Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Plantes – Conservation'
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Nicolè, Florence. "Biologie de la conservation appliquée aux plantes menacées des Alpes." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10127.
Full textThrough concrete examples of endangered plants chosen in the flora of the French Alps, this work presents the application of three main aspects classically used in conservation biology: the study of genetic variation, the study of reproductive performance and reproductive system and the study of population dynamics. First, we show that molecular markers are a useful tool to resolve taxonomic ambiguities and verify the status of conservation unit in the case of Potentilla delphinensis Gren. And Godron. They also allowed us to establish a strategy for population reinforcement of Dracocephalum austriacum L. Then, we show that the reproductive performances and the reproductive system are good indicators of population viability (Androsace septentrionalis L. And Cypripedium calceolus L. ). We also demonstrate the relevance of population matrix models and population viability analyses to understand better the biology and the ecology of an endangered species and to estimate its vulnerability (Cypripedium calceolus L. And Astragalus alopecurus Pallas). The combination of the different approaches on Dracocephalum austriacum indicate that genetic and demographic aspects interact and should be considered together to predict the viability of the populations. Finally, we propose theoretical and methodological recommendations, especially on the application of demographic approaches to endangered plants. Pragmatic applied management guidelines are proposed to enhance the protection of the flora
Ferdy, Jean-Baptiste. "Interactions plantes-pollinisateurs et biologie de la conservation : comportement des insectes et succès reproducteur des plantes ; cas des plantes trompeuses et du trolle d'Europe." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0014.
Full textKazic, Dusan. "Plantes animées. De la production aux relations avec les plantes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA027.
Full textThis thesis deals with animated relationships between peasants and their plants in French fields. For some, plants are sentient and intelligent beings, for others they are working beings, accompanying beings, game beings, suffering beings. Some peasants speak to their plants, others weave loving relationships, and let their plants teach them how to cultivate them in the fields. In describing these relationships, the thesis shows that, thanks to the sensitive relations that these peasants weave with their plants, they animate them by leaving naturalist epistemologies aside. By taking these words seriously, literally, the thesis defends the hypothesis that, in order to prevent the agricultural world from becoming ruins, we must no longer seek to "produce differently", but we must break with the paradigm of production to anchor peasants and their plants in co-evolutionary relationships. By plunging into the history of modernity, that is to say by revisiting the conflict between the peasant world on one side and the modern world on the other, with the arrival of the physiocrats among the French intellectual and policy-making bodies, this thesis shows that the concept of production is based on a universalist and naturalized approach that has been imposed without any empirical basis in the agricultural world and in the modern world more widely
Ngammongkolrat, Amorn. "Brunissement de la pulpe du pruneau : mécanismes réactionnels, influence des conditions de séchage et de conservation." Toulouse, INPT, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985INPT016A.
Full textWang, Yusha. "Contrôle biologique par conservation effets des plantes non cultivées sur les communautés d'arthropodes inféodées aux agrosystèmes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6047.
Full textConservation biological control is the deliberate manipulation of agro-ecosystems and their close environment to enhance the performance of natural enemies (e.g. survival, fitness, and/or behaviour) and thus improve their efficacy against pests. Non-crop plants are grown to create an environment that is detrimental to pests and diseases and/or beneficial to biological control agents. The aim of the Ph.D study was to disentangle how non-crop plants might affect interactions among crop plants, herbivores and their natural enemies at both the individual (life-history traits) and population (population dynamics) levels. We first reviewed the literature and did meta-analysis about the impact of non- crop plants on many natural enemy performance traits. Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Brassicaceae, Lamiaceae and Fabaceae families are found to be the most potentially beneficial plant family for natural enemies, carefully selecting and mixting non-crop plants are necessary to the promote biocontrol efficiency. Secondly, we evaluated the impact of three diversity levels of non-crop plants on insect communities. The studies were carried on two agrosystems based on wheat-maize and tomato in the field. The results showed a strong effect of increased diversity of non-crop plants on biological control and on the temporal dynamics of natural enemy-pest interactions. Non-crop plants diversity had a positive impact on higher trophic levels (natural enemies), biocontrol of pests, community biodiversity, food web stability, and crop yields. Thirdly, we found evidence of the adding of selected non-crop plants can enhance the longevity and/or reproduction of Harmonia axyridis in lab experiments and could be non-crop candidates used to diversify the agro-ecosystems to boost biological control
Ghimire, Suresh Kumar. "Pratiques de cueillette et écologie de la conservation de plantes médicinales de l’Himalaya Népalais : approches ethnoécologique et écologique." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20227.
Full textA large number of medicinal plants (MPs) are threatened in the Himalaya due to over-exploitation for trade. Knowledge of the sustainability of their use is urgently needed. We documented ethnobotanical and ethnoecological knowledge and management practices related to MPs harvesting in Dolpo (northwestern Nepal) in Tibetan and mixed Tibeto-Nepalese societies. Local knowledge and harvesting patterns were incorporated in to the design of ecological studies, the objectives of which were to assess the impact of resource use on MPs at population and landscape levels, and thereby to inform sustainable management practices. We found a rich body of local knowledge relating to the use, ethnoecology and management of MPs. Local knowledge and management practices varied substantially within and between social groups, and were related to socio-cultural and economic factors. MP species diversity and abundance at the landscape-level were related to the diversity of human resource use practices and to heterogeneity in ecological conditions. At the population level, the effect of harvesting was found to depend not only on harvesting intensities and approaches but also on habitat conditions and growth patterns of the concerned species. Based on the cases of two perennial species, Nardostachys grandiflora (Valerianaceae) and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae), we conclude that the goal of harvesting sustainability appears to be more easily attained for some species than for others, owing to differences in their growth strategies and in relation to environmental variation that affects the rapidity of recovery of populations from the loss of individuals. Our study brings new elements towards understanding how current human management shapes the structure and dynamics of MPs at population and landscape levels, and clarifies how studies of local knowledge and practices may be used to design more sustainable practices
Triest, Ludwig. "Isozymes in water plants : molecular systematics and biogeography of alisma, baldellia, hydrilla, lagarosiphon, potamogeton, ruppia, zannichellia, najas and the seagrasses : enzyme polymorphism and its relationships to biological features in aquatic macrophytes (including a comparison with terrestrial plants) : conservation of genetic diversity /." Meise : National botanic garden of Belgium, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41157870w.
