Journal articles on the topic 'Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat'
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1
Kudriawytzka, A. M., and K. S. Karabach. "Effect of fertilizers on the content of mineral nutrition elements in winter and spring wheat plant." Plant and Soil Science 11, no. 4 (2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2020.04.068.
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The influence of systematic application of mineral fertilizers, on the background (BG) of the after-effect of 30 t on ha of manure, on the content of nutrients in spring wheat plants of “Myronivska Yara” regional variety and winter wheat plants of “Myronivska 61” variety, and on nutrients removal by plants, during cultivation on Meadow-Chernozemic Carbonate Soil, was studied. The results indicate a close relationship between external conditions and internal metabolic processes in winter and spring wheat plants. Thus, a balanced ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium provides a more intensive supply of these elements from the soil, what increases their content in plants. The highest content of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in winter wheat plants was observed in the variant, where 1.5 rate of mineral fertilizers was applied with the background of 30 t on ha of manure, in the tillering phase and was 4.86; 2.17; 3.48 %, respectively, what is almost 2 times higher, than the control. During the growing season, the nutrients content in all variants decreased. The same pattern was observed in plants of spring wheat. The maximum nutrients content was recorded in all variants in the phase of spring tillering, and also was recorded significant reduction in their adsorption from the soil and using by plants during the growing season. The content of total nitrogen in spring wheat plants in the tillering phase fluctuated in fertilized variants in the range of 2.21-2.51 %, compared with the control – 2.10 %; phosphorus – in the range of 1.20-1.47 %, compared with the content on the control – 1.04 %; potassium – 1.88-3.08 %, in the control, respectively – 1.68 %. The results of research indicate, that long-term application of fertilizers in crop rotation affects, as a result, also on the removal of nutrients with the crop. Thus, the removal of basic nutrients by plants of winter and spring wheat was the highest in the variant “BG + N110P120K120”. Under winter wheat it was 210 kg on ha N, 122 P2O5, 157 kg on ha K2O, compared with the control variant – 86.3 N, 48.2 P2O5, 57.8 kg on ha K2O. Under the spring wheat it was 119 N, 66.4 P2O5, 85.4 kg on ha K2O, and in control variant, respectively, – 46.6 N, 26.5 P2O5, 32.8 kg on ha K2O.
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Giambalvo, Dario, Gaetano Amato, Davide Borgia, Rosolino Ingraffia, Calogero Librici, Antonella Lo Porto, Guglielmo Puccio, Paolo Ruisi, and Alfonso S. Frenda. "Nitrogen Availability Drives Mycorrhizal Effects on Wheat Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Recovery under Salt Stress." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112823.
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The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is generally considered effective in improving salt tolerance in plants; however, the advantages it offers can vary greatly depending on the context in which it occurs; furthermore, the mechanisms underlying these responses are still unclear. A study was conducted to investigate the role of nitrogen (N) availability on the effectiveness of AM symbiosis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants grown under salt stress. Plants were grown in pots in the absence or in presence of salt stress (soil electrical conductivity of 1.50 and 13.00 dS m−1, respectively), with or without AM fungi inoculation (Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae), varying the N dose supplied (0 or 80 mg N per pot). Results indicate that AM symbiosis can alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress on the growth of durum wheat only when plants are grown under sufficient N availability in soil; in such conditions mycorrhizal symbiosis determined an improvement of leaf traits (leaf area, SLA, stability of plasma membranes and SPAD), N uptake, N fertilizer recovery and water use efficiency. On the contrary, when wheat plants were grown in conditions of N deficiency, the mycorrhizal symbiosis had no effect (under salt stress) or even depressive effect (under unstressed condition) on plant growth and N uptake, highlighting how, in some cases, competition for nutrients between plants and AM can arise. This study suggests that N availability in the soil can drive the effects of AM symbiosis in assisting the plant with containing saline stress.
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Hocking, PJ, and CP Meyer. "Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Stress on Growth, and Partitioning of Dry Matter and Nitrogen in Wheat and Maize." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 4 (1991): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910339.
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Atmospheric CO2 levels are increasing, but little is known about how this will affect tissue concentrations and the partitioning of agriculturally important nutrients such as nitrogen (N) within crop plants. To investigate this, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in which wheat, a C3 species, and maize, a C4 species, were grown for 8 weeks at high CO2 (1500 cm3 m-3) on N supplies ranging from deficient (0.5 mol m-3) to more than adequate for maximum growth (25 mol m-3). Wheat responded to both CO2 enrichment and N supply; maize responded only to N supply. CO2-enriched wheat produced about twice the dry matter of control plants at all levels of N supply. Tiller and ear numbers were increased by CO2 enrichment irrespective of N supply. Enriched wheat plants had a lower Leaf Area Ratio but higher Net Assimilation Rate and Relative Growth Rate than control plants. There was no effect of CO2 enrichment on specific leaf weight. The enriched plants had lower shoot to root dry matter ratios than the controls at 6 mol m-3 N and higher. Shoot to root dry matter ratios of both wheat and maize increased with increasing N supply. CO2-enriched wheat plants accumulated more N than the controls but the proportional increase in N content was not as great as that in dry matter, with the result that concentrations of total-N and nitrate-N were lower in all organs of enriched plants, including ears. Nitrate reductase activity was lower in enriched than in control wheat plants. N-use efficiency by wheat was increased by CO2 enrichment. From a practical point of view, the study indicates that critical total-N and NO3-N concentrations used to diagnose the N status of wheat will need to be reassessed as global CO2 levels increase. Elevated CO2 may also reduce the protein content of grain and thus the baking quality of hard wheats.
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SAIA, S., E. BENÍTEZ, J. M. GARCÍA-GARRIDO, L. SETTANNI, G. AMATO, and D. GIAMBALVO. "The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on total plant nitrogen uptake and nitrogen recovery from soil organic material." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 3 (February 7, 2013): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961300004x.
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SUMMARYArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi increase nitrogen (N) uptake by their host plants, but their role in plant N capture from soil organic material is still unclear. In particular, it is not clear if AM fungi compete with the host plant for the N coming from the decomposing organic matter (OM), especially when the AM extraradical mycelium (ERM) and plant roots share the same soil volume. The goal of the present research was to study the effects of AM fungi on wheat N capture after the addition of 15N-labelled OM to soil. Durum wheat (Triticum durum) was grown under controlled conditions in a sand:soil mix and the following treatments were applied: (1) AM inoculation with Glomus mosseae and uninoculated control; and (2) soil amended with 15N-enriched maize leaves and unamended soil. The addition of OM reduced plant growth and N uptake. The AM fungi increased both plant growth and N uptake compared with uninoculated control plants and the effect was enhanced when wheat was grown in soil amended with OM compared with the unamended control. Although AM fungi increased soil N mineralization rates and total plant N uptake, they strongly reduced wheat N recovery from OM, suggesting that AM fungi have marked effects on competition between plants and bacteria for the different N sources in soil.
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Kaczmarczyk, Stanisław, Ewa Koszańska, Daniel Ściążko, and Małgorzata Roy. "Physiological Processes and Yield of Winter Wheat and Triticale under the Influence of Sprinkling Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Part II. Acticity of Some Enzymes and Yield of Winter Wheat and Triticale." Acta Agrobotanica 46, no. 1 (2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1993.003.
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The second part of this paper presents effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on nitrate levels in flag leaf, activity of some enzymes and yield of winter wheat and triticale. Both sprinkling irrigation and high doses of nitrogen enhanced the activity of nitrate reductase and peroxydase and slightly that of acid phosphatase. Plants from plots treated with high rates of nitrogen contained more nitrate nitrogen. Sprinkling irrigation and intensive nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the crops of winter wheat and triticale. As effect of sprinkling the yield of winter wheat increased by 35 % and triticale by 14 %. High nitrogen doses affected the yield respectively by 92 and 115 % and the combined effect of both treatments increased the yield of winter wheat by 158 % (3.3 t/ha and triticale by 139 % 3.10 t/ha).
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Ghiles, Kaci, Blavet Didier, Benlahrech Samia, Kouakoua Ernest, Couderc Petra, Deleporte Philippe, Desclaux Dominique, et al. "The effect of intercropping on the efficiency of faba bean – rhizobial symbiosis and durum wheat soil-nitrogen acquisition in a Mediterranean agroecosystem." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 3 (March 21, 2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9/2018-pse.
