Journal articles on the topic 'Planting layout'
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1
Mackay, Marion. "Using principles of landscape design in farm planting." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2979.
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Farm planting can be improved visually by using principles of landscape design to organise both site layout and planting. Principles of site layout include unity, patterning, and manipulation of mass and space, views, focal points and circulation. Planting design should make best use of the visual characters of plants namely line, form, colour and texture. Individual areas of planting are organised using principles of planting composition, while over the whole site principles of balance and sequential development are used. Planting should make best use of interesting plant species and seasonal effects.
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Jiang, Yangming, Tuo Wang, Huihui Zhao, Xiaodong Shao, Weihong Cui, Kun Huang, and Lingping Li. "Big Data Analysis Applied in Agricultural Planting Layout Optimization." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 35, no. 2 (2019): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12790.
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Abstract. Mile is a region in Yunnan Province, China. The planting-related industry is its pillar industry. Its agricultural population accounts for 59.3% of the total population. Temporal fluctuations of crop price and yield have a significant influence on farmers’ revenue. Farmers’ selection of crop species, crop planting strategy, and agricultural planting layout according to the market price is important in securing their revenue. In this study, we used a web crawler program to obtain a large amount of data on agricultural product prices from the Internet. Then, the price fluctuation trend of the main economic crops was analyzed by using the K-means clustering method. The net investment yield and the Sharpe ratio were used to compare the economic benefits and investment risks of 10 crops and five cultivation strategies in Mile. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparative advantage index, which integrates the net investment yield, Sharpe ratio, scale advantage index, productivity advantage index, and ecological suitability advantage index, was adopted to comprehensively measure the advantages of crop cultivation. Finally, we propose a spatial-temporal big data analysis model based on the cuckoo search algorithm to optimize the spatial layout of the main crops in Mile in 2017. Based on the comparative analysis of the remote sensing monitoring results and the spatial optimization layout results of the main crops in 2017, several suggestions were given. The results based on agricultural big data analysis, such as crop selection cluster analysis, economic benefit analysis, and crop planting layout optimization, can give suggests to farmers plant suitable crops on right lands, in right time. Thus, it can help farmers stabilize their revenue and minimize the risk by choosing the right crops and planting strategy in accordance with the local conditions. Keywords: Agriculture investment risk, Agricultural layout optimization, Cuckoo search algorithm, K-means clustering, Relative advantage analysis, Spatial-temporal big data analysis.
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Yao, Yang. "Analysis on Spatial Layout Model of Urban Road Green Landscape Based on Discrete Probability." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 2094–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.128.
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The development issues about urban road greening design are constantly emerging in modern urban road construction. Therefore, a model of spatial layout of urban road green landscape based on discrete probability was built. The relevant urban road data was collected and the corresponding three-dimensional model of urban road was built. On this basis, the spatial layout and characteristics of urban road were analyzed. According to the analysis results, the greening modes and configuration methods that met the humanistic characteristics were established reasonably. Moreover, the green landscape vegetation was selected in consideration of the growth potential, height and seasonal phase of plants. Then, the discrete probability was used to determine the initial planting location and planting density of vegetation. Finally, following the principle of macro control and micro coordination respectively, the spatial layout of urban road green landscape was achieved from the horizontal and vertical directions. Based on the evaluation for the spatial layout model, it is concluded that the comprehensive score of the designed model is improved by 4.3 points compared with the traditional model.
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Yang, Jiahao, Yang Zhao, Yukai Zou, Dawei Xia, Siwei Lou, Wang Liu, and Kefu Ji. "Effects of Tree Species and Layout on the Outdoor Thermal Environment of Squares in Hot-Humid Areas of China." Buildings 12, no. 11 (November 3, 2022): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111867.
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Planting trees is an effective way to regulate the outdoor thermal environment and combat urban heat islands (UHIs). Tree species and layout can have a considerable effect on, for example, the outdoor shading and wind fields, and finally the distribution of the occupant thermal sensations in outdoor spaces. We studied the influence of common tree species and layouts on the outdoor thermal environment under typical summer and winter weather conditions in the hot–humid areas of China. Each arbor model was established by the physical parameters obtained from field measurements. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was used to evaluate the thermal performance of the outdoor environment. The ENVI-met software was validated with field measurements and then used to assess the outdoor thermal environment under typical summer and winter weather conditions. The results showed the following: (1) Without considering the tree species, the difference in maximum PET values for different planting distances in summer and winter was 1.14 and 2.13 °C, respectively. (2) Planting arbors with different planting methods in inactive spaces had little effect on the thermal environment of the surrounding active space. (3) Arbors with high leaf area density (LAD) values performed better in regulating outdoor thermal comfort than arbors with low LAD values. The maximum differences in PET values of different arbors in summer and winter were 0.98 and 1.37 °C, respectively. This study provides practical suggestions for arbor planting in square spaces in the hot–humid areas of China.
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Song, Ge, and Hongmei Zhang. "Cultivated Land Use Layout Adjustment Based on Crop Planting Suitability: A Case Study of Typical Counties in Northeast China." Land 10, no. 2 (January 23, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020107.
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Cultivated land use layout adjustment (CLULA) based on crop planting suitability is the refinement and deepening of land use transformation, which is of great significance for optimizing the allocation of cultivated land resources and ensuring food security. At present, people rarely consider the land suitability of crops when using cultivated land, resulting in an imbalance between crop distribution and resource conditions such as water, heat, and soil, and adversely affects the ecological security and utilization efficiency of cultivated land. To alleviate China’s grain planting structural imbalance and efficiency loss, this paper based on the planting suitability of main food crops (rice, soybean, and maize) to adjust and optimize the cultivated land use layout (CLUL) in the typical counties of the main grain production area in Northeast China, using the agent-based model for optimal land allocation (AgentLA) and GIS technology. Findings from the study show that: (1) The planting suitability of rice, soybean, and maize in the region is obviously different. Among them, the suitability level of soybean and maize is high, and that of rice is low. The current CLUL of the food crops needs to be further optimized and adjusted. (2) By optimizing the layout of rice, soybean, and maize, the planting suitability level of the food crops and the concentration level of the CLUL spatial pattern have been improved. (3) The plan for CLULA is formulated: The study area is divided into rice stable production area, maize-soybean rotation area, maize dominant area, and soybean dominant area, and town or village is identified as the implementation unit of CLULA. The plan for CLULA will be conducive to the concentrated farming of food crops according to the suitable natural conditions and management level. The research realized the optimization of spatial structure and cultivated land use patterns of different food crops integrating farming with protecting land. The significance of the study is that it provides a scientific basis and guidance for adjusting the regional planting structure and solving the problem of food structural imbalance.
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Zhao, Zijuan, and Beilei Fan. "Evaluating the Impact of Crop Layout Changes on N and P Nutrient Balance: A Case Study in the West Liaohe River Basin, China." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 7982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147982.
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Regional crop layout has changed significantly due to climate, policy, and other factors, which has impacted farmland nutrient balance. Here, we evaluated the impact of crop layout changes on N and P nutrient balance in the West Liaohe River Basin from 2000–2015. The study area has long been in a N and P surplus state. The unit N surplus exhibited a downward trend and the unit P surplus showed an increasing trend. Significant correlations existed between planting areas and nutrient surplus. The N and P surplus layout was mainly concentrated in the West Liaohe River lower reaches basin. The planting area of wheat must be reduced and the areas of maize and soybean must be controlled to adjust the N and P balance and reduce the environmental pollution risk. Chemical fertilizer and seed inputs are the main sources of N input. Furthermore, combining farming and pastoral farming is conducive to improving N and P use efficiency. Manure can be absorbed by farmland, the ratio of organic and chemical fertilizers can be reasonably set, and chemical fertilizer application can be reduced.
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Yu, H., J. He, H. Zhou, F. Guan, L. Li, B. Ren, and Z. Wang. "EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE CROPS BASED ON MULTITEMPORAL HIGH RESOLUTION DATA-TAKING QIAOCHENG DISTRICT OF BOZHOU AS AN EXAMPLE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3 (April 30, 2018): 2153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2153-2018.
