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1
Orlin, Margo N., and Thomas G. McPoil. "Plantar Pressure Assessment." Physical Therapy 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/80.4.399.
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Zhao, Yihong, Debin Zheng, Shiyang Yan, Mengyuan Liu, and Luming Yang. "Children with Obesity Experience Different Age-Related Changes in Plantar Pressure Distributions: A Follow-Up Study in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 6602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186602.
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Age is a key factor in plantar pressure distributions during the development of obese children. However, the existing evidence for age-related plantar pressures of obese children is not sufficient to make clear how the plantar pressures would change with the increasing age. This study aimed to evaluate the plantar pressure redistributions of obese children after a three-year follow-up and to further compare these changes with normal-weighted children. Ten obese children and eleven normal-weighted counterparts were involved in this study. Plantar pressure measurements were undertaken using a Footscan® plantar pressure plate on two test sessions three years apart. Peak pressure, pressure-time integral, standard maximum force, and z-scores of these variables were analyzed. Loading transference analyses were applied to detect the different loading transferring mechanisms between obese and normal-weighted children. Significantly increased plantar pressures were observed at the lateral forefoot and midfoot for obese children, which gradually deviated from those of normal-weighted children over the 3 years. With the increasing age, obese children displayed a lateral loading shift at the forefoot in contrast to the normal-weighted. Early interventions are cautiously recommended for obese children before the plantar loading deviation gets worse as they grow older.
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Borg, Iona, Stephen Mizzi, and Cynthia Formosa. "Plantar Pressure Distribution in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and a First-Ray Amputation." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 108, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/16-021.
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Background: Elevated dynamic plantar pressures are a consistent finding in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy, with implications for plantar foot ulceration. This study aimed to investigate whether a first-ray amputation affects plantar pressures and plantar pressure distribution patterns in individuals living with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy. Methods: A nonexperimental matched-subject design was conducted. Twenty patients living with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were recruited. Group 1 (n = 10) had a first-ray amputation and group 2 (n = 10) had an intact foot with no history of ulceration. Plantar foot pressures and pressure-time integrals were measured under the second to fourth metatarsophalangeal joints, fifth metatarsophalangeal joint, and heel using a pressure platform. Results: Peak plantar pressures under the second to fourth metatarsophalangeal joints were significantly higher in participants with a first-ray amputation (P = .008). However, differences under the fifth metatarsophalangeal joint (P = .734) and heel (P = .273) were nonsignificant. Pressure-time integrals were significantly higher under the second to fourth metatarsophalangeal joints in participants with a first-ray amputation (P = .016) and in the heel in the control group (P = .046). Conclusions: Plantar pressures and pressure-time integrals seem to be significantly higher in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and a first-ray amputation compared with those with diabetic neuropathy and an intact foot. Routine plantar pressure screening, orthotic prescription, and education should be recommended in patients with a first-ray amputation.
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Gatt, Alfred, Andrea Briffa, Nachiappan Chockalingam, and Cynthia Formosa. "The Applicability of Plantar Padding in Reducing Peak Plantar Pressure in the Forefeet of Healthy Adults." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 106, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/15-025.
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Background: We investigated the effectiveness and durability of two types of plantar padding, the plantar metatarsal pad and the single wing plantar cover, which are commonly used for reducing forefoot plantar pressures. Methods: Mean peak plantar pressure and impulse at the hallux and at the first, second, third, and fourth metatarsophalangeal joints across both feet were recorded using the two-step method in 18 individuals with normal asymptomatic feet. Plantar paddings were retained for 5 days, and their durability and effectiveness were assessed by repeating the foot plantar measurement at baseline and after 3 and 5 days. Results: The single wing plantar cover devised from 5-mm felt adhesive padding was effective and durable in reducing peak plantar pressure and impulse at the first metatarsophalangeal joint (P = .001 and P = .015, respectively); however, it was not found to be effective in reducing peak plantar pressure and impulse at the hallux (P = .782 and P = .845, respectively). The plantar metatarsal pad was not effective in reducing plantar forefoot pressure and impulse at the second, third, and fourth metatarsophalangeal joints (P = .310 and P = .174, respectively). Conclusions: These results imply limited applicability of the single wing plantar cover and the plantar metatarsal pad in reducing hallux pressure and second through fourth metatarsophalangeal joint pressure, respectively. However, the single wing plantar cover remained durable for the 5 days of the trial and was effective in reducing the peak plantar pressure and impulse underneath the first metatarsophalangeal joint.
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Weijers, René E., Geert H. I. M. Walenkamp, Henk van Mameren, and Alphons G. H. Kessels. "The Relationship of the Position of the Metatarsal Heads and Peak Plantar Pressure." Foot & Ankle International 24, no. 4 (April 2003): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070302400408.
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We test the premise that peak plantar pressure is located directly under the bony prominences in the forefoot region. The right foot of standing volunteers was examined in three different postures by a CT-scanner. The plantar pressure distribution was simultaneously recorded. The position of the metatarsal heads and the sesamoids could be related to the corresponding local peak plantar pressures. The metatarsal heads 1, 4, and 5 had a significantly different position than the local peak plantar pressures. The average difference in distance between the position of the metatarsal heads and the peak plantar pressure showed a significant correlation: on the medial side the head was located more distally to the local peak plantar pressure, on the lateral side more proximally. The findings suggest that normal plantar soft tissue is able to deflect a load. The observations might improve insight into the function of the normal forefoot and might direct further research on the pathological forefoot and on the design of footwear.
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Namdev, Srishti. "An Introduction to Foot Planter Pressure Measurement System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 30, 2021): 2930–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36988.
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Foot planter pressure is the area that is between the foot and the surface during daily life activities and other activities. It can help to solve the problems of such disease like gait, diabetes and foot ulceration. It also plays the main role in the patients who are at the risk of variety of foot problems. This paper is about to know the brief discussion on foot related problems. In this article we also discuss the types of foot planter pressure measurement and its future technology. Foot planter system is the system which is very helpful to the patients of foot problems. This system is not only for the patients of foot problems but also used in sports and our daily life. Future applications of the planter pressure to improve in design and more comfortable. High plantar pressures have been shown to be a key risk factor for foot ulceration in people with diabetes. Patients are generally prescribed insoles designed to reduce pressure. New technologies like plantar pressure measurement devices and 3D foot scanners have the potential to improve insole design. Still, it is not clear to what such technologies are currently using by physicians. After that, there has been previous research designed to understand how best to use technology to improve insole design for patients with diabetes.
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Abouaesha, Frag, Carine H. M. van Schie, David G. Armstrong, and Andrew J. M. Boulton. "Plantar Soft-Tissue Thickness Predicts High Peak Plantar Pressure in the Diabetic Foot." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-94-1-39.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate whether high plantar foot pressures can be predicted from measurements of plantar soft-tissue thickness in the forefoot of diabetic patients with neuropathy. A total of 157 diabetic patients with neuropathy and at least one palpable foot pulse but without a history of foot ulceration were invited to participate in the study. Plantar tissue thickness was measured bilaterally at each metatarsal head, with patients standing on the same standardized platform. Plantar pressures were measured during barefoot walking using the optical pedobarograph. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the plantar tissue thickness predictive of elevated peak plantar pressure. Tissue thickness cutoff values of 11.05, 7.85, 6.65, 6.55, and 5.05 mm for metatarsal heads 1 through 5, respectively, predict plantar pressure at each respective site greater than 700 kPa, with sensitivity between 73% and 97% and specificity between 52% and 84%. When tissue thickness was used to predict pressure greater than 1,000 kPa, similar results were observed, indicating that high pressure at different levels could be predicted from similar tissue thickness cutoff values. The results of the study indicate that high plantar pressure can be predicted from plantar tissue thickness with high sensitivity and specificity. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(1): 39-42, 2004)
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Gimunová, Marta, Ondřej Mikeska, Jitka Hanzlová, and Martin Zvonař. "Plantar pressure sore formation during advanced phases of pregnancy and the effect of special footwear." Studia sportiva 12, no. 1 (July 20, 2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2018-1-3.