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The aim of this study was to compare the rhizobial symbiosis and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulations in soil and plants in intercropping versus sole cropping in biennial rotation of a cereal – durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), and a N<sub>2</sub>-fixing legume – faba bean (Vicia faba L.) over a three-year period at the INRA (National Institue of Agronomic Research) experimental station in the Mauguio district, south-east of Montpellier, France. Plant growth, nodulation and efficiency in the use of rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) for the legume, nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) for the cereal, and N and C accumulation in the soil were evaluated. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and NNI were significantly higher for intercropped than for the sole cropped wheat whereas there was no significant difference on SDW between the intercropped and sole cropped faba beans. EURS was higher in intercropped than in sole cropped faba bean. Furthermore, by comparison with a weeded fallow, there was a significant increase in soil C and N content over the three-year period of intercropping and sole cropping within the biennial rotation. It is concluded that intercropping increases the N nutrition of wheat by increasing the availability of soil-N for wheat. This increase may be due to a lower interspecific competition between legume and wheat than intra-specific competition between wheat plants, thanks to the compensation that the legume can achieve by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen.
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Płaza, Anna, and Emilia Rzążewska. "The influence of biological preparations Azofix and Maxprolin and nitrogen fertilisation on soil mineral nitrogen content in growing season and after spring wheat harvest." Agronomy Science 77, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2022.3.5.
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The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effect of Azofix and Maxprolin against nitrogen fertiliser on mineral nitrogen content in the soil during the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after its harvest. The following two factors were chosen: I. Biological products: control, Azofix, Maxprolin, Azofix + Maxprolin; II. Nitrogen fertilisation: non-fertilised control, 60 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1 + foliar fertilisation. During the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after harvesting, mineral nitrogen content in the soil was determined. The research demonstrated that, during the period of their intensive growth, spring wheat plants had access to the largest amount of mineral nitrogen in the topsoil following treatment with Azofix + Maxprolin and an application of the nitrogen rate of 90 kg N ha–1.
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Petch, A., and RW Smith. "Effect of lupin management on the yield of subsequent wheat crops in a lupin-wheat rotation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850603.
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Wheat was grown in a series of 1:1 rotation cycles with sweet lupins over 8 years on three sites in Western Australia. Grain yield of wheat was the main test used to compare five lupin management treatments with a control treatment, 'no-lupins'. The lupins were cut as for silage, cut as for hay, or harvested as mature grain, the stubble being burnt or removed in summer, or turned into the soil the next autumn. Nitrogen taken up in the lupins and in the wheat was measured, as well as soil mineral nitrogen in the top 10 cm in the final year. Lupin yield and nitrogen content within any year were similar over all treatments. As much nitrogen was removed in hay and silage as in mature lupins, but wheat yielded most grain after the 'silage' and 'hay' treatments, and least after 'no-lupins' or after the 'remove' and 'turn-in' stubble treatments. Nitrogen uptakes in young wheat plants point to treatment effects due to differences in nitrogen availability, but the treatments also caused different weed populations which at least partially affected wheat yields. Herbicide control of encroaching weeds in the lupins raised soil nitrate levels the following summer and increased subsequent wheat yields.
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Haggag, M. E., M. H. Eweida, and F. F. El-Sayed. "The effect of nitrogen application on the development of rusts on wheat varieties." Acta Mycologica 12, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1976.010.
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The effect of four different levels of nitrogen fertilization on the severity of rusts on three local Egyptian wheat varieties have been investigated. Nitrogen fertilizer was at the rates 0, 40, 60, and 80 kg nitrogen per feddan. Data obtained indicated that resistance of the varieties did not change while percent severity of postules on susceptible, moderately susceptible and moderately resistant varieties was increased as the level of nitrogen fertilization increased. Heavy doses of nitrogen promoted the size and frequency of postules and hence the rust growth and predisposed the plants to higher infection with rusts.
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Carillo, Petronia, Gabriella Mastrolonardo, Francesco Nacca, and Amodio Fuggi. "Nitrate reductase in durum wheat seedlings as affected by nitrate nutrition and salinity." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 3 (2005): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04184.
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The combined effects of nitrate (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mm) and salt (0, 100 mm NaCl) on nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat seedlings were investigated by analysis of nitrate reductase (NR) expression and activity, and metabolite content. High salinity (100 mm NaCl) reduced shoot growth more than root growth. The effect was independent of nitrate concentration. NR mRNA was present at a low level in both leaves and roots of plants grown in a nitrogen-free medium. NaCl increased NR mRNA at low nitrate, suggesting that chloride can mimic nitrate as a signal molecule to induce transcription in both roots and leaves. However, the level of NR protein remained low in salt-stressed plants, indicating an inhibitory effect of salt on translation of NR mRNA or an increase in protein degradation. The lower activity of nitrate reductase in leaves of high-nitrate treated plants under salinity suggested a restriction of NO3– transport to the shoot under salinity. Salt treatment promoted photorespiration, inhibiting carbohydrate accumulation in plants grown on low nitrate media. Under salinity free amino acids, in particular proline and asparagine, and glycine betaine could function as osmolytes to balance water potential within the cell, especially when nitrogen availability exceeded the need for growth.
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Blumenthal, MJ, VP Quach, and PGE Searle. "Effect of soybean population density on soybean yield, nitrogen accumulation and residual nitrogen." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (1988): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880099.
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The effect of soybean population density on soybean yield, nitrogen accumulation and residual nitrogen was examined at Camden, N.S.W. (34�S.). In the first experiment, treatments were soybeans (cv. Ransom) at 50, 100, 200 and 400 x 103 plants ha-1; maize (cv. XL66); and a weed-free fallow. Total dry matter yields of tops and grain yields were highest at 200x 103 plants ha-1 (6214 and 3720 kg ha-1, respectively). The yield component most affected by population density was number of branches per plant, with values decreasing with increasing population density. The proportion of unfilled pods was highest at the highest population density. Total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the tops and in the grain was also at a maximum at 200x 103 plants ha-1. The rate of dry matter accumulation declined during pod filling at all population densities. N accumulation continued at high rates throughout the growing season except in the 400x 103 plants ha-1 population. There was a trend for residual dry matter and N in residues to increase with increasing population density. After grain and forage harvest of the first experiment, a crop of wheat (cv. Kite) was sown over the whole area to determine residual N available at anthesis and at maturity (experiment 2). The values of N accumulation in the wheat at maturity were 24 kg N ha-l for the maize treatment, 40-60 kg N ha-l for the soybean treatments and 69 kg N ha-1 for the fallow treatment. Grain yield and grain N followed the pattern of dry matter production and N accumulation at final harvest. The data suggest that soybean depletes soil N to a lesser extent than does maize. For the soybean treatments, there was a trend of increasing residual N at the 3 highest population densities (40-60 kg N ha-1). This was probably a result of an increase in N in leaf fall and in decaying tops and roots at the highest population density. The high value (57 kg N ha-l) at the lowest population density may be due to soybean plants at this density not using as much soil N as the other soybean treatments. No benefit in residual N was gained from planting soybeans at a density beyond the optimum for grain yield when residues were removed by forage harvesting.
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Sun, Haijun, Weiming Shi, Mengyi Zhou, Xiaofang Ma, and Huanchao Zhang. "Effect of biochar on nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and amino acid content of wheat cultivated on saline soil." Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 2 (February 1, 2019): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/525/2018-pse.
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Biochar can potentially increase crop production in saline soils. However, the appropriate amount of biochar that should be applied to benefit from resource preservation and increase both grain yield (GY) and quality is not clear. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar applied at various rates (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 t/ha) on the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), GY and amino acid (AA) contents of wheat plants in saline soils. The results showed that the application of 5–20 t/ha biochar increased wheat NUE by 5.2–37.9% and thus increased wheat GY by 2.9–19.4%. However, excessive biochar applications (more than 30 t/ha) had negative effects on both the NUE and GY of wheat. Biochar had little influence on leaf soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) values, the harvest index or yield components. The AAs were significantly affected by biochar, depending on the application rate. Among the application rates, 5–30 t/ha biochar resulted in relatively higher (by 5.2–19.1%) total AA contents. Similar trends were observed for each of the 17 essential AAs. In conclusion, the positive effects of biochar occurred when it was applied at appropriate rates, but the effects were negative when biochar was overused.
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Drut, Baptiste, Nathalie Cassagne, Mario Cannavacciuolo, Gaëtan Le Floch, José F. Cobo-Díaz, and Joëlle Fustec. "Improving Complementarity Effect of Legume Intercrop by Earthworm Facilitation for Wheat Performance." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p1.