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Remote sensing technology has become an important method to rapidly acquireing of planting layout and composition of regional crops.It is very important to accurately master the planting area of Chinese medicine crops in the Characteristic planting area because it relations to accurately master the cultivation of Chinese medicine crops, formulate related policies and adjustment of crop planting structure.The author puts forward a method of using remote sencing technology for momitoring Chinese medicine which has good applicability and generalization. This paper took Qiaocheng District of Bozhou as an example to Verify the feasibility of the method, providing a reference for solving the problem of interpretation and extraction of Chinese medicinal materials in the region.
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Zan, Xuli, Zuliang Zhao, Wei Liu, Xiaodong Zhang, Zhe Liu, Shaoming Li, and Dehai Zhu. "The Layout of Maize Variety Test Sites Based on the Spatiotemporal Classification of the Planting Environment." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133741.
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An appropriate layout of crop multi-environment trial (MET) sites is imperative for evaluating new crop varieties’ performance in terms of agronomic traits and stress tolerance, and this information is used to determine the utilization value and suitable promotion region of new varieties. Actually, traditional maize test sites have been selected according to the experience of breeding experts, which leads to the strong subjective and unscientific conclusions regarding sites, as well as test results that are not representative of the target population of environments (TPE). Therefore, in this study, we proposed a new method for MET sites layout. Meteorological data, maize growth period data, and county-level maize planting area data were collected for the spatiotemporal classification of a given maize planting region to analyze change rules in the environmental category of each minimum research unit within the study period. If the occurrence frequency of its final attribution category reaches a certain threshold (50%), this minimum research unit is classified as a typical environment region; otherwise, it is classified as an atypical environment region. Then, the number of test sites in each environmental category is allocated by spatial stratified sampling. At last, we establish the optimal test sites layout and a reliability measurement (test adequacy) methods. The practicability of this method was proved by taking the Three Northeastern Provinces of China as the study area. The result shows that there should be 112 test sites in the study area, the distribution of the test sites is uniform, and the environmental representation is high. Test adequacy analysis of the test sites reveals that most of the environmental categories have a test adequacy that reaches 1 in each test period. The method proposed in this paper provides support for the scientific layout of crop varieties test sites and helps to improve the representative and reliability of variety test results while optimizing resources.
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Kalandarov, M. M., KH T. Mashrapov, and G. M. Salokhiddinov. "Planting dates and placement of the Sophora plantation on the irrigated lands of the Tashkent oasis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 939, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/939/1/012040.
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Abstract This article is very relevant to set out organizing plantations in the conditions of the Tashkent oasis. Climatic zones of desert and semi-desert under the influence of new conditions (abundance of light and thermal solar energy, a very long growing season, artificial irrigation), the growth and development of sophora is favorable. Annual seedlings under the influence of mineral fertilizers reach a height of up to 110 cm, the growth of lateral shoots of seedlings in the first year after planting is 33 cm.In the conditions of the Tashkent oasis, sophora favorably tolerates short-term winter low air temperatures (up to 30°C), tolerates soil compaction and has established itself gas-, dust-resistant decorative breed. The number of inflorescences on one tree ranges from 16 to 60 pieces, depending on the layout of the seats. Abundant flowering of sophora was noted with a planting pattern of 5.0x4.0, 5.0x3.0 with sufficient sunlight. The content of rutin in fruit elements ranges from 3.9 to 14.7% and depends on agrotechnical care, the state of the plantings themselves and their location.
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Huang, Feng, Xiaolin Yang, Yu Fang, Sufen Wang, and Shaozhong Kang. "Exploring Water-and-Land-Adapted Spatial Layout of Crop Planting in North China." Chinese Journal of Engineering Science 24, no. 5 (2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15302/j-sscae-2022.05.011.
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Yang, Renyi, and Changbiao Zhong. "Land Suitability Evaluation of Sorghum Planting in Luquan County of Jinsha River Dry and Hot Valley Based on the Perspective of Sustainable Development of Characteristic Poverty Alleviation Industry." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111852.
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Land suitability evaluation is the basis for optimizing and adjusting regional land use structure and layout, making scientific decisions, and planning, according to local conditions. It is also the basis for developing local characteristic poverty alleviation industries, and achieving sustainable development according to local conditions. However, existing research on the evaluation of land suitability rarely results in scientifically selecting the land resource area of a single crop, based on the principle of “suitable planting in the right place” and “suitable growth in the right place”; additionally, it does not conduct the land suitability evaluation of a single crop from the perspective of the sustainable development of the characteristic poverty alleviation industry. As the evaluation scope, this paper takes the dry and hot valley area of the Jinsha River, in Luquan County, Yunnan Province, as an example, selects eight evaluation factors, and organically combines the “limit condition method” and the “suitability index method”, determining 27,877.59 hectares of irrigated land, dry land, and other grasslands, below 1800 m above sea level in Luquan County in the Jinsha River basin. According to the principles of “suitable planting in the right place” and “suitable growth in the right place”, the suitability of sorghum planting land was evaluated. The evaluation results show that: the land area suitable for planting sorghum is 24,227.61 hectares, accounting for 86.91%. The area of land unsuitable for planting is 3649.98 hectares, and the area with a gradient over 25°, and obvious water and soil loss, accounts for 51.68% of the area of land being unsuitable for planting. The area of land unsuitable for planting is 48.32%, due to the restriction of soil thickness, soil texture, and bare rock, etc. The land that is not suitable for planting sorghum needs to be included in the scope of ecological protection. Compared with the 1200 hectares that have been developed and planted at present, there are still sufficient land resources suitable for planting sorghum. However, the area and proportion of land suitable for planting sorghum in different townships are quite different, so it is necessary to make a reasonable layout of the land suitable for planting sorghum according to local conditions. Among the land suitable for sorghum planting in the county, the proportion of the first, second, and third grade land suitable for sorghum planting is about 14:35:51. This shows that the area of first-class land suitable for planting is relatively small. This is because the terrain of the Jinsha River basin is characterized by: high mountains, steep slopes, deep valleys, little flat land, mainly mountains, shallow soil layers on slopes, and has poor texture. Therefore, there are many third-class suitable lands for planting with poor quality, and many reconstruction measures need to be taken to improve the quality of land suitable for planting.
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Latypov, R. M. "Disk type planter of potato planter." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012081.
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Abstract The article deals with the issues of ensuring the uniformity of the layout of potato tubers during planting, a disk-type planting device is proposed, and the movement of a potato tuber relative to the planting device of a potato planter is investigated. The results of calculations are obtained from the moment the tuber hits the drum until it falls on the soil, and the equation for the movement of the center of mass of the tuber relative to the disk-type planter is presented. It was found that an increase in the radius of the tuber by 2 mm increases the distance of the center of mass of the tubers by 8 mm at a fixed angle between the disks a=30 deg.
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Zhang, Ying, Xijun Hu, Xilun Cao, and Zheng Liu. "Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Environment during Summer in Coastal Open Space and Research on Evaluating the Cooling Effect: A Case Study of May Fourth Square, Qingdao." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 15126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215126.
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Urban green space is considered an important part of urban ecological construction be-cause of the efficiency of green space in reducing ambient temperature. It was previously reported that the quantity and layout of arbors and paving are very important factors for cooling. To research the combination mode of the quantity and layout of arbors and paving able to effectively lower the temperature during the summer in a coastal open space environment where little architecture exists, we built a numerical model of heat transfer using ENVI–met numerical modeling simulation, for which the May Fourth Square in Qingdao was selected. The results showed that the ratio coverage of the arbor layer and pavement fragmentation were positively correlated with the cooling effect. We found that setting the passageway conformed to the sea breeze by arbors and close planting at the air outlet effectively reduced the site temperature. After optimizing the site’s greening layout, the cooling effect over the process of time decreased in the height direction. At the same time, the cooling effect increased before 15:00 and then reduced gradually in the time dimension. Compared to the original site, the total cooling efficiency reached 1.41 × 108 J, equaling electric energy of about 39.2 kW·h. This research solves the issue of the synergy between planting and pavement for cooling coastal open spaces in summer and provides a basis to formulate a promotion strategy for landscape design areas with similar geographical and climatic conditions.