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Plantar pressure sore occurrence is an indicator of increased plantar pressures which may develop into subsequent foot problems and pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of special footwear on plantar pressure sore distribution. 67 healthy pregnant women participated at all data collection session at their 27, 32 and 37 gestational weeks. At each data collection session, the plantar pressure sore distribution was assessed for both feet. During the first data collection session participants were randomly divided into a control and experimental group. Experimental group obtained the special footwear. For the control group, the results show an increased in pressure sores occurrence in the medial edge of thumb and first metatarso-phalangeal joint. The special footwear introduction in the experimental group increased the pressure sore occurrence at the edge of the heel, probably associated with the plantar pressure redistribution more to the heel area. The distribution of pressure sore areas of the control and experimental group is in accordance with our hypothesis that the special footwear redistributes the plantar pressures, however, the trend of these changes is not clear as there are many factors influencing the foot condition during advanced stages of pregnancy.
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Otter, Simon J., Catherine Jane Bowen, and Adam K. Young. "Forefoot Plantar Pressures in Rheumatoid Arthritis." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 94, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0940255.
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We sought to investigate the magnitude and duration of peak forefoot plantar pressures in rheumatoid arthritis. The spatial and temporal characteristics of forefoot plantar pressures were measured in 25 patients with a positive diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis of 5 to 10 years’ duration (mean, 8 years) and a comparison group using a platform-based pressure-measurement system. There were no significant differences between groups in the magnitude of peak plantar pressure in the forefoot region. Significant differences were, however, noted for temporal aspects of foot-pressure measurement. The duration of loading over sensors detecting peak plantar pressure was significantly longer in the rheumatoid arthritis group. In addition, the rheumatoid arthritis group demonstrated significantly greater force–time integrals. Significant increases in the temporal parameters of plantar pressure distribution, rather than those of amplitude, may be characteristic of the rheumatoid foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(3): 255–260, 2004)
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Rose, Nicholas E., Lawrence A. Feiwell, and Andrea Cracchiolo. "A Method for Measuring Foot Pressures Using a High Resolution, Computerized Insole Sensor: The Effect of Heel Wedges on Plantar Pressure Distribution and Center of Force." Foot & Ankle 13, no. 5 (June 1992): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300506.
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A new, high resolution, pressure-sensitive insole was tested and found to provide reproducible measurements of static and dynamic plantar pressures inside the shoe of normal test subjects under certain conditions. However, calibration between separate sensors was poor and the sensor pads showed significant wear with use. This system was also used to investigate the effect of heel wedges on plantar foot pressure to determine whether this system was sensitive enough to detect the effect of a gross shoe modification on plantar foot pressure. Medial heel wedges decreased plantar pressures under the first and second metatarsals as well as under the first toe, and shifted the center of force laterally in all portions of the foot. Lateral heel wedges decreased pressures under the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsals, increased pressures under the first and second metatarsals, and shifted the center of force medially in all portions of the foot. Our evaluations indicate that it is possible to measure static and dynamic plantar foot pressures within shoes and to study the possible effect of shoe modifications on plantar pressures in controlled gait trials.
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Kasović, Mario, Lovro Štefan, and Martin Zvonař. "More Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviors is Associated with Higher Plantar Pressures in Older Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 21, 2020): 2089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062089.
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Background: Although obesity has been consistently correlated with higher plantar pressure during the lifespan, to date little evidence has been provided regarding of how domain-specific and total sedentary behaviors may be correlated with plantar pressures. Moreover, high peak plantar pressures have been consistently associated with foot pain and discomfort, which prevent individuals from being physically active. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to explore the correlations between time spent in sedentary behaviors and plantar pressures. Methods: We recruited 120 older women aged ≥60 years. To assess the time spent in different domains of sedentary behavior, we used the Measure of Older Adults’ Sedentary Time (MOST) questionnaire. Peak pressures beneath forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot were measured with a Zebris pressure platform. Results: In the unadjusted model, peak pressures were significantly correlated with almost all domain-specific sedentary behaviors (r = 0.15–0.41). Total time spent in sedentary behaviors was significantly correlated with forefoot (r = 0.40, p < 0.001), hindfoot (r = 0.31, p < 0.001) and total peak plantar pressure (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). In a model adjusted for age, the risk of falls, foot pain and gait velocity, similar significant correlations between sedentary behaviors and plantar pressures remained. Conclusions: Our study shows moderate correlation between domain-specific and total time spent in sedentary behaviors and plantar pressure beneath different foot regions in a sample of older women.
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Urry, Stephen. "Plantar pressure-measurement sensors." Measurement Science and Technology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): R16—R32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/10/1/017.
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Helili, Maimaitirexiati, Xiang Geng, Xin Ma, Wenming Chen, Chao Zhang, Jiazhang Huang, and Xu Wang. "An Investigation of Regional Plantar Soft Tissue Hardness and Its Potential Correlation with Plantar Pressure Distribution in Healthy Adults." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2021 (June 12, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5566036.
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Background. The plantar soft tissue plays a critical role in absorbing shocks and attenuating excessive stresses during walking. Plantar soft tissue property and plantar pressure are critical information for footwear design and clinical assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between plantar soft tissue hardness and plantar pressure during walking. Methods. 59 healthy volunteers (27 males and 32 females, aged 20 to 82) participated in this study. The plantar surface was divided into five regions: lateral rearfoot, medial rearfoot, lateral midfoot, lateral forefoot, and medial forefoot, and the plantar tissue hardness was tested using Shore durometer in each region. Average dynamic pressures in each region were analyzed for the five regions corresponding to the hardness tests. The relationship between hardness and average dynamic pressure was analyzed in each region. Results. The average hardness of the plantar soft tissue in the above five regions is as follows: lateral rearfoot ( 34.49 ± 6.77 ), medial rearfoot ( 34.47 ± 6.64 ), lateral midfoot ( 27.95 ± 6.13 ), lateral forefoot ( 29.72 ± 5.47 ), and medial forefoot ( 28.58 ± 4.41 ). Differences of hardness were observed between age groups, and hardness of plantar soft tissues in forefoot regions increased with age ( P < 0.05 ). A negative relationship was found between plantar soft tissue hardness and pressure reduction at lateral rearfoot, medial rearfoot, and lateral midfoot ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. The hardness of plantar soft tissues changes with age in healthy individuals, and there is a trend of increasing hardness of the plantar soft tissue with age. The plantar soft tissue hardness increases with plantar pressure.
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Sen, Suranjana, Debojyoti Bhattacharyya, Subhojit Chaterjee, Bhuvnesh Kumar, and Madhusudan Pal. "Effect of shod walking on plantar pressure with varying uphill gradients." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 11, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v11i6.29902.
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Background: Uphill walking is biomechanically stressful. Changes in plantar pressure, is one of the important predictors of this stress and increased risk of foot injuries. It has been reported that civilians as well as different occupational workers have to walk over uphill gradient with footwear which may cause changes in plantar pressure. Till date published data on plantar pressure is not available of Indian population during shod walking with uphill gradients.
Aims and Objective: The present study was aimed to generation of data base on plantar pressure and find out the effect of shod walking (wearing occupational boot) on plantar pressure at different uphill gradients.
Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy male participated in this study. Plantar pressure was recorded using the pressure measurement system during walking at 4 km/hr speed on treadmill at level and different uphill gradients.
Results: It was observed that the PP at all the five regions of both right and left foot (Forefoot, Mid-foot, Medial, Lateral, Heel and Overall) increased gradually along with the increase in gradients. There was significant increase of 8.94%, 9.93%, 18.22%, 16.06%, 10.27%, 12.92% respectively at left forefoot, mid-foot, heel, medial, lateral and overall regions at 10% gradient compared to level walking. Similarly, in right foot the increase was observed 8.20%, 10.82%, 14.28%, 13.75%, 8.27%, 10.88% in respective foot regions compared to level walking.
Conclusion: Observations of the present study stated that with increasing gradient plantar pressure at various foot regions increased in both feet in comparison to level walking, maximum plantar pressure observed in heel region in both feet in comparison to other studied regions. This data will be considered as normal planter pressure value of adults at level and uphill gradients shod walking and may be utilized for prognosis of foot disorders and efficacy of treatment modalities of population comparable with studied individuals (for similar age, height and weight).