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Intercrops and crop mixtures are considered to be a way to increase nitrogen use efficiency by promoting niche complementarity and facilitation, reducing the input of fertilizers and herbicides, which are important factors when considering the effects of climate change. However, interactions between crop communities and soil functional diversity also have major effects on crop cover function. Our study aimed to investigate the simultaneous effects of plant composition and presence of earthworms on the growth (roots and shoots) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Mesocosms filled with soil were sown with either 6 wheat plants of the same cultivar, or 6 plants of 3 different wheat cultivars, or 3 wheat plants of 3 different cultivars with 3 clover plants (Trifolium hybridum L.). A part of the mesocosms was inoculated with either endogeic earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa S.) or a mixture of endogeic and anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris S.). A relative interaction index was calculated to highlight competition strength between plants with or without earthworms. The presence of different cultivars had no influence on wheat performance, but with clover, plant competition decreased to the benefit of wheat biomass and N accumulation. Earthworms also reduced the competitive strength between wheat plants in mixed-cultivar mesocosms and in intercropping. In intercrops with clover, wheat performance was improved as a result of niche complementarity and earthworm facilitation for N resource. Our results suggest that the plant functional group, such as legumes, and earthworm communities work synergistically to improve wheat yields.
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Milne, A. E., M. T. Castellanos, M. C. Cartagena, A. M. Tarquis, and R. M. Lark. "Investigating the effect of previous treatments on wheat biomass over multiple spatial frequencies." Biogeosciences 7, no. 9 (September 16, 2010): 2739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2739-2010.
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Abstract. In this study we use the maximum overlap discrete packet transform (MODWPT) to investigate residual effects on wheat biomass of fertigation treatments applied to a previous crop. The wheat crop covered nine subplots from a previous experiment on melon response to fertigation. Each subplot had previously received a different level of applied nitrogen. Many factors affect wheat biomass, causing it to vary at different spatial frequencies. We hypothesize that these will include residual effects from fertilizer application (at relatively low spatial frequencies) and the local influence of individual plants from the previous melon crop (at high frequency). To test this hypothesis we use the MODWPT to identify the dominant spatial frequencies of wheat biomass variation, and analyse the relationship to both the previous fertilizer application and the location of individual melon plants in the previous crop. The MODWPT is particularly appropriate for this because it allows us first to identify the key spatial frequencies in the wheat biomass objectively and to analyse them, and their relationship to hypothesized driving factors without any assumptions of uniformity (stationarity) of wheat-biomass variation. The results showed that the applied nitrogen dominated the wheat biomass response, and that there was a noticeable component of wheat-biomass variation at the spatial frequency that corresponds to the melon cropping. We expected wheat biomass to be negatively correlated with the position of melons in the previous crop, due to uptake of the applied nitrogen. The MODWPT, which allows us to detect changes in correlation between variables at different frequencies, showed that such a relationship was found across part of the experiment but not uniformly.
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Sheheda, I. M., and N. V. Sandetska. "The influence of foliar nutrition with urea in different phases of wheat development on grain protein content." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 27 (September 1, 2020): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v27.1321.
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Aim. The effect of foliar urea nutrition on grain yield, protein, total protein harvest, and nitrogen content in the grain per spike in winter wheat plants of different varieties was studied. Methods. In the field experiment plants of six different bread winter wheat varieties were fertilized with urea in different ways: 1) control; 2) foliar nutrition with urea at the end of anthesis with a dose of 7 kg N / ha; 3) foliar nutrition with urea in the phase of late milk development. Results. It was found that after nutrition in the first period the yield increased by 7-11%, while after nutrition in the second period it remained practically unchanged in comparison with the control. The applied dose of nitrogen did not have a significant effect on the protein content. Grain productivity increased without reducing protein content in this case, and there was no negative correlation between these indicators. As a result, grain protein content was significantly increased in all varieties. Natalka had the highest indicator, due to the best combination of protein content and yield. The calculations of the increase in nitrogen content in the grain per spike at the end of anthesis showed that it was significantly higher than the out-of-root dose. Conclusions. Thus, it has been shown that foliar nutrition of wheat with urea at the end of anthesis is advisable for increase of protein harvest with the crop. This measure stimulates the functional activity of plants, promotes efficiency of nitrogen utilization.
Keywords: nitrogen, grain protein, yield, winter wheat, foliar nutrition.
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Bakaeva, Natalya. "NITROGEN CONTENT IN SOIL AND NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN WINTER WHEAT LEAVES WITH THE USE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZERS." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 5, no. 2 (May 8, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/37333.
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The purpose of the study is increasing the efficiency of using nitrogen fertilizers and its effect on nitrate-reducing capacity of the leaf apparatus. The research was conducted in 2016-2018 in the Central zone of the Samara re-gion. The predecessor is complete fellow. Svetoch winter wheat elite seed varieties were used for sowing. Seeding was carried out in the experimental fields of the laboratory «Agroecology» of the Samara state University. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content in soil layer of 0-30 cm depth was estimated before planting and after plant nutri-tion with nitrogen fertilizers in regard to the growth phases (tillering, elongation and heading), the content of nitro-gen, protein and nitrate reductase enzyme activity in leaves during plant development. Dynamics changes of nitro-gen content in the soil and after fertilization with nitrogen shows that during vegetation period of plants, the amount of nitrogen is sufficient for their growth. As the phenological phases of plants change, the content of nitrogen and protein in winter wheat leaves increases, and activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase lifts, which catalyzes nitrate regeneration to nitrite. The value of the activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase in leaves can serve as a criterion for evaluating the availability of plants with the nitrate form of nitrogen. In future, the activity of this enzyme can be used as an indicator of optimizing nitrogen nutrition of plants aimed at metabolic processes. The use of various nitrogen fertilizers, and to a greater extent ammonium nitrate, increased the supply of plants with nitrogen, which is later used by them in the reutilization of nitrogen from leaves to the emerging seed, thus contributing to quality of grain.
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Stoparic, Goran, and Ivana Maksimovic. "Effect of cytokinins on the activity of superoxide dismutase in nitrogen deficient wheat." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 114 (2008): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0814059s.
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Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as O2??, are formed by electron transfer to a molecule with stable electron configuration, in electron transport chains in the cell. ROS are very reactive molecules which are formed at higher rates under stress, such as drought, high insolation, heath, inadequate mineral nutrition, and such conditions lead to impairment of various physiological and biochemical processes in the cell. To reduce production of ROS, and their detrimental effect, plants developed various enzymatic and non-enzymatic protective mechanisms. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the most important antioxydative enzymes, which removes superoxid anion radical (O2??), whose rate of production is the highest under unfavorable environmental conditions. Plant tissues that exhibit delayed senescence often have higher cytokinin content, which is accompanied by reduced amount of ROS. The focus of this paper is to examine whether foliar application of cytokinins to young wheat plants insufficiently supplied with nitrogen affects the activity of SOD and amount of O2??. Application of trans-zeatine (CK) reduced the activity of SOD, but this reduction was not accompanied by an increase in the amount of O2??. Application of benzyl adenine (BA) also reduced the activity of SOD, with concomitant increase in the amount of O2?? in wheat leaves.
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Robert, Corinne, Marie-Odile Bancal, and Christian Lannou. "Wheat Leaf Rust Uredospore Production on Adult Plants: Influence of Leaf Nitrogen Content and Septoria tritici Blotch." Phytopathology® 94, no. 7 (July 2004): 712–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.7.712.
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Leaf rust uredospore production and lesion size were measured on flag leaves of adult wheat plants in a glasshouse for different lesion densities. We estimated the spore weight produced per square centimeter of infected leaf, per lesion, and per unit of sporulating area. Three levels of fertilization were applied to the plants to obtain different nitrogen content for the inoculated leaves. In a fourth treatment, we evaluated the effect of Septoria tritici blotch on leaf rust uredospore production. The nitrogen and carbon content of the spores was unaffected or marginally affected by lesion density, host leaf nitrogen content, or the presence of Mycosphaerella graminicola on the same leaf. In leaves with a low-nitrogen content, spore production per lesion was reduced, but lesion size was unaffected. A threshold effect of leaf nitrogen content in spore production was however, evident, since production was similar in the medium- and high-fertilizer treatments. In leaves inoculated with M. graminicola and Puccinia triticina, the rust lesions were smaller and produced fewer spores. The relationships among rust lesion density, lesion size, and uredospore production were fitted to a model. We determined that the density effect on spore production resulted mainly from a reduction in lesion size, the spore production per unit of sporulating surface being largely independent of lesion density. These results are consistent with those obtained previously on wheat seedlings. The main difference was that the sporulation period lasted longer in adult leaves.
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Rabinovich, Galina, and Yu D. Smirnova. "Spring Wheat Cultivation Using a New Bioproduct." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 5 (April 13, 2016): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n5p79.
