Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant tissue culture

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant tissue culture'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant tissue culture"

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Prakash, Jitendra. "Plant Tissue Culture." Nature Biotechnology 9, no. 7 (July 1991): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0791-607.

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Dagla, H. R. "Plant tissue culture." Resonance 17, no. 8 (August 2012): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12045-012-0086-8.

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Illg, Rolf Dieter. "Plant tissue culture techniques." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 86, suppl 2 (1991): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761991000600008.

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J. Robins, Ichard. "Plant tissue culture manual." Phytochemistry 31, no. 9 (September 1992): 3301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(92)83507-u.

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Niazian, M., S. A. Sadat Noori, P. Galuszka, and S. M. M. Mortazavian. "Tissue culture-based Agrobacterium-mediated and in planta transformation methods." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 53, No. 4 (November 10, 2017): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/177/2016-cjgpb.

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Gene transformation can be done in direct and indirect (Agrobacterium-mediated) ways. The most efficient method of gene transformation to date is Agrobacterium-mediated method. The main problem of Agrobacterium-method is that some plant species and mutant lines are recalcitrant to regeneration. Requirements for sterile conditions for plant regeneration are another problem of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Development of genotype-independent gene transformation method is of great interest in many plants. Some tissue culture-independent Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation methods are reported in individual plants and crops. Generally, these methods are called in planta gene transformation. In planta transformation methods are free from somaclonal variation and easier, quicker, and simpler than tissue culture-based transformation methods. Vacuum infiltration, injection of Agrobacterium culture to plant tissues, pollen-tube pathway, floral dip and floral spray are the main methods of in planta transformation. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages. Simplicity and reliability are the primary reasons for the popularity of the in planta methods. These methods are much quicker than regular tissue culture-based Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation and success can be achieved by non-experts. In the present review, we highlight all methods of in planta transformation comparing them with regular tissue culture-based Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods and then recently successful transformations using these methods are presented.
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B.M. Johri, P.S. Srivastava, and Madhumati Purohit. "Plant tissue culture and biotechnology." Journal of Palaeosciences 46, no. 3 (December 31, 1997): 134–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1997.1357.

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Plant tissue culture has progressed steadily ever since its inception in 1902. The initial experiments related to various tissues that could sustain prolonged in vitro conditions. The differential response of the cultured tissues under variable chemical milieu provided the necessary impetus to utilize the technique in a profitable manner. Over the years efficacy of the technique became apparent when noticeable in vitro morphogenic responses could be used to unravel the mysteries of growth and differentiation. Expectedly, therefore, any morphogenic event expressed in vitro could be correlated to the specific components of the nutritive medium. By the 1970s the applicability of the technique came to be realized with the possibility of exploring somatic hybridization, micropropagation of recalcitrant species, haploid, and triploid plants, and finally genetic manipulations. Today, plant tissue culture has become an integral part of biotechnology and is being routinely employed for the improvement of crops and legumes- the backbone of human nutrition that can also aid in the amelioration of malnutrition of millions of sufferers. The ultimate success with the transfer of 'nif’-gene to non-leguminous plants would help save millions of dollars in chemical fertilizers which can then be profitably used for the welfare of the human race.
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Hain, Patricia, and Donald Lee. "Transformation 1: Plant Tissue Culture." Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education 32, no. 1 (2003): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jnrlse.2003.0135b.

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Fay, Michael, D. J. Donnelly, W. E. Vidaver, and T. R. Dudley. "Glossary of Plant Tissue Culture." Kew Bulletin 45, no. 2 (1990): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4115705.

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Gamborg, Oluf L. "Plant tissue culture. Biotechnology. Milestones." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant 38, no. 2 (March 2002): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ivp2001281.

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Hahne, Günther. "Glossary of plant tissue culture." Plant Science 60, no. 1 (January 1989): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(89)90056-3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant tissue culture"

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Jana, M. M. "Studies on plant tissue culture." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1998. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/3394.

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Morwal, G. C. "Biochemical studies in plant tissue culture." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1994. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2826.

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Muralidharan, E. M. "Biochemical studies in plant tissue culture." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1990. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2976.

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Sheibani, Ahmad. "Tissue culture studies of Pistacia." Thesis, University of Salford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238801.

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Al-Ani, Nabeel K. "Some epigenetic effects in plant tissue culture." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659362.

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SINGLA, ANUPAM. "ENHANCED BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN MEDICINAL PLANT USING PLANT TISSUE CULTURE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18478.