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Wang, Hongbo, Hui Cao, Fuchang Jiang, Xingpeng Wang, and Yang Gao. "Analysis of Soil Moisture, Temperature, and Salinity in Cotton Field under Non-Mulched Drip Irrigation in South Xinjiang." Agriculture 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101589.
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The mulch film residues in cotton fields in south Xinjiang have caused serious harm to the soil environment and ecological security in the oasis areas. Non-mulched planting provides an alternative approach to this problem. In this experiment, irrigation was provided on the basis of the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0). Two layouts of drip tapes (1T4R—one tape for four rows; 2T4R—two tapes for four rows) were applied to the non-mulched, drip-irrigated cotton fields in south Xinjiang, and their impacts on soil water–heat–salt dynamic changes and the water consumption and yield of cotton were compared and analyzed. The experiment shows that the 2T4R layout provided an excellent soil water–salt environment for cotton growth and yield formation. Soil temperature decreased by 0.8 °C and drip irrigation belt input increased by CNY1200·hm−2. However, a higher profit derived from the 2T4R layout could compensate for the increased expenditure. The results show that cotton cultivation using non-mulched drip irrigation instead of mulched drip irrigation can potentially alleviate soil environmental and ecological security problems caused by plastic mulch residues in oasis areas. Although cotton yield was reduced by about 15%, water and nitrogen strategies and other field management could be adjusted to compensate for the disadvantages.
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Niu, Shengnan, Annan Wang, and Xing Jin. "Preliminary Study on Influence of Outdoor Trees on Natural Ventilation of Teaching Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235603056.
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The emphasis of this study lied in the impact of tree planting spacing around the teaching building on the indoor wind environment. CFD simulations of the indoor wind environment of teaching building affected by trees were performed utilizing the ANSYS Fluent software using the standard k-ε model with additional source terms. Deciduous broad-leaved trees and coniferous trees were selected as representative tree species for comparison. Five different tree planting spacings were arranged outside the teaching building, and the indoor airflow velocity distribution and pressure distribution were simulated. Then the effects of these different tree layout forms on the indoor ventilation efficiency of the building were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the sum of the total ventilation flow rate in the classrooms rose with the increase of the spacing between trees. However, due to the different location relationship between the tree canopy and the classrooms, the ventilation efficiency of each classroom showed differences. As for tree species, the blocking effect of tall deciduous broad-leaved trees on indoor ventilation was more obvious than that of coniferous trees. This study will have guiding significance for the layout design of vegetation around the building and creating a good indoor ventilation environment.
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Mollah, MIU, MSU Bhuiya, A. Khatun, and SMA Hossain. "Increasing Crop Diversity and Productivity of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)-Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) Cropping System through Bed Planting." Bangladesh Rice Journal 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2016): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v19i2.28163.
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CORRECTION: Due to a number of formatting and layout issues, the PDF of this paper was replaced on 10th October 2016. The page numbers of this paper have changed from 35-44 to 37-46.Adoptions of new crop establishment methods, changing management practices and inclusion of new crops in the rice-wheat cropping system are very important for maintaining and increasing system productivity. Experiments were conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur and farmers fields in Chuadanga during 2002-03 to evaluate the performances of rice, wheat and mungbean in bed planting and to evaluate the system productivity of Rice-Wheat-Mungbean cropping pattern. Wheat-Mungbean-Direct seeded rice (DSR), Wheat-Mungbean-Transplant rice (TPR), Wheat-Fallow-DSR and Wheat-Fallow-TPR cropping system under bed planting and conventional methods were evaluated. Grain yields of wheat, mungbean, rice and rice equivalent yield (REY) under bed planting were significantly higher (25.41, 40.91, 13.00 and 21.12%, respectively) than the conventional method. The Wheat-Mungbean-Rice cropping pattern produced significantly greater REY (38.25%) than Wheat-Fallow-Rice cropping pattern. Total variable cost was lower (17.33%) in bed planting than conventional method. Gross return, gross margin and benefit-cost ratio of Wheat-Mungbean-Rice cropping system in bed planting were higher (14.43, 40.99 and 38.52%, respectively) than the conventional method.Bangladesh Rice j. 2015, 19(2): 37-46
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Quintana, Juan M., Helen C. Harrison, James Nienhuis, and Jiwan Palta. "Evaluation of Stomatal Density and Calcium Concentration on Pods of Six Commercial Cultivars of Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Four Planting Dates." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 593d—593. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.593d.
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Pod stomatal density and Ca concentration levels were analyzed for six commercial snap bean cultivars harvested at four planting dates in an attempt to find morphological traits that are related to cultivar differences in pod Ca concentration. The experimental layout was a randomized complete-block design with two replications per planting date, all grown in one location. Snap beans were planted at 1 week intervals beginning 9 June 9 1995 and were harvested in August. Sampling consisted of five pod sizes (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 according to commercial standards) from each genotype. Stomatal countings were performed using a microscope linked to a television camera. Determinations for pod Ca concentration were made using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. No differences were detected for pod Ca concentration among planting dates, although there were differences for pod Ca concentration and stomata density among cultivars. Pod stomatal density was positively correlated to pod Ca concentration (R2 = 0.60), while pod maturity appeared to be negatively correlated to pod Ca concentration (R2 = 0.37) and pod stomatal density (R2 = 0.49).
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Wang, Xue, Xiubin Li, Xingyuan Xiao, Limeng Fan, and Lijun Zuo. "Changes in the Water-Energy Coupling Relationship in Grain Production: A Case Study of the North China Plain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 3, 2022): 9527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159527.
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Water consumption and energy consumption are inevitable in grain production, but few studies have focused on the integrated assessment of these two indicators and their relationships. To address the research deficiency, taking the North China Plain (NCP) as a case study, this paper quantifies the changes in grain crop planting structure and the accompanying changes in irrigation water consumption (IWC) and energy consumption (EC) in the NCP. On this basis, the water-energy coupling index (CI) is constructed to analyze the water-energy coupling relationship in the context of grain crop planting structure change. The results revealed that the sown area of three of the four main grain crops in the NCP, namely winter wheat, summer maize, and rice, roughly increased in the south and decreased in the north, while the sown area of spring maize increased in most counties where it was planted in the NCP from 2000 to 2015. With the change of grain crop planting structure, IWC and EC of winter wheat in the NCP decreased by 19.87 × 106 m3 and 16.78 × 108 MJ, respectively, mainly distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, while IWC and EC of other crops all increased. In terms of CI values, although that of spring maize increased, those of winter wheat, summer maize, and rice all decreased, and the overall CI values of grain production in the NCP decreased from 0.442 in 2000 to 0.438 in 2015, indicating that grain crop distribution has been optimized toward a less water- and energy-intensive and more sustainable layout in the NCP. This paper can add case and methodological support to the food-water-energy (FEW) nexus research and can also provide policy suggestions for regional crop optimization layout and conservation of both water and energy resources.
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OLAYINKA, Bolaji Umar, Bilqis Temitope YUSUF, and Emmanuel Obukohwo ETEJERE. "Growth, Yield and Proximate Composition of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) as Influenced by Land Preparation Methods." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, no. 2 (June 21, 2015): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb729499.
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Field experiments were carried between May and July 2014 to investigate the effects of three land preparation methods (flat surface, raised beds and ridges) on growth, yield and proximate composition of groundnut. The plots layout followed complete randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that growth parameters such as plant height, number of primary branches and leaf area were the highest in raised beds, followed by ridges and flat surface. Yield components such as number of matured pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed weight per plant were significantly higher in raised beds compared to other planting methods. Higher pod and seed yield were recorded under raised beds, but these were not statistically different from those of ridges. Regardless of the planting method, the percentage moisture, ash, fibre crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrate had values that ranged between 11.30 ± 0.88-10.67 ± 0.61%, 2.38 ± 0.33-2.07 ± 0.20%, 4.97 ± 0.05-9.95 ± 0.19%, 23.84 ± 0.14-26.51 ± 0.20%, 44.17 ± 0.37-48.86 ± 0.47% and 5.89 ± 0.14-9.59 ± 0.19% respectively. However, raised beds planting method had a remarkable influence on ash, fiber and crude protein, but limit the fat and carbohydrates contents of the seeds when compared to other planting methods. In view of its influence on growth, yield and some aspects of proximate composition, raised beds method of planting is therefore suitable for producing Arachis hypogaea L., ‘MK 373’ cultivar of groundnut.
