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1
Swanson, Bert T., and James B. Calkins. "Weed Control Strategies for Field- and Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 894E—894. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.894e.
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Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, a wood chip mulch, a chipped rubber tire mulch, and a newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and potential phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field-growing conditions. Nineteen herbicides or herbicide combinations were similarly evaluated under container-growing conditions using 11 species of herbaceous perennials. The effect of herbicide application time also was monitored through application of herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicides and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and nonweeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity effects were dependent on the age and species of the herbaceous perennial and herbicide application timing. Herbicide injury was generally greater for newly established plants compared to established plants. Although injury was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant plants, injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made in late spring after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. This effect resulted in injury to young shoots that had emerged before the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in early spring. A wood chip mulch provided the most effective weed control and highest quality plants under field growing conditions. Several of the herbicides evaluated demonstrated potential for weed control in both field and container herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings.
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Guralchuk, Zh Z., A. M. Sychuk, and O. V. Gumenyuk. "Influence of herbicide on plants in connection with formation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 23 (September 9, 2018): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v23.1043.
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Aim. The aim of the work is to analyze the available literature data on the effect of herbicides on the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Results. The article gives a brief overview of the influence of herbicides with different mechanism of action on the formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. The direct and indirect effects of herbicides on the AM fungi, the different selectivity of AM fungi to herbicides and other factors influencing the effect of herbicides on biodiversity of AM fungi and the formation of mycorrhizal symbiosis are considered. Conclusions. Herbicides with different mechanism of action can have a significant effect on the diversity of AM fungi present in the soil, the formation and functioning of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Their effect on the AM fungi can be either direct or indirect due to the influence on the host plant. AM fungi, in turn, can also influence the selectivity of the plant to herbicides. Studies on the effect of herbicides on mycorrhizal symbiosis may be important for increasing the herbicide efficiency.
Keywords: herbicides, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, mycorrhizal symbiosis.
3
Dear, BS, GA Sandral, and NE Coombes. "Change in stomatal resistance and water use in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in response to broadleaf herbicides." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 47, no. 4 (1996): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9960625.
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The effect of 5 broadleaf herbicides on the water use and stomatal resistance of 2 cultivars of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) was examined in a glasshouse study. The herbicide treatments 2,4-DB, MCPA, bromoxynil, MCPA+terbutryn, and MCPA+diuron were applied at 6 rates at 2 times (14 May, 14 June) to plants at 2 leaf stages (3-4 and 8-10 leaves). Each of the herbicides reduced water use by the clover within 24 h, the size of the reduction increasing with the rate of herbicide applied. The herbicide treatments MCPA+terbutryn, MCPA+diuron, and bromoxynil caused the largest reductions (44-52%) in total water use over the 30-day period when applied at the recommended rate, and MCPA and 2,4-DB the least reduction (16-22%). Stomatal resistance increased substantially within 2 days of application of each of the herbicides. The magnitude of the change differed with herbicide and increased with herbicide rate. The effect of the herbicides on stomatal resistance declined 10-20 days after herbicide application in all treatments except 2,4-DB, but stomatal resistance of all herbicide-treated plants was still higher than the control 30 days after herbicide application. The herbicides LICPA+terbutryn and LlCPA+diuron and bromoxynil caused the largest increase in stomatal resistance and 2,4-DB the least. Stomatal resistance was found to be highly negatively correlated with daily water use by the clover plants at 2 days (r = -0.84, P < 0.01) and 30 days (r = -0.88, P < 0.01) after herbicide application. All of the herbicides reduced the LA1 of the plants, the effect increasing as the herbicide rate increased. Herbicide and herbicide rate had the largest effect on both water use and stomatal resistance; the effect of cultivar, leaf stage, and spraying time accounted for a relatively small proportion of the variance. The findings support the hypothesis that some broadleaf herbicides can result in a water-saving effect in subterranean clover swards through increasing stomatal resistance and decreasing the LAI, thereby potentially reducing moisture stress during seed set.
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Elezovic, Ibrahim, Dragana Bozic, and Sava Vrbnicanin. "Absorption, translocation and metabolism of the sulfonylurea herbicides in plants." Pesticidi 18, no. 4 (2003): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0304205e.
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Absorption, translocation and metabolism are processes affecting the efficacy of sulfonylurea herbicides. These processes contribute significantly to selectivity but are also known to effect the development of plant resistance to this group of herbicides. Sulfonylureas may be absorbed by both ground and above ground plant parts. The level of absorption depends on numerous factors such as: development stage of the plant, ambient temperature, soil humidity, fertilizers added to herbicides, application in combination with other herbicides, sufactants, plant cultivars, mode of herbicide application, various additives. Having been absorbed, the herbicide moves to the place of action whereby the direction of translocation depends on the mode of absorption. Foliary absorbed sulfonylureas are primarily basipetally translocated. Acropetal translocation is correlated to root absorption. In addition, some herbicides belonging to this group are translocated in both directions. The level and rate of translocation depend on: soil humidity, antagonistic effect of other herbicides (in case of application of herbicide combinations), additives, fertilizers etc. Sulfonylureas in plants are subjected to different metabolic changes which mostly contribute to the inactivation. These transformations are considered to be catalyzed by the cytochrom P-450 monooxigenase enzymic system. Eventually, this process is also known to be affected by numerous factors such as: temperature, soil humidity, plant cultivars, mixtures with other pesticides etc.
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Brant, V., J. Pivec, K. Hamouzová, P. Zábranský, J. Satrapová, and M. Škeříková. "Determination of the influence of herbicides on dicotyledons plant transpiration using the sap flow method." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 12 (November 28, 2014): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/655/2014-pse.
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Physiological parameters are sensitive and provide information on the toxicity of herbicides in plants. The impact of herbicide application on plant transpiration was evaluated by the sap flow method during 2009–2011. The aim of this work was to verify the sap flow method for determining the effect of herbicides on the basis of continuous measurements of the transpiration flow. Helianthus annuus was used as a model plant species. The two different herbicides tested in this study differed by the effect of active ingredients bromoxynil and clopyralid. The water flow was measured using sap flow meter T4.2. The impact of herbicides was assessed by comparing measured transpiration rate (Q) after herbicide application with an extrapolation of transpiration rate of plants before herbicide treatment (Q<sub>calc</sub>). After treatment with bromoxynil the Q values decreased significantly compared to Q<sub>calc</sub>. For plants treated by clopyralid, the decline of actual transpiration (Q) compared with the modelled one (Q<sub>calc</sub>) was less substantial and the plants continued to transpire after the treatment. The effect of herbicides was also verified using infrared gas analyser and chlorophyll fluorescence meter.
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Lobachev, Yuriy Viktorovich, and Valeriy Tikonovich Krasilnikov. "The effect of new tank mixtures and herbicide compositions on economically useful indicators of soy." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i2pp16-23.
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The method of two-way analysis of variance in three field experiments in the conditions of the Right Bank of the Saratov Region studied the effect of four herbicides, two new tank mixtures and two new herbicide compositions on grain yield, number of plants per square meter, number of beans per plant, number of grains per plant, plant mass, the mass of beans from the plant, the mass of grain from the plant, the mass of 1000 grains, the protein content in the grain, the height of the plant, the height of attachment of the lower bean. The effectiveness of the herbicides was as follows: frontier optima - 72.5%, pulsar - 26.5%, gezagard - 71.2%, galaxy top - 11.7%, tank mixture frontier optima + gezagard - 86.4%, tank mixture pulsar + galaxy top - 23.0%, composition frontier optima + galaxy top - 73.8%, and composition gezagard + galaxy top - 85.1%. It was established a significant advantage in grain yield of only one new tank mixture of herbicides frontier optima + gezagard and two new compositions of herbicides frontier optima + galaxy top and gezagard + galaxy top. In the case of application of a tank mixture of herbicides, the frontier optima + hezagard yields of soybean grain significantly increased compared with the control by 377.0%, compared with herbicides the frontier optima and hezagard - by 154.0%. After the application of the herbicidal composition, the frontier optima + galaxi top soybean grain yield significantly increased compared with the control by 293.3%, compared with the herbicide frontier optima - by 120.1%, compared with the herbicide galaxy top - by 139.3%. After application of the hezagard + galaxy top herbicide composition, the soybean grain yield significantly increased compared with the control by 294.3%, compared with the hezagard herbicide - by 121.7%, compared with the galaxy top herbicide - by 141.1%.
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Demidova, V. N., T. I. Smetanina, and M. A. Kuznetsova. "Reduction of Herbicidal Toxicoses on Plants Using Berkana and Izabion Organomineral Fertilizers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 901, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/901/1/012071.
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Abstract Today herbicidal treatments become an obligatory component of agrotechnical activities required for plant cultivation. At the same time, being biologically active compounds, herbicides may negatively influence on plants during crop rotation. In this study the experimental data confirmed the negative effect of a metribuzin-based herbicide applied on potato towards the next crops (cucumber and lentil). Treatment of these crops with amino acid-based bioorganic fertilizers (Berkana and Izabion) in a seedling stage reduced the manifestations of the negative aftereffect of the herbicidal stress on the tested plants.