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<p>Spring wheat is a strategically significant agricultural crop all over the world. Increasing yields of the crop need increasing use of the mineral fertilizers and chemical fungicides – using which becomes less and less popular. They are being substituted with various bioproducts being developed all over the world, including Russia. All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (VNIIMZ) has created a novel bioproduct – LBP – featuring physiologically significant amounts of growth factors and nutritive elements favorable for the plants. This work evaluates an LBP effect on spring wheat, Irgina sort, when using LPB as a supplementary fertilizer with a mineral fertilizer as a basic one. The research was carried out in microplot experiments at a VNIIMZ’s test site, Tver Region, Russian Federation, in 2009-2010. Among all options studied, a 0.1 l/sq.m LBP dose (added by spraying on bushing-out and earing plants) proved to be the most effective. That option yielded 16.31 metric centners/hectare, which is 27.3% higher than the same without LBP is. A grain quality analysis showed the following nutritive value rise compared to references: cellulose, oil and calcium (CaO) increased by 10…12%, 9…10%, and 10…12%, respectively. Soils of the plants treated with LBP generally contained more nitrogen compounds, less amylolytic microorganisms (competing for nitrogen) and Fusarium wilt ones - which totally provided better conditions for the spring wheat growth.</p>
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Rutkowska, A., and D. Pikuła. "Efficacy of 15N-nitrogen in fertilization of pea mixtures with wheat, barley, and oats." Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 8 (August 12, 2016): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/185/2016-pse.
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The effect of mineral nitrogen (N) nutrition on seed production and acquisition of <sup>15</sup>N from fertilizers by components of cereal-pea mixtures was investigated. Yields of wheat-pea and oats-pea mixtures raised together with the increase of cereals percentage in the pot, and higher seed yields of mixture with barley was affected by a larger share of pea plants. The percentage of nitrogen derived from fertilizers was significantly higher in cereals as compared with pea. Pea accumulated the greatest quantity of nitrogen from fertilizers in straw and roots, and cereals translocated <sup>15</sup>N mainly to ears – grain and glumes with rachis. The percentage of <sup>15</sup>N in seeds of pea amounted to 15% on the average, and in grain of cereals – 54% to 60% of the total N taken up.
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Sadras, Victor O., Jeff A. Baldock, Jim W. Cox, and W. D. Bellotti. "Crop rotation effect on wheat grain yield as mediated by changes in the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 6 (2004): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04012.
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Theoretically, growth of stressed plants is maximised when all resources are equally limiting. The concept of co-limitation could be used to integrate key factors affected by crop rotation. This paper tested the hypothesis that the effect of crop rotation on the yield of wheat is partially mediated by changes in the degree of co-limitation between nitrogen and water. Four rotations were established on a sodic, supracalcic, red chromosol in a Mediterranean-type environment of southern Australia. Rotations included wheat grown after (a) faba bean harvested for grain, (b) faba bean incorporated as green manure, (c) ryegrass pasture, or (d) medic pasture; barley was grown after wheat in all cases. The response of wheat to the rotations during 3 growing seasons was analysed in terms of nitrogen and water co-limitation, and the response of barley was taken as a measure of the persistence of rotation effects. Daily scalars quantifying water and nitrogen stress effects on tissue expansion were calculated with a crop simulation model. These scalars were integrated in a series of seasonal indices to quantify the intensity of water (SW ) and nitrogen stress (SN ), the aggregated intensity of water and nitrogen stress (SWN ), the degree of water and nitrogen co-limitation (CWN ), and the integrated effect of stress and co-limitation (SCWN 25 CWN/SWN ). The expectation is that grain yield should be inversely proportional to stress intensity and directly proportional to degree of co-limitation, thus proportional to SCWN . Combination of rotations and seasons generated a wide variation in the amount of water and inorganic nitrogen in the 1-m soil profile at the time of wheat sowing. Plant-available water ranged from 33 to 107 mm, and inorganic nitrogen from 47 to 253 kg N/ha. Larger amounts of nitrogen were found after green-manured faba bean, and smaller after grass pasture. There was a consistent effect of rotation on wheat yield and grain protein content, which persisted in subsequent barley crops. Measured grain yield of wheat crops ranged from 2.5 to 4.8 t/ha. It was unrelated to water or nitrogen stresses taken individually, inversely related to the aggregated stress index SWN , and directly related to the CWN index of co-limitation. The combination of stress and co-limitation in a single index SCWN accounted for 65% of the variation in measured crop yield. This is a substantial improvement with respect to the stress effect quantified with SWN , which accounted for 43% of yield variation. It is concluded that rotation effects mediated by changes in the relative availability of water and nitrogen can be partially accounted for by degree of resource co-limitation.
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Brennan, RF. "Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency in wheat on the infection of roots by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (1989): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890489.
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Wheat was grown in a slightly acid grey sand at six levels of phosphorus and four levels of nitrogen, in the presence and absence of inoculum of Gaeurnannomyces graminis tritici (Ggt) in a glasshouse experiment. Adequate nutrition of N (400 mg/pot) and P (100 mg/pot) for wheat plants was required to overcome take-all of wheat grown for 46 days. Severely N and P deficient plants had 60% of their seminal and nodal roots infected by take-all. As the plants responded to increasing levels of N and P, the percentage of infected nodal and seminal roots steadily declined to 0% and 10% for each root system respectively at luxury levels of P and adequate N. In both the seminal and nodal root system, increasing the N and P supply decreased the length of proximal lesions (closest to seed) and increased the length of the root between the crown and the proximal lesion. The seminal root system was more severely infected with take-all than the nodal root system.
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Simatin, T. V., Е. А. Bildieva, F. V. Eroshenko, and А. А. Kalashnikova. "Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with polyfunctional products on the chlorophyll and nitrogen content in winter wheat plants in the conditions of the Stavropol Territory." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 4 (September 6, 2022): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2022-82-4-84-90.
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The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations Icar Sids, Sprintalga and Microfol Combi, conducted at the experimental field and in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Physiology of the North Caucasian FNAC in 2018–2021. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary medium–sized low–humus heavy loamy black soil, with very low availability of mineral nitrogen, medium – mobile phosphorus, insufficient – exchange potassium. The weather of the research area characterized by large amplitude of annual fluctuations in air temperature and precipitation. Weather conditions in 2018–2021 differed, both in the amount of precipitation and in the temperature regime. Studies were carried out in order to identify the physiological features of grain harvest formation during pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations on ordinary black soil of the Central Caucasus. To achieve this goal, the chlorophyll content in the organs of winter wheat plants was studied by extracting pigments with 96 % ethyl alcohol, nitrogen content in plants, accounting for yield and studying the structure of the crop. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations contributed to an increase in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in plant organs by 4.3–17.9 %, and also influenced the consumption of mineral elements, increasing the nitrogen content in plants by an average of 15.6–42 %, depending on the phase of wheat development, which ultimately led to an increase in yield by 0.22–0.37 t/ha. The cost of preparations used for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds increased production costs by 167–349 rubles /ha, but due to the resulting crop increase, profit increased by 3099–4905 rubles /t, and the profitability of grain production by 9.2–14.1%.
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Mason, MG. "Effect of nitrogenous fertilisers on soil inorganic nitrogen levels and uptake by wheat on very acid soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890837.
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Urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate were compared as sources of nitrogen (N) for wheat grown on very acid soils at 2 sites in 1980, in the absence of lime or where lime at 2 t/ha was incorporated into the top 10 cm of soil. The plots were soil sampled each week for the first 5 weeks after sowing, and further samples were collected at 9 weeks. Wheat tops were sampled 4 times during the first 6 weeks after sowing. Soils and plants were analysed for ammonium-N and nitrate-N. Application of each fertiliser initially caused increased soil levels of ammonium-N which fell with time at both sites. Increases in nitrate-N were small and were usually not significant. At 1 site (Bunketch), and with ammonium sulfate as the N source when no lime was added, there was a slower rate of decline in ammonium-N than in the presence of lime. Fertiliser type did not result in any significant differences in ammonium and N concentrations in the soil, apart from the higher levels of nitrate-N in the ammonium nitrate treatments. At both sites and particularly at Perenjori both in the absence and presence of lime, nitrate-N concentrations in plants were higher for the treatments with N fertiliser than for the unfertilised controls. This suggests that the N applied as fertiliser ammonium is nitrified before it is taken up by the plants. At the first plant sampling at Perenjori and at the first 2 samplings at Bunketch, ammonium-N levels in the fertilised plants were higher than in the unfertilised plants, suggesting that ammonium-N was readily taken up by the plants. Plant nitrate levels were lower at Bunketch in the absence of lime, than where lime was added. Grain yields were significantly increased at both sites by N fertiliser application. The 3 fertilisers were equally effective and there was no significant response to lime. Both nitrate and ammonium-N appeared to be readily utilised by the plant.