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Trofimova, T. E. "Social Rehabilitation of People Convicted for Crime Committing by Means of Architecture and Landscape Design (Hybrid Space of Social Adaptation Centers)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 5 (February 1, 2022): 052049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/5/052049.
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Abstract The purpose of the research is providing a rationale for the design of special areas aimed at the psychophysical discharge (landscape gardens, special recreation areas in the premises of social adaptation centres) for the people who were imprisoned for crime commitment. To achieve the purpose set, the authors state and implement the following objectives: study of medical and psychological aspects of a person staying in the places of detention, consideration of green area arrangement issues - landscape remedial gardens in terms of botanic, analysis of the existing social adaptation centres, revelation of positive and negative points of their use, suggestion of solutions for the problems identified, analysis of various options of the landscape garden layouts, development of the concept for and suggestion of the arrangement of areas intended for psychophysical discharge in real situation. Basing upon the analysis of the experimental project the authors suggested the fundamental principles for the arrangement of the areas of psychophysical discharge and efficient rehabilitation at the Social adaptation centres intended for the people convicted and released from the places of detention. The authors defined the use of special plants to make the microclimate healthier and create the favorable video environment - using harmonious non-aggressive forms in the interiors, using green planting to reduce human stress, using green planting components for buildings and the functional zoning of plant trees and shrubs. At the uniform architecture&layout and technology space solution multiple scenarios may occur in terms of such space use by means of the application of psychological discharge areas with various green planting. It is necessary to stipulate for the free access to the rehabilitation centre space and landscape garden territory for disabled people.
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Dayo-Olagbende, G. Olufemi. "Effect of Split N-Fertilizer Application on Soil Quality and Maize Yield of Tropical Alfisol." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 7 (August 2019): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.7.53.
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A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of split application of nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties and maize yield. Two sites at Apatapiti layout, South gate of the Federal University of Technology Akure were used as the experimental sites. The experiment was designed in a randomized-complete-block design arrangement with three replications. The treatments consisted of urea applied at four levels of split application (0kgha-1, 60kgha-1 basal application, 30kgha-1 basal application+ 30kgha-1 applied at 15 days after planting, 30kgha-1basal application + 20kgha-1applied at 15 days after planting + 10kgha-1applied at 30 days after planting). The plot size was 2 m x 2 m with 1 m space between plots and blocks. Maize (Zea mays L. var. TZB-SR) was planted at 75 cm by 25 cm spacing and 10 were sampled per unit for yield parameters. Split application of urea (30kgha-1basal application + 20kgha-1applied at 15 days after planting + 10kgha-1applied at 30 days after planting) significantly (p>0.05) increased N content of the soil. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference with regard to other nutrients. Soil pH was significantly (p>0.05) reduced as a result of urea application in all treatments. Split urea fertilizer application retained a considerable amount of nitrogen in soil even after the harvest of maize. Exchangeable cations were not significantly different from one another as well as CEC. Split application of urea (30kgha-1basal application + 20kgha-1applied at 15 days after planting + 10kgha-1applied at 30 days after planting) gave the highest grain yield of maize for both sites. Also, plant biomass of both split application were better than the basal application and control.
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Carrión, María M. "Planting dwelling thinking. Natural history and philosophy in sixteenth-century European dried gardens." Gardens and Landscapes of Portugal 6, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/glp-2019-0009.
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Abstract European dried gardens from the 16th century have been traditionally associated with the emergence of early modern botany and its relation to the traditional genre of pharmacopeias. This study reviews a sample of the 37 known exemplars of these bound collections and argues that the design and development of these herbaria or dried gardens (orti sicci), as they were also known, reveal a broader set of questions on nature and about the relationships of humans with the natural world than the ones with which they have been linked. Based on the evidence of a diverse corpus of dried gardens—some richly bound, others composed over recycled paper, some with copious annotations, others with a seemingly random layout and distribution of plants—, this paper argues for a comparative reading of these books as a corpus that contributed significantly to early modern natural history and philosophy.
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Caramiello, Rosanna, Angiolina Potenza, Consolata Siniscalco, and Paolo Miglietta. "Re-planning the layout of an inner city park by planting species with a low allergological impact." Aerobiologia 8, no. 1 (April 1992): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02291341.
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Sayad, Bouthaina, Djamel Alkama, Redha Rebhi, Younes Menni, Hijaz Ahmad, Mustafa Inc, Mohsen Sharifpur, Giulio Lorenzini, Ehab Azab, and Ashraf Y. Elnaggar. "Outdoor Thermal Comfort Optimization through Vegetation Parameterization: Species and Tree Layout." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 25, 2021): 11791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111791.
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The optimization of outdoor thermal comfort has become the keystone to guarantee the healthy and comfortable use of outdoor spaces. This study aims to optimize the outdoor thermal comfort through vegetation parameterization in a boulevard located in Guelma city, Algeria during summertime. However, two main parameters were investigated, species and tree layout, through a numerical simulation. We first collected microclimate data of a sunny summer day. Second, we used real microclimate data in different simulations using the Envi-met atmospheric model. The findings reveal that Ficus Nitida is the most significant species to intercept solar radiation and provide shade over the day in Souidani Boudjemaa Boulevard, with a maximum reduction of Ta = 0.3 °C and UTCI = 2.6 °C at 13:00 p.m. Tree layout is a determining parameter in the creation of shaded paths, based on the quality of the shadows cast by the trees, namely, their size. Thereby, planting the washingtonia palm trees along the center of the boulevard is the best option to maximize the shaded area within the boulevard, with maximum reduction of Ta = 1.8 °C and UTCI = 3.5 °C at 16:00 p.m.
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Wang, Dongwang, Zhenhua Wang, Tingbo Lv, Rui Zong, Yan Zhu, Jinzhu Zhang, and Tianyu Wang. "Effects of drip tape modes on soil hydrothermal conditions and cotton yield (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under machine-harvest patterns." PeerJ 9 (August 23, 2021): e12004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12004.
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Background The layout of drip tapes under mulch has changed in Xinjiang, China, with the development of machine-harvest cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planting technology. This study aims to demonstrate the effects of drip tape modes on soil hydrothermal conditions, cotton yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of machine-harvest cotton under mulch in Xinjiang. Methods A field experiment was conducted to set up two machine-harvest cotton planting patterns (T1: the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and six rows; T2: the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows), and a conventional planting mode (T3: the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and four rows) as a control. Results Our results showed that the heat preservation and warming effects of the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and six rows and the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows were better than that of the conventional planting mode. Soil temperature under the mulching film quickly increased and slowly decreased, which was beneficial to the early growth and development of cotton. The mean soil moisture content of the 0–60 cm soil layer in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was significantly higher than the other two treatments at the middle and late stage of cotton growth (90 days after sowing (DAS) and 135 DAS). Moreover, the water holding capacity of the middle and upper part of the tillage layer in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was the best. At the medium cotton growth stage, the main root layer in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows formed a desalination zone. At the late cotton growth stage, the soil salinity content of the 0–60 cm soil layer showed that the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was the lowest, the cotton planting model with one film, two drip tapes and six rows was the highest, and the conventional planting pattern was in the middle. Among these three modes, the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows was more efficient in controlling soil salt accumulation. The agronomic traits and cotton quality in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows were better than that for the other two treatments. Compared with the other treatments, the cotton yield in the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows increased by 6.15% and 11.0% and 8.1% and 12.3%, in 2017 and 2018, respectively, and WUE increased by 17.4% and 22.7% and 20.9% and 22.8%, in 2017 and 2018 respectively. In conclusion, the cotton planting model with one film, three drip tapes and six rows can be recommended for machine-harvest cotton planting for arid areas in Xinjiang, considering water conservation and improving cotton yield.