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Wang, Pei, Hui Li, Weidong Jia, Yin Chen, and Roland Gerhards. "A Fluorescence Sensor Capable of Real-Time Herbicide Effect Monitoring in Greenhouses and the Field." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113771.
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Herbicide resistant weeds need to be identified early so that yield loss can be avoided by applying proper field management strategies. A novel chlorophyll-fluorescence-imaging sensor has been developed to conduct real-time herbicide effect evaluation. In this research, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to calibrate the capability of the sensor in monitoring herbicide effects on different biotypes of two grass weeds (Alopecurus myosuroides, Apera spica-venti) in southwestern Germany. Herbicides with different modes of action were applied for the effect monitoring. Chlorophyll fluorescence yield of the plants was measured 3–15 days after treatment (DAT) using the new fluorescence sensor. Visual assessment of the weeds was carried out on 21 DAT. The results showed that the maximal PS II quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of herbicide sensitive weeds was significantly lower than the values of resistant populations in 5 DAT. The new technology was capable of quickly identifying the herbicide’s effect on plants. It can be used to optimize management strategies to control herbicide resistant weeds.
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Gettys, Lyn A., and William T. Haller. "Effect of Herbicide-Treated Irrigation Water on Four Vegetables." Weed Technology 26, no. 2 (June 2012): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00120.1.
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Bodies of water that are treated with herbicides for aquatic weed control are often used as a source of irrigation water by landowners near the water body, but there is little information regarding the effects of experimental aquatic herbicides on common garden plants. Therefore, the goal of these experiments was to identify phytotoxicity of four herbicides on vegetables frequently cultivated by home gardeners. Sweet pepper, zucchini, tomato, and bush bean were irrigated with water containing bispyribac-sodium, quinclorac, topramezone, and trifloxysulfuron-sodium to identify the herbicide concentrations that damage these garden vegetables. Experiments were conducted during 2009 and repeated in 2010. Plants were irrigated four times during an 11-d period with the equivalent of 1.27 cm of treated water during each irrigation, then irrigated with well water until they were harvested 41 d after the first herbicide treatment. Values of the concentration of herbicide expected to reduce treated plants by 10% compared with control plants (EC10) were calculated from components of nonlinear regression. Analysis of visual quality and dry weight data revealed that bush bean was the most sensitive of the vegetable plants to bispyribac-sodium, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, and topramezone, whereas the species most sensitive to quinclorac was zucchini. Exposure of bush bean to 7.1, 0.9, and 1.2 parts per billion (ppb) of bispyribac-sodium, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, and topramezone, respectively, would be expected to cause 10% reductions compared with control plants, whereas exposure of zucchini to as little as 11.0 ppb of quinclorac would be expected to cause a 10% reduction in dry weight.
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Calkins, James B., Bert T. Swanson, and Debra L. Newman. "Weed Control Strategies for Field Grown Herbaceous Perennials." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, no. 4 (December 1, 1996): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.4.221.
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Abstract Fourteen herbicides or herbicide combinations, wood chip mulch, chipped rubber tire mulch, and newspaper mulch were evaluated for weed control efficacy and phytotoxicity using 12 species of herbaceous perennials under field growing conditions. The effect of herbicide application time was monitored by applying herbicides to dormant and actively growing plants. Herbicide and mulch treatments were compared to weeded and non-weeded controls. Herbicide phytotoxicity was dependent on age and species of herbaceous perennial and time of herbicide application. Herbicide injury was generally greater for young plants compared to established plants and phytotoxicity was usually reduced when herbicides were applied to dormant rather than actively growing plants. Injury was sometimes greater when herbicides were applied in early spring compared to applications made after complete herbaceous perennial emergence. Injury to young shoots that had emerged prior to the earliest possible time that herbicides could be applied in the spring was probably involved. Applying herbicides in the fall may avoid such injury. Mulching field grown perennials with wood chips provided the most effective weed control and often the best quality plants. With the exceptions of Hemerocallis ‘After Dark’ and Phlox maculata ‘Omega’, the herbaceous perennials evaluated were tolerant of most of the herbicides applied. Several herbicides, including Balan 2.5G at 3.36 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A), Snapshot 80DF at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), and Stomp 60WDG at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), demonstrated potential for weed control in herbaceous perennial production systems and landscape plantings. Goal 1.6EC at 1.68 kg ai/ha (1.5 lb ai/A) and Ronstar 50WP at 3.92 kg ai/ha (3.5 lb ai/A) were often phytotoxic when applied to herbaceous perennials.
11
Fedtke, Carl, and Robert H. Strang. "Synergistic Activity of the Herbicide Safener Dichlormid with Herbicides Affecting Photosynthesis." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-0545.
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Abstract Dichlormid, a safener for thiolcarbamate herbicides, was tank-mixed with several herbicidal inhibitors of photosystem II, or with the herbicide acifluorfen, and applied postemergence to Ipomoea hederacea plants. Dichlormid had no visible effects on the plants when applied alone, but interacted synergistically with the herbicides in the combination treatments. Dichlormid strongly decreased the ascorbic acid levels in the Ipomoea hederacea cotyledons. Ascorbate is known to protect plant tissue from photooxidative damage. The herbicides which interacted synergistically with dichlormid are believed to generate their phytotoxic action via the production of excess singlet oxygen. It is suggested that the decreased ascorbate levels in the Ipomoea hederacea cotyledons after dichlormid treatment result in an impaired singlet oxygen scavenging system and consequently lead to increased plant damage in the presence of singlet oxygen generating herbicides.
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Kurniadie, Denny, Uum Umiyati, Ryan Widianto, and Hisashi Kato-Noguchi. "Effect of Chitosan Molecules on Paraquat Herbicidal Efficacy under Simulated Rainfall Conditions." Agronomy 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2022): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071666.
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Unexpected rainfall before herbicide absorption by plants can wash away herbicides from plant tissue surfaces, which may reduce the herbicidal efficacy and increase the adverse effects on nontarget organisms and the environment, including water networks. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effect of chitosan on paraquat efficacy under simulated rainfall conditions. Simulated rainfall within 3 h after paraquat application decreased its herbicidal efficacy. A mixture of paraquat (280 g a.i./ha) and chitosan (0.05% w/v) significantly increased the herbicidal efficacy against Ageratum conyzoides L. (21% increase), Borreria alata Aubl. (15%) and Paspalum conjugatum Bergius (8%) under the rainfall conditions. The chemical structure of chitosan may contribute to the penetration of paraquat into plant tissues. However, a mixture of paraquat and chitosan did not affect the herbicidal efficacy against Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. The morphological characteristics of I. cylindrica may interfere with the enhancement effect of chitosan. Chitosan is a degradable, nontoxic and easily available and low-cost material made from crustacean shells. These results suggest that chitosan may increase paraquat efficacy against some noxious weed species under rainfall conditions, which may reduce the risk of paraquat contamination into the environment. Therefore, the application of herbicides with chitosan may provide the economic and environmental benefits. Chitosan may enhance the efficacy of other herbicides under unexpected rainfall conditions; however, this possibility requires further investigation.
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Messelhäuser, Miriam, Marcus Saile, Bernd Sievernich, and Roland Gerhards. "Effect of cinmethylin against Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. in winter cereals." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 1 (January 11, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/586/2020-pse.
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Cinmethylin is a potential new pre-emergence herbicide in Europe inhibiting the fatty acid thioesterases in the plastid against Alopecurus myosuroides and other grass-weeds in winter cereals and oil-seed rape. Five field experiments were conducted in Southwestern Germany from 2018 until 2020 to assess the control efficacy of cinmethylin and other common pre-emergence herbicides alone and combined with post-emergence herbicides against A. myosuroides and yield response of winter wheat and winter triticale. In four experiments, the effect of early and late sowing of winter cereals was included as the second factor in the experiment to investigate if late sowing can reduce A. myosuroides density weed control efficacy. All fields were heavily infested with A. myosuroides with average<br /> densities of 110–730 plants/m<sup>2</sup>. Late sowing reduced densities in three out of four experiments. Herbicides controlled 42–100% of the A. myosuroides plants. However, none of the treatments was consistently better than the other treatments over all experiments. In three out of 5 experiments, grain yields were significantly increased by the herbicide treatments. The results demonstrate that cinmethylin increases the options for controlling A. myosuroides in winter cereals. However, it needs to be combined with other control tactics.
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Poudyal, Shital, James S. Owen, R. Thomas Fernandez, and Bert Cregg. "Sensitivity of Hydrangea paniculata Plants to Residual Herbicides in Recycled Irrigation Varies with Plant Growth Stage." Water 12, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051402.
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Recycling irrigation return flow is a viable option to achieve sustainability in horticultural production systems, but residual herbicides present in recycled water may be phytotoxic. The sensitivity of plants to residual herbicides may vary depending on the growth stage of the plant. If sensitive growth stages are avoided, the risk associated with using recycled water can be reduced. Here, we quantified the effect of residual oryzalin and oxyfluorfen exposure at various growth stages of Hydrangea paniculata. Exposure to both herbicides reduced plant growth, leaf visual rating, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll index, net photosynthesis, and light-adapted fluorescence of H. paniculata. Herbicide injury was greater for plants exposed to herbicides at early growth stages, however, the recovery rate of those plants was also rapid. For oxyfluorfen, plants produced healthy new growth immediately after the end of exposure, but for oryzalin, even newly formed leaves developed herbicide injury after the end of exposure, therefore leaf damage continued to progress before recovering. However, damage caused by residual herbicide exposure at all growth stages recovered over time. Physiological measurements such as the SPAD index, net photosynthesis, and light-adapted fluorescence responded quickly to herbicides exposure hence provided an early indicator of herbicide damage and recovery.