Full textCourquin, Betty. "Prise en compte de l’adaptation locale et de la dépression hybride en biologie de la conservation : exemple de Biscutella neustriaca, endémique de Haute Normandie." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL10129/document.
Full textIn conservation management of threatened populations or species, reintroduction and reinforcement procedures constitute essential tools. However, transplanted individuals may either establish in the introduction site or be poorly adapted to it. Moreover outcrosses may either increase or decrease outbred progeny fitness, by heterosis or outbreeding depression respectively. In this context, understanding the pattern of genetic and adaptive differentiation between populations is essential for the elaboration of conservation strategies. The objective of the present study is to apply this proposition in the context of the conservation program of Biscutella neustriaca, a declining species. First, we investigated progeny fitness from crosses between populations at distinct geographic scales. Second, we examined ecological differences between habitats, genetic differences in life-history traits between populations and the pattern of local adaptation in greenhouse and in introduction sites. Third, we compared the efficiency of two conservative reinforcement strategies. Finally after a synthesis of these three parts we developed a protocol for the conservation of B. neustriaca and more widely we identified the parameters to include for a successful transfer of individuals in threatened species or for a better understanding of failed attempts
Quilichini, Angélique. "Biologie et écologie d'une espèce endémique corso-sarde rare et protégée : Anchusa crispa viv. (Boraginaceae). Implications pour sa conservation." Corte, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CORT3048.
Full textRippstein, Georges. "Étude sur la végétation de l'Adamaoua : évolution, conservation, régénération et amélioration d'un écosystème pâture au Cameroun /." Yaoundé : Maisons-Alfort : Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique, Institut de recherches zootechniques ; Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb349089377.
Full textMaurice, Anne-Claire. "Dynamiques des liens entre plantes rares, hommes et espaces : socio-anthropologie des pratiques de (ré)introductions végétales." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02063716.
Full textDuring the 70’s, a new type of approaches gained popularity among specialists of living organisms: “reinforcements”, “introductions” and “reintroductions” of rare or threatened plants. Associated with the development of conservation biology, these approaches aim at reestablishing individuals in nature. Applied to animals, they sometimes appeared at the core of conflicts of national concern. Applied to plants, often considered to have less in common and hold lesser ties with humans, they appear mainly unnoticed. Behind this seemingly quiet appearance, what meaning and importance did they acquire for specialists? From which knowledge and during which dynamic of scientific ideas were they built? This thesis investigates the relationships between rare plants, humans and space through the socioanthropological study of (re)introduction projects carried out during the 80’s and 90’s and targeting three plant taxa: Cistus psilosepalus Sweet in Bretagne, Centaurea corymbosa Pourr. In Languedoc- Roussillon, and Arenaria grandiflora L. In Île-de-France. This thesis reveals changes of paradigms during which reintroduction projects in France were promoted: from the convergence of agronomical genetics and unique French institutions emerging from local impulsions – Botanical conservatories – to the organization and territorialisation of plant conservation in France. As collective projects, studied (re)introductions resulted from varying motivations, often related to the construction of an identity and a territory. Considered with distinct spatio-temporal and taxonomic frames of reference, (re)introductions resulted in the attribution of hybrid statuses to targeted plants. These marginal statuses were reinforced by the contingency of these projects. Beyond the approaches, the importance of the locations – of wild plants, of laboratory environment, of naturalist prospects, or of authority territory of Botanical Conservatories – appears critical as it allows various specialists gathering on the same object, though the latter is continuously questioned and redefined by each specialist
Fortel, Laura. "Écologie et conservation des abeilles sauvages le long d'un gradient d'urbanisation." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0663/document.