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Li, Jing, Shi-Qing Li, Yi Liu, and Xiao-Li Chen. "Effects of increased ammonia on root/shoot ratio, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of two wheat varieties with various N supply." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 7 (August 16, 2009): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/52/2009-pse.
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The effects of elevated atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> on growth and yield parameters of two winter wheat varieties, the high water and fertilizer-demanding variety Xiaoyan 6 (XY6) and the drought-resistant variety Changhan 58 (CH58), grown with two levels of N fertilization, were studied in Open-Top Chambers. The results showed that in combination with the high N treatment increasing the atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration to 1000 nl/l from the ambient level of 10 nl/l NH<sub>3</sub> significantly (<I>P</I> < 0.05) reduced the biomass and the root/shoot ratios of the plants, especially in XY6 plants, mainly because it negatively influenced root biomass production at anthesis and mature stages. In addition, the grain yield of XY6 was by 1.51% higher, while that of CH58 was 13.2% lower, following exposure to the elevated atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> concentration rather than the ambient concentration in combination with the high N treatment. In contrast, in combination with the low N treatment, elevated atmospheric NH<sub>3</sub> had significantly and non-significantly positive effects on the grain yield of XY6 and CH58 plants, respectively. The Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and related parameters were all lower in plants of both varieties exposed to the high atmospheric NH3 concentration together with either the high or low N treatment.
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Illescas, María, María E. Morán-Diez, Ángel Emilio Martínez de Alba, Rosa Hermosa, and Enrique Monte. "Effect of Trichoderma asperellum on Wheat Plants’ Biochemical and Molecular Responses, and Yield under Different Water Stress Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 6782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126782.
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Eight Trichoderma strains were evaluated for their potential to protect wheat seedlings against severe (no irrigation within two weeks) water stress (WS). Considering the plant fresh weight and phenotype, T. asperellum T140, which displays 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity and which is able to produce several phytohormones, was selected. The molecular and biochemical results obtained from 4-week-old wheat seedlings linked T140 application with a downregulation in the WS-response genes, a decrease in antioxidant activities, and a drop in the proline content, as well as low levels of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in response to severe WS. All of these responses are indicative of T140-primed seedlings having a higher tolerance to drought than those that are left untreated. A greenhouse assay performed under high nitrogen fertilization served to explore the long-term effects of T140 on wheat plants subjected to moderate (halved irrigation) WS. Even though all of the plants showed acclimation to moderate WS regardless of T140 application, there was a positive effect exerted by T. asperellum on the level of tolerance of the wheat plants to this stress. Strain T140 modulated the expression of a plant ABA-dependent WS marker and produced increased plant superoxide dismutase activity, which would explain the positive effect of Trichoderma on increasing crop yields under moderate WS conditions. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of T. asperellum T140 as a biostimulant for wheat plants under WS conditions, making them more tolerant to drought.
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Palta, J. A., and S. Peltzer. "Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) reduces the uptake and utilisation of fertiliser-nitrogen by wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 5 (2001): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00085.
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The effect of timing of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) emergence on the uptake and utilisation of N by wheat was investigated in a field trial on a duplex soil at Katanning, Western Australia, and in a glasshouse study in which 15N-fertiliser was applied. Three treatments were used to investigate the effect of timing of annual ryegrass emergence on the uptake and utilisation of N by wheat: simultaneous sowing of wheat and annual ryegrass, sowing of annual ryegrass 1 week before wheat, and sowing of the annual ryegrass 1 week after wheat. A control treatment, consisting of wheat sown alone, was also included. Plant densities during the field trial were 105 and 140 plants/m2 for wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively, whereas in the glasshouse they were 105 plants/m2 for wheat and 155 plants/m2 for annual ryegrass. Fertiliser-N was applied at seeding of wheat at 50 kg N/ha in the field trial and 60 kg N/ha in the glasshouse. The introduction of annual ryegrass into the wheat system reduced the production of biomass and the grain yield of wheat. The earlier the annual ryegrass was introduced into the system, the greater the reduction in the biomass and grain yield of wheat. Poor tillering and slow rates of growth were accountable for the reduction in biomass, whilst the reduction in wheat grain yield was caused by the reductions in ear number, kernels per ear, and kernel size. Grain N content and hence grain protein was also reduced by the introduction of annual ryegrass into the wheat system. Irrespective of the timing of introduction of annual ryegrass, the low N uptake of wheat resulted from a reduction in the uptake of both soil and fertiliser-N. This indicates that annual ryegrass competed with wheat not only for the fertiliser-N that was applied at seeding of wheat, but also for mineralised soil N. The competition for N reduced the total recoveries of fertiliser-N in the wheat plant. Total recoveries of fertiliser-N in the wheat plant suggest that 59% of the fertiliser-N was not taken up by wheat when annual ryegrass was sown 1 week earlier than wheat or at the same time as wheat, whereas only 32% was not taken up by the wheat when annual ryegrass was sown 1 week later than wheat. More competitive wheat genotypes would be those with better efficiency in the uptake of N and its utilisation in maintaining yield and grain protein under infestations of annual ryegrass.
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Carillo, Petronia, Gabriella Mastrolonardo, Francesco Nacca, Danila Parisi, Angelo Verlotta, and Amodio Fuggi. "Nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat under salinity: accumulation of proline and glycine betaine." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 5 (2008): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08108.
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We studied the effect of salinity on amino acid, proline and glycine betaine accumulation in leaves of different stages of development in durum wheat under high and low nitrogen supply. Our results suggest that protective compounds against salt stress are accumulated in all leaves. The major metabolites are glycine betaine, which preferentially accumulates in younger tissues, and proline, which is found predominantly in older tissues. Proline tended to accumulate early, at the onset of the stress, while glycine betaine accumulation was observed during prolonged stress. Nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) are positively correlated with these compatible solutes: proline is associated with NR in the oldest leaves of high-nitrate plants and glycine betaine is associated with GOGAT in the youngest leaves of both low- and high-nitrate plants. In high-nitrate conditions proline accounts for more than 39% of the osmotic adjustment in the cytoplasmic compartments of old leaves. Its nitrogen-dependent accumulation may offer an important advantage in that it can be metabolised to allow reallocation of energy, carbon and nitrogen from the older leaves to the younger tissues. The contribution of glycine betaine is higher in young leaves and is independent of nitrogen nutrition.
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Knezevic, Desimir, Violeta Maklenovic, Ljubisa Kolaric, Danica Micanovic, Andrej Sekularac, and Jasmina Knezevic. "Variation and inheritance of nitrogen content in seed of wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)." Genetika 48, no. 2 (2016): 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1602579k.
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In diallel crosses (without reciprocals) of four genetically divergent wheat cultivars (Jugoslavija, Osijecanka, Zitnica, and NS Rana 2) produced seed of hybrids which planted on experimental field. F2 hybrids plants used for harvest and source of F3 seeds which used for nitrogen content analysis. The mode of inheritance, gene effect, heritability in parent cultivars and F3 hybrids were studied for nitrogen content in seed. On the base of obtained results, different mode of inheritance: dominance, intermediate and overdominance for content of N in seed was established. Among parent cultivars, the highest nitrogen contents had Novosadska Rana 2 (3.50%). The combination Osijecanka/NS Rana 2 in F3 grain generation was the best for nitrogen content (3.70%).
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Medvedev, Ivan Philippovich, Anastasiya Serggevna Buzueva, Valentina Ivanovna Ephimova, Ilya Olegovich Molchanov, Mikhail Nikolaevich Panasov, Natalya Nikolaevna Gusakova, and Viktor Alekseevich Nazarov. "The effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the formation of root and vegetative masses of plants of various cenosis." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (October 23, 2019): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2019i10pp34-39.
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The article presents the results of a study of the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the productivity of the root and vegetative masses of various cenosis (virgin lands, fallow lands, arable land under spring wheat) in an agrolandscape.
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Rigby, Ben A., Niloufar Nasrollahi, Corinne Celestina, James R. Hunt, John A. Kirkegaard, and Caixian Tang. "Nitrogen Fertiliser Immobilisation and Uptake in the Rhizospheres of Wheat and Canola." Agronomy 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11122507.
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Immobilisation of fertiliser nitrogen (N) by soil microorganisms can reduce N availability to crops, decreasing growth and yield. To date, few studies have focussed on the effect of different plant species on immobilisation of fertiliser N. Canola (Brassica napus) is known to influence the soil microbiome and increase mineral N in soil for future crops compared with cereals. We tested the hypothesis that canola can reduce immobilisation of fertiliser N by influencing the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. To investigate this, we conducted a glasshouse soil column experiment comparing N fertiliser uptake between canola and wheat (Triticum aestivium) and partitioning of fertiliser N between plants and microorganisms. Plants were grown in soil to which high C:N ratio wheat residues and 15N-labelled urea fertiliser were applied. There was no difference between wheat and canola in fertiliser N uptake despite differences in fungal community composition and the carbon metabolising enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the rhizosphere. Canola obtained more soil-derived N than wheat. There was no significant difference in the rhizosphere bacterial communities present between wheat and canola and unplanted controls. Our results highlight the capacity of canola to increase mineralisation of soil N compared with wheat although the study could not describe the microbial community which facilitated this increase.
