Academic literature on the topic 'Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat"
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Kudriawytzka, A. M., and K. S. Karabach. "Effect of fertilizers on the content of mineral nutrition elements in winter and spring wheat plant." Plant and Soil Science 11, no. 4 (2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2020.04.068.
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The influence of systematic application of mineral fertilizers, on the background (BG) of the after-effect of 30 t on ha of manure, on the content of nutrients in spring wheat plants of “Myronivska Yara” regional variety and winter wheat plants of “Myronivska 61” variety, and on nutrients removal by plants, during cultivation on Meadow-Chernozemic Carbonate Soil, was studied. The results indicate a close relationship between external conditions and internal metabolic processes in winter and spring wheat plants. Thus, a balanced ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium provides a more intensive supply of these elements from the soil, what increases their content in plants. The highest content of total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in winter wheat plants was observed in the variant, where 1.5 rate of mineral fertilizers was applied with the background of 30 t on ha of manure, in the tillering phase and was 4.86; 2.17; 3.48 %, respectively, what is almost 2 times higher, than the control. During the growing season, the nutrients content in all variants decreased. The same pattern was observed in plants of spring wheat. The maximum nutrients content was recorded in all variants in the phase of spring tillering, and also was recorded significant reduction in their adsorption from the soil and using by plants during the growing season. The content of total nitrogen in spring wheat plants in the tillering phase fluctuated in fertilized variants in the range of 2.21-2.51 %, compared with the control – 2.10 %; phosphorus – in the range of 1.20-1.47 %, compared with the content on the control – 1.04 %; potassium – 1.88-3.08 %, in the control, respectively – 1.68 %. The results of research indicate, that long-term application of fertilizers in crop rotation affects, as a result, also on the removal of nutrients with the crop. Thus, the removal of basic nutrients by plants of winter and spring wheat was the highest in the variant “BG + N110P120K120”. Under winter wheat it was 210 kg on ha N, 122 P2O5, 157 kg on ha K2O, compared with the control variant – 86.3 N, 48.2 P2O5, 57.8 kg on ha K2O. Under the spring wheat it was 119 N, 66.4 P2O5, 85.4 kg on ha K2O, and in control variant, respectively, – 46.6 N, 26.5 P2O5, 32.8 kg on ha K2O.
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Giambalvo, Dario, Gaetano Amato, Davide Borgia, Rosolino Ingraffia, Calogero Librici, Antonella Lo Porto, Guglielmo Puccio, Paolo Ruisi, and Alfonso S. Frenda. "Nitrogen Availability Drives Mycorrhizal Effects on Wheat Growth, Nitrogen Uptake and Recovery under Salt Stress." Agronomy 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12112823.
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The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is generally considered effective in improving salt tolerance in plants; however, the advantages it offers can vary greatly depending on the context in which it occurs; furthermore, the mechanisms underlying these responses are still unclear. A study was conducted to investigate the role of nitrogen (N) availability on the effectiveness of AM symbiosis in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) plants grown under salt stress. Plants were grown in pots in the absence or in presence of salt stress (soil electrical conductivity of 1.50 and 13.00 dS m−1, respectively), with or without AM fungi inoculation (Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae), varying the N dose supplied (0 or 80 mg N per pot). Results indicate that AM symbiosis can alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress on the growth of durum wheat only when plants are grown under sufficient N availability in soil; in such conditions mycorrhizal symbiosis determined an improvement of leaf traits (leaf area, SLA, stability of plasma membranes and SPAD), N uptake, N fertilizer recovery and water use efficiency. On the contrary, when wheat plants were grown in conditions of N deficiency, the mycorrhizal symbiosis had no effect (under salt stress) or even depressive effect (under unstressed condition) on plant growth and N uptake, highlighting how, in some cases, competition for nutrients between plants and AM can arise. This study suggests that N availability in the soil can drive the effects of AM symbiosis in assisting the plant with containing saline stress.
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Hocking, PJ, and CP Meyer. "Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Nitrogen Stress on Growth, and Partitioning of Dry Matter and Nitrogen in Wheat and Maize." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 4 (1991): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910339.
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Atmospheric CO2 levels are increasing, but little is known about how this will affect tissue concentrations and the partitioning of agriculturally important nutrients such as nitrogen (N) within crop plants. To investigate this, a glasshouse experiment was conducted in which wheat, a C3 species, and maize, a C4 species, were grown for 8 weeks at high CO2 (1500 cm3 m-3) on N supplies ranging from deficient (0.5 mol m-3) to more than adequate for maximum growth (25 mol m-3). Wheat responded to both CO2 enrichment and N supply; maize responded only to N supply. CO2-enriched wheat produced about twice the dry matter of control plants at all levels of N supply. Tiller and ear numbers were increased by CO2 enrichment irrespective of N supply. Enriched wheat plants had a lower Leaf Area Ratio but higher Net Assimilation Rate and Relative Growth Rate than control plants. There was no effect of CO2 enrichment on specific leaf weight. The enriched plants had lower shoot to root dry matter ratios than the controls at 6 mol m-3 N and higher. Shoot to root dry matter ratios of both wheat and maize increased with increasing N supply. CO2-enriched wheat plants accumulated more N than the controls but the proportional increase in N content was not as great as that in dry matter, with the result that concentrations of total-N and nitrate-N were lower in all organs of enriched plants, including ears. Nitrate reductase activity was lower in enriched than in control wheat plants. N-use efficiency by wheat was increased by CO2 enrichment. From a practical point of view, the study indicates that critical total-N and NO3-N concentrations used to diagnose the N status of wheat will need to be reassessed as global CO2 levels increase. Elevated CO2 may also reduce the protein content of grain and thus the baking quality of hard wheats.
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SAIA, S., E. BENÍTEZ, J. M. GARCÍA-GARRIDO, L. SETTANNI, G. AMATO, and D. GIAMBALVO. "The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on total plant nitrogen uptake and nitrogen recovery from soil organic material." Journal of Agricultural Science 152, no. 3 (February 7, 2013): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185961300004x.
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SUMMARYArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi increase nitrogen (N) uptake by their host plants, but their role in plant N capture from soil organic material is still unclear. In particular, it is not clear if AM fungi compete with the host plant for the N coming from the decomposing organic matter (OM), especially when the AM extraradical mycelium (ERM) and plant roots share the same soil volume. The goal of the present research was to study the effects of AM fungi on wheat N capture after the addition of 15N-labelled OM to soil. Durum wheat (Triticum durum) was grown under controlled conditions in a sand:soil mix and the following treatments were applied: (1) AM inoculation with Glomus mosseae and uninoculated control; and (2) soil amended with 15N-enriched maize leaves and unamended soil. The addition of OM reduced plant growth and N uptake. The AM fungi increased both plant growth and N uptake compared with uninoculated control plants and the effect was enhanced when wheat was grown in soil amended with OM compared with the unamended control. Although AM fungi increased soil N mineralization rates and total plant N uptake, they strongly reduced wheat N recovery from OM, suggesting that AM fungi have marked effects on competition between plants and bacteria for the different N sources in soil.
