Academic literature on the topic 'Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on"
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Kapadia, Chintan, R. Z. Sayyed, Hesham Ali El Enshasy, Harihar Vaidya, Deepshika Sharma, Nafisa Patel, Roslinda Abd Malek, et al. "Halotolerant Microbial Consortia for Sustainable Mitigation of Salinity Stress, Growth Promotion, and Mineral Uptake in Tomato Plants and Soil Nutrient Enrichment." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 8369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158369.
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Salinity significantly impacts the growth, development, and reproductive biology of various crops such as vegetables. The cultivable area is reduced due to the accumulation of salts and chemicals currently in use and is not amenable to a large extent to avoid such abiotic stress factors. The addition of microbes enriches the soil without any adverse effects. The effects of microbial consortia comprising Bacillus sp., Delftia sp., Enterobacter sp., Achromobacter sp., was evaluated on the growth and mineral uptake in tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) under salt stress and normal soil conditions. Salinity treatments comprising Ec 0, 2, 5, and 8 dS/m were established by mixing soil with seawater until the desired Ec was achieved. The seedlings were transplanted in the pots of the respective pH and were inoculated with microbial consortia. After sufficient growth, these seedlings were transplanted in soil seedling trays. The measurement of soil minerals such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Mn, and pH and the Ec were evaluated and compared with the control 0 days, 15 days, and 35 days after inoculation. The results were found to be non-significant for the soil parameters. In the uninoculated seedlings’ (control) seedling trays, salt treatment significantly affected leaf, shoot, root dry weight, shoot height, number of secondary roots, chlorophyll, and mineral contents. While bacterized seedlings sown under saline soil significantly increased leaf (105.17%), shoot (105.62%), root (109.06%) dry weight, leaf number (75.68%), shoot length (92.95%), root length (146.14%), secondary roots (91.23%), and chlorophyll content (−61.49%) as compared to the control (without consortia). The Na and K intake were higher even in the presence of the microbes, but the beneficial effect of the microbe helps plants sustain in the saline environment. The inoculation of microbial consortia produced more secondary roots, which accumulate more minerals and transport substances to the different parts of the plant; thus, it produced higher biomass and growth. Results of the present study revealed that the treatment with microbial consortia could alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress and improve the growth of tomato plants under salinity stress. Microbial consortia appear to be the best alternative and cost-effective and sustainable approach for managing soil salinity and improving plant growth under salt stress conditions.
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Tchakounté, Gylaine Vanissa Tchuisseu, Beatrice Berger, Sascha Patz, Matthias Becker, Henri Fankem, Victor Désiré Taffouo, and Silke Ruppel. "Selected Rhizosphere Bacteria Help Tomato Plants Cope with Combined Phosphorus and Salt Stresses." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111844.
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Plants are often challenged by multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously. The inoculation of beneficial bacteria is known to enhance plant growth under these stresses, such as phosphorus starvation or salt stress. Here, for the first time, we assessed the efficiency of selected beneficial bacterial strains in improving tomato plant growth to better cope with double stresses in salty and P-deficient soil conditions. Six strains of Arthrobacter and Bacillus with different reservoirs of plant growth-promoting traits were tested in vitro for their abilities to tolerate 2–16% (w/v) NaCl concentrations, and shown to retain their motility and phosphate-solubilizing capacity under salt stress conditions. Whether these selected bacteria promote tomato plant growth under combined P and salt stresses was investigated in greenhouse experiments. Bacterial isolates from Cameroonian soils mobilized P from different phosphate sources in shaking culture under both non-saline and saline conditions. They also enhanced plant growth in P-deficient and salt-affected soils by 47–115%, and their PGP effect was even increased in higher salt stress conditions. The results provide valuable information for prospective production of effective bio-fertilizers based on the combined application of local rock phosphate and halotolerant phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. This constitutes a promising strategy to improve plant growth in P-deficient and salt-affected soils.
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Zacepina, I. "Salinity resistance of pear and quince forms." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2022-6-89-94.
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Salt resistance of plants is the ability of agricultural plants to grow on saline soils. In the late XIX - early XX centuries, there was a believe that a large number of soils are characterized by an excessive salt content. It can have a harmful and even destructive effect on the plant organism. In addition, Inept irrigation often leads to salinization. The harmful effect of high salts concentration can also be a result of essentially high doses of mineral fertilizers. The article presents the study results on the significant differences in the salt resistance level of the initial forms of pear and quince in laboratory conditions. To determine the salt resistance, we took leaves and then placed them into a 0.6 % sodium chloride solution. Distilled water was used as a control.