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Bioactive chemicals are described as dietary components that affect people who consume those substances in their physiological as well as cellular function. Flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, berets, carotenoids, plant sterols and glucosinolates are all included. These may well be present most often in fruits and vegetables; offer anti - oxidant, anti-inflammatory but also antiviral activities; and therefore, can shield humans toward chronic disorders and metabolism. These favorable effects empower researchers to create novel functional foods containing prospective protective and healthful. Cardiovascular disease is the cardiac or blood vessel dysfunctional action. An inadequate heart and blood vessel function boosts the heart attack risk, heart failure, sudden death, stroke and heart rhythm disorders, resulting to diminished standard of health and a shorter life expectancy. Plant tissue culture is an effective venue for the generation of secondary metabolites along with its diverse implications. Diverse plant- based strategies including such callus or suspension cultivation are utilized generally in the synthesis of secondary plant metabolites. Several novel approaches which aim to have a rather significant and neglected influence on secondary metabolite synthesis.
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James, V. J. "Regulation of xenobiotic catabolism in plant tissue culture." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380205.

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Wardrop, Julie. "Biotechnological applications of perfluorochemical liquids in plant tissue culture." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389475.

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GAUTAM, SHRUTI. "ENHANCED POLYPHENOL PRODUCTION IN MEDICINAL PLANTS USING TISSUE CULTURE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18481.

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Medicinal plants are an indispensable source of phytochemicals. Polyphenols are one of the most prominent bioactive components produced by medicinal plants. Polyphenols are the plant’s secondary metabolites which are secreted in response to any kind of abiotic or biotic stress. The stress can be due to harmful UV rays, pathogen attack, infection, temperature variation, nutrient deficiency or any kind of infection. These polyphenols are responsible for providing medicinal properties to plants. The polyphenols are great therapeutic agents for humans and are widely used for manufacture of herbal drugs. The polyphenols have found to be strong antioxidant properties and protects epidermal layer from various damages. Polyphenols when either supplied in diet or applied topically have found to be protective effects on skin. It is known to have anti- inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti- carcinogenesis, anti- melanogenesis property. For meeting such a high demand of polyphenols for therapeutic use, sustainable production of polyphenols is necessary as their extraction from natural sources leads to extinction of rare medicinal plant species. For this, the invitro plant tissue culture proves to be an efficient method of propagating rare medicinal plants and optimizing various environmental conditions for maximizing the production of polyphenols.
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Sinha, Debleena. "Development of an In Vitro Protoplast Culture System for Albizia Lebek (L.) Benth., an Economically Important Leguminous Tree." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500422/.

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An in vitro system of generating protoplasts from their callus cultures was established. The friable callus was more productive in terms of producing protoplasts than the green compact callus. The concentration of the various cell wall degrading enzymes had an effect on the viability of the protoplasts in the medium. The protoplast system developed from the experiments was stable and could be used for the transformation experiments of Albizia lebek and for other plant improvement practices.
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Books on the topic "Plant tissue culture"

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Laimer, Margit, and Waltraud Rücker, eds. Plant Tissue Culture. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4.

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S, Islam A., ed. Plant tissue culture. Lebanon, NH: Science Publishers, 1996.

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Kumar, Sandeep. Plant tissue culture. Jabalpur: Tropical Forest Research Institute, 1997.

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Lindsey, K., ed. Plant Tissue Culture Manual. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0181-0.

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Lindsey, K., ed. Plant Tissue Culture Manual. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0303-9.

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Lindsey, K., ed. Plant Tissue Culture Manual. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3776-6.

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Lindsey, K., ed. Plant Tissue Culture Manual. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3778-0.

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Dutta Gupta, S., and Yasuomi Ibaraki, eds. Plant Tissue Culture Engineering. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3694-9.

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Lindsey, K., ed. Plant Tissue Culture Manual. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0103-2.

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Trivedi, Pravin Chandra. Plant tissue culture & biotechnology. Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant tissue culture"

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Khasim, S. M., K. Thammasiri, S. Rama Rao, and M. Rahamtulla. "Plant Tissue Culture." In Plant Techniques, 261–307. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003503682-16.

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Loyola-Vargas, Víctor M., C. De-la-Peña, R. M. Galaz-Ávalos, and F. R. Quiroz-Figueroa. "Plant Tissue Culture." In Springer Protocols Handbooks, 875–904. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-375-6_50.