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B, Saleh, Jibrin S. A., Y. B. Kajidu, and M. S. Gargo. "A Review on the Effects of Residual Herbicides on Soil Microorganisms." Arid-zone Journal of Basic & Applied Research 1, no. 5 (October 15, 2022): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55639/607.2333.
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Herbicides are chemical preparations intended to destroy plants, especially weeds, or to obstruct their growth. After field application, herbicides not only control targeted weeds, but may also have possible lingering effects in the soil, and provide significant exposure of microorganisms to the herbicides. Microorganisms play important role in maintaining soil structure and fertility. Results of different studies show that herbicide application resulted in the reduction of some microbial species, e.g., Proteus spp., and Actinomycetes spp. Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. these are the microorganisms which were delicate to herbicidal treatment. Significant reductions in fungal activity in both artificial and natural environments as a result of herbicidal treatment were up to 4 times; thus, indicating a positive correlation between growth stoppage and application of the weedicide. Herbicides applied at higher doses are persistent in the soil and harm soil microorganisms. Herbicides such as Paraquat, glyphosate, and atrazine, reduce dehydrogenase activities of the soil. Most herbicides applied to the soil remain in the topmost layer of the soil where the higher concentration of soil microorganisms exist.
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Nohatto, Marcos André, Dirceu Agostinetto, Ana Claudia Langaro, Claudia de Oliveira, and Queli Ruchel. "Antioxidant activity of rice plants sprayed with herbicides." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 1 (March 2016): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4638011.
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ABSTRACT Understanding the physiological defense behavior of plants subjected to herbicide application may help to identify products with higher or lower capacity to cause oxidative stress in crops. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of herbicides in the antioxidant activity of rice plants. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replications. Treatments consisted of the herbicides bentazon (photosystem II inhibitor; 960 g ha-1), penoxsulam (acetolactate synthase inhibitor; 60 g ha-1), cyhalofop-butyl (acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase inhibitor; 315 g ha-1) and a control. After the herbicides application, samples of rice shoots were collected at 12, 24, 48 and 96 hours after application (HAA). The components evaluated were hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Bentazon (up to 24 HAA) and penoxsulam (48 and 96 HAA) reduced the CAT activity. Moreover, these herbicides increased the levels of H2O2, lipid peroxidation and SOD activity, indicating a condition of oxidative stress in rice plants. The cyhalofop-butyl herbicide did not alter the antioxidant activity, showing that it causes less stress to the crop.
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Navarro-León, Eloy, Elisabet Borda, Cándido Marín, Nuria Sierras, Begoña Blasco, and Juan M. Ruiz. "Application of an Enzymatic Hydrolysed L-α-Amino Acid Based Biostimulant to Improve Sunflower Tolerance to Imazamox." Plants 11, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11202761.
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Herbicides, commonly used in agriculture to control weeds, often cause negative effects on crops. Safeners are applied to reduce the damage to crops without affecting the effectiveness of herbicides against weeds. Plant biostimulants have the potential to increase tolerance to a series of abiotic stresses, but very limited information exists about their effects on herbicide-stressed plants. This study aims to verify whether the application of a potential safener such as Terra-Sorb®, an L-α-amino acid-based biostimulant, reduces the phytotoxicity of an Imazamox-based herbicide and to elucidate which tolerance mechanisms are induced. Sunflower plants were treated with Pulsar® 40 (4% Imazamox) both alone and in combination with Terra-Sorb®. Plants treated with the herbicide in combination with Terra-Sorb® showed higher growth, increased acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity, and amino acid concentration with respect to the plants treated with Imazamox alone. Moreover, the biostimulant protected photosynthetic activity and reduced oxidative stress. This protective effect could be due to the glutathione S-transferase (GST) induction and antioxidant systems dependent on glutathione (GSH). However, no effect of the biostimulant application was observed regarding phenolic compound phenylalanine ammonium-lyase (PAL) activity. Therefore, this study opens the perspective of using Terra-Sorb® in protecting sunflower plants against an imazamox-based herbicide effect.
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KUZNETSOVA, S. V., and V. N. BAGRINTSEVA. "ASSESSMENT OF EFFICIENCY AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF HERBICIDES FOR CORN." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 2 (2022): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2022-2-70-78.
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The aim of our research was to study the effect of modern highly effective herbicides on weeds and corn plants. One of the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of herbicides is the manifestation phytotoxicity signs of on corn. Phytotoxicity reduces corn grain yield, and plant death may occur if significant damage occurs. The resistance of corn plants to herbicides is determined by the genetic characteristics of hybrids and self-pollinated lines, and depends on external factors, in particular, on air temperature during the chemical treatment of crops. Studies on phytotoxicity of herbicides were conducted for several years in the experimental field of the All-Russian Research Institute of Corn, which is located in the zone of sufficient moisture in Stavropol Territory, at an altitude of 541 m above sea level, 44°N, 43°E. Phyt otoxicity of herbicide Cordus Plus, VDG, was studied in 2017–2018, a tank mixture of herbicides Dublon Super, VDG + Aegis, SC in 2017–2019, herbicide Kreutzer, VDG – in 2018–2021. To study phytotoxicity of herbicides, the same set of hybrids and self-pollinated corn lines of different ripeness groups was sown in each year of research. In the prevailing favorable weather conditions in 2017–2018, the herbicide Cordus Plus destroyed most of the wees phytocenosis and did not cause phytotoxicity in the studied corn samples, except for the sensitive single cross hybrid Alpha M. Application of the tank mixture Dublon Super + Egida in 2017–2018 had no phytotoxic effect on hybrids and parental forms of corn plants. In 2019, under severe drought conditions, phytotoxicity of these herbicides was observed in most of the studied samples. The response of hybrids and self-pollinated lines to the application of Kreutzer herbicide over the years of research was different over the years of research. Even in the absence of drought, the herbicide effected harshly on some corn hybrids and lines and caused significant damage to the plants.
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Sinegovskaya, Valentina, and Oksana Dushko. "Role of enzyme activity in increasing soybean plants’ resistance to herbicides." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125402007.
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The article presents the study results of specific activity and multiple forms of peroxidase and catalase as antioxidant enzymes in leaves and seeds of Garmoniya soybean variety in oxidative stress conditions caused by herbicides. It has been found that herbicides not only destroy weeds, but also have an effect on cultivated plants. Significantly low specific peroxidase activity in soybean leaves was identified in crops treated with Pulsar herbicide. High specific peroxidase activity and increased number of multiple forms (14) in soybean leaves was caused by Pivot herbicide exceeding control by almost three times, which was confirmed by a slowdown in growth and development of soybean plants by reducing the intensity of growth processes and, accordingly, increasing their resistance to withstanding adverse conditions caused by exposure to chemical substances - herbicides. Analysis of specific activity and multiple forms of catalase in soybean seeds of the 2018 and 2019 harvest showed differences in enzyme activity and number of forms depending on the herbicides used. Changes in enzymes’ activity and the number of their forms indicate a change in metabolic processes occurring when using herbicides depending on their chemical nature, which provides plant resistance to stress.
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Appleby, Arnold P. "Factors in Examining Fate of Herbicides in Soil with Bioassays." Weed Science 33, S2 (1985): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083739.
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A primary reason for studying the fate of a herbicide in soil is because of its potential effect, beneficial or detrimental, on plants. Herbicide concentrations in soil often can be accurately analyzed by chemical or physical procedures. But such quantitative measurements sometimes are not well correlated with plant response because of a number of interacting soil and environmental factors. If the question is not “How much herbicide residue is present in the soil?”, but rather “How much potential exists for herbicidal effects on plants?”, then the use of plants as one aspect of studies on herbicide persistence can be valuable. This paper addresses factors influencing the response of plants to herbicide residues under field conditions.
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Okrushko, Svitlana. "ESTIMATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES AND PGR OF ZEASTIMULIN ON WEEDING AND YIELD OF CORN." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-9.