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Kaczmarczyk, Stanisław, Ewa Koszańska, Daniel Ściążko, and Małgorzata Roy. "Physiological Processes and Yield of Winter Wheat and Triticale under the Influence of Sprinkling Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Part II. Acticity of Some Enzymes and Yield of Winter Wheat and Triticale." Acta Agrobotanica 46, no. 1 (2013): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1993.003.
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The second part of this paper presents effects of supplemental irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on nitrate levels in flag leaf, activity of some enzymes and yield of winter wheat and triticale. Both sprinkling irrigation and high doses of nitrogen enhanced the activity of nitrate reductase and peroxydase and slightly that of acid phosphatase. Plants from plots treated with high rates of nitrogen contained more nitrate nitrogen. Sprinkling irrigation and intensive nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the crops of winter wheat and triticale. As effect of sprinkling the yield of winter wheat increased by 35 % and triticale by 14 %. High nitrogen doses affected the yield respectively by 92 and 115 % and the combined effect of both treatments increased the yield of winter wheat by 158 % (3.3 t/ha and triticale by 139 % 3.10 t/ha).
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Ghiles, Kaci, Blavet Didier, Benlahrech Samia, Kouakoua Ernest, Couderc Petra, Deleporte Philippe, Desclaux Dominique, et al. "The effect of intercropping on the efficiency of faba bean – rhizobial symbiosis and durum wheat soil-nitrogen acquisition in a Mediterranean agroecosystem." Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 3 (March 21, 2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/9/2018-pse.
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The aim of this study was to compare the rhizobial symbiosis and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulations in soil and plants in intercropping versus sole cropping in biennial rotation of a cereal – durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), and a N<sub>2</sub>-fixing legume – faba bean (Vicia faba L.) over a three-year period at the INRA (National Institue of Agronomic Research) experimental station in the Mauguio district, south-east of Montpellier, France. Plant growth, nodulation and efficiency in the use of rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) for the legume, nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) for the cereal, and N and C accumulation in the soil were evaluated. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and NNI were significantly higher for intercropped than for the sole cropped wheat whereas there was no significant difference on SDW between the intercropped and sole cropped faba beans. EURS was higher in intercropped than in sole cropped faba bean. Furthermore, by comparison with a weeded fallow, there was a significant increase in soil C and N content over the three-year period of intercropping and sole cropping within the biennial rotation. It is concluded that intercropping increases the N nutrition of wheat by increasing the availability of soil-N for wheat. This increase may be due to a lower interspecific competition between legume and wheat than intra-specific competition between wheat plants, thanks to the compensation that the legume can achieve by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen.
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Płaza, Anna, and Emilia Rzążewska. "The influence of biological preparations Azofix and Maxprolin and nitrogen fertilisation on soil mineral nitrogen content in growing season and after spring wheat harvest." Agronomy Science 77, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2022.3.5.
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The objective of the research reported here was to determine the effect of Azofix and Maxprolin against nitrogen fertiliser on mineral nitrogen content in the soil during the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after its harvest. The following two factors were chosen: I. Biological products: control, Azofix, Maxprolin, Azofix + Maxprolin; II. Nitrogen fertilisation: non-fertilised control, 60 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1, 90 kg N ha–1 + foliar fertilisation. During the period of intensive growth of spring wheat plants and after harvesting, mineral nitrogen content in the soil was determined. The research demonstrated that, during the period of their intensive growth, spring wheat plants had access to the largest amount of mineral nitrogen in the topsoil following treatment with Azofix + Maxprolin and an application of the nitrogen rate of 90 kg N ha–1.
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Petch, A., and RW Smith. "Effect of lupin management on the yield of subsequent wheat crops in a lupin-wheat rotation." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850603.
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Wheat was grown in a series of 1:1 rotation cycles with sweet lupins over 8 years on three sites in Western Australia. Grain yield of wheat was the main test used to compare five lupin management treatments with a control treatment, 'no-lupins'. The lupins were cut as for silage, cut as for hay, or harvested as mature grain, the stubble being burnt or removed in summer, or turned into the soil the next autumn. Nitrogen taken up in the lupins and in the wheat was measured, as well as soil mineral nitrogen in the top 10 cm in the final year. Lupin yield and nitrogen content within any year were similar over all treatments. As much nitrogen was removed in hay and silage as in mature lupins, but wheat yielded most grain after the 'silage' and 'hay' treatments, and least after 'no-lupins' or after the 'remove' and 'turn-in' stubble treatments. Nitrogen uptakes in young wheat plants point to treatment effects due to differences in nitrogen availability, but the treatments also caused different weed populations which at least partially affected wheat yields. Herbicide control of encroaching weeds in the lupins raised soil nitrate levels the following summer and increased subsequent wheat yields.
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Haggag, M. E., M. H. Eweida, and F. F. El-Sayed. "The effect of nitrogen application on the development of rusts on wheat varieties." Acta Mycologica 12, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1976.010.
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The effect of four different levels of nitrogen fertilization on the severity of rusts on three local Egyptian wheat varieties have been investigated. Nitrogen fertilizer was at the rates 0, 40, 60, and 80 kg nitrogen per feddan. Data obtained indicated that resistance of the varieties did not change while percent severity of postules on susceptible, moderately susceptible and moderately resistant varieties was increased as the level of nitrogen fertilization increased. Heavy doses of nitrogen promoted the size and frequency of postules and hence the rust growth and predisposed the plants to higher infection with rusts.
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Carillo, Petronia, Gabriella Mastrolonardo, Francesco Nacca, and Amodio Fuggi. "Nitrate reductase in durum wheat seedlings as affected by nitrate nutrition and salinity." Functional Plant Biology 32, no. 3 (2005): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp04184.
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The combined effects of nitrate (0, 0.1, 1, 10 mm) and salt (0, 100 mm NaCl) on nitrogen metabolism in durum wheat seedlings were investigated by analysis of nitrate reductase (NR) expression and activity, and metabolite content. High salinity (100 mm NaCl) reduced shoot growth more than root growth. The effect was independent of nitrate concentration. NR mRNA was present at a low level in both leaves and roots of plants grown in a nitrogen-free medium. NaCl increased NR mRNA at low nitrate, suggesting that chloride can mimic nitrate as a signal molecule to induce transcription in both roots and leaves. However, the level of NR protein remained low in salt-stressed plants, indicating an inhibitory effect of salt on translation of NR mRNA or an increase in protein degradation. The lower activity of nitrate reductase in leaves of high-nitrate treated plants under salinity suggested a restriction of NO3– transport to the shoot under salinity. Salt treatment promoted photorespiration, inhibiting carbohydrate accumulation in plants grown on low nitrate media. Under salinity free amino acids, in particular proline and asparagine, and glycine betaine could function as osmolytes to balance water potential within the cell, especially when nitrogen availability exceeded the need for growth.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat"
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Yu, Shaobing. "Winter wheat nitrogen management in south coastal British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29888.
