using an Entisol soil with a sandy loam texture. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2×4 factorial arrangement, corresponding to two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.6 and 2.6 dS m-1) and four methods of application of salicylic acid (Control - without application of SA; via spraying; via irrigation and via spraying and irrigation), with five replicates and one plant per plot. The salicylic acid concentration used in the different methods was 1.0 mM. Application of salicylic acid via foliar spraying increased the growth, production and water use efficiency of cherry tomato plants. The salt stress induced by the electrical conductivity of 2.6 dS m-1 was attenuated by the foliar application of salicylic acid. The use of water of 2.6 dS m-1 associated with the application of salicylic acid via irrigation water further intensified the adverse effects of salinity on cherry tomato plants.
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Chang, Wei, Yan Zhang, Yuan Ping, Kun Li, Dan-Dan Qi, and Fu-Qiang Song. "Label-free quantitative proteomics of arbuscular mycorrhizal Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings provides insights into salt-stress tolerance mechanisms." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (January 10, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1098260.
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IntroductionSoil salinization has become one of the most serious environmental issues globally. Excessive accumulation of soluble salts will adversely affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of plants. Elaeagnus angustifolia L., commonly known as oleaster or Russian olive, has the characteristics of tolerance to drought and salt. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are considered to be bio-ameliorator of saline soils that can enhance the salt tolerance of the host plants. However, there is little information on the root proteomics of AM plants under salt stress.MethodsIn this study, a label-free quantitative proteomics method was employed to identify the differentially abundant proteins in AM E. angustifolia seedlings under salt stress.ResultsThe results showed that a total of 170 proteins were significantly differentially regulated in E.angustifolia seedlings after AMF inoculation under salt stress. Mycorrhizal symbiosis helps the host plant E. angustifolia to respond positively to salt stress and enhances its salt tolerance by regulating the activities of some key proteins related to amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and glutathione metabolism in root tissues.ConclusionAspartate aminotransferase, dehydratase-enolase-phosphatase 1 (DEP1), phospholipases D, diacylglycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidases may play important roles in mitigating the detrimental effect of salt stress on mycorrhizal E. angustifolia . In conclusion, these findings provide new insights into the salt-stress tolerance mechanisms of AM E. angustifolia seedlings and also clarify the role of AM fungi in the molecular regulation network of E. angustifolia under salt stress.