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Carl, Tanya J., and Stephen L. Barrett. "Computerized Analysis of Plantar Pressure Variation in Flip-Flops, Athletic Shoes, and Bare Feet." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 98, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0980374.
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Background: High peak plantar pressures predispose to foot problems and may exacerbate existing conditions. For podiatric physicians to make educated recommendations to their patients, it is important and necessary to begin to look at different shoes and how they affect peak plantar pressure. Methods: To determine how flip-flops change peak plantar pressure while walking, we compared peak plantar pressures in the same test subjects wearing flip-flops, wearing athletic shoes, and in bare feet. Ten women with size 7 feet and a body mass index less than 25 kg/m2 were tested with an in-shoe pressure-measurement system. These data were collected and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and computer software. Results: Statistically significant results were obtained for nine of the 18 comparisons. In each of these comparisons, flip-flops always demonstrated higher peak plantar pressures than athletic shoes but lower pressures than bare feet. Conclusion: Although these data demonstrate that flip-flops have a minor protective role as a shock absorber during the gait cycle compared with pressures measured while barefoot, compared with athletic shoes, they increase peak plantar pressures, placing the foot at greater risk for pathologic abnormalities. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98(5): 374–378, 2008)
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Štefan, Lovro, Mario Kasović, and Martin Zvonař. "Higher Levels of Physical Fitness Are Associated with Lower Peak Plantar Pressures in Older Women." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 4119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104119.
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Little is known about how physical fitness is associated with peak plantar pressures in older adults. Therefore, the main purpose of the study was to explore whether higher physical fitness levels were associated with lower peak plantar pressures in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 120 older women aged ≥60 years. To assess the level of peak plantar pressure, we used a Zebris plantar pressure platform. To estimate the level of physical fitness, a senior fitness test battery was used. To calculate the associations between the level of physical fitness and peak plantar pressures beneath the different foot regions (forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot), we used generalized estimating equations with a linear regression model. In unadjusted models, higher physical fitness levels were associated with lower peak plantar pressures. When we adjusted for chronological age, the risk of falls and the presence of foot pain, higher physical fitness levels remained associated with lower peak plantar pressures. Our study shows that higher levels of physical fitness are associated with lower peak plantar pressures, even after adjusting for several potential covariates.
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Chang, An-Hsiung, Ziad U. Abu-Faraj, Gerald F. Harris, Joe Nery, and Michael J. Shereff. "Multistep Measurement of Plantar Pressure Alterations Using Metatarsal Pads." Foot & Ankle International 15, no. 12 (December 1994): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079401501205.
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Metatarsal pads are frequently prescribed for nonoperative management of metatarsalgia due to various etiologies. When appropriately placed, they are effective in reducing pressures under the metatarsal heads on the plantar surface of the foot. Despite the positive clinical reports that have been cited, there are no quantitative studies documenting the load redistribution effects of these pads during multiple step usage within the shoe environment. The objective of this study was to assess changes in plantar pressure metrics resulting from pad use. Ten normal adult male subjects were tested during a series of 400-step trials. Pressures were recorded from eight discrete plantar locations at the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot regions of the insole. Significant increases in peak pressures, contact durations, and pressure-time integrals were noted at the metatarsal shaft region with pad use ( P ≤ .05). Statistically significant changes in metric values were not seen at the other plantar locations, although metatarsal pad use resulted in mild decreases in mean peak pressures at the first and second metatarsal heads and slight increases laterally. Contact durations decreased at all metatarsal head locations, while pressure-time integrals decreased at the first, second, third, and fourth metatarsal heads. A slight increase in pressure-time integrals was seen at the fifth metatarsal head. The redistribution of plantar pressures tended to relate not only to the dimensions of the metatarsal pads, but also to foot size, anatomic foot configuration, and pad location. Knowledge of these parameters, along with careful control of pad dimensions and placement, allows use of the metatarsal pad as an effective orthotic device for redistributing forefoot plantar pressures.
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Bertuit, Jeanne, Clara Leyh, Marcel Rooze, and Véronique Feipel. "Plantar Pressure During Gait in Pregnant Women." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 106, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/15-064.
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Background: During pregnancy, physical and hormonal modifications occur. Morphologic alterations of the feet are found. These observations can induce alterations in plantar pressure. This study sought to investigate plantar pressures during gait in the last 4 months of pregnancy and in the postpartum period. A comparison with nulliparous women was conducted to investigate plantar pressure modifications during pregnancy. Methods: Fifty-eight women in the last 4 months of pregnancy, nine postpartum women, and 23 healthy nonpregnant women (control group) performed gait trials on an electronic walkway at preferred speeds. The results for the three groups were compared using analysis of variance. Results: During pregnancy, peak pressure and contact area decreased for the forefoot and rearfoot. These parameters increased significantly for the midfoot. The gait strategy seemed to be lateralization of gait with an increased contact area of the lateral midfoot and both reduced pressure and a later peak time on the medial forefoot. In the postpartum group, footprint parameters were modified compared with the pregnant group, indicating a trend toward partial return to control values, although differences persisted between the postpartum and control groups. Conclusions: Pregnant women had altered plantar pressures during gait. These findings could define a specific pattern of gait footprints in late pregnancy because plantar pressures had characteristics that could maintain a stable and safe gait.
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Alimerzaloo, Farnaz, Reza V. Kashani, Hassan Saeedi, Marjan Farzi, and Nader Fallahian. "Patellar tendon bearing brace: Combined effect of heel clearance and ankle status on foot plantar pressure." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 38, no. 1 (May 20, 2013): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364613486916.
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Background: Heel clearance and ankle status (free or locked) are of major determinants affecting peak plantar pressures and contact area in patellar tendon bearing brace and have been separately studied by many researchers. This study investigated the combined effect of ankle status and heel clearance on contact area and peak plantar pressure in different areas of foot (hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot). Study design: Before–after repeated measurement trial. Methods: Nine healthy male volunteers walked 8 m with normal shoe and four conditions of patellar tendon bearing brace wear. Repeated-measure analysis of variance test was used to compare contact area and plantar pressure changes in three areas of the foot. Results: Application of patellar tendon bearing brace significantly reduced overall plantar pressure and contact area ( p < 0.01). Although both contact area and plantar pressure significantly decreased in hindfoot and midfoot, plantar pressure increased in forefoot area ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Application of the patellar tendon bearing brace can reduce the overall peak plantar pressure in the foot but increases focal plantar pressure in forefoot. Excessive lifting of the heel seems to minimize the contact area, thus increase focal pressure in forefoot. Overall, plantar pressure seems to be more effectively off-loaded by combining maximum heel clearance and restriction of the ankle joint. Clinical relevance Although effective parameters of patellar tendon bearing brace have been separately addressed in previous studies, no study was found that investigated the combined effect of ankle status and heel clearance. This study investigates the combined effect of these parameters and provides detailed information on clinical application of the patellar tendon bearing brace.
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Zhang, Guoxin, Duo Wai-Chi Wong, Ivy Kwan-Kei Wong, Tony Lin-Wei Chen, Tommy Tung-Ho Hong, Yinghu Peng, Yan Wang, Qitao Tan, and Ming Zhang. "Plantar Pressure Variability and Asymmetry in Elderly Performing 60-Minute Treadmill Brisk-Walking: Paving the Way towards Fatigue-Induced Instability Assessment Using Wearable In-Shoe Pressure Sensors." Sensors 21, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 3217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093217.