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Nitrogen is essential to obtain high yields of winter wheat in south coastal British Columbia, which includes Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley. An accurate recommendation for N application is required to keep input costs down for most economical returns and to limit environmental problems related to leaching of excess N. The questions are how much, when and which form of N should be applied to winter wheat. The general objective of this study is to improve our understanding of winter wheat growth and N uptake. This study monitors the soil N supply and characterizes the plant development, dry matter accumulation, and N uptake of winter wheat in South Coastal B.C.. Also, it compares the effectiveness of conventional and intensive crop N management and urea and ammonium nitrate sources of fertilizer N under intensive crop management.
A series of field experiments was conducted in 1986-87 and 1987-88 with winter wheat to evaluate conventional and intensive N management in the area. Additionally, a N source
study was carried out in the latter year to compare ammonium nitrate and urea.
Soil N supply for winter wheat ranged from 52 to 151 kg N/ha through the two years of field experiments at five sites. Available N in the 0-50 cm soil depth varied from 10 to 100 kg N/ha through the growing season in the different treatments. An accurate estimate of N behavior involves N accumulation in the crop. During the early spring until harvest, the crop dry matter yield and N uptake patterns were plotted. The grain yields ranged from 4 to 9 t/ha for the conventional management (75 kg N/ha), and from 4 to 11 t/ha for the intensive crop management (I.CM. 225 kg N/ha) system. Between the conventional and I.CM., there was no significant difference in grain yield but there was in quality, specifically grain protein. Grain protein ranged from 8.2 to 9.7% for the conventional and from 10 to 13.7% for the I.CM. treatment. Also, there was no difference in grain yield or quality between ammonium nitrate and urea fertilized plots at final harvest. However, in the early stage at GS31, crop took up more N from ammonium nitrate (97 kg N/ha) than from urea (75 kg N/ha) and soil mineral N levels with urea were higher than with ammonium nitrate.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Lotfollahi, Mohammad. "The effect of subsoil mineral nitrogen on grain protein concentration of wheat." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl882.pdf.
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Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Bibliography: leaves 147-189. This project examines the uptake of mineral N from the subsoil after anthesis and its effect on grain protein concentration (GPC) of wheat. The overall objective is to examine the importance of subsoil mineral N and to investigate the ability of wheat to take up N from the subsoil late in the season under different conditions of N supply and soil water availability. Greenhouse experiments investigate the importance of subsoil mineral N availability on GPC of wheat and the factors that contribute to the effective utilisation of N. The recovery of N from subsoil, the effect of split N application on GPC and short term N uptake by the wheat at different rooting densities are also studied.
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Sarvestani, Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi. "Water stress and remobilization of dry matter and nitrogen in wheat and barley genotypes /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs251.pdf.
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Wang, Guangyao (Sam), Kevin Brunson, Kelly Thorp, and Mike Ottman. "Cultivar and Nitrogen Effects on Yield and Grain Protein in Irrigated Durum Wheat, 2012." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312150.
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The grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of durum wheat vary in response to genotypic and nitrogen fertilization were studied in field during two growth seasons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects the N fertilizer rate on grain yield and quality under irrigated desert conditions in relation to N utilization. Six durum wheat cultivars (Duraking, Havasu, Kronos, Ocotillo, Orita, Topper) were grown in field trails under irrigated regimes at five N levels (0, 65, 110, 160, 240 lbs/acre) in 2010-2011 and six N levels (0, 65, 110, 160, 240, 360 kg ha-1) in 2011-2012 at Maricopa Ag Center. The results showed the varieties and N levels both significantly affected grain yield, grain protein concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency. A simple and rapid method to measure crop N status using SPAD meters was also developed. The results showed that using the differences in SPAD readings between the first and second fully expanded leaves is a useful way to improve effectiveness of SPAD meters in durum wheat N management.
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Ottman, M. J., T. A. Doerge, and E. C. Martin. "Late Season Water and Nitrogen Effects on Durum Quality, 1996." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202456.
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Durum grain quality is affected by many factors, but water and nitrogen are factors that the grower can control. The purpose of this research was to determine 1) the nitrogen application rate required at pollen shed to maintain adequate grain protein levels if irrigation is excessive or deficient during grain fill and 2) if nitrogen applications during grain fill can elevate grain protein. Field research was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center using the durum varieties Duraking, Minos, and Turbo. The field was treated uniformly until pollen shed when nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 30, and 60 lbs /acre. During grain fill, the plots were irrigated based on 30, 50, or 70% moisture depletion. In a separate experiment, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of 30 lbs N /acre at pollen shed only, pollen shed and the first irrigation after pollen shed, and pollen shed and the first and second irrigation after pollen shed. Increased irrigation frequency during grain fill decreased HVAC from 93 to 81%. Increasing nitrogen rate at pollen shed from 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 lbs N /acre increased protein from 11.6 to 12.5% and 12.5 to 13.3% and increased HVAC from 79 to 89% and 89 to 94 %. Nitrogen fertilizer application at the first irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content from 12.9 to 13.6% and application at the first and second irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content further to 14.1% averaged over varieties. Nitrogen fertilizer application during grain fill may not be too late to increase grain protein content.
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Silva, Cristiano Lemes da. "Caracterização de genótipos brasileiros de trigo para eficiência de uso do nitrogênio e qualidade industrial em multi-ambientes." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/453.