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Płaza, Anna, Emilia Rzążewska, and Barbara Gąsiorowska. "Effect of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum Bacteria and L-Alpha Proline Amino Acid on Iron Content in Soil and Triticum aestivum L. Plants in Sustainable Agriculture System." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030511.
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Research was conducted in Poland in 2017–2019 at Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce. It aimed at determining the effect of the bacteria Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, the amino acid L-alpha proline, and the mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime on iron content in soil during the period of rapid growth of spring wheat plants, as well as in spring wheat grain and straw. The following two factors were examined: (I) biological products: untreated control, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum, L-alpha proline, Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline; (II) mineral nitrogen fertiliser regime: nonfertilised control, 60 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1, 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation. The study demonstrated that, during the period of rapid spring wheat plant growth, Fe content was the highest in the soil following an application of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum + L-alpha proline + mineral nitrogen fertiliser applied at the rate of 90 kg N·ha−1. This combination resulted in the highest concentration and uptake of iron by spring wheat grain, whereas for straw, the same result was also achieved following mineral nitrogen fertiliser at a rate of 90 kg N·ha−1 + foliar fertilisation.
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Matsera, Olha. "EFFECT OF SOWING METHOD AND N APPLICATION ON SEED YIELD AND N USE EFFICIENCY OFWINTER OILSEED RAPE." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-4-7.
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In the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe, the cultivation of winter rapeseed crops after winter wheat usually leads to a delay in sowing the latter and deterioration of autumn plant development. Based on data from a field experiment conducted in 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, the aim of this study was to investigate how sowing delay affects seed yield, nitrogen uptake by seeds and significant efficiency of nitrogen use by winter rape plants; to check the ability of autumn and spring application of nitrogen fertilizers to compensate for the negative impact of delays in sowing crops; and estimate the minimum autumn development for optimal seed yield. To solve the set tasks, a combination of four sowing dates (from the first week of August to the third week of September) and four autumn nitrogen applications (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg / ha per year) was fixed. In each of these 16 variants, nitrogen application was performed 5 times in the spring (0/0, 40/40, 80/80, 120/120, 140/140 kg / ha, etc.) in order to estimate the individual nitrogen reaction curves. Nitrogen accumulation by aboveground mass of plants in autumn, seed yield and nitrogen uptake by seeds were determined. It was found that sowing the crop after mid-September significantly reduced yields. Application of nitrogen fertilizers in autumn in the amount of at least 30 kg / ha per year increased the yield and absorption of nitrogen seeds without any significant interaction with the sowing period and spring application of nitrogen fertilizers. Increasing the dose of spring fertilizer application to 130 kg / ha increased seed yield. Nitrogen utilization efficiency decreased with increasing application rate when winter oilseed rape plants used nitrogen applied in the fall to a lesser extent than in the spring. In order to achieve high yields, it was necessary for the above-ground mass of plants to absorb nitrogen at the level of at least 10-15 kg / ha at the end of the autumn vegetation. From an ecological point of view, the optimal autumn development of plants should be achieved by choosing an adequate sowing date, rather than using additional nitrogen in autumn.
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Тагиров, Marsel Tagirov, Газизов, Ilyas Gazizov, Фадеева, and Irina Fadeeva. "Influence of level of a nitric food on efficiency and quality of grain of winter wheat in the conditions of Predkamya of RT." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 1 (September 7, 2014): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3828.
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Winter wheat productivity and grain quality is largely dependent on the availability of mineral elements of plants throughout the growing season. [2] Early spring fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers contributes to more rapid growth of the root system, further tillering, strengthening of ear shoots development and highest yield increase. Application of fertilizers, containing micronutrients (Akvarin 5), having a complex effect on plants, is perspective in high quality grain production. In this paper, we studied the effect of nitrogen nutrition and trace elements on grain productivity and quality, perspective and zoned species in the Republic of Tatarstan. Spring introduction of nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate leads to an increase the density of productive plant stand to 10.0%, crop yield to 20%. Treating the plant by Akvarin5 preparation in tillering period, it increases the density of plant stand of winter wheat on average 2.89%, productivity to 4.3% or 0.21 tons per hectare, compared to one with a nitrogen fertilizing. Akvarin 5 preparation leads to weight rising of 1000 grains more significant at making it in earing - flowering phase, than in the phase of tillering. It also increases the weight of the grain and gluten content. A greater influence on the nature of grain has a nitrogen fertilizer, than treatment by Akvarin 5.
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Stevenson, F. C., and C. van Kessel. "The nitrogen and non-nitrogen rotation benefits of pea to succeeding crops." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 735–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-126.
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The inclusion of a pulse crop in a rotation often leads to greater seed yields in the succeeding cereal crop. Two rotations were established at three sites in 1993 to examine the N and non-N rotation benefits of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to the subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) then oilseed crops. Wheat seed yield was 43% greater (rotation benefit) when preceded by pea rather than wheat, a consistent response among sites. Six to fourteen kg ha−1 of the extra 27 kg ha−1 of N accumulated by wheat in the pea–wheat rotation was derived from the additional N derived from pea residue. The additional soil N availability in the pea–wheat rotation, as indicated by the A-value, explained 8% of the rotation effect on seed yield (N benefit). The remaining 92% of the yield advantage in the pea–wheat rotation was attributed to non-N rotation benefit. The yield of the oilseed crop following the pea–wheat phase of the rotation did not differ from that following the wheat–wheat phase. The influence of growing conditions and cropping history on the magnitude of the N to non-N rotation benefits, and the contribution of different non-N effects, should be investigated further. Key words: Rotation benefit, pea, wheat, residue N, non-N benefit
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Nogalska, Anna, and Aleksandra Załuszniewska. "The Effect of Meat and Bone Meal (MBM) on Crop Yields, Nitrogen Content and Uptake, and Soil Mineral Nitrogen Balance." Agronomy 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112307.
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A long-term (six year) field experiment was conducted in Poland to evaluate the effect of meat and bone meal (MBM), applied without or with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer, on crop yields, N content and uptake by plants, and soil mineral N balance. Five treatments were compared: MBM applied at 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Mg ha−1, inorganic NPK, and zero-fert check. Mineral N accounted for 100% of the total N rate (158 kg ha−1) in the NPK treatment and 50%, 25%, and 0% in MBM treatments. The yield of silage maize supplied with MBM was comparable with that of plants fertilized with NPK at 74 Mg ha−1 herbage (30% DM) over two years on average. The yields of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape were highest in the NPK treatment (8.9 Mg ha−1 grain and 3.14 Mg ha−1 seeds on average). The addition of 25% and 50% of mineral N to MBM had no influence on the yields of the tested crops. The N content of plants fertilized with MBM was satisfactory (higher than in the zero-fert treatment), and considerable differences were found between years of the study within crop species. Soil mineral N content was determined by N uptake by plants rather than the proportion of mineral N in the total N rate. Nitrogen utilization by plants was highest in the NPK treatment (58%) and in the treatment where mineral N accounted for 50% of the total N rate (48%).
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Герасимчук, О. П. "FORMATION TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF WINTER WHEAT GRAIN WITH INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENT DOSES AND TERMS OF NITROGENIC NUTRITION ELEMENTS." Bulletin of Uman National University of Horticulture 1 (August 2022): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2310-0478-2022-1-64-69.
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The influence of nitrogen fertilization on the formation of technological properties of grain of modern varieties of soft winter wheat was established – with increasing intensity of cultivation technology the protein content increased by 10–15%, gluten to 27.9%, the volume yield of bread increased by 25.8%. The optimal doses and terms of nitrogen fertilization of winter soft wheat were specified in order to optimize nitrogen nutrition of plants and grain formation with the improved technological properties: N70N30N70 – combination of early spring N70 with foliar fertilization at the stage of stem elongation N30 and N70 at the beginning of wheat earing and N100N70N70 – combination of early spring N100 with foliar fertilization in the phase of stem elongation N70 and N70 at the beginning of wheat earing. The varieties of winter soft wheat were evaluated for their ability to form high-quality grain that meets the requirements of bakery production. The positive effect of nitrogen fertilization on all the varieties studied was established by trial baking, the best results were obtained in the variety Lira Odeska.