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The system of protection of cultivated plants from the negative effects of weeds is an important element in the technology of growing corn. The application of the chemical method allows to effectively and for a long time get rid of the agrophytocenosis of weeds. Weeds significantly impair the growing conditions of cultivated plants and prevent them from realizing the opportunities inherent in the genetic potential of the crop. Maize has a low level of competitiveness against weeds. The aim of the article was: to substantiate the application of insurance herbicides Laudis and Stellar for weed control and their joint use with PGR Zeastimulin to increase corn grain yield. Medium-early maize hybrid PR39T45 FAO 250 was grown. It is characterized by good cold resistance and drought resistance. The size of the registered area of plots is 20 m2, repeated three times with a systematic arrangement of options. The predecessor of corn was potatoes. Herbicides and PGR Zeastimulin were applied in the phase of 3-4 leaves in corn. After treatment of crops with Laudis herbicide, weed accounting showed a decrease in the number of weeds by 89,7% compared to control. At the time of maize harvesting, Laudis reduced the level of weeding by 94,7% in quantity and by 655 g/m2 of mass compared to the natural background without the introduction of herbicides and growth regulator. The application of Stellar herbicide allowed better control of the number and weight of weeds, due to its effect on perennials. The decrease in weed numbers was 93,5% during the first survey, 97,0% during the second and 97,9% during the third. In the experimental variants, where herbicides were applied together with PGR Zeastimulin, no decrease in the number of weeds was observed, and only a slight decrease in the above-ground air-dry mass of weed plants was observed. The height of maize in the phase of 7-8 leaves on the herbicidal background was higher by 17,3% (var. 2) and 19,8% (var. 4) than on the control variant. Treatment of crops with Zeastimulin provided an increase of this indicator by another 2 cm. Due to the positive effect of the growth regulator, the length of maize cobs increased from 17,9 cm to 18,6 cm in the version of weed control by Laudis (0,5 kg/ha), and from 18,3 cm to 19,4 cm in the variant of herbicide application. Stellar (1,1 l/ha). In maize, the diameter of the cobs increased due to a decrease in the negative effects of weeds and under the influence of PGR Zeastimulin. Weed control in maize agrophytocenoses with Laudis herbicide (0,5 kg/ha) provided better conditions for cultivated plants, which gave a grain yield increase of 2,9 t/ha, and Stellar herbicide (1,1 l/ha) - for 3,1 t/ha. The application of Zeastimulin to maize crops increased the yield by 9,5% in the Laudis herbicide variant (0,5 kg/ha) and by 9,2% in the Stellar herbicide variant (1,1 l/ha). Further studies are planned to continue the assessment in maize agrophytocenoses of the effects of Laudis and Stellar herbicides on weed and PGR Zeastimulin under different weather conditions during the growing season. Key words: corn, weeds, herbicides, plant growth regulator, yield.
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Delchev, G. "Efficacy of herbicides, herbicide combinations and herbicide tank mixtures on lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)." Agricultural Science and Technology 14, no. 3 (September 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2022.03.035.
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Abstract. The research was conducted during 2019 - 2021 on pellic vertisol soil type. Under investigation was lentil cultivar Ilina (Lens culinaris Medik.). A total of 23 variants were investigated: untreated control, 8 herbicides – Pendistar 40 SC (pendimethalin), Dual gold 960 EC (S-metolachlor), Lentagran VP (pyridate), Challenge 600 SC (aclonifen), Zencor 600 SC (metribuzin), Wish top (quizalofop-P-ethyl), Zetrola (propaquizafop) and Passat 40 (imazamox), as well as combinations and tank mixtures between them. Soil-applied herbicides were used during the period after sowing before emergence. Foliar-applied herbicides were used during 2-3, 4-5 or 6-7 real leaf stage of the lentil. All of the herbicides, herbicide combinations and herbicide tank-mixtures were applied in a working solution of 300 l/ha. Mixing of foliar-applied herbicides was done in the tank on the sprayer. The combinations of herbicide Lentagran with soil-applied herbicides Pendistar and Dual gold, as well as herbicides Challenge with foliar-applied herbicides Wish top and Zetrola had an additive effect on herbicide efficacy. The herbicides Lentagran and Zencor, as well as their combinations, successfully controlled Clearfield and ExpressSun sunflower self-sown plants in lentil crops. The foliar-applied herbicide Passat controlled all annual and perennial broadleaved and graminaceous weeds and self-sown plants. The use of foliar-applied herbicide Passat and soil-applied herbicide Zencor at a dose of 900 g/ha led to high phytotoxicity in lentil plants – rate 3 according to the scale of EWRS. Double use of Zencor at doses of 600 + 300 g/ha and the combined use of the herbicides Challenge and Zetrola led to low phytotoxicity in lentil – rate 2 according to the scale of EWRS. The highest yields of lentil seeds were obtained by use of herbicide combinations Pendistar 5 l/ha + Lentagran 500 + 500 ml/ha and Pendistar 5 l/ha + Lentagran 1 l/ha. High yields were also obtained when combining Challenge 3 + 1 l/ha with Wish top 1.25 l/ha, as well as by the herbicide combination Challenge 4 l/ha + Wish top 1.25 l/ha.
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Hutianskyi, R. A. "THE EFFECT OF SOIL HERBICIDES ON NODULE-FORMING ABILITY AND OTHER CONDITIONS FOR SOYBEAN YIELD." Agriciltural microbiology 27 (July 6, 2018): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.27.24-30.
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The effect of soil herbicides on nodule-forming ability and other conditions for soybean yield isgiven. It has been established that modern soil herbicides, especially Fabian and Prymekstra TZ 500Gold SC were inferior than herbicide Harnes by the efficiency of control of annual cereals and bilobatedshort-living weeds soybean crops. Harnes had a greater negative effect on the formation of the amountand weight of nitrogen-fixing nodules on soybean root than other herbicides. At the same time, the use ofHarnes produced the highest yield of soybeans. Morphological signs of plants and signs of soybeanproductivity depended on the effectiveness of soil herbicides and tolerance of culture to them. There wasno significant effect of soil herbicides on the quality of the cultivated soybean seeds.
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Alieksieiev, Ya V., S. S. Semenov, A. G. Lyubchich, R. E. Grishchenko, and O. V. Glieva. "Productivity of grain sorghum at application of post-emergence herbicides." Scientific Journal Grain Crops 5, no. 1 (2021): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0159.
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During the four-year field experiments, the influence of post-emergence herbicides such as Pik, Prima and Grantox on the phytosanitary state of grain sorghum crops and the formation the grain productivity of plants was established. It was found that the applied chemicals did not affect the main stages of ontogenesis by sorghum plants. The use of the active ingredient of Prima and Grantox led to a decrease the linear growth of plants. The height of sorghum plants with increasing the application dose of Prima decreased from 101.7 to 98.5 cm. When increasing the dose of Grantox, the toxic effect of the active ingredient on sorghum plants increased, as a result their height decreased significantly from 103.1 to 98.1 cm. With regard to the Pik herbicide, with increasing of application doze, the plant height increased from 105.5 to 107.9 cm. Due to the use of the application dose of 20 g/ha, the highest grain yield of sorghum was obtained (4.04 t/ha). It is only 0.22 t/ha less compared to the variants where weeds were removed manually. These results indicate a significant effect of the Pik herbicide on weeds and weak phytotoxicity against sorghum plants. When using the Prima herbicide, it was observed activation of tillering with a slight decrease in the number of panicles. All studied herbicides were characterized by high efficiency against dicotyledonous weeds: Grantox – 78.0–86.2 %, Prima – 75.4–83.1 %, Pik – 80.6–89.3 %. Despite the different phytotoxic effect on plants, grain productivity of grain sorghum increased due to the application of post-emergence herbicides compared to plots with natural weed infestation: Prima – by 0.66–0.92 t/ha, Grantox – by 0.60–0.97 t/ha, Pik – by 1.02–1.40 t/ha . Based on the research, it was found that the application of Pik herbicide in dose of 15–20 g/ha at the 4–5 leaf stage of sorghum was safest for plants and the most effective for the control of dicotyledonous weeds. Key words: grain sorghum, growth and development, weeds, herbicide, yield.
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Benedetti, Lariza, Gulab Rangani, Vívian Ebeling Viana, Pâmela Carvalho-Moore, Aldo Merotto, Edinalvo Rabaioli Camargo, Luis Antonio de Avila, and Nilda Roma-Burgos. "Rapid Reduction of Herbicide Susceptibility in Junglerice by Recurrent Selection with Sublethal Dose of Herbicides and Heat Stress." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 12, 2020): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111761.
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Global climate change, specifically rising temperature, can alter the molecular physiology of weedy plants. These changes affect herbicide efficacy and weed management. This research aimed to investigate the combined effect of heat stress (HS) and sublethal doses of herbicides (four active ingredients) on adaptive gene expression and efficacy of herbicide on Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (junglerice). Three factors were evaluated; factor A was E. colona generation (G0-original population from susceptible standard; G1 and G2 were progenies of recurrent selection), factor B was herbicide treatment (florpyrauxifen-benzyl, glufosinate-ammonium, imazethapyr, quinclorac and nontreated check) and factor C was HS (30 and 45 °C). The herbicides were applied at 0.125× the recommended dose. Recurrent exposure to HS, combined with sublethal doses of herbicides, favors the selection of plants less susceptible to the herbicide. Upregulation of defense (antioxidant) genes (APX: Ascorbate peroxidase), herbicide detoxification genes (CYP450 family: Cytochrome P450), stress acclimation genes (HSP: Heat shock protein, TPP: Trehalose phosphate phosphatase and TPS: Trehalose phosphate synthase) and genes related to herbicide conjugation (UGT: UDP Glucosyltransferase) was significant. The positive regulation of these genes may promote increased tolerance of E. colona to these herbicides.
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Timergalin, Maxim D., Arina V. Feoktistova, Timur V. Rameev, Gaisar G. Khudaygulov, Sergei N. Starikov, and Sergei P. Chetverikov. "Agroecological aspects of application of Pseudomonas sp. DA1.2 in overcoming herbicidal stress in wheat." BIO Web of Conferences 23 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202303009.