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Nawaz, Khalid, Khalid Hussain, Ejaz Hussain Siddiqi, and Abdul Majeed. "Effect of Na2SO4 Salinity on Brinjal (Solanum melongena)." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2018.020329.
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Soluble salts are present in all soils and irrigation water, which are essential and required for normal plant development and growth. The design used for the experiment is CRD with three replicates with three different treatments of Na2SO4, was conducted to check the effect of salinity on plant growth. After 14 days interval it was observed that different replicates showed different morphological growth parameters due to application of Na2SO4. Results showed that replicates with maximum salt concentration i.e. that is 60 ppm Na2SO4 gave best growth which showed that maximum salt stress for Brinjal was good enough for growth and stress showed positive response on the plants with 60 ppm Na2SO4.normally salinity stress in excess is harmful for plant growth but our experimental observations showed that our Brinjal specie was salt tolerant. Plants bore the salt stress upto 60 ppm Na2SO4. It was examined that this tolerance limit was not harmful and not acted as stress on Brinjal spp. Infact it favored the plant growth. Discrepancies and inconsistencies can also exist there in some of information due to difference in environments, cultivars and experimental conditions.
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LI, XIAOYU, CHUNSHENG MU, JIXIANG LIN, YING WANG, and XIUJUN LI. "EFFECT OF ALKALINE POTASSIUM AND SODIUM SALTS ON GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, IONS ABSORPTION AND SOLUTES SYNTHESIS OF WHEAT SEEDLINGS." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 1 (September 9, 2013): 144–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000458.
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SUMMARYPotassium (K) is an essential nutrient and abundant cation in plant cells. The application of K+ could alleviate abiotic stress. However, it was reported that the alleviation of K+ on salt-stressed plants only happened when K+ concentration was low. Most studies were focused on effects of sodium salts on plants in salty soils, and little information was reported about potassium salts, especially a higher level of potassium in alkaline salts. To explore the effects of K+ in alkaline salts on plant growth, and whether it had a same destructive impact as Na+, we mixed two alkaline sodium salts (ASS) (NaHCO3:Na2CO3 = 9:1) and two alkaline potassium salts (APS) (KHCO3:K2CO3 = 9:1) to treat 10-day-old wheat seedlings. Effects of ASS and APS on growth, photosynthesis, ions absorption and solutes accumulation were compared. Results indicated that effects of potassium salts in soil on plants growth were related to K+ concentration. Both growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings decreased, and the reduction was higher in APS treatment than in ASS treatment at 40 mM alkalinity. ASS treatment absorbed Na+, competing with K+ and free Ca2+, and inhibited the absorption of inorganic anions. APS treatments accumulated K+ and reduced the absorption of anions, with no competition with other cations. Both APS and ASS treatments promoted free Mg2+ accumulation and inhibited H2PO4−uptake. The reduction of H2PO4− promoted organic acid synthesis indirectly. Soluble sugar and proline accumulation were also related to the alkaline condition and extra K+ addition. In conclusion, excess potassium ions in soil, especially in alkaline soils, were harmful to plants. APS was another severe salt stress, intensity of which was higher than ASS. The growth and physiological response mechanisms of wheat seedlings to APS were similar to ASS. Both inorganic ions and organic solutes took part in the osmotic adjustment. Differences for APS depended on K+, but ASS on Na+.
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Tobe, Kazuo, Xiaoming Li, and Kenji Omasa. "Effects of five different salts on seed germination and seedling growth of Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae)." Seed Science Research 14, no. 4 (December 2004): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004188.
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Saline soils contain multiple types of salt, each of which may exert a different effect on seed germination and seedling growth of plants. The effects of five types of salt on the initial growth of Haloxylon ammodendron, a shrub found on both saline and non-saline areas in deserts of China, were investigated. Seeds were incubated at 20°;C in the dark in a solution (0 to –5.1 MPa) of a salt (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4 or MgSO4) or polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000, or in a salt (NaCl or MgCl2) or PEG solution containing a low concentration of CaCl2. Seed germination, seedling growth and cation (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and K+) contents of seedlings were examined. Each salt had a different effect on seed germination, seedling growth and influx and outflux of cations in the seedlings. In both NaCl and MgCl2 treatments, the addition of low concentrations of CaCl2 favoured seed germination and seedling growth, and reduced K+ outflux from seedlings, but caused no appreciable decrease in the influx of Na+ or Mg2+ into seedlings. Marked abnormalities in seedlings were found only in treatments with Mg2+ salts, but these effects were completely alleviated by a low concentration of Ca2+ (Ca2+/Mg2+ = 0.012). The different responses of the initial growth in H. ammodendron to different isotonic salt solutions were attributed to differences among salt components in membrane permeability, toxicity and effects on functions of the plasma membrane and/or the cell wall.