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Juhász, Evelin Kármen, Rita Kremper, Áron Béni, and Andrea Balláné Kovács. "Residual effect of superphosphate on the sulphur status of soil and plants in a long-term NPK fertilisation experiment on a Chernozem in Hungary." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 11 (November 24, 2021): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/247/2021-pse.
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Recently, plant-available sulphur (S) in the soil is decreasing due to the limited use of S containing fertilisers and the reduction of atmospheric S deposition. The aim of this work was to evaluate the S status in a long-term fertilisation experiment on a Chernozem in Hungary, with control and 2 NPK rate treatments, considering that after 27 years of superphosphate (SP) use, SP was replaced by monoammonium phosphate in 2010. Plant and soil sampling were performed in 2017 at three different development stages of winter wheat. To assess the S status, the S balance was estimated (for 34 years), KCl soluble soil sulphate, S as well as nitrogen (N) concentration and some amino acids in wheat grain were measured. N/S ratios, S and N uptake of wheat were calculated. The residual effect of SP could be measured only in terms of KCl soluble SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>-S in soil. According to the wheat grain S concentration (0.08–0.10%) and N/S ratio (14.9–22.0), wheat was S deficient, despite the positive S balance in the fertilised plots. In this experiment, where S fertiliser was applied with 84 kg S/ha dose in 1983–2010, followed by a 7-year period without S fertilisation, S supply is necessary for achieving adequate wheat quality.
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Arora, A., V. P. Singh, and J. Mohan. "Effect of Nitrogen and Water Stress on Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Content in Wheat." Biologia plantarum 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1017911513854.
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Díaz-Pérez, Juan C., William M. Randle, George Boyhan, Ronald W. Walcott, David Giddings, Denne Bertrand, Hunt F. Sanders, and Ronald D. Gitaitis. "Effects of Mulch and Irrigation System on Sweet Onion: I. Bolting, Plant Growth, and Bulb Yield and Quality." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 2 (March 2004): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.2.0218.
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Sweet onions (Allium cepa L.) are typically grown on bare soil and irrigated with high-pressure systems such as sprinklers or center-pivots. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of irrigation system and mulch on bolting, bulb yield and bulb quality over 3 years. The experimental design was a split plot, where the main plot was irrigation system (drip or sprinkler) and the subplot was the type of mulch (bare soil, black plastic film or wheat straw). The results showed that individual bulb weight and bulb yields under drip irrigation were similar to those under sprinkler irrigation. Plants grown on bare soil had the highest total yield during the three seasons and among the highest marketable yield. There were no consistent differences in the bulb number or yield of plants on plastic film mulch compared to those of plants on wheat straw mulch. Plants on wheat straw mulch had reduced foliar nitrogen content. Variability in yields among mulches and seasons was partly explained by changes in seasonal root zone temperature and soil water potential. Total and marketable yields and weight of individual bulbs increased with increasing root zone temperatures up to an optimum at 15.8 °C, followed by reductions in yields and individual bulb weight at >15.8 °C. Onion bolting increased with decreasing foliage nitrogen content, with plants on wheat straw having the highest bolting incidence. Bolting also increased with decreasing root zone temperatures for the season. Total and marketable yields increased with decreasing mean seasonal soil water potential down to -30 kPa. Irrigation system and mulches had no consistent effect on the soluble solids content or pungency of onion bulbs.
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Condon, AG, RA Richards, and GD Farquhar. "The effect of variation in soil water availability, vapour pressure deficit and nitrogen nutrition on carbon isotope discrimination in wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920935.
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Carbon isotope discrimination (-) is an integrative measure of leaf transpiration efficiency and has been proposed as a select criterion for greater water-use efficiency in breeding programs for water-limited environments. Here we assess the effects of variation in soil water status, vapour pressure deficit and nitrogen nutrition on the value of - measured in plant dry matter and the relative magnitudes of environmental and genotypic variation in - among conventional wheat cultivars. Experiments were done using container- and field-grown plants. Two genotypes, cv. Cleopatra and Yaqui 50E, were grown in large (23 L) containers to simulate field conditions. Plants were subjected to contrasting watering regimes, to different levels of atmospheric demand (by growing the plants outdoors and varying sowing time) and to two levels of nitrogen nutrition (equivalent to 150 and 30 kg N ha-1). A field experiment using eight genotypes was conducted at Moombooldool in south-west New South Wales, which has an annual rainfall total and distribution typical of much of the south-east wheat belt. Changes in - over the course of the season were followed by sampling recently expanded plant parts. In field-grown plants A measured in dry matter fell by 5x10-3 between early-formed leaves and the grain. A similar change (7x10-3) was observed in container-grown plants. For both field- and container-grown plants, environmental effects on - were attributed to stomatal closure in response to declining soil water and/or increasing vapour-pressure deficit. Low nitrogen nutrition of container-grown plants, which reduced above-ground dry matter at maturity and leaf area at flag leaf emergence by 30%, had a small but variable effect on thevalue of -. In the field experiment, variation among genotypes in - of different plant parts was always significant, and was typically c. l.8 x l 0-3 . Genotype ranking for - changed with different plant parts, but the magnitude of genotype x environment interaction was small in relation to genetic variation in -. Changes in ranking mainly occurred in the latter half of the season. These were attributed primarily to differences in the rate and extent of soil drying among genotypes. Variation in the extent of soil water depletion measured at anthesis was positively correlated with - of plant parts laid down early in the season.
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Ru, Chen, Xiaotao Hu, Dianyu Chen, Tianyuan Song, Wene Wang, Mengwei Lv, and Neil C. Hansen. "Nitrogen Modulates the Effects of Short-Term Heat, Drought and Combined Stresses after Anthesis on Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Metabolism, Yield, and Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat." Water 14, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091407.
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More frequent and more intense heat waves and greater drought stress will occur in the future climate environment. Short-term extreme heat and drought stress often occur simultaneously after winter wheat anthesis, which has become the major constraint threatening future wheat yield. In this study, short-term heat, drought and their combination stress were applied to wheat plants after anthesis, and all wheat plants were restored to the outdoor normal temperature and full watering after stress treatment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the role of nitrogen (N) in modulating the effects of post-anthesis short-term heat, drought and their combination stress on photosynthesis, N metabolism-related enzymes, the accumulation of N and protein and growth, as well as on the yield and water (WUE) and N use efficiency (NUE) of wheat after stress treatment. The results showed that compared with low N application (N1), medium application (N2) enhanced the activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthase (GS) in grains under post-anthesis heat and drought stress alone, which provided a basis for the accumulation of N and protein in grains at the later stage of growth. Under post-anthesis individual stresses, N2 or high application (N3) increased the leaf photosynthetic rate (An), PSII photochemical efficiency and instantaneous WUE compared with N1, whereas these parameters were usually significantly improved by N1 application under post-anthesis combined stress. The positive effect of increased An by N application on growth was well represented in a higher green leaf area, aboveground dry mass and plant height, and the variation in An can be explained more accurately by the N content per unit leaf area. Short-term heat, drought and combined stress after anthesis resulted in a pronounced decrease in yield by reducing grain number per spike and thousand kernel weight. The reduction in NUE under combined stress was higher than that under individual heat and drought stress. Compared with N1, N2 or N3 application significantly prevented the decrease in yield and NUE caused by post-anthesis heat and drought stress alone. However, N1 application was conducive to improving the productivity, WUE and NUE of wheat when exposed to post-anthesis combined stress. The current data indicated that under short-term individual heat and drought stress after anthesis, appropriately increasing N application effectively improved the growth and physiological activity of wheat compared with N1, alleviating the reduction in yield, WUE and NUE. However, under combined stress conditions, reducing N application (N1) may be a suitable strategy to compensate for the decrease in yield, WUE and NUE.
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Salvagiotti, Fernando, and Daniel J. Miralles. "Wheat development as affected by nitrogen and sulfur nutrition." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 1 (2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06090.
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Sulfur (S) is one of the essential nutrients for crop growth, which is linked to nitrogen (N) in many physiological functions. The rate of leaf emergence (RLE) and final leaf number (FLN) determine the duration of the emergence (Em)–anthesis (Ant) period in wheat. Although some studies showed effects of N and phosphorus on RLE and the length of the Em–Ant period, no reports studied the effect of N and S interaction on the phasic development and the coordination of RLE with tillering appearance. A bread-wheat genotype was grown with 4 N and 2 S fertiliser rates during 2000 and 2001 in field plots. In addition, an experiment with 4 combinations of N and S rates (N0S0, N0S1, N1S0, and N1S1) was arranged in containers using nutrient solutions in 2001. Under field conditions, additional N and S did not modify the duration of the different phenological stages or the Phy value and FLN. However, the stronger N and S deficiency in the experiments conducted in containers affected RLE. A higher S rate delayed the period Em–Ant by 65° degree-days under no N restrictions, mainly by a delay in the duration of terminal spikelet (TS)–Ant period. Phyllochron (Phy) changed with crop ontogeny (inflection point occurred on 7th leaf) and N and S did not affect the timing when Phy changed; however, a lower N supply increased Phy in earlier leaves without effect of S on this trait. Treatments without S or N deficiency achieved the highest maximum tiller number (MTN) and the greatest tiller mortality rate (TMR); however, tiller number at maturity was 76% higher in this treatment with respect to the rest of the treatments because of the MTN attained. The number of tillers per emerged leaf was significantly increased when plants were grown under high N supply. Under no N restrictions, additional S increased the number of tillers per emerged leaf by 24%.