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CAPESCaracterizar a presença de variabilidade genética quanto a eficiência de uso de nitrogênio (EUN) e identificar ambientes que maximizem a produtividade e qualidade industrial de grãos é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade e competitividade da cultura do trigo no Brasil. O primeiro experimento objetivou avaliar os níveis de desoxinivalenol (DON) e caracterizar cultivares de trigos brasileiros recentemente disponibilizados para cultivo, quanto à eficiência de uso do N (EUN) em dois locais de cultivo (Pato Branco-PR e Coxilha-RS), na safra agrícola de 2011. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em Pato Branco-PR e Coxilha-RS, na safra agrícola de 2011 em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições e analisados de forma conjunta. A micotoxina DON foi detectada em 97.23% das amostras variando de 200 a 4140 μg kg-1, com valores médios de 1058 μg kg-1 em Pato Branco e 1357μg kg-1 em Coxilha. De um total de 108 amostras, 17% representadas pelos cultivares IPR Catuara TM, IPR 144, BRS Tangará e BRS 220, apresentaram níveis de DON superiores ao limite tolerado pela Anvisa para o ano de 2012. Também foi identificado variabilidade genética para a eficiência de uso do nitrogênio pelos grãos (EUNg – 47.6 a 81.1 kg/kg) e índice de colheita de nitrogênio (ICN – 71.3 a 84.6%), com destaque para os cultivares Mirante, Quartzo, F. Cristalino, F. Raízes e CD 150. O rendimento de grãos dos cultivares de trigo atuais associou-se positivamente com a maior produção de biomassa total (0,85** e 0,82**) em ambos os locais. O segundo experimento objetivou avaliar a capacidade geral e específica de combinação de componentes da EUN em cruzamentos dialélicos e investigar possíveis associações com caracteres agronômicos. Seis genitores e 15 populações segregantes F2 foram avaliadas a campo em delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Efeitos gênicos aditivos e não-aditivos afetaram os componentes da EUN. Os genitores Mirante, Valente e BRS Tangará apresentaram os maiores valores de CGC para componentes da EUN. O índice relativo de clorofila B foi significativamente associado com o RG (0,49*), peso de mil grãos (0,44*) e EUNg (0,50*), indicando que esse caractere pode ser utilizado seleção indireta de progênies superiores em gerações precoces. Por último 29 linhagens e 10 cultivares de trigo foram testadas em 11 locais de cultivo no Paraná nas safras agrícolas 2010 e 2011, com o objetivo de selecionar linhagens de trigo e identificar ambientes de testes ideais para a maximização do rendimento de grãos e qualidade de panificação. Foram usadas as metodologias em gráfico biplot AMMI e GGE para a análise dos dados. Em 2010, Nova Fátima e Ventania forma ambientes representativos e discriminantes para rendimento de grãos (RG). Em 2011, Apucarana e Astorga destacaram-se como ambientes ideais para seleção de genótipos para qualidade de panificação. A análise de genótipo-ideal indicou as linhagens BIO-08528 e BIO-08228 para RG e concentração protéica dos grãos (CPG), respectivamente. Em 2011, as linhagens BIO-10161 e BIO-10141 foram superiores para RG e qualidade de panificação e devem ser selecionadas. A CPG e o teste de sedimentação SDS correlacionaram-se entre si (r=0,61**) e foram moderadamente associados com a forca de glúten(r=0,49** e 0,74**), indicando que podem ser empregados na seleção indireta para qualidade de panificação em programas de melhoramento genético de trigo.
To characterize the genetic variability as the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and identify environments that maximize grain yield and baking quality is of essential importance for the competitiveness and sustainability of crop wheat in Brazil. The first experiment was objective to evaluate the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and to characterize Brazilian wheat cultivars recently release and available for cultivation, as the efficiency of use of N (EUN) in two growing locations (Pato Branco, Paraná and Coxilha-RS), in 2011 crop season. The experimental design was a randomized block with three replications and analyzed jointly. The mycotoxin DON was detected in 97.23% of samples ranging from 200 to 4140 μg kg-1, with mean values of 1058 μg kg-1 in Pato Branco and 1357 μg kg-1 in Coxilha. From a total of 108 samples, 17% represented by cultivars IPR Catuara TM, IPR 144, BRS 220 and BRS Tangará, had DON levels above the limit tolerated by ANVISA for 2012 crop season. Additionally, was identified genetic variability for nitrogen use efficiency by grains (NUEg – 47,6 to 81,1 kg/kg) and nitrogen harvest index (NHI – 71,3 to 84,6%), highlighting the cultivars Mirante, Quartzo, F. Cristalino, F. Raízes and CD 150. Grain yield of current brasilian wheat cultivars was positively associated with total biomass production (0,85 ** and 0,82 **) at both locations. The objective of the second experiment was to evaluate the general ability combination (GCA) and specific ability (SCA) of NUE components and investigate possible associations with agronomic traits in diallel crosses. Six parents and 15 F2 segregating populations were evaluated in the field in a randomized block design with three replications. Additive and non-additive genetic effects influenced the expression of the components of NUE. The parents Mirante, Valente and BRS Tangará showed the highest CGC values for components of NUE. The relative relative chlorophyll B was significantly associated with the RG (0,49*), thousand kernel weight (0,44*) and NUEg (0,50*), indicating that this traits can be used for indirect selection of superior genotypes in early generations. Lastly, 29 wheat lines and 10 cultivars were tested in 11 cultivation sites in Paraná in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons, with the objective of this study was to select wheat lines and identify ideal test environments for maximizing yield and baking quality. AMMI and GGE Biplot graphic methodologies were used for data analysis. In 2010 crop season, Nova Fatima e Ventania locals classified themselves as discriminating and representative for grain yield (GY). In 2011 crop season, Apucarana and Astorga showed out as ideal environments to selection of genotypes with high baking quality. The ideal-genotype analysis indicated the BIO-08528 BIO-08228 lines to GY and protein concentration, respectively. In the 2011 crop season, BIO-10161 and BIO-10141 lines and were higher for GY and baking quality and should be selected. Grain protein concentration SDS-sedimentation test correlated with each other (r = 0,61**) and were positively associated with gluten strength (r = 0,49** and 0,74**), indicating that they can be used as indirect selection criteria for bread-making quality in wheat breeding programs.
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Ottman, M. J., T. A. Doerge, and E. C. Martin. "Late Season Water and Nitrogen Effects on Durum Quality, 1995 (Final)." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202421.
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Durum grain quality is affected by many factors, but water and nitrogen are factors that the grower can control. The purpose of this research was to determine 1) the nitrogen application rate required at pollen shed to maintain adequate grain protein levels if irrigation is excessive or deficient during grain fill and 2) if nitrogen applications during grain fill can elevate grain protein. Field research was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center using the durum varieties Duraking, Minos, and Turbo. The field was treated uniformly until pollen shed when nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 30, and 60 lbs/acre. During grain fill, the plots were irrigated based on 30, 50, or 70% moisture depletion. In a separate experiment, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of 30 lbs N/acre at pollen shed only, pollen shed and the first irrigation after pollen shed, and pollen shed and the first and second irrigation after pollen shed. Irrigation had no effect on grain protein level, although increasing nitrogen rates at pollen shed from 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 lbs N/acre increased protein by 1 percentage point. Nitrogen fertilizer application at the first irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content from 10.4 to 11.4% and application at the first and second irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content further to 11.9% averaged over varieties. Irrigation management during grain fill may not play as large a role in controlling grain protein content as was originally thought except perhaps on heavy soils, and nitrogen fertilizer application during grain fill may not be too late to increase grain protein content.