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Priyadarshan, P. M. "Tissue Culture." In PLANT BREEDING: Classical to Modern, 475–91. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7095-3_21.

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Reddy, Jayarama. "Types of Plant Tissue Culture-Organ Culture." In Plant Tissue Culture, 109–21. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032712611-8.

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Reddy, Jayarama. "Single Cell Culture." In Plant Tissue Culture, 136–42. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032712611-10.

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Haberlandt, G. "Culturversuche mit isolierten Pflanzenzellen." In Plant Tissue Culture, 1–24. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_1.

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Lucca, Paolo, and Ingo Potrykus. "Genetic engineering technology against malnutrition." In Plant Tissue Culture, 167–74. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_10.

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Zoglauer, Kurt, U. Behrendt, A. Rahmat, H. Ross, and Taryono. "Somatic embryogenesis — the gate to biotechnology in conifers." In Plant Tissue Culture, 175–202. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_11.

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Wilhelm, Eva. "Tissue culture of broad-leafed forest tree species." In Plant Tissue Culture, 203–16. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_12.

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Laimer, M. "The development of transformation of temperate woody fruit crops." In Plant Tissue Culture, 217–42. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6040-4_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant tissue culture"

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Suberliak, Sofia. "Method of tissue culture for biodiversity conservation of medical plants of Carpatians." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1048274.

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Bethge, Hans, Anna Marie Tapia León, Philipp Rüter, Thomas Rath, Dag Heinemann, and Traud Winkelmann. "Towards automated phenotyping in plant tissue culture: in situ fluorescence monitoring." In Photonic Technologies in Plant and Agricultural Science, edited by Dag Heinemann and Gerrit Polder. SPIE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2692924.

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Vazquez Rueda, Martin G., Federico Hahn, and Jose L. Zapata. "Adaptive image segmentation applied to plant reproduction by tissue culture." In AeroSense '97, edited by Steven K. Rogers. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.271476.

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Uzelac, Branka, Dragana Stojičić, Snežana Budimir, Svetlana Tošić, Bojan Zlatković, Saša Blagojević, Branislav Manić, Mirjana Janjanin, and Violeta Slavkovska. "ESSENTIAL OILS AS POTENTIAL BIOCONTROL PRODUCTS AGAINST PLANT PATHOGENS AND WEEDS: IN VITRO CULTURE APPROACH." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.345u.

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Secondary metabolism in plant plays a major role in the survival of the plant in its ecosystem, mediating the interaction of the plant with its environment. Plant bioactive compounds are biosynthesized as a defensive strategy of plants in response to natural perturbations. A number of biological effects have been associated with the main monoterpenoids detected in investigated Micromeria spp. and Clinopodium spp. essential oils. One alternative for the production of these prospective biocontrol products is in vitro plant tissue culture. Our data suggest that the metabolic potential of in vitro shoot cultures of selected species can be manipulated by varying in vitro culture conditions.
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Krasova, Yu V., O. V. Tkachenko, E. N. Sigida, N. V. Evseeva, G. L. Burygin, and Y. V. Lobachev. "Features of the development of wheat tissue culture during processing bacterial biomacromolecules and cells." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-236.

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Echeverri Del Sarto, Julieta, María Celeste Gallia, Ana Ferrari, and Guillermina A. Bongiovanni. "TISSUE PLANT CULTURE AS A NOVEL INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY TO PRODUCE BIOPHARMACEUTICALS FROM ENDANGERED PLANTS." In 24th International Academic Conference, Barcelona. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2016.024.030.

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"Alterations of differential gene expression during the morphogenesis induction in wheat tissue culture (transcriptome analysis)." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-029.

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Yang, Yanli, Qi Chu, Meizhang Gu, Hanhan Ji, and Song Gu. "Simulation analysis and experiment of unpowered roller conveying for culture bottle in tissue culture plant." In 2021 6th International Conference on Automation, Control and Robotics Engineering (CACRE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cacre52464.2021.9501338.

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Ibrahim, Nimat, Adedokun Micheal Adedamola, Balkisu Ibrahim, Rasheedat Taiwo Ahmed, Ismail Damilola Raji, and Habeeb Bello-Salau. "Survey of Machine Learning and Optimization Algorithms in Plant Tissue Culture." In ASEC 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asec2023-15259.

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Harahap, Fauziyah, Harifah Insani, Diky Setya Diningrat, Nanda Eska Anugrah Nasution, Roedhy Poerwanto, and Rifa Fadhilah Munifah Hasibuan. "Needs Assessment of Teaching Book Development Based on Plants Multiplication Research in Plant Tissue Culture Course." In 2nd Educational Sciences International Conference (ESIC 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200417.005.