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Trunov, Yu V., A. V. Solovyev, A. A. Zavrazhnov, and Z. N. Tarova. "Modeling the productivity of intensive and super-intensive apple orchards in the midland of Russia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 845, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/845/1/012043.
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Abstract It is known that the main trend in the development of modern world gardening is the creation of intensive and super-intensive gardens, and the degree of intensity of the garden increases with an increase in the number of trees per unit area (compaction of tree layout). The paper considers the patterns of productivity of intensive apple orchards during the reproductive cycle depending on tree planting density. The paper presents the models of apple tree productivity in intensive and super-intensive orchards representing regression equations approximated by polynomials of 2 and 3 degree with determination coefficients R2=0.97-0.99. According to the above models, a total yield of up to 516 ton/ha may be obtained in an intensive garden with a tree planting density of up to 1500 wood/ha for 18 years of commercial fruiting, a total yield of up to 790 ton/ha may be obtained in a super-intensive garden with a planting density of more than 9,500 wood/ha for 16 years of commercial fruiting (an increase in the total productivity of planted vegetation of more than 1.5 times). The models (dependencies) of development of industrial apple orchards of different planting scheme are obtained, approximated by sigmoidal logistic functions defining three stages of logistic yield growth at the beginning of garden development (“growing up”), having exponential, linear and hyperbolic nature respectively. Logistics trends of the relative yield of the garden and the relative productivity of trees were established, according to which an increase in the yield of industrial gardens due to an increase in planting density is accompanied by a decrease in the productivity of fruit trees.
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Li, Tingting. "Planting Structure Adjustment and Layout Optimization of Feed Grain and Food Grain in China Based on Productive Potentials." Land 12, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12010045.
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Increasing feed grain supply, particularly domestic supply, is intended to guarantee feed grain security and, as a result, food security. Based on the Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) model, the potential yield and actual yield of feed and food grain in China were estimated. According to the theory of factor endowment, the yield potential development coefficient and the yield efficiency advantage index were then constructed to determine whether the current spatial layout of feed grain is reasonable and how it could be adjusted. The results showed that: (1) There was an imbalance in feed crops production: yield loss in high-potential regions and excessive development in low-potential regions. The imbalances lead to a mismatch between feed production and resource endowment which causes productivity losses and ecological risks. (2) There was considerable potential for increasing the feed grain yield on the Northeast China Plain, the Loess Plateau and in the northern arid and semiarid region. The soybean yield can be increased by about 25%, and the maize yield can be increased by even more. (3) The feed grain should be planted in regions with sufficient potential yield but insufficient actual yield; 26.42% of China’s soybeans and 34.74% of its maize were planted in these regions. (4) Some 16.69% and 15.65% of wheat and rice planting areas could be adjusted to soybeans, respectively; 20.76% and 21.04% of wheat and rice planting areas could be adjusted to maize, respectively. Through agricultural technology research and development, infrastructure support, comprehensive planning design and policy design, the yield potentials of feed grain can be realized. This will redress the imbalance wherein a food grain surplus and a feed grain shortage coexist.
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Li, Daichao, Jianqin Liang, Xingfeng Wang, Sheng Wu, Xiaowei Xie, and Jiaqi Lu. "Rice Yield Simulation and Planting Suitability Environment Pattern Recognition at a Fine Scale." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090612.
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Analyzing rice yields and multidimensional environmental factors at a fine scale facilitates the discovery of the planting environment patterns that guide the spatial layout of rice production. This study uses Pucheng County, Fujian Province, a demonstration county of China Good Grains and Oils, as the research area. Using actual rice yield sample data and environment data, a yield simulation model based on random forest regression is constructed to realize a fine-scale simulation of rice yield and its spatial distribution pattern in Pucheng County. On this basis, we construct a method system to identify spatial combination patterns between rice yields and fine-scale multidimensional environmental planting suitability using rice yield data and environmental planting suitability evaluation data. We categorize the areas into four combination model areas to analyze the spatial correlation model of planting suitability, multidimensional environment, and yield: higher-yield and higher-suitability cluster–comprehensive environmental-advantage areas, high-yield and high-suitability cluster–soil condition-limited areas, moderate-yield and moderate-suitability cluster–irrigation and drainage condition-limited areas, and low-yield and low-suitability cluster–site condition-limited areas. The following results are found. (1) The rice yield simulation model, which is based on random forest regression, considers the various complex relationships between yield and natural as well as human factors to realize the refined simulation of rice yields at a county scale. (2) The county rice yield has a strong positive spatial correlation, and the spatial clustering characteristics are obvious; these relationships can provide a basis for effectively implementing intensive rice planting in Pucheng County. (3) We construct a spatial combination pattern recognition method based on rice yield and environmental planting suitability. We can use this method to effectively identify the spatial relationship between yield and planting suitability as well as the shortcomings and advantages of different regions in terms of the climate, soil, irrigation, site, mechanical farming, and similar factors. On this basis, we can provide regional rice planting guidance for Pucheng County. In addition, this method system also provides a new perspective and method for research into spatial combination models and related spatial issues.
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Fan, Dongli, Honglin Zhong, Biao Hu, Zhan Tian, Laixiang Sun, Günther Fischer, Xiangyi Wang, and Zhiyu Jiang. "Agro-ecological suitability assessment of Chinese Medicinal Yam under future climate change." Environmental Geochemistry and Health 42, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 987–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00437-w.
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Abstract Chinese Medicinal Yam (CMY) has been prescribed as medicinal food for thousand years in China by Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) practitioners. Its medical benefits include nourishing the stomach and spleen to improve digestion, replenishing lung and kidney, etc., according to the TCM literature. As living standard rises and public health awareness improves in recent years, the potential medicinal benefits of CMY have attracted increasing attention in China. It has been found that the observed climate change in last several decades, together with the change in economic structure, has driven significant shift in the pattern of the traditional CMY planting areas. To identify suitable planting area for CMY in the near future is critical for ensuring the quality and supply quantity of CMY, guiding the layout of CMY industry, and safeguarding the sustainable development of CMY resources for public health. In this study, we first collect 30-year records of CMY varieties and their corresponding phenology and agro-meteorological observations. We then consolidate these data and use them to enrich and update the eco-physiological parameters of CMY in the agro-ecological zone (AEZ) model. The updated CMY varieties and AEZ model are validated using the historical planting area and production under observed climate conditions. After the successful validation, we use the updated AEZ model to simulate the potential yield of CMY and identify the suitable planting regions under future climate projections in China. This study shows that regions with high ecological similarity to the genuine and core producing areas of CMY mainly distribute in eastern Henan, southeastern Hebei, and western Shandong. The climate suitability of these areas will be improved due to global warming in the next 50 years, and therefore, they will continue to be the most suitable CMY planting regions.
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Wang, Li Hua, and Jun Wang. "Application of GPS RTK Technology in Mountain Planting Location Lofting in World Garden Exposition of Qingdao in 2014." Advanced Materials Research 933 (May 2014): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.933.794.
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This paper mainly introduces the basic principle of RTK technology, system composition, technical features, error and method of use, and in Qingdao in 2014 world horticultural exposition mountain planting location lofting operation steps of the construction process and applied research, and using GPS RTK in mountain meshing, point in the engineering survey lofting, the curve lofting precision experiment was carried out comparative analysis the result of the measurement. Through the discussion of this article we learned how to use the GPS RTK in the mountain projects layout and positioning, and for the GPS RTK in mountain project lofting, demonstrates the possibility and advantages of location lofting construction laid a foundation for later project.
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Zhao, Xiao Fan, Zheng Zhang, and Wei Wang. "Suitability Assessment for Cultivated Land Based on Niche Fitness Model." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 1158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.1158.
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In order to identify suitable land for crop planting, the suitability of cultivated land in Nanfen District of Benxi City, Liaoning Province was evaluated in terms of niche fitness model. Assessment index were selected from the viewpoint of natural, economic and social factors. Results indicated the most suitable area for cultivated land use in Nanfen was 124.23 km2 and overpass the area of current cropland resource. However, current cultivated land-use located in the most suitable was only 16.61 km2, which revealed layout for cultivated land was not reasonable in Nanfen. Cultivated land should be allocated in the most suitable areas by means of planning.