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This article submits results of laboratory and field experiments on the effect of an auxin-producing bacterial strain Pseudomonas sp. DA1.2 in comparison with Pseudomonas koreensis IB-4 on wheat plants in conjunction with the “Chistalan” herbicide treatment. Our work shows the positive effect of bacterial treatments on plant growth, the relative water content in leaves and the role of bacteria in the redistribution of ABA and IAA in wheat shoots under conditions of herbicidal stress. Application of Pseudomonas sp. DA1.2 together with the herbicide in the field of the steppe zone led to an increase in yield by 20% relative to the control variant. This bacterial strain helps to overcome herbicidal stress and is a promising agent for improving the technology of using synthetic auxins herbicides.
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Dickson, Ross L., Mitchell Andrews, Roger J. Field, and Euan L. Dickson. "Effect of Water Stress, Nitrogen, and Gibberellic Acid on Fluazifop and Glyphosate Activity on Oats (Avena sativa)." Weed Science 38, no. 1 (January 1990): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056113.
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A series of experiments was carried out on oat to test the efficacies of fluazifop and glyphosate against water-stressed plants, plants grown in low and high nitrogen (N), and plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA). In the laboratory, plants maintained at wilting point for 5 days before and 9 days after spraying with fluazifop (0.5 kg ae/ha) appeared healthy 32 days after herbicide application, while plants supplied with water throughout the experiment were completely chlorotic/necrotic and had main stem detachment from within the leaf sheaths. In the field, plants maintained unirrigated until 14 days after spraying with fluazifop (0.25 kg/ha) or glyphosate (0.18 kg ae/ha) showed greater tolerance of the herbicides than plants irrigated regularly. Under well-watered conditions in the laboratory and field, fluazifop (0.25 kg/ha) and glyphosate (0.18 kg/ha) were less toxic at low N than high N. Increased fluazifop activity at high N was associated with increased transport of herbicide to apical meristems. Addition of 200 μg GA into the leaf sheaths 2 days prior to spraying with fluazifop or glyphosate increased the efficacy of both herbicides at low N.
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Shaw, David R., Marshall B. Wixson, and Clyde A. Smith. "Effect of Imazaquin and Chlorimuron Plus Metribuzin on Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) Interference in Soybean (Glycine max)." Weed Technology 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00033534.
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Three experiments evaluated sicklepod interference with soybean with and without preplant incorporated applications of chlorimuron plus metribuzin or imazaquin. Sicklepod density, weed-free period, and weedy period were examined. In the absence of herbicides, soybean seed yield was reduced with 2 sicklepod plants row m-1, whereas 8 plants row m-1were necessary to reduce yield when herbicides were used. Herbicide use also increased soybean yield at higher sicklepod densities. Chlorimuron plus metribuzin reduced sicklepod dry matter at 8 plants row m-1. To maintain soybean yield, a weed-free period of 4 wk after emergence was required, regardless of treatment. Both herbicide treatments resulted in increased soybean yield at the zero and two wk weed-free periods; however, they did not affect soybean yield when the weed-free period was 4 wk or more. Imazaquin reduced sicklepod density when plots were left weedy full-season, and further reductions were noted with chlorimuron plus metribuzin. A sicklepod weedy interval of 8 wk reduced soybean yield when untreated, but either herbicide treatment extended that interval to 16 wk.
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Xie, Hai Sheng, Andrew I. Hsiao, and William A. Quick. "Effect of Shading on Activity of Imazamethabenz and Fenoxaprop in Wild Oat (Avena fatua)." Weed Science 42, no. 1 (March 1994): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500084174.
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Growth chamber and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate effects of long-term low-light intensity on wild oat control with imazamethabenz and fenoxaprop. Seventy percent shading imposed during the entire experimental period resulted in enhanced activities for both herbicides applied at early and later growth stages. Such shading also reduced wild oat regrowth following application of imazamethabenz and fenoxaprop. When applied to plants exposed to 70 to 90% prespraying shading, both herbicides had phytotoxicity similar to, or better, than plants grown under continuous shading. Postspraying shading has less effect on herbicidal activity than prespraying shading or prolonged shading, especially with imazamethabenz. Full-light treatment more adversely affected fenoxaprop activity than imazamethabenz activity.
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Soliman, Ibrahim, and Amany Hamza. "Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta Epilinum Weihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum Ustatissimum L.) Cultivation." Journal of Plant Protection Research 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-010-0063-8.
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Evaluation of Some Herbicides Against Flax Dodder (Cuscuta EpilinumWeihe) In Fibre Flax (Linum UstatissimumL.) CultivationTwo field experiments were carried out in Sakha Experimental Station during two seasons to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments (hand combing, butralin, tribenuron-methyl, metosulam and fluazifop-p-butyl) in controlling dodder weed (Cuscuta epilinumWeihe) in Fibre flax. Moreover, the effect of these treatments on some growth characters of flax yield and its components was also determined. All tested herbicide treatments decreased the dodder infestation in flax for up to 49 days. All tested herbicide treatments increased all flax growth characters, (straw yield and seed yield). Butralin herbicide gave the best control of dodder, followed by metosulam, tribenuron-methyl and fluazifop-p-butyl. Also, the data revealed that most herbicidal treatments slightly decreased protein content of flax plants and did not adversely affect the oil content of its seeds. This study suggests that, under heavy infestation of dodder weed, the use of the tested herbicides, especially butralin, is highly recommended.
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Wijayabandara, Kusinara, Shane Campbell, Joseph Vitelli, and Steve Adkins. "Plant and Seed Mortality of Fireweed Senecio madagascariensis Following Herbicide Application." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036160.
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Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir), is a weed of National significance and one of the worst weeds of coastal pastures in South Eastern Australia. Chemical control has been found to be effective in killing plants but there is no information on the effect of herbicides on the seeds that may be present on plants at the time of application. Consequently, a study was undertaken to determine the effect of five selective herbicides (1) on plant mortality at different life stages and (2) on the viability (as assessed by germination) of fireweeds seeds at different stages of maturity. Potted plants of the required growth stages were obtained through several collections of different sized seedlings from a field site near Brisbane. Before herbicide application, in the mature plant cohort the inflorescences were tagged according to their maturity as being either immature (IM) or intermediate (INT). Plants were sprayed with either fluroxypyr/aminopyralid (HotShot™) (A), bromoxynil (Bromicide® 200) (B), metsulfuron-methyl (Brush-Off®) (C), triclopyr/picloram/aminopyralid (Grazon™ extra) (D), triclopyr/picloram/aminopyralid (TordonTM regrowthMaster) (E) at the recommended rates with untreated control plants of the three growth stages also included for comparison. All herbicides killed fireweed seedlings and juvenile plants, but only treatments A, D and E gave high plant mortality (>80%) of mature plants. All herbicides also caused nil germination of seeds collected 30 days after spraying, except for a small percentage (8% germination) of mature seeds from Bromoxynil treated plants. These results have identified several herbicides capable of killing mature fireweed plants and minimizing replenishment of soil seed reserves.
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Lebedev, Vadim G., Konstantin V. Krutovsky, and Konstantin A. Shestibratov. "Effect of Phosphinothricin on Transgenic Downy Birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) Containing bar or GS1 Genes." Forests 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2019): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121067.
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Weeds are a big problem in agriculture and forestry, and herbicides are the main tools to control them. Phosphinotricin (ammonium glufosinate, PPT) is one of the most effective non-selective herbicides, to which weeds hardly gain resistance, but the reasons for its effect and toxicity to plants are still unclear, and especially, it is little studied in trees, including transgenic ones. We studied the physiological responses of downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) containing the herbicide resistance bar gene or the cytosol glutamine synthetase GS1 gene (the target enzyme of the herbicide) to PPT-based Basta herbicide treatment in various doses under open-air conditions during two years. Birch saplings with the bar gene were resistant to a double field dose (10 L/ha), but the expression of the GS1 gene only slightly increased resistance compared to the control. Herbicide treatment increased the ammonium level in leaf tissue by 3–8 times, but this, apparently, was not the main cause of plant death. Among leaf pigments, chlorophyll B was the most resistant to PPT, and carotenoids were the most sensitive. Responses of birch trees with the GS1 gene (accumulation of ammonium, pigment content, and dehydration) during treatment with a low dose of herbicide were less pronounced than in control plants. One-year-old control and transgenic plants with the GS gene died after 2.5 L/ha treatment, and two-year-old plants lost foliage after such treatment but remained alive and developed buds four weeks after treatment. Herbicide treatment of plants with the bar gene did not cause significant deviations in height (first year) or the accumulation of aboveground biomass (second year). The obtained results improve our understanding of the effect of PPT on woody plants and can be used both to clarify mechanisms of herbicide action and in plantation forestry.
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Hassannejad, Sirous, Ramin Lotfi, Soheila P. Ghafarbi, Abdallah Oukarroum, Amin Abbasi, Hazem M. Kalaji, and Anshu Rastogi. "Early Identification of Herbicide Modes of Action by the Use of Chlorophyll Fluorescence Measurements." Plants 9, no. 4 (April 20, 2020): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9040529.