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Evaluation of potential fatigue for the elderly could minimize their risk of injury and thus encourage them to do more physical exercises. Fatigue-related gait instability was often assessed by the changes of joint kinematics, whilst planar pressure variability and asymmetry parameters may complement and provide better estimation. We hypothesized that fatigue condition (induced by the treadmill brisk-walking task) would lead to instability and could be reflected by the variability and asymmetry of plantar pressure. Fifteen elderly adults participated in the 60-min brisk walking trial on a treadmill without a pause, which could ensure that the fatigue-inducing effect is continuous and participants will not recover halfway. The plantar pressure data were extracted at baseline, the 30th minute, and the 60th minute. The median of contact time, peak pressure, and pressure-time integrals in each plantar region was calculated, in addition to their asymmetry and variability. After 60 min of brisk walking, there were significant increases in peak pressure at the medial and lateral arch regions, and central metatarsal regions, in addition to their impulses (p < 0.05). In addition, the variability of plantar pressure at the medial arch was significantly increased (p < 0.05), but their asymmetry was decreased. On the other hand, the contact time was significantly increased at all plantar regions (p < 0.05). The weakened muscle control and shock absorption upon fatigue could be the reason for the increased peak pressure, impulse, and variability, while the improved symmetry and prolonged plantar contact time could be a compensatory mechanism to restore stability. The outcome of this study can facilitate the development of gait instability or fatigue assessment using wearable in-shoe pressure sensors.
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Hayda, R., M. David Tremaine, K. Tremaine, S. Banco, and K. Teed. "Effect of Metatarsal Pads and Their Positioning: A Quantitative Assessment." Foot & Ankle International 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 561–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079401501008.
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Many conditions of the foot have been related to pressure maldistribution. Alteration of plantar pressure through improvements of shoe fit, orthoses, and surgery are presumed to correct pressure maldistribution. We evaluated 10 volunteers with normal, asymptomatic feet. With the use of an ultrathin in-shoe sensor, plantar pressures were measured within the shoe at the shoe/foot interface. Test conditions included three pad types: large foam, large felt, and small felt. They were evaluated in three positions: normal (at the metatarsal head base) and 5 mm proximal and 5 mm distal to the normal position. When compared with the control condition without the pad, each pad type and position caused a variable effect upon plantar pressure. On average, the small felt pad caused the greatest and most consistent decrease in pressure at the metatarsal heads (19.15%). Distal positioning tended to cause the greatest decreases in pressure for all pad types. A pad type and position was found to decrease metatarsal pad pressure in each subject. Metatarsal pads can effectively decrease plantar pressures within the shoe.
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Casado-Hernández, Israel, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Julia Cosín-Matamoros, César Calvo-Lobo, David Rodríguez-Sanz, Daniel López-López, and Eva María Martínez-Jiménez. "Effectiveness of Custom Foot Insoles to Decrease Plantar Pressure: A Cross-over Randomized Trial Study." Healthcare 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2022): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10030575.
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Background: Harderness insoles decrease plantar pressure and reduce the foot injury incidence in sport. The purpose of our study was to analyze the plantar pressure variation in moto riders after riding in a real speed circuit with a custom foot 520 Shore EVA insole. Methods: A crossover randomized trial study was performed (consent no. #050520165316). Riders were assessed by an expert motorsport senior podiatry. The participants’ mean age was 35 ± 3.29. Participants completed a 20 min training riding with their own motorcycle in a real speed circuit. Plantar pressures were registered with a baropodometric platform evaluating an Ethyl Vinyl Acetate custom foot insole (CFI) manufactured with 3 mm thickness and 52° Shore A hardness. The Plantar pressures were registered before riding, after riding without EVA insole, and after riding with EVA insole. Results: Total Plantar pressures in right and left foot, and total surface area decrease after riding with EVA insoles. Conclusion: The use of an EVA insole with 520 shore A hardness riding on a motorcycle in speed circuit decreased the total plantar pressures and surface areas values.
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Soltanzadeh, Zeynab, Saeed Shaikhzadeh Najar, Mohammad Haghpanahi, and Mohammd Reza Mohajeri-Tehrani. "Plantar Static Pressure Distribution in Normal Feet Using Cotton Socks with Different Structures." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 107, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/14-085.
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Background: The major goal of investigating plantar pressure in patients with pain or those at risk for skin injury is to reduce pressure under prominent metatarsal heads, especially the first and second metatarsals. In research, the insole is used to reduce plantar pressure by increasing the contact area in the midfoot region, which, in turn, induces an uncomfortable feeling near the arch during walking. It is deduced that sock structure can redistribute plantar pressure distribution. Methods: Seven sock types with seven structures (plain, single cross tuck, mock rib inlay, cross miss, mock rib, double cross tuck, and double cross miss) for the sole area were produced. A plantar pressure measurement device was used to measure plantar static pressure in ten participants. The barefoot plantar pressure distribution was compared with the plantar pressure distribution with socks. Results: In the seven sock samples, the mean plantar pressure of the cross miss and mock rib structures at high plantar pressure zones (toe and first through fourth metatarsal bone regions) were decreased, and, as a result, the pressure shifted to relatively low pressure zones (fifth metatarsal bone and midfoot regions). Conclusions: These results indicate that wearing socks with cross miss and mock rib structures will reduce mean plantar pressure values compared with the barefoot condition in high plantar pressure zones. In general, the results suggest that mean plantar pressure is redistributed from high to low plantar pressure zones.
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Walters, Julie L., Belinda S. Lange, and Lucy S. Chipchase. "Effect of a Low-Dye Application of Scotchcast Soft Cast on Peak and Mean Plantar Pressures in Subjects with a Navicular Drop Greater than 10 mm." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 98, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0980457.
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Background: We investigated whether a low-Dye application of Scotchcast Soft Cast significantly altered plantar pressure distribution during gait in patients with a navicular drop greater than 10 mm. Methods: An experimental, same-subject, repeated-measures design was used. Thirty-two subjects aged 18 to 35 years were screened with the navicular drop test and were included if a navicular drop greater than 10 mm was established. The Emed-AT-2 platform system was used to measure the plantar pressure distribution under the right foot of each subject using the midgait method of data collection. Each subject performed six barefoot walks and six walks with Soft Cast applied to the right foot. Average peak and mean plantar pressure measurements were recorded for ten discrete areas (masks). The heel and midfoot were each divided into two masks, and the forefoot and toe regions were divided into three masks each. Paired t tests were used to detect differences in peak and mean plantar pressures for each mask. Results: Soft Cast significantly affected peak and mean plantar pressures in seven and nine of the ten masks, respectively. No significant change in peak or mean plantar pressure was found beneath the medial midfoot. Conclusion: Plantar pressure may represent dynamic foot and ankle joint motion. With further research, Soft Cast may provide an alternative to current management techniques in controlling foot pronation and reducing symptoms of lower-limb abnormalities. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98(6): 457–465, 2008)
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Kore, Ms Dhanashri D., and Dr U. L. Bombale. "A Review on Various Plantar Pressure Measurement Systems." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-2 (February 28, 2018): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7076.
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Mohamed, Olfat, Kay Cerny, Wendy Jones, and Judy M. Burnfield. "The Effect of Terrain on Foot Pressures During Walking." Foot & Ankle International 26, no. 10 (October 2005): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070502601012.
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Background: High plantar pressures are associated with the development of foot ulcers in people with diabetic neuropathy. The effect of terrain on plantar pressures during walking has not been fully explored. Methods: Twenty 23- to 40-year-old subjects with no known musculoskeletal pathology walked across three terrains: padded carpet (R), grass (G), and concrete (C) while wearing Novel Pedar (Novel Electronics Inc. GMBH, Munich, Germany) insoles with and without shoes. Pressures were collected at 50 Hz. The sole of the foot was divided into: heel (H), lateral midfoot (LM), medial midfoot (MM), big toe and first metatarsal head (BT), and lateral toes and metatarsal heads (LT). Repeated measures ANOVA identified differences in pressures, forces, and contact areas across terrains. Post hoc Bonferroni adjustments were used to accept an overall alpha level of 0.05. Results: Peak pressure (PP), maximal mean pressure (MMP) and pressure time integral (PTI) were significantly higher ( p < 0.01) when walking barefoot on concrete than on grass or carpet for all foot regions except MM and LM. The percent increase in the three pressure variables ranged from 21% to 43%. Grass and carpet PP, MMP, and PTI were similar for the BT and LT. Wearing shoes significantly increased contact area and decreased all pressure variables on all three terrains. Conclusion: Walking barefoot, especially on concrete was associated with higher plantar pressure variables. Wearing shoes eliminated terrain differences in pressure except under the lesser toes. Persons with insensate feet should avoid walking barefoot on hard surfaces to avoid excessive plantar pressures. Wearing shoes and covering hard floors with nonslip, padded rugs may decrease plantar pressures and the risk of ulceration.