Full textEvidence has been accumulating for years that pollinator populations are declining. The loss of natural habitats,in part linked to urbanization, is considered to be one of the major causes of this decline. Some bee populationspersist nevertheless in urban environments. The structure of their communities, as well as their foraging and nestingbehaviors can be affected by urbanization. Our objective was to assess the magnitude of these changes and tounderstand their mechanisms by using 24 sites located in the Grand Lyon along a gradient of urbanization(measured by the proportion of impervious surface). We analyzed interaction networks to investigate plant-beerelations, and man-made nesting structures on urban sites (squares of soil and bee hotels) to study nesting dynamicsand its relevance for bee populations.We collected 16,352 specimens belonging to 293 species. Periurban environments (i.e., with ca. 50% ofimpervious surface) had the greatest diversity of bees. Long-tongued bees and cavity nesting bees were moreprevalent in urban environments, but the specialization of plant-bee interactions remained stable along the gradientof urbanization. The species richness of the bee community was positively associated with floral diversity, theduration of flowering of plant species and/or their floribundity. Bee communities depended on these three factorsand also spontaneous (native and naturalized) plant species more than on horticultural plants (ornamentals andexotics). Finally, man-made nesting sites were colonized by a diverse bee fauna. Apart from Osmia bicornis, beesshowed no preference for the substrates in which they nested. Our work confirms that, even if urbanization changesthe structure of the bee communities, an important diversity of bee species can persist in periurban, but also urbanenvironments.In a context of increasing urbanization and declining bee populations, it appears essential to create managementplans for these wild pollinators by acting on the surface of flowering areas, the ecological network linking them,and the appropriate management of parks, gardens, and recreational areas. The presence of a diverse array of beespecies even in the most urbanized area makes these pollinators worthy of being a flagship group to raise theawareness of citizens about biodiversity and ecosystemic services
Dinh, Thi Thuy Van. "Le Traité international sur les ressources phytogénétiques pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture : instrument innovant pour la gestion de l'agro-phytodiversité." Limoges, 2010. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/d26605e7-38ab-4945-98d6-bf9c1411526e/blobholder:0/2010LIMO1001.pdf.
Full textPlant genetic ressources for food and agriculture (PGRFA) are crucial for humanity. We inherit an amazing diversity of genetic ressources thanks to the work of generations of farmers (in situ conservation) and genebanks (ex situ conservation). The loss of the ressources would result in the potential for major food insecurity. Adopted in 2001, the International Treaty on PGRFA promotes an understanding of the importance of theses ressources and the implementation of solutions for their conservation and sustainable use. The Treaty has two main innovative elements: the recognition of farmers' rights to the ressources that past generations of farmers have developed, and the constitution of a Multilateral System of Access to and Benefit-Sharing of theses ressources. This thesis investigates the scope and application of the Treaty through a detailed study of its concepts and mechanisms and the relationship between the Treaty and other international texts (Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, patent law of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law). It analyses the effectiveness of legal means of implementation of the Treaty at regional, sub-regional and national levels. The establishment of this Multilateral System is a new and innovative tool of the management of natural ressources. In fact, it is an application of the concept of « common heritage of mankind » because it ensures that the genetic ressources held under the sovereignty of individual States are available to others. The concept of farmers' rights in the Treaty is complementary to existing Breeders' Rights, recognizing the active role of farmers in the conservation of PGRFA. The identification of mechanisms for the successful implementation of these two facets, several of which are explored within the thesis, is essential to the success of the Treaty
Hamza, Fatoumata. "Conservation de laitues de quatrième gamme sous atmosphère contrôlée ou modifiée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29169.
Full textLavieville, Laurence. "Étude de la microtubérisation in vitro de la Pomme de terre (Solanum tuberosum L. )." Amiens, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AMIE0100.
Full textLaffon, Ludivine. "Caractérisation des relations trophiques des communautés de parasitoïdes et de syrphes avec les plantes et les insectes ravageurs en vergers de pommiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024AVIG0620.
Full textAphidiphagous hoverflies and parasitoid wasps are involved in the regulation of two main apple pests, the rosy apple aphid (RAA) and the codling moth (CM). Once adult, they feed mainly on floral resources. Providing nectar and pollen may thus favour hoverflies and parasitoid wasps, and improve pest biological control. Here, we studied the contribution of flowering plant species to biological control services provided by hoverflies and parasitoid wasps in apple orchards. Botanical and entomological surveys were conducted in commercial and experimental orchards: floristic surveys, hoverfly and parasitoid sampling, and observations of apple pests and associated damages. Barcoding and metabarcoding were used to characterise the relationships between flowering plants and hoverflies or parasitoid wasps. Only 6% of parasitoid wasps collected on flowering plants belonged to species involved in RAA regulation. Among the hoverflies collected on orchard vegetation, three genera were identified as major contributors to RAA regulation, as their larvae were also observed in RAA colonies. These three taxa accounted for 20% of the total adult hoverfly abundance. Other hoverfly taxa collected on flowering plants also predate apple aphids, but less consistently. Moreover, only the abundance of hoverflies observed on spontaneous vegetation had a significant effect on the infestation of RAA. Concerning parasitoid wasps, we observed a higher parasitism rate of CM and RAA on apple trees associated with some flowering plant species (i.e. Veronica persica, Ocimum basilicum). However, the higher parasitism rates did not translate into a reduction in the number of apple pests or apple damage. Preserving spontaneous vegetation or adding flowering infrastructures in apple orchards may promote parasitoid wasp and hoverfly abundances, but cascading effects on insect pest regulation and damage reduction remain low. Further studies are needed to better understand interactions between these two strategies and other crop management practices to promote sustainable apple pest regulation
Gaudeul, Myriam. "Complémentarité des approches génétiques, démographiques et écologiques dans l'étude d'une espèce menacée : le cas d'Eryngium Alpinum L., chardon bleu des Alpes." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112304.