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An, Zhongfang, Qingchang Chen, and Jian Li. "Ecological Strategies of Urban Ecological Parks – A case of Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park and Kallang River in Singapore." E3S Web of Conferences 194 (2020): 05060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019405060.
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In order to deal with the negative effect of ecological environment caused by the rapid urbanization process, much more attention has been paid to urban ecological parks with the functions such as restoring urban natural ecological environment, building sustainable stable ecosystems, improving biodiversity and spreading ecological culture. On the basis of explaining the concept of urban ecological parks, this paper sums up the ecological strategies of the restoration case of Bishan Ang Mo Kio Park and Kallang River in Singapore, and puts forward ecological strategies of urban ecological parks in the aspects of planning, design and maintenance, involving site selection, layout, planting, techniques, facilities, education and management.
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Alya, S. Z., and R. Khrisrachmansyah. "Application of Biophilia Concept on Greenery Layout Arrangement of Buperta Cibubur Tourism Landscape." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 879, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/879/1/012022.
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Abstract The concept of Biophilia shows how humans have a fundamental desire to connect and depend on nature, providing healing and positive impacts on emotional change. DKI Jakarta Province population number has increased significantly from year to year so that the need for green open space increases. Buperta City Forest Area has enormous potential to facilitate the needs of the green space in the City of East Jakarta, but the development of existing natural tourism is still not optimal. The concept of Biophilia can be a solution to increase the attraction, user experience, and increase relaxation benefits for Buperta Cibubur user in sustainable way. The objectives of this research are: (1) Identifying and studying the characteristics of the site and its users, (2) Developing criteria for the utilization of the Biophilia concept in green open spaces, and (3) Developing greenery layout arrangement recommendations. Furthermore, direct observation, interview, and literature study were used comprehensively to collect the data. Data processed using Biophilia approach, through descriptive analysis and spatial method of analyzing the potential and constraints from the site. Detail reccomendation developed on zones with strongest natural potential such as “Kempa”, Recreation Area, and Pine Forest, with each different approach of using Biophilia concept according to the environment and user characteristics. The output of the research is in the form of planting plan and site plan.
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Borz, Stelian Alexandru, Mihai Daniel Nita, Nicolae Talagai, Cezar Scriba, Stefano Grigolato, and Andrea R. Proto. "Performance of Small-Scale Technology in Planting and Cutback Operations of Short-Rotation Willow Crops." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 1 (2019): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12961.
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Abstract. Modern bioenergy crops have potential to play a crucial role in the global energy mix, especially under policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The management of short-rotation willow crops involves several operations that deliver biomass for different uses. In commercial-scale operations, high-performance, mostly automated equipment is frequently used; however, in small-scale operations, smallholder farmers adapt traditional agricultural equipment to fit their needs. This study evaluated the field performance of planting and cutback operations in small-scale willow crops using equipment that was characterized by a low level of technological integration. Following the implementation of both operations, the planting work rates ranged from 0.216 to 0.300 ha h-1, depending on the soil preparation and planting density. Delays significantly reduced the field performance, resulting in gross work rates of 0.149 to 0.230 ha h-1. By comparison, cutback operations had higher work rates of 2.31 and 2.35 ha h-1 for gross and net production, respectively. These rates dropped to approximately 1.77 and 2.00 ha h-1, respectively, due to time spent in headland turns and other delays. Possibilities to improve the field performance depend on good preparation of the soil prior to planting, which includes removal of agricultural residue. In the case of cutback operations, avoiding backward movement of the equipment when additional headland space is available and an improved field layout may shorten the time spent in headland turns. The results indicate that small-scale energy crop plantations can be sustainable in terms of efficiency when unspecialized technologies are used. Therefore, small-scale agriculture can make a positive contribution to climate change mitigation targets. Keywords: Bioenergy, Biomass, Cutting, Plantation, Mechanization, Short-rotation coppice, SRC.
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Matveeva, R. N., O. F. Butorova, N. A. Schenmaier, and S. N. Dyrdin. "Growth and formation of cones of 56-year-old Siberian Cedar trees in geographical plantings." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 839, no. 5 (September 1, 2021): 052002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/839/5/052002.
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Abstract The variability of the Siberian cedar in terms of the intensity of growth and yield, growing on the site “Continuation of the geoschool” in the suburban area of Krasnoyarsk, is considered. The trees were grown from the seeds of the Tanzybei (Krasnoyarsk Territory) and the Altai (Altai Republic) populations. The layout is 4×4 m. The height, diameter of the trunk, crown, and the number of cones on the tree have been determined. It was found that the average height of trees of different geographical origin is 11.5 and 12.9 m, the trunk diameter is 24.6 and 25.2 cm, respectively. The level of variability of growth indicators is medium and high. The number of cones on the tree ranged from 10 to 159. Trees were selected that differ in growth intensity and yield for the cultivation of selective planting material.
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Martín, Belén, Rosa Arce, Isabel Otero, and Manuel Loro. "Visual Landscape Quality as Viewed from Motorways in Spain." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 2592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082592.
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Motorways are large infrastructures that alter the environmental resources in a territory, while constituting an important element through which the individual comes into contact with the landscape. Motorways are integrated in the landscape through their layout design and construction, the aesthetic details of minor structures (design and building materials) and the treatment of embankments and landscape planting. In this paper, we test the following hypotheses: motorway elements are related to the perception of landscape quality—from the point of view of the road users—and the aesthetic characteristics of minor infrastructures and planting affect the quality of the landscape perceived from the roads. These research questions were tested by comparing the visual quality of the landscapes captured in 128 photographs taken from sections of motorways in Spain. We compared the results obtained from (a) a photo-based method, and (b) the public’s landscape preferences determined using a survey of 737 people. The results show a correlation between the landscape quality values obtained using the model and the landscape preferences expressed by the public. We also found that the presence of the motorway elements and their aesthetic characteristics are significant in the users’ perception. These results can be applied in the decision-making process for potential investments to integrate new and existing motorways in the landscape.
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Wang, Danmeng, Guoxi Gao, Ruolan Li, Shynggys Toktarbek, Nueryia Jiakula, and Yongzhong Feng. "Limiting Factors and Environmental Adaptability for Staple Crops in Kazakhstan." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 9980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169980.
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Population growth increases the threat to global food security. Kazakhstan, a major agricultural nation, has made significant contributions to world food security; however, a wide gap exists between its food yield and that of other major crop-producing countries. Increasing food productivity in Kazakhstan through enhancing the utilization of natural endowments under existing cropland conditions would help alleviate global food pressure. Therefore, we elucidated the factors restricting Kazakhstan’s food productivity and proposed reasonable countermeasures. We analyzed the food production structure based on yearbooks. Correlation and stepwise regression were conducted on crop yield potential factors. The states of Kazakhstan were classified by hierarchical cluster and agronomic characteristics were evaluated using normalized scores. Wheat (60.3%), barley (14.9%), and potatoes (16%) are the main food crops produced in Kazakhstan. The ideal regional environment-based geographical crop configuration is “Northern—Wheat, Southern—Barley and Wheat, and Western—Potatoes.” The key limiting factors of wheat yield are water shortage and soil alkalization, while for barley, it is soil alkalization. The current planting distribution in Kazakhstan is suboptimal. Water-saving irrigation and agricultural runoff, staple crop planting layout optimization, organic fertilizer promotion, drought-resistant crop variety cultivation, and agricultural technology training must be prioritized to overcome crop yield constraints in Kazakhstan.
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Liu, Ao, Aixi Han, and Li Chai. "Life Cycle Blue and Grey Water in the Supply Chain of China’s Apparel Manufacturing." Processes 9, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9071212.