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Reports on the topic "Plant tissue culture"

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Scott, C. D., and D. K. Dougall. Plant cell tissue culture: A potential source of chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5938126.

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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.

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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.
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Cohen, Yuval, Christopher A. Cullis, and Uri Lavi. Molecular Analyses of Soma-clonal Variation in Date Palm and Banana for Early Identification and Control of Off-types Generation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592124.bard.

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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is the major fruit tree grown in arid areas in the Middle East and North Africa. In the last century, dates were introduced to new regions including the USA. Date palms are traditionally propagated through offshoots. Expansion of modern date palm groves led to the development of Tissue Culture propagation methods that generate a large number of homogenous plants, have no seasonal effect on plant source and provide tools to fight the expansion of date pests and diseases. The disadvantage of this procedure is the occurrence of off-type trees which differ from the original cultivar. In the present project we focused on two of the most common date palm off-types: (1) trees with reduced fruit setting, in which most of the flowers turn into three-carpel parthenocarpic fruits. In a severe form, multi-carpel flowers and fruitlets (with up to six or eight carpels instead of the normal three-carpel flowers) are also formed. (2) dwarf trees, having fewer and shorter leaves, very short trunk and are not bearing fruits at their expected age, compared to the normal trees. Similar off-types occur in other crop species propagated by tissue culture, like banana (mainly dwarf plants) or oil palm (with a common 'Mantled' phenotype with reduced fruit setting and occurrence of supernumerary carpels). Some off-types can only be detected several years after planting in the fields. Therefore, efficient methods for prevention of the generation of off-types, as well as methods for their detection and early removal, are required for date palms, as well as for other tissue culture propagated crops. This research is aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms by which off-types are generated, and developing markers for their early identification. Several molecular and genomic approaches were applied. Using Methylation Sensitive AFLP and bisulfite sequencing, we detected changes in DNA methylation patterns occurring in off-types. We isolated and compared the sequence and expression of candidate genes, genes related to vegetative growth and dwarfism and genes related to flower development. While no sequence variation were detected, changes in gene expression, associated with the severity of the "fruit set" phenotype were detected in two genes - PdDEF (Ortholog of rice SPW1, and AP3 B type MADS box gene), and PdDIF (a defensin gene, highly homologous to the oil palm gene EGAD). We applied transcriptomic analyses, using high throughput sequencing, to identify genes differentially expressed in the "palm heart" (the apical meristem and the region of embryonic leaves) of dwarf vs. normal trees. Among the differentially expressed genes we identified genes related to hormonal biosynthesis, perception and regulation, genes related to cell expansion, and genes related to DNA methylation. Using Representation Difference Analyses, we detected changes in the genomes of off-type trees, mainly chloroplast-derived sequences that were incorporated in the nuclear genome and sequences of transposable elements. Sequences previously identified as differing between normal and off-type trees of oil palms or banana, successfully identified variation among date palm off-types, suggesting that these represent highly labile regions of monocot genomes. The data indicate that the date palm genome, similarly to genomes of other monocot crops as oil palm and banana, is quite unstable when cells pass through a cycle of tissue culture and regeneration. Changes in DNA sequences, translocation of DNA fragments and alteration of methylation patterns occur. Consequently, patterns of gene expression are changed, resulting in abnormal phenotypes. The data can be useful for future development of tools for early identification of off-type as well as for better understanding the phenomenon of somaclonal variation during propagation in vitro.
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Porat, Ron, Doron Holland, and Linda Walling. Identification of Citrus Fruit-Specific and Pathogen-Induced Promoters and Their Use in Molecular Engineering. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585202.bard.