Full textKnowledge of the evolutionary mechanisms shaping the dynamics of a species is crucial for its conservation. This work aims to show the complementary nature of several approaches in the study of endangered species such as the protected Alpine plant Eryngium alpinum L. This plant is mainly threatened by land closure that restricts suitable habitat. Different topics have been considered: neutral and adaptive genetic structure (molecular markers and a common garden experiment), breeding system, population dynamics and the impact of land closure (in situ experiments). The genetic study was performed at different scales: phylogeography across Europe, relationships among French populations and fine-scale structure in a 10 km-long valley. Neutral and adaptive diversities were high within populations, suggesting their strong evolutionary potential. Among populations, very strong neutral genetic differentiation is consistent with the absence of gene flow between sites. On the contrary, adaptive differentiation was very low, probably due to the homogenizing effect of selection. Within a valley, no genetic barrier was detected in spite of the observed landscape fragmentation. In restricted areas, low seed dispersal appears to have generated pronounced genetic structure. Because of protandry and partial self-incompatibility, the species is almost completely out-crossing. Finally, population monitoring and experiments on the impact of land closure must be continued to strengthen those results, but the negative impact of grazing (in spring) and the possible effect of pollinator limitation in small populations are suggested. The results are discussed in a conservation perspective. In the short term, ecological factors seem to be the major threats, but genetic risks associated with fragmentation could appear in the future
Romaniuc, Neto Sergio. "Taxonomie et biogéographie des genres sorocea a. St. -hil. , clarisia ruiz & pavon et trophis p. Browne (moraceae - urticales) : mise en évidence de centres d'endémisme et de zones à protéger au Brésil." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0009.
Full textMuller, Cédric. "Développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse de la conservation de synténie chez les plantes : du génome d'Arabidopsis à celui du Tournesol." Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000202/.
Full textMuller, Cédric Gentzbittel Laurent. "Développement d'une méthodologie d'analyse de la conservation de synténie chez les plantes du génome d'Arabidopsis à celui du Tournesol /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2005. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000202.
Full textMoshiri, Homayoun. "Contribution à l'étude de la valeur alimentaire d'une association luzerne-dactyle : influence du stade de récolte et de la technique de conservation." Dijon, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985DIJOS010.
Full textSoler, Alain. "Maturation et sénescence de l'ananas (Ananas comosus (L. ) Merr) en Côte-d'Ivoire." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20258.
Full textLe, Viol Isabelle. "Dynamique et répartition de la diversité : contribution pour une meilleure intégration dans les actions de conservation : l'exemple des dépendances vertes autoroutières." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0004.
Full textIn the current context of biodiversity erosion, understanding processes controlling spatial and temporal distribution of diversity is a major challenge if we are to evaluate the impact of anthropogenic factors and propose efficient conservation policies. In this thesis, I focused on identifying mechanisms controlling different biodiversity components (populations and communities, taxonomic and functional diversity), using various tools to quantify biodiversity. The two aims were to: (1) improve our understanding of the relative impact of deterministic and stochastic processes in community assembly and (2) propose conservation strategies for two types of areas: protected areas (Iroise sea) and wider countryside (highway verges). My results show contrasted diversity patterns, depending whether the focus is on taxonomic or functional diversity (e. G. Specific richness vs. Species specialisation), or depending upon the taxonomic group (e. G. Plants vs. Spiders). Those results have direct implications in identifying underlying mechanisms but also in terms of conservation. I show that, while highway verges (ponds and embankment) can play a functional part in maintaining biodiversity, this part mainly depends upon management choices enhancing spatial biodiversity within those areas (e. G. Planting hedges). Finally, my results highlight the importance of taking into account the dynamic aspects of biodiversity to finetune management advices. In protected natural areas (Iroise sea), we have observed an impact of human activities on biodiversity (tourism, abandonment of farmlands) that can work against conservation objectives. However, we show that some management practices (concerted management of tourism, eradication of introduced species) can enhance the maintenance of protected species and ecosystems
Djerrari, Abdellatif. "Influence du mode d'extraction et des conditions de conservation sur la composition des huiles essentielles de thym et de basilic." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37597196w.
Full textDérédec, Anne. "De la menace à l’outil : modélisation de l’impact du parasitisme en biologie de la conservation." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112351.
Full textThe current erosion of biodiversity makes crucial the understanding of the mechanisms involved in population decline. As parasites strongly affect the dynamics of their hosts, their impact needs to be accurately modeled. The Allee effect is implicated in numerous extinction events. It shares common characteristics with parasitism that make their combined effect difficult to predict. To analyse the impact of the Allee effect on a host population facing an infection, we built a simple model of ordinary differential equations of type SI. This model highlights that the Allee effect of a host population can protect it from invasion of microparasits. However, if infection succeeds in spreading, the Allee effect increases the detrimental consequences of parasites on theirhosts. In order to protect ecosystems from pest species, a new method is currently under development : virus-vectored immunocontraception. It consists in genetically modifying viruses so that they would sterilize the target species. This method has been theoretically studied only through asexual models, yet it sterilizes only one sex. In order to estimate the error made by neglecting this characteristic when assessing the control success, we built a stochastic individual based model and ran simulations. We show that asexual models generally fail to predict the impact of this method on pest dynamics and highlight the necessity to take account of the mating system of the target species. Considering parasitism in turn as a tool in conservation biology, this work gives rise to some reflection on modelling and highlights the importance of an in-depth knowledge of the biological situations considered
Andrieu, Émilie. "Impact de la progression forestière sur les espèces rares de milieu ouvert : écologie et dynamique des populations de la Pivoine officinale (Paeonia Officinalis L.)." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20084.
Full textDiadema, Katia. "Apport de la phylogéographie, de la dynamique et de la structure des populations pour la conservation de végétaux endémiques méditerranéens." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30071.