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Boman, Brian J., Mongi Zekri, and Ed Stover. "Managing Salinity in Citrus." HortTechnology 15, no. 1 (January 2005): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0108.
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Although citrus (Citrus spp.) is sensitive to salinity, acceptable production can be achieved with moderate salinity levels, depending on the climate, scion cultivar, rootstock, and irrigation-fertilizer management. Irrigation scheduling is a key factor in managing salinity in areas with salinity problems. Increasing irrigation frequency and applying water in excess of the crop water requirement are recommended to leach the salts and minimize the salt concentration in the root zone. Overhead sprinkler irrigation should be avoided when using water containing high levels of salts because salt residues can accumulate on the foliage and cause serious injury. Much of the leaf and trunk damage associated with direct foliar uptake of salts can be reduced by using microirrigation systems. Frequent fertilization using low rates is recommended through fertigation or broadcast application of dry fertilizers. Nutrient sources should have a relatively low salt index and not contain chloride (Cl) or sodium (Na). In areas where Na accumulates in soils, application of calcium (Ca) sources (e.g., gypsum) has been found to reduce the deleterious effect of Na and improve plant growth under saline conditions. Adapting plants to saline environments and increasing salt tolerance through breeding and genetic manipulation is another important method for managing salinity.
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Zhang, Ying, Fa Yun Li, Ting Ting Sun, and Jin Long Wang. "Effect of Deicing Salts on Urban Soils and the Health of Roadside Pines (Pinus tabulaeformis) in Northeast China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 178-181 (May 2012): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.178-181.353.
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Accumulation of high concentrations of Na and Cl ions in soils is one factor that hampers plant establishment along roadsides in regions where deicing salts are used to improve winter driving conditions. However, there is little information on the accumulation of deicing salts in roadside soil as well as on the phytotoxic impact of deicing salts on pines in Northeast China. The accumulation of salt in soil and injuries on pine needles (Pinus tabulaeformis) were investigated in the urban areas of Shenyang city in 2011. The results showed that the use of deicing salts on roads leads to the high accumulation of sodium (352–513 mg•kg-1) and chloride (577–2,353 mg•kg-1) in urban roadside soil. High pH and EC values suggested that the alkaline status and high soluble salts in the soil. High accumulation of deicing salts in roadside soil has been shown to have a phytotoxic effect on pines (Pinus tabulaeformis). Concentrations of Na and Cl in leaves were higher in the roadside plants than the plants appearing healthy in control site. The accumulation of Na and Cl in the needles were present up to an average of 274 mg•kg-1 (24–672 mg•kg-1) and 3,681 mg•kg-1 (786–9,919 mg•kg-1), respectively. It is evident that the deicing salts spray has a significant effect on the accumulation of sodium and chloride in urban roadside soils and needles of Pinus tabulaeformis, as well as the occurrence of visible injuries.
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Kütük, C., G. Çaycı, and L. K. Heng. "Effects of increasing salinity and 15N-labelled urea levels on growth, N uptake, and water use efficiency of young tomato plants." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02006.
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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the response of tomato plants (Lycopersicon lycopersicum L.) to salinity and to determine the interactive effects of salinity and nitrogen fertilisation on yield, nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), and root-zone salinity during early plant growth. Furthermore, the effects of salinity and N fertilisation were evaluated by measurement of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ). Tomato plants were grown in pots filled with 8 kg (dry weight equivalent) of Krumbach sandy loam. Salinity treatments were imposed by irrigation water containing Na, Ca, and Mg salts and having electrical conductivity of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 dS/m at 25�C. 15N-labelled urea (10 atom % excess) was also applied at 0, 80, 160, and 240 mg N/kg soil. Increasing salinity reduced plant growth; fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots decreased significantly, except for the non-fertilised plants. The maximum growth reduction in shoots occurred due to salinity–N fertilisation relationships at 12 dS/m (59.4% reduction compared with 0 dS/m in 160 mg N/kg). Root growth was less affected than shoots. Vegetative growth and N content increased with increasing nitrogen treatment. However, salinity generally reduced N uptake by plants. Δ was negatively correlated with WUE at all salinity levels in young tomato plants. Similar correlations were also obtained between WUE and Δ at various N treatments; the result suggests that Δ is a useful tool for assessing stress conditions. Smaller Δ values were obtained when salinity or N level increased. Increasing N fertiliser increased WUE in plants, whereas increasing salinity increased WUE at 3 dS/m and decreased WUE to some extent at other salinity levels. Electrical conductivity of the root-zone increased due to increasing salinity and time, whereas pH decreased. It was concluded that the early stage of development was a salt sensitive period for tomato plants.