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This one year BARD project was funded to develop methods to monitor promoter activity a gene expression patterns in citrus fruit. To fulfill this goal, we divided the research tasks between both labs so that the Israeli side evaluated the use of microprojectile bombardment ; a tool to evaluate transient gene expression in various citrus fruit tissues, and the US side optimized technical parameters required for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various citrus cultivars. Microprojectile bombardment appeared to be a very efficient method for transient gene expression analysis in citrus leaf tissues but was somewhat less applicable in fruit tissues. Nevertheless, we did succeeded to achieve significant levels of 35S-GUS gene expression in young green flavedo tissue. However, only single random spots of 35S-GUS gene expression were detected mature flavedo and in juice sacs and albedo tissue. Overall, we assume that following some more technical improvements particle bombardment could provide a useful technique to rapidly analyze promoter activity at least in the flavedo tissue. For Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, we found that shoot cultures of 'Washington' navel oranges,'Fairchild' mandarins,'Eureca' lemons,'Troyer' citrange and various grapefruits provided a more reliable and consistent source of tissue for transformation than germinated seedlings. Moreover, various growth media's (McCown, Quoirin & Lepoivre, DCR) further improved shoot and root growth relative to MS mineral media, which is commonly used. Also pure white light (using bulbs which do not emit UV or blue light) improved shoot growth in various citrus varieties, and paromomycin appeared to be a more efficient antibiotic for the selection of transgenic plants than Kanamycin. Overall, these optimizations improve transformation efficacy and shoot growth and rooting capacity. In addition to the development of transformation methods, both Israeli and US labs achieved progress in the identification of citrus fruit-specific promoters. In Israel, we isolated a 3.6 kb promoter fragment of the thiamine biosynthesis c-thi gene, which is highly expressed in fruit peel tissue, whereas in the US we isolated a 1.5 kb promoter fragment of the citrus seed-specific cDNA CssH. The identification of more fruit-specific cDNAs and their corresponding promoter regions is currently in progress.
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Reisch, Bruce, Avichai Perl, Julie Kikkert, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Rachel Gollop. Use of Anti-Fungal Gene Synergisms for Improved Foliar and Fruit Disease Tolerance in Transgenic Grapes. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575292.bard.

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Original objectives . 1. Test anti-fungal gene products for activity against Uncinula necator, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer and Botrytis cinerea. 2. For Agrobacterium transformation, design appropriate vectors with gene combinations. 3. Use biolistic bombardment and Agrobacterium for transformation of important cultivars. 4. Characterize gene expression in transformants, as well as level of powdery mildew and Botrytis resistance in foliage of transformed plants. Background The production of new grape cultivars by conventional breeding is a complex and time-consuming process. Transferring individual traits via single genes into elite cultivars was proposed as a viable strategy, especially for vegetatively propagated crops such as grapevines. The availability of effective genetic transformation procedures, the existence of genes able to reduce pathogen stress, and improved in vitro culture methods for grapes, were combined to serve the objective of this proposal. Effective deployment of resistance genes would reduce production costs and increase crop quality, and several such genes and combinations were used in this project. Progress The efficacy of two-way combinations of Trichoderma endochitinase (CHIT42), synthetic peptide ESF12 and resveratrol upon the control of growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium digitatum were evaluated in vitro. All pairwise interactions were additive but not synergistic. Per objective 2, suitable vectors with important gene combinations for Agrobacterium transformation were designed. In addition, multiple gene co-transformation by particle bombardment was also tested successfully. In New York, transformation work focused on cultivars Chardonnay and Merlot, while the technology in Israel was extended to 41B, R. 110, Prime, Italia, Gamay, Chardonnay and Velika. Transgenic plant production is summarized in the appendix. Among plants developed in Israel, endochitinase expression was assayed via the MuchT assay using material just 1-5 days after co-cultivation. Plants of cv. Sugraone carrying the gene coding for ESF12, a short anti-fungal lytic peptide under the control of the double 358 promoter, were produced. Leaf extracts of two plants showed inhibition zones that developed within 48 h indicating the inhibitory effect of the leaf extracts on the six species of bacteria. X fastidiosa, the causal organism of Pierce's disease, was very sensitive to leaf extracts from ESF12 transformed plants. Further work is needed to verify the agricultural utility of ESF12 transformants. In New York, some transformants were resistant to powdery mildew and Botrytis fruit rot. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements and implications The following scientific achievements resulted from this cooperative BARD project: 1. Development and improvement of embryogenesis and tissue culture manipulation in grape, while extending these procedures to several agriculturally important cultivars both in Israel and USA. 2. Development and improvement of novel transformation procedures while developing transformation techniques for grape and other recalcitrant species. 3. Production of transgenic grapevines, characterization of transformed vines while studying the expression patterns of a marker gene under the control of different promoter as the 35S CaMV in different part of the plants including flowers and fruits. 4. Expression of anti-fungal genes in grape: establishment of transgenic plants and evaluation of gene expression. Development of techniques to insert multiple genes. 5. Isolation of novel grape specific promoter to control the expression of future antimicrobial genes. It is of great importance to report that significant progress was made in not only the development of transgenic grapevines, but also in the evaluation of their potential for increased resistance to disease as compared with the non engineered cultivar. In several cases, increased disease resistance was observed. More research and development is still needed before a product can be commercialized, yet our project lays a framework for further investigations.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.