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Rashwan, Basma, A. Ali, and Shaima Abo Zaed. "Effect of Organic and Bio-Fertilization as Partial Substitute for Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization on Wheat Plants." Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 7, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 335–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2016.39645.
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Marco, DGDe, and Marco DG De. "Effect of seed weight, and seed phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations on the early growth of wheat seedlings." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 4 (1990): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900545.
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Wheat seeds of uniform weight selected from 3 batches of seed with phosphorus (P) concentrations of 0.14, 0.17 and 0.19% were sown in soil with a range of applied P treatments. Seedling emergence was more rapid the higher the seed P. By 25 days after sowing all plants grown at the highest concentration of applied P were similar in size, but with lower applied P, plants from seed with higher P concentrations had an advantage. A range of weight classes was selected from 2 batches of seed raised at low or high concentrations of P. There were 11 groups ranging in mean seed weight from 28 to 58 mg and in seed P from 0.13 to 0.37%. Seedlings from the high P batch had larger first leaves, a higher dry weight, and longer roots than those from the low P batch when grown in a highly P-deficient sand culture system. Within each batch, heavier seeds produced larger leaves, heavier plants and longer roots. The yield differences between batches were largely accounted for if the seed P content (�g P/seed) was considered rather than either percentage P or seed weight alone. Differences in seed nitrogen concentration or content did not consistently account for differences in seedling growth.
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Kudashkin, P. I., N. D. Bondarenko, and N. G. Vlasenko. "Effect of BioVays and TurMax on the productivity of spring wheat in the northern forest-steppe of the Priobye region." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 5, 2022): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2022-63-2-26-32.
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The authors presented the results of studying the effect of preparation TurMax and BioVays on the productivity of spring wheat. Spring wheat is grown as the second crop after fallow in the northern foreststeppe conditions of the Priobye region. During the study, the authors found that these fertilizers had an effective influence on crop growth and development throughout the growing season. The preparation TurMax increases the standing density of the plants at the beginning of the crop’s vegetation by an average of 2.1%, while BioVays increases it by 5.3%. This trend persisted in the milk-wax maturity phase of the grain. The survival rate of plants when treated with TurMax and BioVays increased relative to the control variant by 9.7 and 11.9%. Productive bushiness increased by 4.9 and 3.5%, respectively. Seed treatment with TurMax and BioVays increased the weight of 1000 seeds by 1.3% and 2.2% when growing wheat in the background of nitrogen fertilizer application at a dose of 60 kg a.i. (active ingredient) / ha. This value increased by 4.5% and 5.2%, respectively, without the application of nitrogen fertilizer. The combination of seed and crop treatment with BioVays and TurMax increased this value by 6.3% in the tilling phase. On fertilized background, the best result was obtained in variants TurMax + BioVays and BioVays + BioVays, where the weight of 1000 seeds increased by 3.9% and 3.5%. Seed treatment withTurMax and BioVays increased yield by 0.20% and 0.22% t/ha when growing wheat with nitrogen fertilizer. The pretreatment of seeds with TurMax and the treatment with BioVays in the wheat tiller phase increased the yield against fertilizer by 0.60 t/ha, and against an unfertilized background, the increase was 0.34 t/ha. When treated with BioVays in the tillering phase, the crop yield increased by 0.55 t/ha against the fertilized background and by 0.27 t/ha against the unfertilized background.
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Jamal, Aftab, and Muhammad Fawad. "Effectiveness of Phosphorous Fertilizers in Wheat Crop Production in Pakistan." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 5 (January 2019): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.5.25.
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Phosphorus is that element of periodic table, which is extensively found in nature and along with Nitrogen (N) and potassium represents the overall composition of plants and animal life. Phosphorus performed different metabolic activities in plants and is one of the key elements for the maturation of plants and boosting up the larger quantities. As it has a vital role in the metabolism and energy production reaction and can survive the unfavorable environmental effects so cause increase in yield. A research review was carried out on the effectiveness of P fertilizers on wheat crop in Pakistan. Almost all of the researchers in all areas indicated that P fertilizers significantly improved the growth as well as yield parameters of wheat crop. But the optimum rate of P fertilizer at which highest yield recorded was different for each area, soil and environmental condition. Although these findings on P fertilization representing many capable results regarding to yield and yield components of wheat but still further research is strongly recommended to evaluate the dynamics of P in soil as well as the interaction effect of P with other micro and macro nutrients.
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Tomer, Reena, S. P. Singh, Varun Tomer, Mahesh Kumar, and Nidhi Sharma. "Effect of Azorhizobium caulinodans on yield in plant growth regulator induced nodulated wheat." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2017): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2017.2.1.6.
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In the laboratory seedling were induced with nodule-like outgrowths using different growth regulators 2,4-D,IBA and NAA in nitrogen free Hoagland solution. Induced seedlings were inoculated with Azorhizobium caulinodans (ORS 571) in wheat variety C-306. One set was also raised as control. The treated paranoulated wheat seedlings were transferred to pot culture. The data was collected on 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing, which reveals that as a Azorhizobium caulinodans with 2,4-D treated plants shows maximum photosynthetic rate followed by NAA and IBA combinations. The biomass production was maximum in Azorhizobium caulinodans treated with 2,4-D followed by IBA and NAA.
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Trukhachev, V. I., I. I. Seregina, S. L. Belopukhov, I. I. Dmitrevskaya, T. I. Fomina, O. A. Zharkikh, and D. M. Akhmetzhanov. "The effect of stressful ecological conditions on chlorophyll content in the leaves of spring wheat plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032093.
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Abstract In short-term vegetative experiment studied the effect of the different combinations of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on the chlorophyll content in the leaves of spring wheat plants of the Zlata variety. It is established that application of nitrogen fertilizers together with zinc in most combinations contributed to stabilization of synthesis processes of chlorophyll grains in the leaves of wheat. It is shown that in conditions of optimal water supply and in the conditions of ecological stress caused by drought the most optimal combinations were ammonium sulfate with zinc and urea with zinc. With optimal water supply in variants where were applied ammonium sulfate with zinc and urea with zinc was obtained an increase of the amount of chlorophyll (a + b) compared with control variant without zinc, as a result of the growth of the content of both chlorophylls a and chlorophyll b. In the conditions of named ecological stress, the amount of chlorophyll (a+b) was increased in the variant with the addition of ammonium sulfate mainly due to chlorophyll a. In the variant where was applied urea with zinc the amount of chlorophylls (a+b) increased as a result of growth of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. It is shown that in conditions of drought in the specified variants had been increasing the ratio og chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b due to growth of chlorophyll b which indicates about improvement of water balance inside of the plant cells and increasing a photosynthetic activity due to normalization of processes of photolysis of water.
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Gorjanovic, Biljana, Miroslav Zoric, and Marija Kraljevic-Balalic. "Effect of nitrogen rate on grain yield of bread wheat genotypes." Genetika 42, no. 2 (2010): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1002279g.
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The improvement in grain yield is the main objective of bread wheat breeding programs. Numerous studies indicate that nitrogen is the key factor of yield and quality in the wheat. The goal of this paper is to investigate variability of grain yield, of twelve bread wheat genotypes, on three nitrogen level. ANOVA showed that this trait was mostly under influence of the genotype (36, 3%), year ? genotype interaction (26, 3%), year of investigation (14, 1%), and in the smallest amount of the nitrogen rate (8, 8%). On all three nitrogen level, the highest grain yield was found in the variety Malyska. The lowest grain yield in control was found in the variety Nevesinjka, while in the N75 and N100 rates it was found in the variety Tamaro. The mean performance of individual cultivars, in nine environments (three years ? three nitrogen rates), was depicted using which-won-were view of SREG2 biplot. The nine environments fall into two sectors, which is an indication of a strong crossover GE interaction. Genotype Malyska was the winner (the highest yielding variety) in first sector containing seven environments, while genotypes Pertrana and Axis were the winners in second sector containing two environments.