Full textThe aim of this study is to investigate the population structure and dynamic of Mediterranean endemic plants, at different spatial and temporal scales. The influence of historical biogeographic patterns and the current ecological patterns is examined. Three endemic species are studied. Phylogeographic data of Gentiana ligustica combined with glacial history suggest the presence of peripheral microrefugia and the existence of several postglacial migration routes. Recent habitat fragmentation of Acis nicaeensis decreases population viability, which induces an extinction vortex. On the other hand, disturbances characterized by intermediate intensity and frequency, among which cattle grazing and fire favour population persistence. Within a global change context, it appears necessary to propose some specific conservation strategies, including the preservation of intermediate disturbances, habitat conservation, or an assessment of population history and of their ecogeographical variability
Arrignon, Florent Balent Gérard. "HOVER-WINTER un modèle multi-agent pour simuler la dynamique hivernale d'un insecte auxiliaire des cultures (Episyrphus balteatus, Diptera: Syrphidea) dans un paysage hétérogène /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2007. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000444.
Full textFlorin, Bruno. "Étude de différentes voies de conservation d'embryons, de tissus et de cellules de végétaux cultivés in vitro : applications de l'hypoxie et de la cryoconservation." Tours, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOUR3804.
Full textBigirimana, Joseph. "Urban plant diversity patterns, processes and conservation value in Sub-Saharan Africa: case of Bujumbura in Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209636.
Full textThe correlation between different natural and anthropogenic environmental factors and the composition of plant communities has been demonstrated through the analysis of vegetation plots. Three types of green areas were studied: spontaneous vegetation on terra firma, wetlands
and domestic gardens.
The main ecological factor correlated to the composition of the spontaneous vegetation of terra firma is the degree of urbanization. From the suburb to the city centre, savannah species typical for the region are replaced by alien invasive species, mostly ruderals. The latter generally have a large distribution, often on several continents. The physiognomy of the vegetation also changes, with hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes in the outskirts and the dominance of therophytes and chamaephytes in the city centre.
In most of wetlands, a large proportion of the plant species are natives, but some wetlands are almost totally invaded by alien species. Soil type is the main environmental factor correlated with
the variability of the vegetation.
The flora of domestic gardens is mainly composed of introduced species used as ornamental, food or medicinal plants. The socio-economical status of the neighbourhood is the main factor correlated with the variability of the garden flora. In high standing neighbourhoods, most species are onamental, with many trees and shrubs. In popular neighbourhoods, the flora is mainly utilitarian (vegetables and fruits), with a significant proportion of native species, and composed mainly of annual species.
A small proportion of the alien species cultivated in gardens has become invasive in the semi-natural vegetation of the city and its surroundings. Many other species cultivated in the gardens could become invasive, based on their ecology and their invasive behaviour in other regions with a climate similar to that of Bujumbura.
Overall, the city of Bujumbura has a diverse flora, with many useful species (vegetables and fruits, traditional medicine, construction of fences and roofs, material for mats and art objects.). The vegetation also hosts wildlife: birds, fishes, hippos, crocodiles etc…
In conclusion, the vegetation of Bujumbura contributes to biodiversity conservation and provides services to the urban population, but the expansion of alien invasive species and the consequent homogenization of the vegetation is a challenge for the future.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Privat, Christophe Édouard. "La chasse et la protection des espaces naturels : éléments pour une évolution juridique des rapports chasse-nature." Bordeaux 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR40012.
Full textPailly, Olivier. "Facteurs de variabilité de la qualité du Kiwi ("Actinidia deliciosa" cv. Hayward) en conservation : applications agronomiques." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20200.
Full textAlbert, Sébastien. "Rupture des interactions mutualistes plantes à fruits charnus-vertébrés frugivores, et conséquences sur la régénération des forêts tropicales dans les Mascareignes." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0035.
Full textTropical forests are mostly dominated by fleshy-fruited plants, which are dispersed by frugivorous vertebrates. The global collapse of large vertebrates therefore raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems, particularly on islands, which concentrate the bulk of extinctions. The Mascarenes are a remarkable system to study disruption of frugivory interactions because the pristine fauna, plethoric until human colonization in the 17th century and now largely extinct, is well known as well as its diverse flora which is particularly at risk. La Réunion is still home to indigenous forests along strong environmental gradients and active volcanism that offers the opportunity to explore the long-term consequences of defaunation. In addition, the varying levels of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion (main extant frugivore, mass=55 g) and Mauritius (450 g) makes itpossible to use these islands as pseudo-replicates to test various hypotheses. This thesis is organised in three parts which aim to (1) describe the spatial distribution patterns of dispersal traits on La Réunion and Mauritius, and understand the implications for vertebrate extinctions which have been particularly rapid on La Réunion; (2) evaluate the consequences of frugivory disruption on the reconstruction of forest ecosystems on the lava flows of the Piton de la Fournaise; (3) assess the consequences of frugivory disruption on the maintenance of diversity in forests established before human colonisation. (1) Proportions of fleshy-fruited plants strongly decrease with elevation and this decrease is all the more pronounced the larger the fruit are. By comparing the main factors of vertebrate extinctions between La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the early destruction of favorable lowland habitats on La Réunion probably played a central role in the rapidity of frugivore extinctions. (2) After expanding the chronosequence of the Piton de la Fournaise flows, we show thatfrugivore extinctions have profoundly altered the capacity of lowland forests to rebuild since the 18th century and that the refaunation of ecosystems with alien frugivores mainly benefits alien fleshy-fruited plants. Reinstating dispersal, native large-seeded plants are nevertheless capable of settling on historical flows where recruitment is overwhelmingly dominated by invasive plants. (3) By comparing two reference forests of La Réunion and Mauritius, we show that the Mauritian flying fox allows a much better recruitment of many plant species at Brise-Fer than the Réunion bulbul at Mare-Longue, except for large-seeded plants which regenerate poorly in both islands. An experiment finally shows how the persistence of fruit flesh alone can strongly limit tree recruitment, but that the latter can be modulated by introduced fauna. Our overall worrying results show the urgency to protect large native frugivores wherever they still exist and of encouraging their return where they had disappeared. At the same time, large-scale sowing should be envisaged in protected areas where the maintenance or even the return of native forest dynamics are imperative
Gallard, Anthony. "Etude de la cryoconservation d'apex en vue d'une conservation à long terme de collections de ressources génétiques végétales : compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu et évaluation de la qualité du matériel régénéré sur le modèle pelargonium." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00448693.