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Ottman, M. J., T. A. Doerge, and E. C. Martin. "Late Season Water and Nitrogen Effects on Durum Quality, 1995 (Preliminary)." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201443.
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Durum grain quality is affected by many factors, but water and nitrogen are factors that the grower can control. The purpose of this research was to determine 1) the nitrogen application rate required at pollen shed to maintain adequate grain protein levels if irrigation is excessive or deficient during grain fill and 2) if nitrogen applications during grain fill can elevate grain protein. Field research was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center using the durum varieties Duraking, Minos, and Turbo. The field was treated uniformly until pollen shed when nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 30, and 60 lbs /acre. During grain fill, the plots were irrigated based on 30, 50, or 70% moisture depletion. In a separate experiment, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a rate of 30 lbs N /acre at pollen shed only, pollen shed and the first irrigation after pollen shed, and pollen shed and the first and second irrigation after pollen shed. Irrigation had no effect on grain protein level, although increasing nitrogen rates at pollen shed from 0 to 30 and 30 to 60 lbs N /acre increased protein by 1 percentage point. Nitrogen fertilizer application at the first irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content from 10.4 to 11.4% and application at the first and second irrigation after pollen shed increased grain protein content further to 11.9% averaged over varieties. Irrigation management during grain fill may not play as large a role in controlling grain protein content as was originally thought except perhaps on heavy soils, and nitrogen fertilizer application during grain fill may not be too late to increase grain protein content.
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Fauzi, Mohamad Taufik. "The effect of growth regulators and nitrogen on Fusarium head blight of wheat /." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69547.
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Plant growth regulators and nitrogen fertilization have been associated with the increased incidence of fusarium head blight, a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In Canada, the major causal organism of this disease is Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, the conidial state of Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. Most studies concerning the effect of plant growth regulators on fusarium head blight were conducted in fields with natural infection. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of growth regulators and nitrogen fertilizer on the incidence of fusarium head blight of wheat with artificial inoculations.A survey conducted in a field trial testing the effect of the plant growth regulator Cerone on the yield components of several cultivars of spring wheat showed that Cerone treatments increased Fusarium infection only in cultivar Columbus. Further research was conducted using cultivar Max, a cultivar susceptible to fusarium head blight, which is widely grown in Quebec. In controlled-condition greenhouse trials, the growth regulators Cycocel and Cerone, as well as nitrogen fertilization did not influence the disease progress. In the 1991 field experiment, the highest incidence of seed infection was observed in Cycocel treatments when the macroconidia of F. graminearum were directly applied to the heads, but not significantly different from the non-treated control. None of the nitrogen levels affect the incidence of seed infection. In the 1992 field trial, the plots were treated with macroconidia of F. graminearum applied to the heads or with Fusarium-colonized corn applied to the rows. Both Cycocel and Cerone significantly increased the incidence of spikelet only in the colonized corn treatments. Cycocel also increased the incidence of seed infection, but only in colonized corn treatments. Cycocel also increased the incidence of seed infection in the non-inoculated treatments. Growth regulators had no effect on the disease when heads were inoculated directly with macroconidia.
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Beche, Eduardo. "Caracteres agronômicos e fisiológicos associados ao progresso do melhoramento genético de trigo no Brasil." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/465.
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CNPqConhecer os processos responsáveis pelo avanço do progresso genético do rendimento de grãos é uma etapa essencial para o desenvolvimento de cultivares mais produtivas. Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) Avaliar a duração dos subperíodos de desenvolvimento de cultivares de trigo brasileiros, lançados entre 1940 e 2009, e quantificar a importância de cada fenofase sobre o rendimento de grãos e seus componentes. b) Caracterizar, fisiologica e agronomicamente, cultivares de trigo desenvolvidos entre 1940 e 2009, a fim de identificar critérios de seleção mais efetivos à continuidade do progresso genético de melhoramento no Brasil. c) Caracterizar cultivares antigos e modernos brasileiros, lançados em diferentes décadas, quanto à eficiência do uso do nitrogênio e seus componentes. Dez cultivares de trigo brasileiros, antigos e modernos, foram avaliados em ensaios de competição, em duas safras agrícolas (2010 e 2011); na safra agrícola de 2011 um ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, com quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg N ha-1). Comparou-se a duração dos subperíodos, caracteres agronômicos e fisiológicos (trocas gasosas) e caracteres da eficiência do uso do nitrogênio (EUN). O melhoramento reduziu a fase de semeadura a antese e aumentou a fase de enchimento de grãos, contribuindo com o aumento da massa de mil grãos. Os genótipos modernos tiveram o subperíodo de espigueta terminal a antese aumentado (0,68 a 1,35 graus dias ano-1) ao longo dos anos, contribuindo com o incremento do número de grãos por espigueta, número de grãos por espiga, peso seco de espiga em antese e índice de fertilidade da espiga. O incremento de rendimento de grãos foi de 29 kg ha-1 ano-1, com um ganho genético de 0,92% ano-1 no período de 1940 e 2009. O progresso genético para rendimento de grãos foi principalmente relacionado ao incremente do índice de colheita, número de grãos e rendimento biológico, que foram alcançados pelo aumento da condutância estomática e da taxa fotossintética em pré e pós-antese e redução da estatura de planta. A eficiência de absorção de nitrogênio (EAN) foi positivamente associada com a eficiência do uso do nitrogenio (EUN) na ausência de adubação nitrogenada. A eficiência de utilização do nitrogenio (EUtN) e a EAN foram positivamente associadas a EUN nas doses elevadas de N. Os cultivares mais recentemente disponibilizados para cultivo (Quartzo, CD 117, BRS Tangará, BRS 220, BRS 208 e BRS Guamirim) foram mais eficientes no uso do nitrogênio e mais tolerantes a baixas doses em comparação ao grupo formado pelos cultivares BRS 179, BR 23, Toropi e Frontana.