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The effect of seven herbicides (U-46 Combi Fluid, Cruz, MR, Basagran Bromicide, Lumax, and Gramoxone) on Xanthium strumarium plants was studied. Chlorophyll content and fluorescence, leaf temperature, and stomatal conductance were evaluated at 12 h, 36 h, 60 h, and 84 h after herbicides application. U46 Combi Fluid, Cruz, and MR did not have a significant effect on chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves as compared to the control treatment. However, Basagran, Bromicide, Lumax, and Gramoxone showed significant changes in the shape of polyphasic fluorescence transients (OJIP transients). Variations in chlorophyll content index, leaf temperature, and stomatal conductance parameters were dependent on the type of applied herbicide. Our study revealed that the specific impact of the applied herbicides on the photosynthetic efficiency of plants is related to their chemical groups and their mechanism of action.
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Bernards, Mark L., Joseph T. Simmons, Corey J. Guza, Crystal R. Schulz, Donald Penner, and James J. Kells. "Inbred Corn Response to Acetamide Herbicides as Affected by Safeners and Microencapsulation." Weed Technology 20, no. 2 (June 2006): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-130r.1.
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Corn inbreds are often more sensitive to herbicides than hybrids. Field experiments were conducted with three corn inbreds to (1) evaluate inbred sensitivity to the acetamide herbicides acetochlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, and metolachlor, (2) compare the effects of various crop safeners in combination with acetochlor and metolachlor, and (3) measure the effect of herbicide microencapsulation on acetochlor injury. Herbicides were applied preemergence at the registered rate and at two, three, or four times the registered rate in corn. Injury ratings, plant population, and the percentage of plants showing acetamide injury symptoms were used to measure herbicide effect. The inbreds ‘Mo17’ and ‘Great Lakes 15’ (GL15) were sensitive to acetamide injury. Reductions in plant population and increases in the injury rating and the percentage of injured plants were caused by acetochlor, dimethenamid, flufenacet, metolachlor, and flufenacet + metribuzin when applied at three times the registered rate. The inbred ‘B73’ was not injured. The safeners benoxacor and dichlormid reduced injury caused by metolachlor. The percentage of plants injured by metolachlor 15 days after treatment (DAT) was lower when benoxacor was the safener compared to dichlormid. By 28 DAT, plants treated with safeners recovered from injury, and there were no differences between the treatments. The safeners dichlormid and furilazole reduced, but did not always eliminate, injury caused by acetochlor applied at three times the registered rate. Microencapsulation of acetochlor reduced injury to GL15. When the safeners dichlormid or furilazole were included in an acetochlor formulation, microencapsulation did not further reduce corn injury.
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Simić, M., Ž. Dolijanović, R. Maletić, L. Stefanović, and M. Filipović. " Weed suppression and crop productivity by different arrangement patterns of maize." Plant, Soil and Environment 58, No. 3 (March 29, 2012): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/606/2011-pse.
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A field experiment was conducted in order to estimate the influence of different arrangement patterns of maize plants (Zea mays L.) in combination with low rates of herbicides on weed infestation and on production parameters of the crop. The maize was sown at 70-, 50-, and 35-cm row space with the same crop density. The weed biomass declined with smaller row spaces and was, on average, the lowest with the 35-cm row space; even though the arrangement patterns of the maize plants had no significant effect on the average values of the weed biomass. The interaction of the arrangement pattern and the herbicide rate significantly influenced weed biomass. Maize grain yield expressed the greatest variation under the effects of applied factors, but did not differ significantly between treatments with the full and the half rate of herbicides. The results indicate that it is possible to control weed infestation level if maize is grown with increased spatial uniformity and combined application of other practices such are herbicides. In such a way, maize plants are more competitive against weeds and even lower amounts of herbicides could be applied in order to achieve high yields.
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Azab, Ehab, Ahmad K. Hegazy, Adil A. Gobouri, and Amr Elkelish. "Impact of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plants on Herbicide Isoproturon Phytoremediation through Expressing Human Cytochrome P450-1A2." Biology 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology9110362.
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The excessive use of herbicides is a major cause of many environmental problems. The use of isoproturon herbicide as a weed controller has been a common practice globally. Phytoremediation technology can help in cleaning up polluted areas. In this paper the ability of CYP1A2 transgenic A. thaliana plants in the phytoremediation of isoproturon herbicides has been investigated. We tested the capability of P450-1A2 overexpression on the detoxification and degradation of isoproturon. We explored the toxic effect of isoproturon on the plant phenotypic characteristics, including the primary root length, rosette diameter, and fresh, dry weight for transgenic and wild type A. thaliana. The results revealed that no morphological changes appeared on CYP1A2 transgenic plants with a high tolerance to isoproturon herbicide applications either via foliar spraying or supplementation of the growth medium. Deleterious effects were observed on the morphological characteristics of plants of the wild type grown in soil under different treatments with isoproturon. The transgenic A. thaliana plants exhibited a vigorous growth even at high doses of isoproturon treatments. In contrast, the growth of the wild type was significantly impaired with doses above 50 µM isoproturon. The transgenic A. thaliana plants expressing P450-1A2 were able to metabolize the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon. Therefore, this method can be determined as a potential bioremediation agent.
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dos Santos, Jania Claudia Camilo, Renato Nunes Costa, Dayane Mércia Ribeiro Silva, Dougllas Ferreira da Rocha, Lennon Klédson dos Santos Silva, Rudieli Machado da Silva, Marcelo de Almeida Silva, Jessé Marques da Silva Júnior Pavão, and José Vieira Silva. "Photochemical, Anatomical, and Growth Changes in Cassava Cultivars after Application of Post-Emergent Herbicides." Agriculture 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12070950.
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Plants develop a series of adaptive mechanisms capable of tolerating the action of herbicides; however, little is known about the physiological mechanisms developed by cassava. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of post-emergence herbicides on the physiological and anatomical characteristics of two cassava cultivars subjected to six herbicide treatments. The evaluations occurred at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h after herbicide application. Herbicide application induced changes in the physiological and anatomical leaf profile. These changes were observed through the thickening of the leaf blade midrib caused by the herbicides fomesafen and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl in the Campinas cultivar. On the other hand, the leaves of the Sergipana cultivar showed a reduction in the thickness of the midrib tissues. Minor effects on cassava plants were observed with the herbicide fluazifop-p-butyl.
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Staats, David, James Klett, Teri Howlett, and Matt Rogoyski. "(217) Preemergence Weed Control in Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1034A—1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1034a.
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During the 2005 season, three preemergence herbicides were applied to four container-grown herbaceous perennials and evaluated for weed control, phytotoxicity, and effect on plant growth. The herbicides and application rates were: 1) Pendimethalin (Pendulum 2G) 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 kg/ha; 2) Trifluralin and Isoxaben (Snapshot 2.5 TG) 2.8, 5.6, and 11.2 kg/ha; and 3) S-metolachlor (Pennant Magnum 7.6 EC) 2.8, 5.6, and 11.2 kg/ha. Herbicides were applied to Coral Bells (Heuchera sanguinea), Hopflower Oregano (Origanum libanoticum), CORONADO™ Hyssop (Agastache aurantiaca), and SPANISH PEAKS™ Foxglove (Digitalis thapsi). Treatments were applied twice with 30 days between applications. Plants were evaluated for phytotoxicity after 1, 2, and 4 weeks after applying herbicide treatments. No phytotoxicity symptoms were apparent on any of the plants treated with Pendulum, and plant size (dry mass) was not affected. Snapshot resulted in visual phytotoxicity with Digitalis and Heuchera at the higher rates and also resulted in smaller plants. Pennant Magnum caused phytotoxicity at all rates in all plants and resulted in significantly smaller plants than the control. Weed control was very good with all herbicides, but did not control every weed.
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AGOSTINETTO, D., L. T. PERBONI, A. C. LANGARO, J. GOMES, D. S. FRAGA, and J. J. FRANCO. "Changes in Photosynthesis and Oxidative Stress in Wheat Plants Submmited to Herbicides Application." Planta Daninha 34, no. 1 (March 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582016340100001.
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The use of herbicides, even in tolerant crops, can cause stress evidenced by increase phytotoxicity affecting growth and development. The objectives of this study were to evaluate herbicides effect from different mechanisms of action in photosynthetic and oxidative stress parameters, as well visual phytotoxicity and wild radish control in wheat crop, cultivar Quartzo. Two trials were conducted where the first one evaluated the photosynthetic parameters on wheat plants in two seasons collection, following the application of herbicides bentazon, clodinafop, iodosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D; and the second one evaluated wild radish (Raphanus sativus) control, wheat phytotoxicity and yield due to bentazon, iodosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D herbicides application. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration were negatively affected by metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D herbicides at 24 and 120 HAS (hours after spraying) compared to control. Oxidative stress was similar or lower to control, when herbicide was applied and, in general, there was no difference between application times. Lipid peroxidation, catalase activity and phenols were higher in the first collection time. The application of herbicides iodosulfuron and 2,4-D reduces chlorophylls and carotenoids in wheat. Herbicides bentazon, iodosulfuron, metribuzin, metsulfuron and 2,4-D are selective to wheat, cultivar Quartzo and do not affect wheat yield. 2,4-D, metribuzin and iodosulfuron are more efficient for wild radish control.