Full textBaco, Mohamed Nasser. "Gestion locale de la diversité cultivée au Nord Bénin : éléments pour une politique publique de conservation de l'agrobiodiversité de l'igname (Dioscorea spp.)." Orléans, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ORLE1091.
Full textYam (Dioscorea spp. ) has proven to play an essential role in food security within rural families of North Benin. Yam currently undergoes socio-cultural and economic changing environment. We analyzed the dynamic of yam varietal diversity in order to highlight whether or not different practises are affected by sociocultural diversity and how it favours agrobiodiversity. The study was undertaken in North of Benin targetting autochthon and migrant ethnic groups. We adopted socio-anthropological, economic and geographical approaches, coupled with interviews and census. The ethnic groups that adopted yam cultivation since unmemorable time still hold the most diverse collections of yam varieties. The involvement of some villages that act in same networks. This study highlighted the need to combine social determinants and geographical patterns in the conservation of agricultural diversity in Benin. Social and Geographical concerns indicate the need for taking into account regional and local scales in enhancing processes and interactions which support yams diversity. This study allowed to test the use of highlighted how local ecotypes are taken into account in the production systems and the agricultural policies of biodiversity conservation. This thesis led to a proposal of in situ conservation program which priorities the creation of an effective seed system and the implication of new actors through a more participatory approach. With the aim of answering the juridico-institutional directives which rise from Convention on the Biological Diversity, a south America models could be continued and adapted to Benin context
Delfour, Odile. "La conservation des espèces menacées d'extinction : étude de droit comparé : Espagne, Etats-Unis, France, Grande Bretagne, Suisse." Paris 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA010284.
Full textIt is now obvious that fauna and flora are more and more threatened. To reverse this trend, governments have tried to develop legal mechanisms. It is nevertheless clear that the prohibition of the taking and trade of individuals animals and plants can not achieve this goal by its own. It's why it is clearly essential that legislator should adress all threats to a species. But, because, theses measures impose restrictions on public freedoms and private property and limits certain activities, they are not always very popular. Or, it is essential to facilitate the acceptance of conservation need by laying down a clear duty for the state and its citizens to preserve biological diversity or, at international level, by using the concept of common humankind which encompasses present and future generations
Boulangeat, Isabelle. "Vulnérabilité des écosystèmes montagnards aux changements globaux par une modélisation spatialement explicite -implications pour la conservation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00768037.
Full textDerrouch, Damien. "Adoption de l’agriculture de conservation : adaptations agronomiques et réponses des communautés adventices." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK052.
Full textConservation agriculture is a farming system based on the continuous and simultaneous application of three principles: minimal soil disturbance, continuous residue cover on the soil surface and diverse crop rotations. Adoption of this form of sustainable agriculture in France since the 2000s has been hampered by a number of constraints, including the development and management of weed populations. From an agronomic point of view, the adoption of conservation agriculture and associated abandonment of tillage results in a significant loss of weed management practices for farmers. From an ecological point of view, its application can modify all the assembly processes that act on weed communities.To address the lack of existing knowledge on the subject, we were interested in 1) how farmers using conservation agriculture adapt their cropping practices and their weed management and 2) how weed communities respond to a continued application of conservation agriculture principles. To meet our objectives, two survey designs were used: a national online survey of application of conservation agriculture practices and a regional survey of a network of farm plots applying conservation agriculture in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.Although adaptations of weed management practices may vary between farmers, the results showed that farmers using conservation agriculture compensate for the abandonment of tillage by employing different management practices related to chemical weeding (especially during the intercropping period) and plant competition (cover crop, combined/companion crops, sowing rate optimization). The mastered use of weed management practices following the principles of conservation agriculture, particularly the optimization of crop rotation, tends to be achieved only after several years (average 5 years) for a majority of farmers.For weed communities, the adoption of conservation agriculture results in a modification of the environmental and biological constraints that act on community assembly processes, thus gradually allowing new species to become established. The long-term application of conservation agriculture tends to result in the convergence of the taxonomic (species) and functional (traits) composition of the weed communities. This convergence is nevertheless modulated by local conditions: the weed flora occurring on a plot depends on the duration of the application of conservation agriculture and the identity of the crop established. The greatest taxonomic and functional shift in the weed community occurred following 10 years of conservation agriculture.In an overall context of policies aimed at decreasing pesticide use, and given the current importance of synthetic herbicides in weed management, the efficacy of conservation agriculture in controlling weeds may be questioned despite the very significant investment made by farmers in this system that aims to contribute to a sustainable agriculture
Kazakou, Elena. "Vie, mort et décomposition des feuilles d'espèces de succession secondaire méditerranéenne : vers une intégration de la gestion des éléments minéraux par les végétaux." Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20041.