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Guldemond, Nick A., Pieter Leffers, Antal P. Sanders, Hans Emmen, Nicolaas C. Schaper, and Geert H. I. M. Walenkamp. "Casting Methods and Plantar Pressure." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0960009.
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Foot orthoses are widely used to treat various foot problems. A literature search revealed no publications on differences in plantar pressure distribution resulting from casting methods for foot orthoses. Four casting methods were used for construction of orthoses. Two foam box techniques were used: accommodative full weightbearing method (A) and functional semiweightbearing method (B). Also, two suspension plaster casting techniques were used: accommodative casting (C) and functional subtalar joint neutral position (Root) method (D). Their effects on contact area, plantar pressure, and walking convenience were evaluated. All orthoses increased the total contact area (mean, 17.4%) compared with shoes without orthoses. Differences in contact areas between orthoses for total plantar surface were statistically significant. Peak pressures for the total plantar surface were lower with orthoses than without orthoses (mean, 22.8%). Among orthoses, only the difference between orthoses A and B was statistically significant. Differences between orthoses for the forefoot were small and not statistically significant. The gait lines of the shoe without an insole and of the accommodative orthoses are more medially located than those of functional orthoses. Walking convenience in the shoe was better rated than that with orthoses. There were no differences in perception of walking convenience between orthoses A, B, and C. Orthosis D had the lowest convenience rating. The four casting methods resulted in differences between orthoses with respect to contact areas and walking convenience but only slight differences in peak pressures. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(1): 9–18, 2006)
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SAWANT, Neha, and Sanket VAIDYA. "Reliability of OHM 3000 Plantar Pressure System for Measurement of Plantar Pressures in Healthy Indian Population." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 10, no. 1 (February 11, 2022): 4095–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2021.210.
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Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine intra and inter-session repeatability and reliability of OHM 3000 for reporting static and dynamic pressures in healthy Indian population. Methods: Using OHM 3000, twenty-eight healthy adults who did not present any gait abnormalities or musculoskeletal conditions were assessed one week apart for static and dynamic pressure. Bipedal stance test was used for assessing static variables- maximum pressure, average pressure, contact area, and weight distribution; whereas dynamic test was used for assessing dynamic variables- maximum pressure, average pressure, and contact area. Each participant performed three trials under supervision of each investigator. Results: Reliability was devised using ICC values and coefficient of variance for static and dynamic variables. ICC values for static and dynamic variables were reported to range between 0.88 to 0.94 and 0.61 to 0.98 respectively. Covariance values were reported to be lower than 13% in static and dynamic pressures recorded by both investigators. Conclusion: The study reports that OHM 3000 is a reliable device for assessing static and dynamic pressure in healthy adults demonstrating moderate to good reliability. KEYWORDS: Gait, Foot, Plantar Pressure.
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Shen, Jing Jin, Xiao Xiao Jin, Shu Xing Bao, Zhen Yu Zhou, Feng Yu Xu, and Rong Qing Xu. "Enhancing the differentiation of walking and standing via the ratio of plantar pressures." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 236, no. 3 (December 6, 2021): 376–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544119211058914.
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Differentiation of standing and walking based on plantar pressures is helpful in developing strategies to reduce health risks in the workplace. In order to improve the differentiation ability, the paper proposes a new metric for posture differentiation, that is, the pressure ratio on the two anatomical plantar regions. The plantar pressures were collected from 30 persons during walking and standing. After verifying the normal distribution of the pressure ratio by the Monte Carlo method, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted for the pressure ratios. The advantage of the pressure ratio over two conventional pressure metrics (the average pressure and the peak pressure) is demonstrated by its much larger size effect. Furthermore, the pressure ratio permits to establish value ranges corresponding to walking and standing, which are less influenced by specific person factors, thus facilitating the design of a standardized posture recognition system. The underlying mechanism underlying the pressure ratio is discussed from the aspect of biomechanics of movement.
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Sandhu, Kamlpreet, Vineet Srivastava, and Madhusudan Pal. "Effect of Shod Walking on Plantar Pressure with Varying Insole." Defence Life Science Journal 5, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.5.15719.
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Walking and running are very critical factors in human being’s everyday life. A human being takes more than 2,000 steps to walk 1.6 km. The human being wear a boot with insole to protect feet when walking, playing and doing various activities. The boot with insole provides significant impact on the feet during these events and transmitted through the feet due to intense force and pressure. Measurements of plantar pressure are important for diagnosing lower limb disorders, designing footwear, injury prevention and applications in sports biomechanics. The objective of this study is to investigate the plantar pressure exerted on the feet during shod walking (wearing boot with three types of insoles); to identify effective insole for reducing plantar pressure during walking (wearing same boot with three insoles). Eighteen fits, healthy male adults volunteered for this study with mean and SD (mean±SD) age (36±9) years, height (169±4) cm, and weight (71±8) kg. During experiments, each volunteer underwent 5 min of treadmill walking (4.5 km/hr speed) with wearing of boot with varying types of insoles (Low-density polyurethane (LDPU) insole 1; High-density polyurethane (HDPU), insole 2; and Silicone rubber (SR), insole 3). Plantar pressures were measured by using a foot pressure measuring device. A paired t-test was conducted to observe significant changes in plantar pressures of different foot region (P<0.05). Observations of the present study revealed that plantar pressures (N/cm²*s) were minimum during the use of LDPU insole than HDPU and SR insoles. It was also noticed that during the using of LDPU insole, less plantar pressure observed in the heel (3.84 ±1.16 in right foot) followed by forefoot (right 3.92±0.88), lateral (right 3.56±0.85), and medial foot (right 3.60±0.69). Hence, the present study suggested that using LDPU insole reducing the transfer of impact forces to the body/foot in comparison to HDPU and SR insoles during walking and minimizing the risk of foot-related injuries in long term use.
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Yadav Korada, Hrishikesh. "Photobiomodulation With Customized Insoles on Maximum Plantar Pressure in Diabetic Foot Syndrome by the Biomechanical Model: A Case Report." Iranian Rehabilitation Journal 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/irj.19.1.1165.1.
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A 49-year-old male patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and Diabetic Foot Syndrome (DFS) was evaluated by comprehensive diabetic foot assessment. A 10-session photobiomodulation therapy (low-level laser therapy) was prescribed for neuropathic pain and symptoms applying the scanning and probe method. Customized insoles were recommended for redistributing the plantar pressures and reducing stress on the diabetic foot’s plantar surface for 4 weeks. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution, lower limb kinematics, and postural sway were evaluated using WinTrack dynamic pressure platform. Photobiomodulation therapy with customized insoles is useful in the redistribution and treatment of plantar pressure and gait kinematics. This approach should be extensively used in DFS as preventive and treatment measures.
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Štefan, Lovro, Mario Kasović, and Martin Zvonar. "Association between the levels of physical activity and plantar pressure in 6-14-year-old children." PeerJ 8 (February 14, 2020): e8551. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8551.
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Background The main purpose of the study was to determine whether lower levels of physical activity were associated with higher plantar pressure generated under each foot. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 641 children aged 6–14 years (agemean ± SD = 9.7 ± 2.4 years; heightmean ± SD = 143.6 ± 15.3 cm, weightmean ± SD = 37.6 ± 13.4 kg; body-mass indexmean ± SD = 17.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2; 44.2% girls). We used EMED –XL pressure platform to measure force time integral, pressure-time integral, contact-time and contact area, peak plantar pressure and mean plantar pressure of the right and the left foot during the gait analysis. The level of physical activity was measured by using The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ–C). The associations were calculated by using generalized estimating equations with linear regression models. Results Lower levels of physical activity were associated with higher force- and pressure-time integrals, longer contact time and higher peak and mean plantar pressures in both feet. Conclusion Our study shows that the level of physical activity is strongly and inversely associated with plantar pressure in a sample of 6–14 year olds.