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Gomes, Schaianne A., Sayonara A. do C. M. Arantes, Ednaldo A. de Andrade, Kelte R. Arantes, Daniela N. Viana, and Cezar da C. Pereira Junior. "Residual effect of mixture of glyphosate and 2,4-D in winter maize in different soil textures." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, no. 5 (May 2017): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n5p317-321.
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ABSTRACT To increase the efficiency in the control of weeds, it is common the use of a mixture of the herbicides glyphosate and 2,4-D in the desiccation. This paper aimed to evaluate the residual effect of these two herbicides on the development of maize plants, in soils of different textures. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in 2015, in a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 x 7 factorial scheme, corresponding to two soils (Red Yellow Latosol and Quartzarenic Neosol), two herbicide application times (5 and 10 days before maize sowing) and seven doses of herbicides (recommended dose of glyphosate, recommended dose of 2,4-D; mixing the recommended doses of glyphosate and 2,4-D; two, ten and fifty times the recommended doses in admixture; and one control), with 4 replicates. After emergence of maize plants, the following variables were evaluated: phytotoxicity, plant height, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, shoot fresh and dry matter and root dry matter. In general, there was lower residual effect on the Red Yellow Latosol at all the doses of the herbicides and in the interval of 10 days between the desiccation and sowing.
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Furquim, Lucas Tadeu, Patricia Andrea Monquero, and Rafael Pires Silva. "EFEITO DE HERBICIDAS NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DO SORGO SACARINO." Nativa 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i1.6441.
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A presença de plantas daninhas pode reduzir severamente o rendimento do sorgo sacarino (Sorghum bicolor), e em função do reduzido número de herbicidas registrados, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de herbicidas no crescimento inicial dessa cultura. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco repetições, sendo o haloxyfop-methyl, cyhalofop-butil, fomesafem, imazaquim, lactofen, atrazine, 2,4-D e saflufenacil aplicados em diferentes doses em pós-emergência inicial da cultura e os herbicidas atrazine, atrazine+simazine, hexazinone e s-metolachlor em pré-emergência da cultura. As avaliações de fitointoxicação foram realizadas aos 7, 14, 21 e 30 dias após a aplicação (DAT) e a biomassa seca da parte aérea avaliada aos 30 DAT. Em pós-emergência, os herbicidas haloxyfop-methyl e imazaquim provocaram alta fitointoxicação e impactos na biomassa das plantas. 2,4-D e atrazine não provocaram diferenças significativas com relação à testemunha tanto em fitointoxicação como na biomassa. O herbicida lactofen provocou baixa fitointoxicação, todavia, saflufenacil e fomesafen promoveram fitointoxicação na dose comercial próximo a 40% e alterações na biomassa. Dos herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência, apenas hexazinone e s-metolachlor demonstraram fitointoxicação e alterações na biomassa. Conclui-se que os herbicidas atrazine, lactofen e 2,4-D podem ser utilizados em aplicações em pós-emergência, e atrazine e atrazine+simazine em pré-emergência.Palavras-chave: fitointoxicação, Sorghum bicolor, pré-emergente, pós-emergente. EFFECT OF HERBICIDES ON THE INITIAL GROWTH OF SWEET SORGHUM ABSTRACT: The presence of weeds may severely reduce yield of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and due to the reduced number of herbicides registered, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of herbicides on the initial growth of this crop. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicate, being, the herbicides haloxyfop-methyl, cyhalofop-butyl, fomesafem, imazaquim, lactofen, atrazine, 2,4-D and saflufenacil were applied at different initial post-emergence rates and herbicides atrazine, atrazine + simazine, hexazinone and s- metolachlor in pre-emergence of the culture. The phytointoxication evaluations were performed at 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after application (DAT) and the dry biomass of the aerial part evaluated at 30 DAT. In post-emergence, the herbicides haloxyfop-methyl and imazaquim caused high phytointoxication and impacts on plant biomass. 2,4-D and atrazine did not cause significant differences in relation to the control in both phytointoxication and biomass. The herbicide lactofen caused low phytointoxication, however, saflufenacil and fomesafen promoted phytointoxication at commercial dose close to 40% and changes in biomass. Of the herbicides used in pre-emergence, only hexazinone and s-metolachlor demonstrated phytointoxication and changes in biomass. It is concluded that the herbicides atrazine, lactofen and 2,4-D can be used in post-emergence applications, and pre-emergence atrazine and atrazine + simazine.Keywords: phytointoxication, Sorghum bicolor, pre-emergent, post-emergent.
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Basu, Sayantani, and Y. Vasudeva Rao. "Environmental Effects and Management Strategies of the Herbicides." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 11, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 518–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2020.2069d.
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India has wide range of agro-climates and soil types and highly diverse agriculture farming systems with different types of weed problems. So, herbicides are the integrated part of the general cropping systems. In general, herbicides are formulated in such a way that they degrade from the environment after completion of their intended work, but a few of them persist in the environment and cause a serious hazard to the succeeding crop and also to the surrounding environments. Hence, a proper knowledge of herbicides is important to understand the management procedure, organization and hierarchy of the herbicides. It also provides an imminent idea to herbicide resistance, which continues to be a problem in sustainable agricultural management. In this review, the herbicides used in India, negative impact of herbicides on the environment, persistency of herbicides, their dissipation methods and different management practices to avoid/minimize herbicide carry-over effects were discussed. The combine effects of bioaugmentation and biostimulation along with organic matter addition might be a promising technology to accelerate the biodegradation. Apart from these, extensive field evaluation studies with other tools like crop rotation and increment of the organic matter content is definitely a promising technique for managing the herbicide persistence. Bioherbicides, a biological control agent for weeds, and transgenic approaches can be a good alternative for chemical herbicides in future. They provide high degree of specificity of target weed and have no effect on non-target, beneficial plants or man and do not form any residues in the environment.
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Lang, Jaroslav, Barbora Zikmundová, Josef Hájek, Miloš Barták, and Peter Váczi. "The Effects of Foliar Application of Phenoxy and Imidazoline Family Herbicides on the Limitation of Primary Photosynthetic Processes in Galega orientalis L." Agronomy 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010096.
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Fodder galega (Galega orientalis) is a perennial, wintering plant with great potential for agricultural development. The species has a large yield potential and exceptional adaptability to various environmental conditions. The sensitivity of G. orientalis to herbicides, however, as well as the photosynthetic performance of the species, are generally unknown. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of the application of selected phenoxy herbicides (MCPA, MCPB) and the imidazoline family herbicide (IMA) on the parameters of primary photosynthetic processes as understood through fast chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics (OJIP). The effect of cultivation temperature was also investigated in the plants grown at 5, 18 and 25 °C. Time courses of OJIP-derived parameters describing photosystem II functioning after foliar application revealed that the plants showed negative responses to the herbicides in the order MCPB–MCPA–IMA within 24 h after the application. The application of herbicides decreased the values of maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (FM) and increased minimum fluorescence (F0), which led to a reduction in the maximal efficiency of PSII (FV/FM). Applications of MCPA and MCPB decreased variable chlorophyll fluorescence at 2 ms (VJ), 30 ms (VI) and VP, as well as the performance index (PIABS), which is considered a vitality proxy. The application increased absorption flux (ABS/RC), trapped energy flux (TRo/RC) and dissipated energy flux (DIo/RC). The effects were more pronounced in plants grown at 18 and 25 °C. The study revealed that the OJIP-derived parameters sensitively reflected an early response of G. orientalis to the foliar application of herbicides. Negative responses of PSII were more apparent in MCPA- and MCPB- exposed plants than IMA-exposed plants.
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Andreasen, Christian, Kasper Lund Høgh, and Signe Marie Jensen. "The Effect of Foliar and Soil Application of Flufenacet and Prosulfocarb on Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) Control." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110552.
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Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be a troublesome weed that may causes high yield losses to several crops. Ryegrass resistance to the typically used acetolactate synthase (ALS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides complicates the control. As an alternative, we evaluated and compared the effects of two soil-acting herbicides, flufenacet and prosulfocarb, on susceptible L. multiflorum. The herbicides were applied in two doses in three different methods of applications: (1) soil and foliar application (2) foliar application, and (3) soil application only. Two greenhouse experiments separated in time showed that both herbicides reduced root and foliar biomass significantly as compared to the nontreated plants. In experiment 1, both herbicides resulted in lower efficacy when they only were applied to the leaves compared to the nontreated plants. Especially the foliar effect of flufenacet was small. The highest dose of prosulfocarb (4200 g ai ha−1) reduced the fresh foliar weight by 61% in experiment 1 and by 95% in experiment 2. The lowest dose of prosulfocarb (2100 g ai ha−1) reduced the weights by 73% (experiment 1) and 98% (experiment 2), respectively. For both herbicides the soil and foliar application applied postemergence were effective in reducing growth of L. multiflorum significantly in both experiments. Foliar application showed inconsistent results, showing that soil absorption plays an important role on herbicide efficacy even when the herbicides are applied postemergence. Postemergence application of prosulfocarb and flufenacet were effective to reduce L. multiflorum growth having apparently good root and leaf absorption.