Full textThe main aim of this work is to determine the links between the processes occurring before, during and after leaf senescence. Two experiments were set up: one in a gradient of an old-field succession and a second one in a common garden experiment, where 18 species characterising the three stages of this succession were transplanted in two fertilisation levels. Our results demonstrate that leaf life span and nutrient resorption efficiency are two important and alternative strategies of nutrient conservation. Litter decomposability is successfully predicted by some traits of green leaves, especially those describing leaf robustness (leaf dry matter content, leaf tensile strength and leaf resistance to fracture). The leaf economic spectrum describing nutrient use in plants was found across species differing in successional stage. Species from early succession with high resource acquisition rates are replaced during succession by species which tend to conserve resources efficiently, the latter tending to produce leaves with low decomposition rates. Finally, in order to scale up from species to the ecosystem functioning, we propose to use leaf dry matter content as a functional marker of litter decomposability
Pouget, Marine. "Comment préserver l'héritage évolutif singulier des végétaux endémiques méditerranéens ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4338/document.
Full textDiversity patterns are temporary state in a dynamic continuum of ecological and evolutionary changes. Thus, conservation policies have to integrate this dynamics and Conservation priorities have to be oriented towards the processes which generate and maintain diversity. Conserving biodiversity without needing to measure all its different components, it is necessary to search for biological and ecological surrogates. An original approach is to assess the capacity of phylogeography to define these surrogates. Indeed, the phylogeography allows providing indices for diversification zonation and can be used to delineate the units (e.g. evolutionary significant units) that support diversification at intraspecific level. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, in terms of targets and surrogates, the role of phylogeography for conservation of the Mediterranean flora. We based our analyses on two study areas of the South-East France harbouring two endemic species: the coastal ranges of Maritime Alps where Acis nicaeensis grows, and the calcareous Provence where Arenaria provincialis is found. The phylogeography of Arenaria provincialis revealed a spatial distribution of persistence and divergence. Our study highlights the critical role of phylogeography in the search for optimal criteria for defining the conservation strategies. The marked differences of genetic and ecology in populations of Acis nicaeensis but also in terms of its vulnerability to urbanization are highlighted in a local scale. The results demonstrate the need of conservation actions designed for small areas to avoid the loss of Acis nicaeensis evolutionary legacy
Ndayishimiye, Joel. "Diversité, endémisme, géographie et conservation des Fabaceae de l'Afrique Centrale." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209839.
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Buord, Stéphane. "Etudes écologique et biosystématique de la flore littorale remarquable de l'arc dunaire Gâvres-Quiberon, futur grand site national : intérêts d'une approche pluridisciplinaire et des biotechnologies pour une gestion integrée de la biodiversité." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MNHN0002.
Full textBastos, Rodolpho Zahluth. "Rivalités géopolitiques sur la biodiversité, l'enjeu de régulation de l'accès aux ressources génétiques au Brésil." Paris 8, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA083074.
Full textThe regulation of access to genetic resources is one of the central themes discussed in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992. The Convention grants the countries the sovereign right to formulate and establish the conditions of access to the genetic resources available in their territories in order to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the use of it. Brazil as one of the richest countries in biodiversity in the world is very concerned in this question. However, since the adoption of the CBD, Brazilian governments seem inefficient to establish laws and policies for controlling the exchanges of genetic resources to allow "access and benefit-sharing" (ABS). The implementation of ABS in Brazil seems very complex, plenty of issues and rivalries from many agents. This PhD thesis aims to expose the raisons of this malfunctioning from the standpoint of different conflict levels. A three scale analysis (international, national, local) is developed trying to clarify the main issues of biodiversity regulation
Imbert, Camille. "Les mécanismes de la régulation des ravageurs des légumes en verger-maraîcher PESTS, BUT NOT PREDATORS, INCREASE IN MIXED FRUIT TREE-VEGETABLE PLOTS COMPARED TO CONTROL VEGETABLE PLOTS." Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0706.
Full textMixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are diversified, agroforestery plot associating fruit trees and vegetables. In this type of cropping systems, the whole available 3D space is used to produce food based on vegetables at the ground level and on fruits at several heights. Mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are thus a possible response to the limited available space for agricultural areas.Moreover, conservation biological control, i.e. control of pests by their naturally occurring predators, is frequently increased in diversified plots although results seem to be context-dependent. The objective of this PhD thesis is to understand the mechanisms governing conservation biological control of vegetable pests in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. As mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots are diverse and their structure can be complex, we chose to base our study on the comparison of these mechanisms in experimental plots. Two plots mimic a simplified mixed fruit-tree-vegetable orchard associating apple trees and cabbages, and two control plots are vegetable monocultures. All plots were pesticide-free and the experiment was carried out during one growing season. First of all, we compared abundances of the cabbage pests and their predators, between fruit-tree-vegetable plots and vegetable monocultures. Combining pest and predator monitoring, an exclusion experiment and a model of pest population dynamics, we compared the predation rate, the survival rate and the immigration rate of the pests between the two plot types. Then, we focused on the predation function and on the ground predator community. We investigated if the fruit-tree-vegetable plots fostered the emergence of an efficient predator community, i.e. a community with 1) high abundances, 2) high complementarity, 3) low intraguild predation and 4) including key-stone species or functional groups that were high consumers of pests. According to our results, most of the vegetable pests, i.e. Myzus persicae, caterpillars, and white flies, but not the cabbage grey aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, were more abundant in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots . The pest survival rate was higher in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots and immigration was lower for one pest. Differences in predation rates between mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots were pest dependant. For Myzus persicae and the caterpillars, predation rate was higher in monocultures whereas for Brevicoryne brassicae, it was higher in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. Concerning the predator community, we found that, 20% of predator species were less abundant in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. The species richness, the Shannon diversity, the equitability were also lower. The wolf spider Pardosa proxima was the only species with a positive impact on predation rate and only in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots. Lower predation rate of Myzus persicae and caterpillars in mixed plots were thus possibly explained by the fact that the predator community was less rich and thus less efficient. Predation in mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plots may thus be mainly due to just few species that are high pest consumers, which would have a greater impact on aggregated pests such as Brevicoryne brassicae. This PhD thesis results provides a first hint of mechanisms ruling pest control in a simplified mixed fruit-tree-vegetable plot and for one culture season, which can serve as a basis to plot design optimising pest control
Le, Cadre Solenn. "Effets Allee chez les plantes : le cas d' Aconitum napellus L. subsp. lusitanicum Rouy, une renonculacée rare et protégée dans le Bassin parisien." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066218.