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Rodrigues, Juliana Rocha, Wesley Albuquerque Craveiro, Thiago Vilela Lemos, Fábio Alessandro Galvão Passos, Osmair Gomes De Macedo, and João Paulo Chieregato Matheus. "Influence of application of the inelastic taping in plantar pressure of runners pronators." Manual Therapy, Posturology & Rehabilitation Journal 12 (March 30, 2014): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.17784/mtprehabjournal.2014.12.160.
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Background: The excessive motion of subtalar pronation of the foot, can cause stress and burden in tissues of the region, giving origin to aches and microtrauma. In clinical practice, excessive movement has been limited to the use of techniques of bandages applied to the plantar arch. Objective: Was to analyze the influence of rigid bandage in plantar pressure distribution corridors pronators. Method: This is a randomized clinical trial, blinded, with twenty runners pronators (33±7 y, 71±7 kg, 174±6 cm). Technique was applied bandage (rigid - BR) to support the plantar arch, described as antipronation. Plantar pressure data were collected using the F -scan system in three tests run at 9 km/h being: no bandages, rigid taping. We considered seven areas of pressure for data analysis, performed by means of ANOVA for repeated measures followed by paired t test. Results: BR resulted in significant reductions (p<0.05) in contact pressures and peak pressure rearfoot. Conclusion: Thus, we conclude that BR provided decrease in contact pressures and peak pressure foot, being significant on the hindfoot than in the midfoot.
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García-Arroyo, Jaime, Soraya Pacheco-da-Costa, Francisco Molina-Rueda, Davinia Vicente-Campos, César Calvo-Lobo, and Isabel M. Alguacil-Diego. "Biosignals by In-Shoe Plantar Pressure Sensors on Different Hardness Mats during Running: A Cross-Over Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2023): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042157.
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Although the effects of running on plantar pressures have been detailed on several surfaces with different hardness, there is a lack of studies assessing the mechanical behavior analysis by in-shoe plantar pressure sensors on different hardness mats during running. The aim of the present study was to determine in-shoe maximum forces and peak plantar pressures on mats with different hardness, such as hard, soft and air chamber mats, during running. A cross-over study was carried out including 36 amateur runners from a sport center. The maximum force and peak pressures of the foot plantar region were analyzed on three different mat hardnesses —soft and hard polyurethane foam mats and air chamber mats—by in-shoe instrumented insoles. Running on soft polyurethane foam mats presented reduced maximum forces in the whole plantar region and mainly peak pressures in the anterior part of the foot plantar region, such as the toes and first to fourth metatarsal heads, compared to hard polyurethane foam and air chamber mats. The peak pressure in the fifth metatarsal head was specifically reduced during running on soft compared to hard polyurethane foam mats, and running on these soft mats decreased calcaneus peak pressures compared to running on air chamber mats. Running on air chamber mats increased peak plantar pressures in the first metatarsal head compared to running on hard polyurethane foam mats. The mechanical behavior of mats of different hardness could be used to adjust the degree of impact on plantar pressures to determine the most appropriate materials and hardness for running.
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Armstrong, David G., Kristin Kunze, Billy R. Martin, Heather R. Kimbriel, Brent P. Nixon, and Andrew J. M. Boulton. "Plantar Pressure Changes Using a Novel Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Technique." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 94, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0940456.
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This study evaluated changes in pressure imparted to diabetic foot wounds using a novel negative pressure bridging technique coupled with a robust removable cast walker. Ten patients had plantar pressures assessed with and without a bridged negative pressure dressing on the foot. Off-loading was accomplished with a pressure-relief walker. Plantar pressures were recorded using two pressure-measurement systems. The location and value of peak focal pressure (taken from six midgait steps) were recorded at the site of ulceration. Paired analysis revealed a large difference (mean ± SD, 74.6% ± 6.0%) between baseline barefoot pressure and pressure within the pressure-relief walker (mean ± SD, 939.1 ± 195.1 versus 235.7 ± 66.1 kPa). There was a mean ± SD 9.9% ± 5.6% higher pressure in the combination device compared with the pressure-relief walker alone (mean ± SD, 258.0 ± 69.7 versus 235.7 ± 66.1 kPa). This difference was only 2% of the initial barefoot pressure imparted to the wound. A modified negative pressure dressing coupled with a robust removable cast walker may not impart undue additional stress to the plantar aspect of the foot and may allow patients to retain some degree of freedom (and a potentially reduced length of hospital stay) while still allowing for the beneficial effects of negative pressure wound therapy and sufficient off-loading. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(5): 456–460, 2004)
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Dhalla, Raja, Jeffrey E. Johnson, and Jack Engsberg. "Can the Use of a Terminal Device Augment Plantar Pressure Reduction with a Total Contact Cast?" Foot & Ankle International 24, no. 6 (June 2003): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110070302400609.
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Hypotheses/Purpose: Total contact casting (TCC) has been shown to promote the healing of plantar neurotrophic ulcers by reducing plantar pressures and has become the established treatment standard by which all others are measured. The purpose of this study was to determine if terminal cast devices (cast shoes and heels) significantly affect the amount of plantar pressure reduction when used with a total contact cast. Methods/Results: Plantar pressures were measured in the right feet of 28 healthy adult volunteers using the Novel EMED PEDAR system (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany) for six conditions: athletic shoe (i.e., control), TCC alone, TCC with a conventional cast shoe (EBI, Parsipanny, NJ), TCC with a custom rigid rocker cast shoe (NPS, St. Louis, MO), TCC with a rubber rocker heel (Cast Walker, DM Systems Inc., Evanston, IL), and TCC with a traditional flat rubber heel (Zimmer, Warsaw, IN). Peak plantar pressures were recorded from the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. The greatest reductions in forefoot plantar pressures compared to the athletic shoe control were seen in the TCC with the conventional cast shoe and the TCC with the rigid rocker shoe; a mean plantar pressure reduction of 30% was observed for both conditions ( p <.001). Significant midfoot plantar pressure reductions ( p <.001) were achieved with the TCC alone, TCC with the conventional cast shoe, TCC with the rigid rocker heel, TCC with the flat rubber heel, and TCC with the rubber rocker heel. Mean reductions were 42%, 51%, 47%, 40%, and 46%, respectively. While athletic shoe peak hindfoot pressures were only reduced by 15% by TCC alone, the addition of the rubber rocker heel to TCC reduced athletic shoe pressures by 32% and the addition of the flat rubber heel to TCC reduced athletic shoe pressures by 29%. The reductions with TCC and the heels were both significant when using the athletic shoe as the control ( p <.001) and the TCC alone as the control ( p <.05). Conclusion: Plantar pressure reduction with TCC can be augmented with the addition of a terminal cast device and the effects shown in this study are significantly different than previously reported. These results suggest that terminal cast devices should be chosen according to location of the neuropathic ulcer. In this study, forefoot pressures were reduced the most with TCC and either the conventional cast shoe or the rigid rocker shoe. The authors therefore recommend these combinations for forefoot ulcers. TCC alone or combined with any of the terminal devices proved equally effective for midfoot plantar pressure reduction. Hindfoot ulcers should be treated with TCC and the rubber rocker heel or the flat rubber heel as these provided the best hindfoot pressure reductions.
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Garbalosa, Juan Carlos, Peter R. Cavanagh, Ge Wu, Jan S. Ulbrecht, Mary B. Becker, Ian J. Alexander, and James H. Campbell. "Foot Function in Diabetic Patients after Partial Amputation." Foot & Ankle International 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079601700110.
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The function of partially amputated feet in 10 patients with diabetes mellitus was studied. First-step bilateral barefoot plantar pressure distribution and three-dimensional kinematic data were collected using a Novel EMED platform and three video cameras. Analysis of the plantar pressure data revealed a significantly greater mean peak plantar pressure in the feet with transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) than in the intact feet of the same patients. The heels of the amputated feet had significantly lower mean peak plantar pressures than all the forefoot regions. A significantly greater maximum dynamic dorsiflexion range of motion was seen in the intact compared with the TMA feet. However, no difference was noted in the static dorsiflexion range of motion between the two feet and there was, therefore, a trend for the TMA feet to use less of the available range of motion. Given the altered kinematics and elevated plantar pressures noted in this study, careful postsurgical footwear management of feet with TMA would appear to be essential if ulceration is to be prevented.