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Apparel manufacturing involves high water consumption and heavy water pollution in its supply chain, e.g., planting cotton, producing chemical fibers, and dyeing. This study employs a multi-regional input–output (MRIO) model to (1) assess the life cycle of blue and grey water (chemical oxygen demand (COD) specific) of China’s apparel manufacturing; (2) reveal the hidden linkage among sectors and regions in the whole supply chain; and (3) identify the key regions and upstream sectors with the most water consumption and heaviest water pollution. We found that the agricultural sector (i.e., planting fiber crops) is responsible for primary water consumption and water pollution. In addition, different provinces assume different production roles. Guangdong is a major output province in apparel manufacturing. However, its economic output is contributed to by other regions, such as blue water from Xinjiang and Jiangsu and grey water from Hebei and Shandong. Our research reveals the significance of taking an inter-regional perspective on water resource issues throughout the supply chain in apparel manufacturing. The sustainable development of China’s apparel manufacturing relies on improving water-use efficiency and reasonable industrial layout. The results are of significance and informative for policymakers to build a water-sustainable apparel industry.
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Mollah, MIU, MSU Bhuiya, MS Hossain, and SMA Hossain. "Growth of Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) under Raised Bed Planting Method in Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Bangladesh Rice Journal 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2016): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brj.v19i2.28164.
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CORRECTION: Due to a number of formatting and layout issues, the PDF of this paper was replaced on 10th October 2016. The page numbers of this article have changed from 45-54 to 47-56.An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur during Rabi season 2001-02 and 2002-03 (November to March) to evaluate the effect of raised bed planting method on different crop growth parameters, which influence the wheat productivity. Total tiller production, leaf area index (LAI), dry mater production (DMP), crop growth rate (CGR) and agronomic productivity of wheat under bed planting on 70, 80 and 90 cm wide beds with two and three plant rows bed-1 and conventional method were investigated. The number of tillers m-2 in 70 cm beds with both two and three rows were statistically identical to conventional method. Wheat plants grown on narrow beds (70 cm) produced similar LAI to that grown in conventional method but plants in wider beds (80 and 90 cm) had less LAI than that in conventional method. Similarly, DMP and CGR in 70 cm beds were either comparable or higher than conventional method. Grain yield of 70 cm beds were higher than conventional method. Wheat in 70 cm beds increased number of panicles m-2, number of grains panicle-1 and 1000-grain weight of wheat.Bangladesh Rice j. 2015, 19(2): 47-56
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Niu, Yingnan, Gaodi Xie, Yu Xiao, Keyu Qin, Jingya Liu, Yangyang Wang, Shuang Gan, et al. "Spatial Layout of Cotton Seed Production Based on Hierarchical Classification: A Case Study in Xinjiang, China." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080759.
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Cotton seed production is the main form of agriculture in Xinjiang, China. Unreasonable distribution of cotton seed production results in a waste of water, land, and human resources. In this study, we established a hierarchical classification integrating method; investigated the spatial suitability of climate, land and water resources, and infrastructure; examined the production risk and planting history; and integrated spatial suitability and production risk and history to produce the spatial layout of seed production for early-maturing cotton (EMC), early–medium-maturing cotton (EMMC), and long staple cotton (LSC) in Xinjiang. The results indicated that the appropriate areas for EMC, EMMC, and LSC seed production are 6.4 × 105, 5.5 × 105, and 3.6 × 105 ha, respectively. By combining the suitable areas of seed production for the three cotton species, we concluded that the superior and most suitable area for producing cotton seed of EMC, EMMC, or LSC is located in the western Tarim Basin. The sub-suitable area for cotton seed production of EMC, EMMC, or LSC is mostly distributed in the western and northern Tarim Basin. This research provides a good solution to the selection of cotton seed production base; however, adoption will depend on the actual preference and market factors.
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Falzari, Linda M., Robert C. Menary, and Valerie A. Dragar. "Optimum Stand Density for Maximum Essential Oil Yield in Commercial Fennel Crops." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.646.
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Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is grown commercially in Tasmania for the production of a steam-distilled essential oil, which is high in trans-anethole. Often, only the generative canopy is harvested since this contains the bulk of the oil and further this oil is higher in anethole than oil from other parts of the plant. Regardless of whether the whole crop is forage harvested or the generative canopy alone is removed using a combine-harvester, the most efficient oil production occurs when the greatest proportion of the canopy is generative, giving maximum oil yield from a minimum of fresh weight to be processed. A trial was conducted to examine the relationship between stand density and the various yield components of fennel in order to predict the likely effect on yield of increasing stem density as the short term perennial crop matures. As for most crops, planting density and biomass yield are closely related and the optimum planting density was predicted using a mathematical model. The results suggest that an initial stand density of 10 to 12 plants/m2, in a square layout, would produce the greatest yield of essential oil per unit area by maximising the production of the generative canopy. This density also maximises the yield of oil relative to the weight of material to be distilled.
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SIDOROVA, Alena V. "EVOLUTION OF THE PRE-REGULAR SPATIAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF THE TOWN OF TOTMA." Urban construction and architecture 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2021.01.18.
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The article is devoted to the pre-regular period of evolution of the planning structure of the town of Totma in the period from the second half of the XV to the beginning of the XIX century. Based on the sources, the main prerequisites and factors for the formation of a pre-regular town layout are considered, and the main stages are highlighted. The emergence and development of the city’s religious centers and the features of the pre-regional planting structure in accordance with the gradual formation of the city’s territory have been analyzed. The characteristic features of the architecture of the church complexes of the city and the creation of a panorama at diff erent stages of the existence of the city of Totma have been studied. The panoramas of the city from the river, the staging of the city’s temples on the relief are analyzed.
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Hu, Ruifeng, and Weiqiao Xu. "Exploring the Technological Changes of Green Agriculture in China: Evidence from Patent Data (1998–2021)." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 10899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710899.
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China views the development of sustainable agriculture as a crucial aspect of agricultural development. Using green agriculture patents from 1998 to 2021, this paper analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of patent numbers and investigates the IPC co-occurrence network. The findings are as follows. First, the number of patents for green agriculture in mainland China has increased significantly. From 2010 to 2015, the number of patents reached its highest point. Second, the spatial distribution of green agriculture patents is quite uneven, particularly in Heilongjiang province, which has the largest grain production and the lowest patent output level. Third, while the majority of IPC subclasses are well-developed, some are unevenly developed. In China, popular fields include seed breeding, planting, and organic fertilizers. This research aims to present empirical evidence for the future layout of green agriculture in China and the development of green agriculture in other developing countries.
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Choi, Ga Yoon, Hwan Sung Kim, Hyungkyoo Kim, and Jae Seung Lee. "How do paving and planting strategies affect microclimate conditions and thermal comfort in apartment complexes?" International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2021): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-06-2020-0063.
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Purpose In cities with high density, heat is often trapped between buildings which increases the frequency and intensity of heat events. Researchers have focused on developing strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of heat in cities. Adopting green infrastructure and cooling pavements are some of the many ways to promote thermal comfort against heat. The purpose of this study is to improve microclimate conditions and thermal comfort levels in high-density living conditions in Seoul, South Korea. Design/methodology/approach This study compares six design alternatives of an apartment complex with different paving and planting systems. It also examines the thermal outcome of the alternatives under normal and extreme heat conditions to suggest strategies to secure acceptable thermal comfort levels for the inhabitants. Each alternative is analyzed using ENVI-met, a software program that simulates microclimate conditions and thermal comfort features based on relationships among buildings, vegetation and pavements. Findings The results indicate that grass paving was more effective than stone paving in lowering air temperature and improving thermal comfort at the near-surface level. Coniferous trees were found to be more effective than broadleaf trees in reducing temperature. Thermal comfort levels were most improved when coniferous trees were planted in paired settings. Practical implications Landscape elements show promise for the improvement of thermal conditions because it is much easier to redesign landscape elements, such as paving or planting, than to change fixed urban elements like buildings and roads. The results identified the potential of landscape design for improving microclimate and thermal comfort in urban residential complexes. Originality/value The results contribute to the literature by examining the effect of tree species and layout on thermal comfort levels, which has been rarely investigated in previous studies.