Knowledge the processes responsible for the progress of genetic gain in grain yield in wheat plant is an essential step for the development of high yield cultivars. The aims of the study were: a) Evaluate the duration of developmental phases in wheat cultivars and quantify the importance of each phase on grain yield and its components. b) characterize physiological and agronomically wheat cultivars released in different decades, to identify selection criteria for continued improvement of genetic progress in Brazil. c) Characterize Brazilian wheat cultivars developed in different decades for the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Ten wheat cultivars released from1940 to 2009, were examined for two years in a competition essay (2010 and 2011) and in 2011 an essay in green house was conducted with four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg N ha-1). We compared the duration of periods, agronomic and physiological traits (gas exchange) and nitrogen use efficiency (EUN) characters. The Breeding reduced time to anthesis and increased the grain filling, contributing to the increase in thousand kernel weight. The modern cultivars had the period terminal spikelet to anthesis increased (0,68 to 1,35 degree days year-1) over the years, contributing to the increase in the number of grains per spikelet, number of grains per spike, spike dry weight at anthesis and spike fertility index. The increase in grain yield was 29 kg ha-1 yr-1, with a genetic gain of 0,92% yr-1 from 1940 to 2009, this is largely related to the increased of harvest index, number of grains m-2 and biological yield, which were achieved through improving stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate in pre and post-anthesis and reduced in plant height. The nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) was positively associated with nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the absence of fertilization. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NutE) and NUpE were positively associated with NUE in higher N. The modern cultivars (Quartzo, CD 117, BRS Tangará, BRS 220, BRS 208 and BRS Guamirim) were more efficient in the use of nitrogen and more tolerant to low N input compared to the group formed by BRS 179, BR 23, Toropi and Frontana.
Books on the topic "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat"
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Brynie, Faith Hickman. What helps plants grow?: The nitrogen cycle case. [Minneapolis]: Lake Street Publishers, 2003.
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Byrne, Robert James. An evaluation of the effect of nitrogen management programmes on plant nitrogen concentration in milling wheat and subsequent yield and quality parameters. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.
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1935-, Abrol Y. P., ed. Nitrogen in higher plants. Taunton, Somerset, England: Research Studies Press, 1990.
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Scarisbrick, David. Crop response to nitrogen fertilizer. Ashford: Wye College Department of Agriculture, 1987.
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Nikolaevich, Pereverzev Vladimir, ed. Biologicheskiĭ azot v ėkosistemakh Kolʹskogo Severa. Apatity: Kolʹskiĭ nauch. t͡s︡entr RAN, 1995.
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International Symposium on Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation (6th 2001 Reims, France). Inorganic nitrogen assimilation: Papers submitted by contributors to the 6th International Symposium on Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation, held in Reims, France, from 8-12 July 2001. Edited by Lea Peter J, Morot-Gaudry Jean-Francois, and Hirel Bertrand. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Graham, Russell T. Ten-year results of fertilizing grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and Douglas-fir with nitrogen in northern Idaho. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.
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Graham, Russell T. Ten-year results of fertilizing grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and Douglas-fir with nitrogen in northern Idaho. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.
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Graham, Russell T. Ten-year results of fertilizing grand fir, western hemlock, western larch, and Douglas-fir with nitrogen in northern Idaho. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.
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1945-, Lemaire Gilles, ed. Diagnosis of the nitrogen status in crops. Berlin: Springer, 1997.
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Golvano, M. P., and M. R. De Felipe. "Effect of nitrogen nutrition on photosynthetic apparatus of wheat during tillering." In Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants, 283–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4356-8_41.
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Lotfollahi, M., and M. J. Malakouti. "The effect of split nitrogen application on grain protein concentration of wheat." In Plant Nutrition, 340–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_164.
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Abdin, M. Z., and Y. P. Abrol. "Effect of split nitrogen application on grain nitrogen, grain protein and nitrogen harvest of wheat (T. aestivum L.) genotypes." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 635–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_201.
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Nakatsu, S., Y. Watanabe, and S. Okumura. "Effect of nitrogen fertilization and post-maturity rainfall on wheat grain quality." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 953–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_308.
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Fan, X. L., and Y. K. Li. "Effect of drought stress and drought tolerance heredity on nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat." In Plant Nutrition, 62–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_29.
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Podlesna, Anna, and Grazyna Cacak-Pietrzak. "Effects of Fertilization with Sulfur on Quality of Winter Wheat: A Case Study of Nitrogen Deprivation." In Sulfur Assimilation and Abiotic Stress in Plants, 355–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-76326-0_17.
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Wheeler, D. M. "Effect of nitrogen source and aluminium on the growth of two wheat cultvars known to differ in aluminium tolerance." In Plant-Soil Interactions at Low pH: Principles and Management, 349–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0221-6_50.
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Abrol, Y. P., M. S. Kaim, and T. V. R. Nair. "Nitrogen redistribution and its loss in wheat." In Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants, 399–401. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4356-8_58.
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Naeem, H. A., and F. MacRitchie. "Effect of Sulphur Nutrition on Agronomic and Quality Attributes of Wheat." In Sulphur in Plants, 305–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0289-8_17.
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Rasmussen, P. E. "Surface residue and nitrogen fertilization effects on no-till wheat." In Plant Nutrition — from Genetic Engineering to Field Practice, 555–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1880-4_119.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat"
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Haberle, Jan. "The Effect of Simulated Distribution of Soil Mineral Nitrogen and Root Traits on Wheat Yield and Grain Nitrogen Concentration." In 2006 International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2006.50.
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Berezhnaya, V. V., A. G. Klykov, M. L. Sidorenko, and A. N. Bykovskaya. "The effectiveness of the use of strains of soil microorganisms in the cultivation of spring wheat in the Primorsky Kray." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.041.
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The results of studies of the effects of nitrogen-fixing, phosphate- and potassium-mobilizing strains of microorganisms on the discovery of the potential of spring wheat during pre-sowing seed inoculation and seedling treatment in different phases of growth and development are presented.
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JUCHNEVIČIENĖ, Aistė, and Ilona VAGUSEVIČIENĖ. "THE DYNAMICS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN WINTER WHEAT LEAVES WHEN USING NITROGEN FERTILISERS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.033.
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The paper investigates the effect of nitrogen fertilisers on the amount of photosynthetic pigments in winter wheat leaves. The research was carried out in the period between 2012 and 2013 at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in carbonate shallow gleyic leached soil, (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisol). The object of investigation: winter wheat cultivars ‘Zentos’ and ‘Ada’. Granular superphosphate (P60) and potassium chloride (K60) fertilisers were spread during sowing, while amonium nitrate (N60) was used in tillering time (BBCH 23–25), after the vegetative growth had resumed. Additionally, the plants were treated with foliar fertiliser urea solution: N30, N40 at booting stage (BBCH 34–36) and N15, N30 at milk ripening stage (BBCH 71–74). After the analysis of the data, it was established that additional fertilization with N30 and N40 fertiliser application rates at later stages of plant development stimulated the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments and prolonged the period of active photosynthesis. Irrespective of treatment with nitrogen fertilisers, genetic properties of the cultivar also had influence on the accumulation of the pigments. Wheat cultivar ‘Zentos’ tended to accumulate larger amounts of pigments. The highest amounts of pigments were found at the beginning of milk ripening stage before additional treatment with N15, N30 fertiliser application rates.
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DROMANTIENĖ, Rūta, Irena PRANCKIETIENĖ, and Gvidas ŠIDLAUSKAS. "EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINO ACIDS ON THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC INDICATORS AND YIELD OF WINTER WHEAT." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.028.