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Andri Primadhi, Raden, Novarel Enricko Sukma Tohari, and Nurita Dian Kestriani. "Effects of Running Intensity on Forefoot Plantar Pressure Elevation." Sport Mont 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.230215.
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Running had been known producing a posterior muscle tightness in lower extremity, particularly calf muscles, resulting in a relative equinus deformity. Numerous study reported the association between equinus deformity and foot pain, partially due to the increased plantar pressure of forefoot. This study was directed to find a relation between running intensity and increased forefoot plantar pressure. Subjects were divided into two groups according to running intensity as classified as runner or non-runner. Forefoot plantar pressures data were obtained using a foot imprinter and analyzed into numerical values. Ankle maximum dorsiflexion was also examined in an extended knee to detect the calf tightness. Mean forefoot plantar pressure value was Grau 2.89 (range 2-4) in runner group, and Grau 2.15 (range 1-4) in non-runner group (p=0.004). Ankle maximum dorsiflexion was also limited in runner group (16.05±1.98⁰) compared with 19.30±1.38⁰ in non-runner group (p<0.001). There was an association found between running intensity and plantar pressure elevation. Considering the potential damaging effects to the foot, it is recommended for runners or treating physician to look into this problem as well as to make sure that regular calf stretching is advocated.
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Chen, Zujiao, Rui Zhang, Wenwen Zhuo, Longlin Zhang, and Li Zhou. "Research progress of wearable plantar pressure monitoring system." Wearable Technology 3, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/wt.v3i1.1772.
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In order to rapidly promote the application of wearable plantar pressure monitoring system, the physiological structure of human foot, the source of plantar pressure and exercise step frequency are introduced. Based on the current research status of wearable plantar pressure monitoring systems, the fabrication materials and response principles of the fabric sensor-based integrated pressure monitoring socks are explored, the principle of selecting the features of the wearable plantar pressure monitoring system and its application in the field of the pressure monitoring system is explained. The principle of selecting the features of wearable plantar pressure monitoring system and its application in fall detection, foot disease diagnosis, and plantar pressure database are explained. Finally, we discussed the problems in the industrialization of wearable plantar pressure monitoring system at this stage. The problems of poor material performance and short wireless transmission distance in the industrialization of wearable plantar pressure monitoring systems are discussed, and a better integrated system based on biomechanics, textile materials and electronic communication is proposed. A better application prospect based on the cross-fusion integration of biomechanics, textile materials and electronic communication is proposed.
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Martínez-Jiménez, Eva María, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Jose Ignacio Díaz-Velázquez, Ricardo Becerro-De-Bengoa-Vallejo, Patricia Palomo-López, César Calvo-Lobo, Daniel López-López, and David Rodríguez-Sanz. "Acute Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Bilateral Ankle Plantar Flexor Static Stretching on Postural Sway and Plantar Pressures: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010052.
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Background: Postural balance and fall efficacy (self-perceived confidence in performing daily physical activities) have been found to be risk factors associated with falls in older adults. Stretching is one intervention that has been investigated to improve balance and therefore reduce fall risk. Various forms of stretching have been evaluated with different outcomes, but there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of stretching (continuous and intermittent) on plantar pressures and balance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of stretching (continuous and intermittent) of the bilateral ankle plantar flexors on plantar pressures and static balance. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was carried out. Forty-eight healthy subjects (42 females and 6 males) were recruited in an outpatient clinic. Subjects were randomly assigned to an intermittent stretching group (five sets of 1 min; 15 s of rest) or a continuous stretching group (2 min of continuous stretching) of the plantar flexors. Plantar pressures and balance using stabilometry were measured before and after stretching. Results: There were significant differences between intermittent and continuous stretching in rearfoot maximum pressure, forefoot surface area, and center of pressure surface area with eyes open. Conclusions: Bilateral intermittent stretching of the ankle plantar flexors was found to be more effective than continuous stretching for the reduction of rearfoot maximum pressure and improved balance.
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Hosoi, Izumu, Takumi Matsumoto, Song Ho Chang, Qi An, Ichiro Sakuma, and Etsuko Kobayashi. "Development of Intraoperative Plantar Pressure Measurement System Considering Weight Bearing Axis and Center of Pressure." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 34, no. 6 (December 20, 2022): 1318–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2022.p1318.
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To prevent postoperative complications in corrective surgery for foot deformities such as hallux valgus and pes planus, it is critical to quantitatively predict the postoperative standing-position plantar pressure distribution during the operation. The authors have previously proposed an intraoperative plantar pressure measurement system (IPPM) that allows for the measurement of a supine patient’s plantar pressure distribution that is equivalent to that in the standing position. This system consists of an IPPM device comprising of a force plate and pressure distribution sensor, an optical three-dimensional position measurement device, a navigation monitor, and a PC. The plantar pressure distribution in the standing position is reproduced by navigating the operator, as he or she presses the IPPM device against the patient’s sole so that the weight-bearing axis (floor reaction force vector) and femoral head center are as close to each other as possible. However, in our previous study, the reproducibility of the standing position plantar pressure distribution was insufficient. Therefore, in the present study, we add a navigational function that can be used to bring the centers of pressure in the standing position and under measurement, as well as to correct the IPPM’s self-weight in the measured force. The improved device was used in an experiment with nine healthy subjects, and the similarity of the plantar pressure distribution in the standing and supine positions was evaluated using normalized cross-correlation, yielding an average of 0.90. Furthermore, in an evaluation experiment with ten orthopedic surgeons, it was observed that using the system reproduced the plantar pressure distribution significantly better than when the system was not used. These results indicate that the present system can predict the plantar pressure distribution in the standing position. We believe that this system can contribute to reducing complications after foot surgery.
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Catan, Liliana, Elena Amaricai, Roxana Ramona Onofrei, Calin Marius Popoiu, Emil Radu Iacob, Corina Maria Stanciulescu, Simona Cerbu, Delia Ioana Horhat, and Oana Suciu. "The Impact of Overweight and Obesity on Plantar Pressure in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 10, 2020): 6600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186600.
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We aimed to synthesise the results of previous studies addressing the impact of overweight and obesity on plantar pressure in children and adolescents. An electronic search of scientific literature was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane and Scopus database, with keywords: “plantar pressure” AND “children” AND “obesity”; “plantar pressure” AND “adolescents” AND “obesity”, “plantar pressure” AND “children” AND “overweight”, “plantar pressure” AND “adolescents” AND “overweight”. Twenty-two articles were included in the review and the following data were recorded: authors, publication year, type of technology (systems, software) for the determination of plantar pressure, study characteristics. Most of the articles used dynamic plantar pressure determination with only four using static plantar pressure measurement. Using ultrasonography with static plantar pressure determination, the correlation between structural and functional changes in the feet of obese children. In overweight and obese children and adolescents, important findings were recorded: higher contact area, increased maximum force beneath the lateral and medial forefoot, increased pressure–time integral beneath the midfoot and 2nd–5th metatarsal regions. Significantly increased foot axis angle and significantly flatter feet were observed in obese subjects in comparison to their normal-weight counterparts. The obese children presented increased midfoot fat pad thickness, with decreased sensitivity of the whole foot and midfoot.
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Ang, Chun Kit, Mahmud Iwan Solihin, Weng Jun Chan, and Yien Yien Ong. "Study of Plantar Pressure Distribution." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823701016.
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Every region of foot is not equally divided in terms of plantar pressure distribution (PPD) during free standing. This paper is focusing on studying PPD on flat plane and inclined plane and the results obtained from this study may contribute to biomedical researcher in designing orthotic devices. 24 healthy young adults age ranging from 19 to 24 years old and weigh between 50 to 80 kg were invited for experiments purpose. Six regions of both feet were measured which were hallux, medial forefoot, central forefoot, lateral forefoot, lateral midfoot and hindfoot. Remarkable differences were seen in the result as right foot exerted more pressure generally in every region of the foot as to compared with left foot respectively. This is true especially for region such as hallux, medial forefoot and lateral forefoot. On a flat surface, PPD on the hindfoot is the highest. However, at an elevation of 25°, test subjects began to shift their PPD to forefoot regions. While studies of PPD are common, this study provides a new insight for the first time into PPD while standing on different angle of walking plane.