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Mukhamejanova, D., I. V. Axyonova, B. B. Ilyassova, and R. T. Omarov. "Effect of ion-exchange sorbents and fly ash on increasing the tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under salt stress." BULLETIN of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2020-131-2-42-52.
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The sorbents’ ability to bind other substances has become one of the reasons for their active use for filtration and purification of industrial liquids. In this paper, using a model system of barley, the protective effect of sorbents for removing excess toxic salts from the medium was studied. Under saline conditions in the presence of sorbents, plants of Hordeum vulgare L. showed normal growth and development, as well as moderate activity of aldehydeoxidase, catalase and superoxidismutase. It was assumed that ion-exchange sorbents block the flow of Na + into the cell by absorbing the ions of toxic salts from the medium with the release of an equivalent number of plant-safe ions. This mechanism causes the absence of a hypersensitive response in experimental samples and weak development of oxidative stress. Fly ash was used as ameliorant in saline conditions. Emerged barley samples also showed minimal inhibition in the accumulation of dry mass. It was found that fly ash can act as a promising ameliorant that improves the biological and chemical state of the degraded soils
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on"
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Attumi, Al-Arbe. "Effect of salt stress on phosphorus and sodium absorptions by soybean plants." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20242.
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The radiotracer methodology was combined with the Hoagland solution culture of growing soybean in a greenhouse to investigate the absorptions of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na) as a function of salinity. Salt stress was varied by using zero to 120 mM NaCl. The research was initiated because of a need to increase soybean production in the saline soils of the semi-arid regions of the world. Although P absorption increased with time at each concentration of NaCl, increasing its concentrations ([NaCl]) to 120 mM reduced P uptake considerably. The addition of inorganic P (Pi) to the salt medium improved P absorption significantly (P < 0.0001) in stem, petiole, and roots. Polynomial regressions showed the relationship between 22Na activity and [NaCl] for leaves and petiole to be cubic (R2 = 1) while in the stem a quadratic relationship prevailed. A maximum of P and Na absorption was observed at 40 mM NaCl. The relationship between 32P activity and increasing [NaCl] was linear for the roots (a positive slope) and the stem (a negative slope). 45Ca and 32P dual labelling part of the experiments failed to produce results because an unexpectedly high degree of tissue quenching which prevented from obtaining the minimum counting requirements for separation. Shoot fresh and dry weights decreased linearly with increasing [NaCl] as did the root fresh and dry weights. Leaf chlorophyll content during the last week of the final harvest showed a linear relationship with time. Chlorophyll increased with time linearly when the growth medium contained zero and 40 mM NaCl; whereas a negative slope was obtained for 80 and 120 mM NaCl. It seems that P fertilization of the soil could ameliorate the salt effect. 22 Na uptake results indicated that there is a mechanism for exclusion of Na from soybean plant parts.
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Hendrati, Rina Laksmi. "Developing systems to identify and deploy saline and waterlogging tolerant lines of Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl." University of Western Australia. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0036.