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Experiments involving a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety ‘Širvinta 1’ were conducted at the Experimental Station of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University during the period 2006–2009 in limnoglacional silty loam on morainne clay loam Cal(ca)ri-Endohypogleyic Luvisol. Winter crops were grown on the background of N150P90K90 mineral fertilization and were additionally foliar-fertilized with amide nitrogen fertilizer, containing different concentrations of amino acids (0.5 %–3.0 %), at a winter wheat booting, heading and milk maturity stages. Experimental evidence showed that solutions with different amino acids concentrations applied for winter wheat fertilization at booting, heading and milk maturity stages increased plant photosynthetic indicators. Chlorophyll a to b ratio in winter wheat leaves significantly increased having applied 0.5–2.5 % amino acids solutions at booting and at milk maturity stages. Plants fertilized with amino acids solutions at booting stage had a possibility to form larger assimilating leaf area. Winter wheat grain yield significantly increased (0.27–0.4 t ha-1) under the effect of amino acids. The highest yield increases were obtained having applied amino acids at booting and heading growth stages. The statistical data analysis (xextr.) evidenced that the highest yield and its quality would be attained with foliar feeding of winter wheat with amino acids fertilizers: at booting stage with 2.4 %, at heading stage with 1.47 %, and milk maturity stage with 1.39 % amino acids solution.
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"Effect of allelic forms of GRFs genes on the development of common wheat under different conditions of nitrogen supplementation." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-037.
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Akram, Muhammad, Bhupendra Khandelwal, Simon Blakey, and Christopher W. Wilson. "Preliminary Calculations on Post Combustion Carbon Capture From Gas Turbines With Flue Gas Recycle." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94968.
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Carbon capture is getting increased attention recently due to the fact that it seems to be the only answer to decrease emissions. Gas turbines exhaust have 3–5 % concentration of CO2 which is very low to be captured by an amine carbon capture plant effectively. The amine based plants are most effective at around 10 – 15% CO2 in the flue gas. In order to increase the concentration of CO2 in the exhaust of the gas turbine, part of the exhaust gas needs to be recycled back to the air inlet. On reaching the concentration of CO2 around 10% it can be fed to the amine capture plant for effective carbon capture. A 100 kWe (plus 150 kW hot water) CHP gas turbine Turbec T100 is installed at the Low Carbon Combustion Centre of the University of Sheffield. The turbine set up will be modified to make it CO2 capture ready. The exhaust gases obtained will be piped to amine capture plant for testing capture efficiency. Preliminary calculations have been done and presented in this paper. The thermodynamic properties of CO2 are different from nitrogen and will have an effect on compressor, combustor and turbine performance. Preliminary calculations of recycle ratios and other performance based parameters have been presented in this paper. This paper also covers the aspects of turbine set up machinery which needs to be modified and what kind of modifications may be needed.
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Bertheloot, Jessica, Bruno Andrieu, Christian Fournier, and Pierre Martre. "Modelling Nitrogen Distribution in Virtual Plants, as Exemplified by Wheat Culm During Grain Filling." In 2009 Third International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2009.67.
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Ivanov, A. A., and A. A. Kosobryukhov. "The cooperation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the early stages of ontogenesis of wheat plants." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-184.
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Ananyeva, I. N., Z. M. Aleschenkova, P. V. Rybaltovskaya, and M. A. Chindareva. "Study of the population dynamics of endophytic bacteria introduced into winter wheat." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.024.
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Jodaugienė, Darija, Rita Čepulienė, and Irena Pranckietienė. "Effect of Biological Preparations and Different Nitrogen Fertilization on Winter Wheat Crop." In IOCAG 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocag2022-12262.
Full textReports on the topic "Plants, Effect of nitrogen on; Wheat"
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Kirova, Elisaveta. Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition Source on Antioxidant Defense System of Soybean Plants Subjected to Salt Stress. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.02.09.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, Ann Blechl, and Phillip San Miguel. Validation of a candidate gene for increased grain protein content in wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695857.bard.
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High Grain Protein Content (GPC) of wheat is important for improved nutritional value and industrial quality. However, selection for this trait is limited by our poor understanding of the genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain. A gene with a large effect on GPC was detected on the short arm of chromosome 6B in a Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides accession from Israel (DIC, hereafter). During the previous BARD project we constructed a half-million clones Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) library of tetraploid wheat including the high GPC allele from DIC and mapped the GPC-B1 locus within a 0.3-cM interval. Our long-term goal is to provide a better understanding of the genes controlling grain protein content in wheat. The specific objectives of the current project were to: (1) complete the positional cloning of the GPC-B1 candidate gene; (2) characterize the allelic variation and (3) expression profile of the candidate gene; and (4) validate this gene by using a transgenic RNAi approach to reduce the GPC transcript levels. To achieve these goals we constructed a 245-kb physical map of the GPC-B1 region. Tetraploid and hexaploid wheat lines carrying this 245-kb DIC segment showed delayed senescence and increased GPC and grain micronutrients. The complete sequencing of this region revealed five genes. A high-resolution genetic map, based on approximately 9,000 gametes and new molecular markers enabled us to delimit the GPC-B1 locus to a 7.4-kb region. Complete linkage of the 7.4-kb region with earlier senescence and increase in GPC, Zn, and Fe concentrations in the grain suggested that GPC-B1 is a single gene with multiple pleiotropic effects. The annotation of this 7.4-kb region identified a single gene, encoding a NAC transcription factor, designated as NAM-B1. Allelic variation studies demonstrated that the ancestral wild wheat allele encodes a functional NAC transcription factor whereas modern wheat varieties carry a non-functional NAM-B1 allele. Quantitative PCR showed that transcript levels for the multiple NAMhomologues were low in flag leaves prior to anthesis, after which their levels increased significantly towards grain maturity. Reduction in RNA levels of the multiple NAMhomologues by RNA interference delayed senescence by over three weeks and reduced wheat grain protein, Zn, and Fe content by over 30%. In the transgenic RNAi plants, residual N, Zn and Fe in the dry leaves was significantly higher than in the control plants, confirming a more efficient nutrient remobilization in the presence of higher levels of GPC. The multiple pleiotropic effects of NAM genes suggest a central role for these genes as transcriptional regulators of multiple processes during leaf senescence, including nutrient remobilization to the developing grain. The cloning of GPC-B1 provides a direct link between the regulation of senescence and nutrient remobilization and an entry point to characterize the genes regulating these two processes. This may contribute to their more efficient manipulation in crops and translate into food with enhanced nutritional value. The characterization of the GPC-B1 gene will have a significant impact on wheat production in many regions of the world and will open the door for the identification of additional genes involved in the accumulation of protein in the grain.