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Hafer, Jocelyn F., Mark W. Lenhoff, Jinsup Song, Joanne M. Jordan, Marian T. Hannan, and Howard J. Hillstrom. "Reliability of plantar pressure platforms." Gait & Posture 38, no. 3 (July 2013): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.028.
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Oliveira, Francisco P. M., and João Manuel R. S. Tavares. "Registration of plantar pressure images." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering 28, no. 6-7 (August 23, 2011): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cnm.1461.
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Duffin, Anthony C., Robert Kidd, Albert Chan, and Kim C. Donaghue. "High Plantar Pressure and Callus in Diabetic Adolescents." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 93, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-93-3-214.
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This study examined the incidence of high peak plantar pressure and plantar callus in 211 adolescents with diabetes mellitus and 57 nondiabetic controls. The percentage of subjects with these anomalies was the same in both groups. Although diabetic subjects were no more likely than nondiabetic controls to have high peak plantar pressure and callus, these anomalies place individuals with diabetes at greater risk of future foot problems. The effects of orthoses, cushioning, and both in combination were monitored in 17 diabetic subjects with high peak plantar pressure and in 17 diabetic subjects with plantar callus; reductions of up to 63% were achieved. Twelve-month follow-up of diabetic subjects fitted with orthoses showed a significant reduction in peak plantar pressure even when the orthoses were removed. The diabetic subjects who had not received any interventions during the same 12-month period showed no significant change in peak plantar pressure. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(3): 214-220, 2003)
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Holmes, George B. "Quantitative Determination of Intermetatarsal Pressure." Foot & Ankle 13, no. 9 (November 1992): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110079201300908.
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Pain, plantar to the metatarsophalangeal joints, is a common location for the presentation of pain in the forefoot. In the absence of fractures or specific inflammatory conditions common causes of pain in this area include: (1) nonspecific metatarsalgia, (2) plantar fat pad atrophy, and (3) interdigital (intermetatarsal) neuroma. The aggravation and possibly the etiology of these forms of forefoot pain may be related to acute or chronic extrinsic pressure to the forefoot. The role of nonweightbearing, compression of the metatarsal heads, weightbearing, and toe-stance (on the metatarsal heads) on the intermetatarsal pressure of the third interspace was measured in eleven asymptomatic volunteers. Intermetatarsal pressures were recorded using the Stryker Miniaturized Digital Fluid Pressure Monitor. Intermetatarsal pressures for nonweightbearing, nonweightbearing with medial-lateral compression of the metatarsal heads, weightbearing, and toe stance averaged 21 mm Hg, 22 mm Hg, 29 mm Hg, and 36 mm Hg, respectively. In comparison to nonweightbearing, significant increases in intermetatarsal pressures were measured with weightbearing (P = .0027) and toe stance (P = .0002). The change noted from weightbearing to toe-stance was also significant (P = .0005). These findings support the proposition that increases in forefoot plantar pressures convey greater pressures to the intermetatarsal space and metatarsal heads. Increased pressures to the intermetatarsal space may likewise lead to or exacerbate the symptoms of patients with fat pad atrophy, nonspecific metatarsalgia and Morton's neuroma.
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Gupta, Gauri, Vibha Bhatnagar, and Priyal Mandloi. "Comparison of Plantar Pressure in Patient with Hallux Valgus and Healthy Control and Effect of Demographic Characteristic on it: A Pixel Based Approach." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 3403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41999.
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Abstract: There is no detailed information available about the differences in plantar pressure distribution between hallux valgus and healthy feet. The goal of this study was to evaluate the plantar pressure of the left and right feet in hallux valgus patients against healthy controls. The current research also looks at the impact of demographic factors on plantar pressure distribution. Furthermore, a correlation between the hallux valgus foot and radiographic measures such as the hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle is investigated. There were 50 patients with hallux valgus (HV group) and 55 healthy matched controls (C group) who did not have hallux valgus in the research. Age, height, weight, and body mass index did not differ significantly between the HV and C groups. The CAD WALK open access database is used to obtain dynamic plantar pressure measurements. Using manual masking, the plantar region of the foot was divided into eight sections. When compared to healthy controls, the hallux valgus foot has three abnormal pressure patterns in the left foot and two abnormal plantar pressure patterns in the right foot in various regions. The comparison is done using the region of interest's peak pixel intensity. According to our findings, when the hallux valgus angle increases, plantar pressure characteristics change from the medial to lateral side of the forefoot. Demographic characteristics like age, height, and shoe size were discovered to be important considerations during a plantar pressure study. We may conclude from our findings that manual masking on 2D plantar pressure footprints is quite reliable. Keywords: hallux valgus deformity, hallux valgus angle, intermetatarsal angle, peak plantar pressure, plantar pressure distribution
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GUO, LAN-YUEN, CHIEN-FEN LIN, CHICH-HAUNG YANG, YI-YOU HOU, HUNG-LIN LIU, WEN-LAN WU, and HWAI-TING LIN. "EFFECT ON PLANTAR PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION WITH WEARING DIFFERENT BASE SIZE OF HIGH-HEEL SHOES DURING WALKING AND SLOW RUNNING." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 12, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519411004563.
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High heeled shoes may alter the regular loading pattern of the plantar pressure, especially increased in the forefoot area. Walking with narrow base of high heeled shoes may induce the brisk acceleration of the supported leg due to instability that increases the force on the plantar area. Particularly, this phenomenon may be amplified while slow running, but never been investigated. Materials and Methods: Plantar pressures were measured for different specific area of foot using the Pedar-X system. The effects on plantar pressure with different sized bases (1.2× 1.2 cm2 and 2.2 × 3.5 cm2) of high-heeled shoe (7.8 cm in height) were examined while walking in thirteen healthy female subjects and during slow running in nine healthy female subjects. Results: The plantar pressures of the hallux and toe while wearing narrow base high heel were significantly (p < 0.05) greater than those when walking with wearing wide base one. For both narrow and wide base heels, significantly increased (p < 0.05) plantar pressure were found in the medial forefoot while slow running at 2.0 m/s as compared with walking at 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s. While slow running with wearing narrow base high heel indicated significantly (p < 0.05) increased plantar pressures in the medial, central and lateral forefoot and toes regions compared with those with wearing wide base one. Conclusion: The findings suggest that if individuals have to wear high heeled shoes, it would be better to select one with a wide based heel to avoid running in at any circumstance.
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Shalamberidze, Merab, Zaza Sokhadze, and Malvina Tatvidze. "The Design of Individual Orthopedic Insoles for the Patients with Diabetic Foot Using Integral Curves to Describe the Plantar Over-Pressure Areas." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (August 6, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9061241.
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Identification of over-pressure areas in the plantar side of the foot in patients with diabetic foot and reduction of plantar pressure play a major role in clinical practice. The use of individual orthopedic insoles is essential to reduce the over-pressure. The aim of the present study is to mark the over-pressure areas of the plantar part of the foot on a pedogram and describe them with high accuracy using a mathematical research method. The locally over-pressured areas with calluses formed due to repeated injuries were identified on the patients’ pedograms. The geometric shapes of the over-pressure areas were described by means of the integral curves of the solutions to Dirichlet singular boundary differential equations. Based on the mathematical algorithm describing those curves, the computer programs were developed. The individual orthopedic insoles were produced on a computer numerical control milling machine considering the locally over-pressured areas. The ethylene vinyl acetate polymers of different degrees of hardness were used to produce the individual orthopedic insoles. For the over-pressure areas, a soft material with a hardness of 20 Shore A was used, which reduces the pressure on the plantar side of the foot and increases the contact area. A relatively hard material with a hardness of 40 Shore A was used as the main frame, which imparts the stability of shape to the insole and increases its wear life. The individual orthopedic insoles produced by means of such technology effectively reduce the pressure on the plantar side of the foot and protect the foot from mechanical damage, which is important for the treatment of the diabetic foot.