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Tardif, François J., and Stephen B. Powles. "Effect of malathion on resistance to soil-applied herbicides in a population of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)." Weed Science 47, no. 3 (June 1999): 258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500091748.
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The effect of the organophosphate insecticide malathion on the response of resistant rigid ryegrass population SLR 31 to the herbicides trifluralin, pendimethalin, clomazone, and triallate was investigated. The insecticide and herbicides were soil-applied prior to emergence of plants grown under controlled conditions. In the absence of malathion, the resistant population exhibited significant resistance to the four herbicides compared with a susceptible population. Levels of resistance, as determined by comparison of herbicide rates required to inhibit growth by 50%, were 35, 11, 2.4, and 2.4 for pendimethalin, trifluralin, triallate, and clomazone, respectively. Malathion had a synergistic effect on pendimethalin in the resistant population but not in the susceptible population. Malathion had no synergistic effect on trifluralin, triallate and clomazone. Resistance to triallate and clomazone was found despite the fact that the resistant population had never before been selected with these herbicides. This resistance, selected by other herbicides, further indicates that the use of alternative herbicides to control multiple resistant weeds is unlikely to be a successful resistance management approach.
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Hamel, C., F. Morin, A. Fortin, R. L. Granger, and D. L. Smith. "Mycorrhizal Colonization Increases Herbicide Toxicity in Apple." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1255.
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Herbicides are increasingly used in orchards. Since apple trees strongly depend on mycorrhizae, the effects of three commonly used herbicides on the host plant and endophyte were examined. Symbiosis between tissue-cultured P16 apple rootstocks and Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch was established under greenhouse conditions. Simazine (1, 2, 10, and 20 μg a.i./g), dichlobenil (1, 5, 10, and 25 μg a.i./g), paraquat (0.5, 1, 10, and 100 μg a.i./g), or water was applied to mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants as a soil drench. The response of mycorrhizal plants to herbicide was greater, and the relative elongation rate was more sharply reduced in mycorrhizal (76%) than in nonmycorrhizal plants (33%). Six weeks after herbicide application, dry mass reduction due to herbicides was similar (39% and 36%) for mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plant shoots, respectively, while root dry mass reduction was larger for mycorrhizal (63%) than nonmycorrhizal plants (46%). None of the herbicide treatments affected root colonization. However, an in vitro hyphal elongation test with G. intraradices Schenck & Smith and herbicide-amended (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg a.i./g) gellan gum solidified water showed that either dichlobenil or paraquat, even at the lowest concentrations, could significantly reduce hyphal elongation. Simazine did not affect hyphal elongation in vitro, a result suggesting that improved absorption capacity of mycorrhizae explains, at least in part, the increased phytotoxicity of some herbicides. It was found that plant mortality was higher among mycorrhizal than nonmycorrhizal apple trees for all herbicide treatments. The increased CO2 assimilation rates of dichlobenil-treated mycorrhizal plants contrasted with the decreased rates of control plants measured 1 week after dichlobenil treatment. This indicates a physiological interaction between mycorrhizal colonization and dichlobenil in the toxic response of apple plants. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-4,6-bis-ethylamino-s-triazine (simazine), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'bipyridinium (paraquat).
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Friesen, Lyle F., Ian N. Morrison, Abdur Rashid, and Malcolm D. Devine. "Response of a Chlorsulfuron-Resistant Biotype ofKochia scopariato Sulfonylurea and Alternative Herbicides." Weed Science 41, no. 1 (March 1993): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500057659.
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Kochia growing on an industrial site where chlorsulfuron was applied repeatedly over several seasons was confirmed to be resistant to chlorsulfuron and several other acetolactate synthase (ALS) -inhibiting herbicides. In growth room experiments, resistant (R) plants were 2 to >180 times more resistant to five sulfonylurea herbicides and one imidazolinone herbicide (imazethapyr) than susceptible (S) plants, as measured by the ratio of dosages required to inhibit shoot dry matter accumulation by 50% (GR50R/S). Similarly, in vitro assays of ALS activity indicated that from 3 to 30 times more herbicide was required to inhibit the enzyme from R plants than from S plants. Results of ALS enzyme assays indicated that R kochia was approximately equally resistant to metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and thifensulfuron, and 2.5 times more resistant to tribenuron than thifensulfuron. However, the response of R kochia growing in a spring wheat crop in the field was not consistent with results of the ALS enzyme assays. In field experiments, thifensulfuron at 32 g ai ha−1had little effect on R kochia. In contrast, metsulfuron, triasulfuron, and tribenuron at 8 g ha−1did not reduce R kochia seedling densities, but caused severe stunting such that 2 mo after treatment the shoot biomass of plants in untreated plots was four times greater than in sprayed plots. Herbicides with alternative modes of action including fluroxypyr, bromoxynil/MCPA ester, dichlorprop/2,4-D ester, and 2,4-D ester provided good control of R kochia in the field. Quinclorac did not reduce kochia densities, but surviving plants were stunted. To delay or avoid development of ALS inhibitor-resistant kochia populations, these alternative herbicides applied alone or in tank mixtures could be incorporated into a herbicide rotation.
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Hatzios, Kriton K. "An Overview of the Mechanisms of Action of Herbicide Safeners." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1991): 819–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-9-1017.
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Abstract Herbicide safeners are chemicals used for manipulating the tolerance of large-seeded grass crops to selected soil-applied herbicides. The physiological interactions of herbicides and their respective safeners are characterized by the following facts: a) safeners are most effective when applied prior to or simultaneously with the herbicides whose injury they prevent; b) safeners exhibit a high degree of botanical and chemical specificity protecting only certain grasses against injury caused from specific classes of herbicides; and c) protected grass crops are moderately tolerant to the antagonized herbicides. At the biochemical level, safeners may act either as “bioregulators” regulating the amount of a given herbicide that reaches its target site in an active form or as “antagonists” of herbicidal effects at a similar site of action. A safener-induced enhancement of herbicide detoxication in protected plants is currently viewed as the most apparent mechanism for the action of the currently available safeners. Safeners enhance the conjugation of carbamothioate and chloroacetanilide herbicides with glutathione either by elevating the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) or by inducing the activity of specific glutathione S̱-transferases (GSTs). A safener-induced enhancement of the activity of other degradative enzymes such as the cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidases or UDP-glucosyl transferases seems to be important for the protective action of safeners against injury from aryloxyphenoxypropionate, imidazolinone, and sulfonylurea herbicides. Metabolic processes related to acetyl-CoA metabolism have been implicated as likely target sites for a competitive antagonism between safeners and chloroacetanilide or carbamothioate herbicides. At the molecular level, the “gene activation” and “gene amplification” theories offer a likely explanation for the action of safeners.
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Indarwati, Indarwati, Mochamad Thohiron, and M. Fajri Triyono. "Uji Efektivitas Herbisida Pasca Tumbuh Pada Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max. L)." Journal of Applied Plant Technology 1, no. 1 (November 24, 2022): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/japt.v1i1.32.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of weed control with herbicides on soybean growth and yield. This research was conducted in the Mojosari Agricultural Experimental Garden, Mojokerto, March - July 2021. The method used was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were (P0) mechanical weeding (Control); (P1) Spraying herbicide 1X; (P2) spraying. 2X herbicide. selective herbicide spraying (Agil 100 ec) with the active ingredient propaquzafop 100 ec C-12 was carried out according to the treatment. Herbicide application had a better effect on soybean yields than control (mechanical weeding). However, spraying herbicides once had the same good effect as (P2) spraying 2X. The soybean plants tested were able to produce dry pods weight of 36.85 -39.00 g/plant, and dry weight 100 seeds 18,48-20,90 g.
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Jursík, Miroslav, Martin Kočárek, Michaela Kolářová, and Lukáš Tichý. "Effect of different soil and weather conditions on efficacy, selectivity and dissipation of herbicides in sunflower." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 9 (September 14, 2020): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/223/2020-pse.
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Six sunflower herbicides were tested at two application rates (1N and 2N) on three locations (with different soil types) within three years (2015–2017). Efficacy of the tested herbicides on Chenopodium album increased with an increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Efficacy of pendimethalin was 95%, flurochloridone and aclonifen 94%, dimethenamid-P 72%, pethoxamid 49% and S-metolachlor 47%. All tested herbicides injured sunflower on sandy soil (Regosol) which had the lowest CEC, especially in wet conditions (phytotoxicity 27% after 1N application rate). The highest phytotoxicity was recorded after the application of dimethenamid-P (19% at 1N and 45% at 2N application rate). Main symptoms of phytotoxicity were leaf deformations and necroses and the damage of growing tips, which led to destruction of some plants. Aclonifen, pethoxamid and S-metolachlor at 1N did not injure sunflower on the soil with the highest CEC (Chernozem) in any of the experimental years. Persistence of tested herbicides was significantly longer in Fluvisol (medium CEC) compared to Regosol and Chernozem. Dimethenamid-P showed the shortest persistence in Regosol and Chernozem. The majority of herbicides was detected in the soil layer 0–5 cm in all tested soils. Vertical transport of herbicides in soil was affected by the herbicide used, soil type and weather conditions. The highest vertical transport was recorded for dimethenamid-P and pethoxamid (4, resp. 6% of applied rate) in Regosol in the growing season with high precipitation.