Full textMaciejewski, Lise. "Reconnaissance et dynamique récente des habitats forestiers dans le contexte de la Directive Habitats-Faune-Flore." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AGPT0001.
Full textIn 1992, European natural habitats became items to be conserved in the same way as species were, thanks to the Habitats Directive. This enlarged the scope of action of nature protection public policies to a new level of biodiversity organisation. But the late recognition of the conservation value of habitats and the gaps in their definitions partly explain the absence of time series data at the national scale. This limits our capacity to monitor and assess their conservation status and to adapt conservation measures at the national and local levels. The present thesis work first investigates rapid, formalised approaches for identifying forest habitats. Then, these approaches are used to study the recent dynamics of forest habitats in relation to two substantial changes that occurred in the past decades, i.e., climate warming and the creation of the Natura 2000 network.We first studied the uncertainties linked to the identification of forest habitats when assigning floristic surveys to habitat types by comparing five expert’s judgements with three automatic classification programs. We highlighted high variability among expert judgements, and comparable efficiency between automatic classification programs and expert judgements. We also demonstrated that a limited number of species was sufficient to identify forest habitats, and that surveys carried out in winter could be used too. We thus created time series of standardised data on forest habitats based on different floristic survey sources, whether assigned to a habitat type or not.Secondly, we created 5,701 pairs of historical (before 1987) and recent (after 1997) floristic surveys, and highlighted that 11% of the pairs located in highlands had shifted towards forest habitats characteristic of warmer climate conditions. The increased dominance of these habitats led us to conclude that thermophilisation was underway in highlands. However, no significant shift was observed in lowlands, hence a substantial difference between the thermal requirements of plant communities and current temperatures: a climatic debt is developing. In the face of these different impacts, we proposed that nature protection public policies could be more efficient if they were implemented and prioritised differently in highlands vs. lowlands.Finally, we studied 155 Natura 2000 sites distributed across mainland temperate and mountainous France, and showed that the number of very large trees in the plots where they were observed had increased significantly more inside the network than outside it since its implementation. We thus evidenced that the conservation measures implemented in Natura 2000 forests, which are managed and exploited, have already had positive effects on very large trees – considered as a characteristic of old-growth forests and also used as biodiversity and conservation status indicators of forest habitats.This thesis work was necessary to complement the numerous studies already available at the species and plant community scales, for it is indispensable to aim for the simultaneous conservation of all the levels of organisation of biodiversity to be efficient. Knowing the scope of validity of the tools used to identify forest habitats, but also understanding the recent dynamics of forest habitats and its influencing factors provide useful data to implement surveillance and adapt public policies and management actions, and thereby reach greater efficiency
Pillon, Yohan. "Biodiversité, origine et évolution des Cunoniaceae : implications pour la conservation de la flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2008. http://portail-documentaire.univ-nc.nc/files/public/bu/theses_unc/TheseYohannPillon2008.pdf.
Full textPillon, Yohan. "Biodiversité, origine et évolution des Cunoniaceae : implications pour la conservation de la flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie." Phd thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00493106.
Full textFrancheteau, Maria. "Commerce international des biotechnologies végétales et conservation de la diversité biologique." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT4001.
Full textFor many years, plant biotechnologies have been part and parcel of a thriving international trade framed by the WTO law. They provoke acute debates among States as far as intellectual property rights protecting them are concerned, as well as for the risks they could cause to the environment and health. Thus, the WTO TRIPS Agreement is particularly argued by developping countries. The patents licensed to protect plant biotechnological inventions, which enable their owners to carry out exclusive rights on these goods, make it hard to implement the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits stemming from the exploitation of the genetic resources which the Convention on Biological Diversity would like to offer to these countries. Moreover, the achievement of its objectives regarding biological diversity conservation and sustainable use is nonetheless jeopardized. Therefore, countries try to find solutions to these problems by protecting plant varieties through sui generis systems. However, the latter tend to be more and more similar to the patents system. Thus commercialised, plant biotechnologies could present sanitary and phytosanitary risks. If the WTO SPS Agreement gives some opportunities to prevent these risks, in keeping with the Biosecurity Protocol, these opportunities are nevertheless limited when the question is to anticipate them. This highlights a little more the utopia of an absolute conciliation between the liberalization of plant biotechnologies international trade and environmental as well as sanitary stakes
Augereau, Jean-Michel. "Étude de l'efficacité et des conséquences métaboliques de trois méthodes de conservation à long terme de souches de tissus végétaux cultivées "in vitro"." Tours, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985TOUR3801.
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