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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li, and A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.
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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.
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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was to better understand the factors controlling carbon translocation in plants. The specific objectives were: A) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants a virally-encoded (TMV-MP) gene that affects plasmodesmal functioning and photosynthate partitioning under tissue-specific promoters. B) To introduce into tobacco and potato plants the TMV-MP gene under the control of promoters which are tightly repressed by the Tn10-encoded Tet repressor, to enable the expression of the protein by external application of tetracycline. C) To explore the mechanism by which the TMV-MP interacts with the endogenous control o~ carbon allocation. Data obtained in our previous project together with the results of this current study established that the TMV-MP has pleiotropic effects when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. In addition to its ability to increase the plasmodesmal size exclusion limit, it alters carbohydrate metabolism in source leaves and dry matter partitioning between the various plant organs, Expression of the TMV-MP in various tissues of transgenic potato plants indicated that sugars and starch levels in source leaves are reduced below those of control plants when the TMV-MP is expressed in green tissue only. However, when the TMV-MP was expressed predominantly in PP and CC, sugar and starch levels were raised above those of control plants. Perhaps the most significant result obtained from experiments performed on transgenic potato plants was the discovery that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbohydrate allocation within source leaves was under developmental control and was exerted only during tuber development. The complexity of the mode by which the TMV-MP exerts its effect on the process of carbohydrate allocation was further demonstrated when transgenic tobacco plants were subjected to environmental stresses such as drought stress and nutrients deficiencies, Collectively, these studies indicated that the influence of the TMV-MP on carbon allocation L the result of protein-protein interaction within the source tissue. Based on these results, together with the findings that plasmodesmata potentiate the cell-to-cell trafficking of viral and endogenous proteins and nucleoproteins complexes, we developed the theme that at the whole plant level, the phloem serves as an information superhighway. Such a long-distance communication system may utilize a new class of signaling molecules (proteins and/or RNA) to co-ordinate photosynthesis and carbon/nitrogen metabolism in source leaves with the complex growth requirements of the plant under the prevailing environmental conditions. The discovery that expression of viral MP in plants can induce precise changes in carbon metabolism and photoassimilate allocation, now provide a conceptual foundation for future studies aimed at elucidating the communication network responsible for integrating photosynthetic productivity with resource allocation at the whole-plant level. Such information will surely provide an understanding of how plants coordinate the essential physiological functions performed by distantly-separated organs. Identification of the proteins involved in mediating and controlling cell-to-cell transport, especially at the companion cell-sieve element boundary, will provide an important first step towards achieving this goal.
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Fromm, Hillel, and Joe Poovaiah. Calcium- and Calmodulin-Mediated Regulation of Plant Responses to Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568096.bard.
Full textAbstract:
We have taken a molecular approach to clone cellular targets of calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM). A 35S-labeled recombinant CaM was used as a probe to screen various cDNA expression libraries. One of the isolated clones from petunia codes for the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) which catalyzes the conversion of glutamate to g-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The activity of plant GAD has been shown to be dramatically enhanced in response to cold and heat shock, anoxia, drought, mechanical manipulations and by exogenous application of the stress phytohormone ABA in wheat roots. We have purified the recombinant GAD by CaM-affinity chromatography and studied its regulation by Ca2+/CaM. At a physiological pH range (7.0-7.5), the purified enzyme was inactive in the absence of Ca2+ and CaM but could be stimulated to high levels of activity by the addition of exogenous CaM (K0.5 = 15 nM) in the presence of Ca2+ (K 0.5 = 0.8 mM). Neither Ca2+ nor CaM alone had any effect on GAD activity. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing a mutant petunia GAD lacking the CaM-binding domain, or transgenic plants expressing the intact GAD were prepared and studied in detail. We have shown that the CaM-binding domain is necessary for the regulation of glutamate and GABA metabolism and for normal plant development. Moreover, we found that CaM is tightly associated with a 500 kDa GAD complex. The tight association of CaM with its target may be important for the rapid modulation of GAD activity by Ca2+ signaling in response to stresses.
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Huber, John Tal, Joshuah Miron, Brent Theurer, Israel Bruckental, and Spencer Swingle. Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568748.bard.
Full textAbstract:
This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.
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Minz, Dror, Eric Nelson, and Yitzhak Hadar. Ecology of seed-colonizing microbial communities: influence of soil and plant factors and implications for rhizosphere microbiology. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587728.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Original objectives: Our initial project objectives were to 1) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities on seeds, 2) Determine the dynamics of development of microbial communities on seeds, and 3) Determine and compare the composition of seed-colonizing microbial communities with the composition of those in the soil and rhizosphere of the plants. Revisions to objectives: Our initial work on this project was hampered by the presence of native Pythium species in the soils we were using (in the US), preventing us from getting accurate assessments of spermosphere microbial communities. In our initial work, we tried to get around this problem by focusing on water potentials that might reduce damage from native Pythium species. This also prompted some initial investigation of the oomycete communities associated seedlings in this soil. However, for this work to proceed in a way that would allow us to examine seed-colonizing communities on healthy plants, we needed to either physically treat soils or amend soils with composts to suppress damage from Pythium. In the end, we followed the compost amendment line of investigation, which took us away from our initial objectives, but led to interesting work focusing on seed-associated microbial communities and their functional significance to seed-infecting pathogens. Work done in Israel was using suppressive compost amended potting mix throughout the study and did not have such problems. Our work focused on the following objectives: 1) to determine whether different plant species support a microbial induced suppression of Pythium damping-off, 2) to determine whether compost microbes that colonize seeds during early stages of seed germination can adequately explain levels of damping-off suppression observed, 3) to characterize cucumber seed-colonizing microbial communities that give rise to the disease suppressive properties, 4) assess carbon competition between seed-colonizing microbes and Pythium sporangia as a means of explaining Pythium damping-off suppression. Background: Earlier work demonstrated that seed-colonizing microbes might explain Pythium suppression. Yet these seed-colonizing microbial communities have never been characterized and their functional significance to Pythium damping-off suppression is not known. Our work set out to confirm the disease suppressive properties of seed-colonizing microbes, to characterize communities, and begin to determine the mechanisms by which Pythium suppression occurs. Major Conclusions: Compost-induced suppression of Pythium damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the bacterial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. Suppression on pea was highly variable. Fungi and archaea play no role in disease suppression. Potentially significant bacterial taxa are those with affinities to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Current sequencing efforts are trying to resolve these taxa. Seed colonizing bacteria suppress Pythium by carbon competition, allowing sporangium germination by preventing the development of germ tubes. Presence of Pythium had a strong effect on microbial community on the seed.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.
Full textAbstract:
PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki, and Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.