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[Truncated abstract] Eucalyptus occidentalis, a timber species from south Western Australia, is highly salt and waterlogging tolerant. Screening identified genotypes tolerant of high salt concentrations and waterlogging. Tolerance at provenance, family and individual level, and how phenotypic performance under salt and waterlogging was inherited was explored to provide a breeding population. Salt and/or waterlogged screening was carried out under controlled conditions up to extreme salt levels to determine tolerance between genotypes. This tank method was shown to produce repeatable results. Seedlings of 30 families from 9 provenances were used for screening. At low salt concentration (up to 300 mM NaCl), differentiation occurred for some traits but in general there was only a slight reduction in growth under salt, and waterlogging alone was not detrimental. At high salt concentration (550 mM) differentiation occurred among genotypes for all traits. Equivalent genotypes were also planted in field trials at three sites, two with medium (583 - 847 mm) and one with low rainfall (372 - 469 mm), in southern Western Australia. Survival was low (<53%) after 9 months due to an exceptional dry season followed by 3 months waterlogging in Kirkwood (38 - 1360 mSm-1), but was high >89% after 33 months in saline fields in Sandalwindy (96 - 976 mSm-1) and Roberts (88 - 1424 mSm-1). Some families were similarly in high rank for height under saline conditions in controlled and field trials. Height had the highest narrow-sense heritability value, especially under controlled saltwaterlogging (0.85) treatment and 20% selection enabled a gain of 8-14% under controlled conditions and in the field. Leaf production under salt was not an inherited trait. Systems were developed to hasten deployment of selected material. Extended daylength (16 h) and paclobutrazol (1 mg a.i/mm stem circumference) stimulated flowering in 2 year-old plants. Clonal propagation was possible. Grafting success varied from 0-100% depending on scion/rootstock provenances. ... There was only a slight reduction in heterozygosity from species level to provenance and family levels, and two superior genotypes maintained high diversity. v Crossing was possible using one stop pollination of cut immature styles and capsule retention varied from 0-34% and germination rate from 2-96%. Genetic distance between parents was correlated with seed set and offspring fitness. Wider genetic distances increased capsule retention, seed germination and seedling survival. Under 500 mM salt-waterlogging, offspring heights were similar when parental genetic distances were similar. High heritability value for height from ANOVA-REML parental screening was confirmed using parent-offspring regression. Screened superior genotypes, which withstood very high salt concentration, provide a breeding population for further breeding and for plantations under saline regions in low-medium rainfall areas in Western Australia and other parts of the world. These trees provide an economic return in areas where no other plants may survive and an environmental service in potentially reducing waterlogging, salinity and its spread.
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Gao, Yuan Ph D. "Changes of tomato fruit composition in response to salinity." 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ag211.pdf.
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Gao, Yuan. "Changes of tomato fruit composition in response to salinity." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/110190.
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Haswell, David Andrew. "Salinity resistance in four species of eucalypt." Master's thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143091.
Full textBooks on the topic "Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on"
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Malcolm, C. V. Screening schrubs for establishment and survival on salt-affected soils in south-western Australia. Perth: Department of Agriculture, 1989.
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1933-, Läuchli A., and Lüttge Ulrich, eds. Salinity: Environment - plants - molecules. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
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Bin hai yan jian di shi sheng zhi wu. Beijing: Zhongguo jian zhu gong ye chu ban she, 2013.
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Plant Salt Tolerance Methods And Protocols. Humana Press, 2012.
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Lüttge, Ulrich, and André Läuchli. Salinity: Environment ― Plants ― Molecules. Springer, 2011.
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(Editor), André Läuchli, and Ulrich Lüttge (Editor), eds. Salinity: Environment - Plants - Molecules. Springer, 2002.
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A, Ayoub, Malcolm C. V, and United Nations Environment Programme, eds. UNEP environmental management guidelines for halophytes for livestock, rehabilitation of degraded land, and sequestering atmospheric carbon. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on"
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Wasti, Salma, Salwa Mouelhi, Feriel Ben Aïch, Hajer Mimouni, Salima Chaabani, and Hela Ben Ahmed. "Foliar Application of Salicylic Acid on Growth and Yield Components of Tomato Plant Grown under Salt Stress." In Tomato - From Cultivation to Processing Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106769.
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Abiotic environmental stresses such as drought stress, mineral deficiency, heat stress, and salinity stress are major limiting factors of plant growth and productivity. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), one of the important and widespread crops in the world, is sensitive to moderate levels of salt in the soil. So many authors have reported large variation among tomato genotypes in their response to salinity. The present study was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid on growth parameters, yield, and yield attributes of tomato under saline conditions. Tomato plants cv. Marmande were grown under normal or saline (100 mM NaCl) conditions. Different levels of salicylic acid: SA (0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM) were applied as a foliar spray. The study was conducted at the vegetative and reproductive stage. Salt stress reduced significantly the whole plant growth at the two stages. Application of SA caused a significantly increase in biomass under non-saline conditions. However, in salt medium, treatment of leaves by SA induces a slight increase in biomass, leaf area and ameliorates the fruit diameter compared with plant grown only in the presence of salt. The beneficial effect of SA is more pronounced with the dose 0.01 mM.
Conference papers on the topic "Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on"
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"Effects of sewage application on salt accumulation in soil and on sap flow of tomato plants under drip irrigation." In 2015 ASABE / IA Irrigation Symposium: Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Irrigation - A Tribute to the Career of Terry Howell, Sr. Conference Proceedings. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/irrig.20152143534.
Full textReports on the topic "Plants, Effect of salt on; Soils, Salts in; Tomatoes – Effect of salt on"
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.
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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.