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The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.
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Cohen, Jerry D., and Ephraim Epstein. Metabolism of Auxins during Fruit Development and Ripening. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573064.bard.

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We had proposed to look at several aspects of auxin metabolism in fruit tissues: 1) IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan and IAA biosynthesis via the non-tryptophan pathway; 2) changes in the capacity to form conjugates and catabolites of auxin at different times during fruit development and; 3) the effects of modifying auxin metabolism in fruit tissues. The latter work focused primarily on the maize iaglu gene, with initial studies also using a bacterial gene for hydrolysis of IAA-aspartate. These metabolic and molecular studies were necessary to define potential benefits of auxin metabolism modification and will direct future efforts for crop improvement by genetic methods. An in vitro system was developed for the production of tomato fruit in culture starting from immature flowers in order to ascertain the effect of auxin modification on fruit ripening. IAA supplied to the fruit culture media prior to breaker stage resulted in an increase in the time period between breaker and red-ripe stages from 7 days without additional IAA to 12 days when 10-5 M IAA was added. These results suggest that significant changes in the ripening period could be obtained by alteration of auxin relationships in tomato fruit. We generated transgenic tomato plants that express either the maize iaglu gene or reduced levels of the gene that encodes the enzyme IAA-glucose synthetase. A modified shuttle vector pBI 121 expressing the maize iaglu gene in both sense and antisense orientations under a 35S promoter was used for the study. The sense plants showed total lack of root initiation and development. The antisense transgenic plants, on the other hand, had unusually well developed root systems at early stages in development. Analysis showed that the amount and activity of the endogenous 75 kDa IAGLU protein was reduced in these plants and consequently these plants had reduced levels of IAA-glucose and lower overall esterified IAA.
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9

Norelli, John L., Moshe Flaishman, Herb Aldwinckle, and David Gidoni. Regulated expression of site-specific DNA recombination for precision genetic engineering of apple. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587214.bard.

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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: 1) evaluate inducible promoters for the expression of recombinase in apple (USDA-ARS); 2) develop alternative selectable markers for use in apple to facilitate the positive selection of gene excision by recombinase (Cornell University); 3) compare the activity of three different recombinase systems (Cre/lox, FLP/FRT, and R/RS)in apple using a rapid transient assay (ARO); and 4) evaluate the use of recombinase systems in apple using the best promoters, selectable markers and recombinase systems identified in 1, 2 and 3 above (Collaboratively). Objective 2 was revised from the development alternative selectable markers, to the development of a marker-free selection system for apple. This change in approach was taken due to the inefficiency of the alternative markers initially evaluated in apple, phosphomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase, and the regulatory advantages of a marker-free system. Objective 3 was revised to focus primarily on the FLP/FRT recombinase system, due to the initial success obtained with this recombinase system. Based upon cooperation between researchers (see Achievements below), research to evaluate the use of the FLP recombinase system under light-inducible expression in apple was then conducted at the ARO (Objective 4). Background: Genomic research and genetic engineering have tremendous potential to enhance crop performance, improve food quality and increase farm profits. However, implementing the knowledge of genomics through genetically engineered fruit crops has many hurdles to be overcome before it can become a reality in the orchard. Among the most important hurdles are consumer concerns regarding the safety of transgenics and the impact this may have on marketing. The goal of this project was to develop plant transformation technologies to mitigate these concerns. Major achievements: Our results indicate activity of the FLP\FRTsite-specific recombination system for the first time in apple, and additionally, we show light- inducible activation of the recombinase in trees. Initial selection of apple transformation events is conducted under dark conditions, and tissue cultures are then moved to light conditions to promote marker excision and plant development. As trees are perennial and - cross-fertilization is not practical, the light-induced FLP-mediated recombination approach shown here provides an alternative to previously reported chemically induced recombinase approaches. In addition, a method was developed to transform apple without the use of herbicide or antibiotic resistance marker genes (marker free). Both light and chemically inducible promoters were developed to allow controlled gene expression in fruit crops. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the feasibility of "marker excision" and "marker free" transformation technologies in apple. The use of these safer technologies for the genetic enhancement of apple varieties and rootstocks for various traits will serve to mitigate many of the consumer and environmental concerns facing the commercialization of these improved varieties.
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