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Solomentseva, Alexandra. "Ecology-Biological Features of the Species of R. Spinosissima L. for Landscaping and Forest Reclamation." Natural Systems and Resources, no. 2 (February 2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/nsr.jvolsu.2019.2.1.
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The article presents materials of the study of growth, flowering and fruiting of R. spinosissima L. phenology, variability of morphological characteristcs for the purpose of selection for landscaping and forest plantations of the arid zone of Lower Volga region. The data on a wide distribution area and on the basics of laboratory and field studies are given recommendations for use in different areas of the arid zone. The data collected for a long time of landscaping became a base for scientific recommendations High ecological plasticity of R. spinosissima L. as well as its resistance to drought and low temperatures are established and proved. The ability of the studied of R. spinosissima to exist in a certain range of environmental factors is revealed. In the study of the species in field determined its belonging to certain environmental groups, life forms, relative to moisture, light, nutrition. Described the layout of the landscaping areas and methods of planting.
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Golovnev, I. I., E. E. Golovneva, and L. D. Komar-Tyomnaya. "FORMATION OF A NEW THEMATIC GARDEN IN NIKITA BOTANICAL GARDENS." LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA, no. 3 (2022): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37770/2712-7656-2022-3-21-33.
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The article presents the concept of theme garden within Nikita botanical gardens "The spring blooming garden" supposed to cover 0,97 ha and designed according to seasonal exposition law. In terms of the research the area general layout and visualization of certain segments of landscape gardening were worked out. There is also an area calculation, aimed for planting of ornamental cultures. The study cites the characteristics of the area, intended for spring blooming garden site, description of planning decision and organizing of the small garden structure, including the way of natural material usage for making small architectural forms. At the same time the research covers various compositions made of fruit-bearing, bulbous and other spring blooming plants, capable to grow under conditions of South coast of the Crimea due to their bioecological properties. Besides there are flowering terms and duration of plants introduced in the exposition, and a union calendar of the blooming period was composed as well.
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Fakhrurradhi, Fakhrurradhi, Muhammad Isya, and Mirza Irwansyah. "EVALUASI FUNGSI ESTETIKA, KENYAMANAN DAN KESELAMATAN JALUR HIJAU JALAN (STUDI KASUS JALAN PROF. ALI HASJMY)." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 1, no. 2 (August 18, 2018): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v1i2.10953.
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The Green path in the road is the part of the landscape in the space area of the road which has safety and comfortability function to the road users, supporting education activities, recreation, conservation aesthetics, and area identity and become a character of a city. The plant is the main element in structuring the green road path. The plant functions on the road landscapes are to reduce exposure to direct sunlight and vehicle lights, as a director, physical barrier, movement control, microclimate controller, and wildlife habitat. The arrangement of plant placement in the green path in the area belong to the road likes tree, shrubs which by the principal and regulation of design will deliver more impact regarding aesthetics. This research purpose is to conduct the assessment against trees planting in the green path of the road regarding aesthetic, comfort and safety, effectively to support the layout of Banda Aceh city. Identifying technical incompatibility of tree planting that occurs on the green path of the road and also the need of strategy determine the implementation of the green path of the road.The purpose of this research is to identify the placement of tree on green road path and define the implementation strategy on the implementation of green road path by using a qualitative descriptive method which is supported by perceptions of officials and expert respondents. Sources of data to be used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The analysis result obtained three alternative strategies that is 1) Increase the quantity and quality of trees and improving the planting systems regulation, spacing, and tree species (type). 2) Improve the socialization of green open space masterplan of Banda Aceh city and technical regulations of green road path to utilize open space in space belong to the road and road monitoring room. 3) Increase community participation and support and related parties in creating a systematic green road path according to Green Open Space master plan and technical regulation of green road path
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Yoldaş, Funda, Şafak Ceylan, İbrahim Duman, Ömer Lütfü Elmacı, and Eftal Düzyaman. "Impact of Nitrogen Levels and Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 8 (September 3, 2021): 1467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i8.1467-1473.4291.
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The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates, where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location. In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen, the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).
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Zheng, Bohong, Komi Bernard BEDRA, Jian Zheng, and Guoguang Wang. "Combination of Tree Configuration with Street Configuration for Thermal Comfort Optimization under Extreme Summer Conditions in the Urban Center of Shantou City, China." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114192.
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Along with global climate change and the worldwide heat island phenomenon, developing climatic methods and planning practices for the benefit of thermal comfort is of increasing interest. Studies have focused on urban streets, studying the aspect ratio, the orientation, street vegetation patterns, etc. and how they affect thermal comfort. While the role of vegetation is undeniable, this paper asks the question whether the effects of a tree configuration does not vary under different street configurations, and if yes, how to select tree species and determine their appropriate layout. Here, an analytical framework is proposed to test the different tree configurations (changing one variable at a time) with the least favorable street configuration. It is confirmed that the east–west oriented streets are the least favorable cases and denser tree canopies are better for cooling. The interval between the trees are observed to have an optimal effect when it is equal to the crown width at maturity. Furthermore, the results show that the heat mitigation rate of a tree configuration is not linearly improved by the Aspect Ratio (AR). In the case of Shantou city, the improvement of thermal comfort slows down when the AR reaches 1.5 while Mangifera indica planted with 10 m intervals is recommended among the common street-tree species. Other species could be used also, but should meet the requirements of the canopy density and the interval of layout. The paper does not consider other configuration options such as asymmetrical cases of street geometry and one-side or axial tree planting, etc., but the framework allows for adding such options and simulating thermal comfort for a greater number of scenarios.
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Widyanto, R. Arri, Lugman Ismail, Faridh Fajar Nugroho, Abi Rafdi, Imam Agus Faisal Wardani, and Fadzan Fahrurrosak. "PPMT Perancangan Tata Letak Fasilitas Kerja di Home Industry Irus untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas dan Kapasitas Produksi." To Maega : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35914/tomaega.v4i1.415.
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AbstrakDusun Pogalan, Desa Karangkajen, Kecamatan Secang, Kabupaten Magelang memiliki penduduk yang mencapai 1.882 jiwa. Secang banyak dikenal karena merupakan sentra home industry diantaranya perajin irus dan centhong. Potensi bahan baku tersedia melimpah, potensi pasar terbuka lebar, harga jual yang bersaing dengan perajin lain. Home industri ini memiliki beberapa permasalahan, diantaranya adalah peralatan yang digunakan masih konvesional, berupa bor, gergaji, tatah dan amplas. Tata letak fasilitas ruang produksi masih belum tertata, sehingga alur produksi masih kurang efektif dan efisien dalam proses produksi dan proses produksi tidak efisien. Produk ini dipasarkan dengan cara menjual dipasar tradisional diwilayah secang maupun dibeberapa wilayah luar kota. Metode yang digunakan dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan ini adalah: penyuluhan, pelatihan dan pendampingan. Hasil yang dicapai dalam kegiatan ini adalah peralatan menjadi lebih modern, mendapatkan pasar yang lebih besar, tata letak yang lebih baik untuk menunjang proses produksi dan jumlah produksi dapat bertambah. Limbah yang dihasilkan bernilai ekonomis dengan dijual ke pengusaha jamur tiram sebagai media tanam. Kata Kunci: Perancangan, Tata letak fasilitas, Home Industry AbstractPogalan Hamlet, Karangkajen Village, Secang District, Magelang Regency has a population of 1,882 people. The main livelihood of the inhabitants of the hamlet is farming. In addition, Secang is widely known for the craftsmen of irus and centhong. The potential of available raw materials is abundant, the market potential is wide open, the selling price is competitive with other crafters. The problem that occurs in this home industry is that the equipment used is still conventional, in the form of drills, saws, grits and sandpaper. The layout of the production space facilities is still not organized, so the production flow is still less effective and efficient in the production process and inefficient production process. Conventional marketing techniques are sold in traditional markets in several areas outside the city. The method used in solving this problem is counseling, training and mentoring. The results to be achieved in this activity are equipment becoming more modern, getting a bigger market, a better layout to support the production process and production per day can be increased. The waste produced is of economic value by selling it to oyster mushroom entrepreneurs as a planting medium.Key Word: Design, Facility layout, Home Industry