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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant terrestrialization'
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1
Delaux, Pierre-Marc, Amrit Kaur Nanda, Catherine Mathé, Nathalie Sejalon-Delmas, and Christophe Dunand. "Molecular and biochemical aspects of plant terrestrialization." Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14, no. 1 (February 2012): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2011.09.001.
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Gao, Jian-Guo. "Tracking the evolutionary innovations of plant terrestrialization." Gene 769 (February 2021): 145203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2020.145203.
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Lyu, Jun. "Lipid transfer enabled symbiosis and terrestrialization." Nature Plants 7, no. 12 (December 2021): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-01054-1.
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Wikstr�m, N., P. Kenrick, and M. Chase. "Epiphytism and terrestrialization in tropicalHuperzia (Lycopodiaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 218, no. 3-4 (September 1999): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01089229.
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Gerrienne, Philippe, Thomas Servais, and Marco Vecoli. "Plant evolution and terrestrialization during Palaeozoic times—The phylogenetic context." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 227 (April 2016): 4–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.01.004.
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Caisová, Lenka. "Draparnaldia: a chlorophyte model for comparative analyses of plant terrestrialization." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 11 (February 26, 2020): 3305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa102.
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Abstract It is generally accepted that land plants evolved from streptophyte algae. However, there are also many chlorophytes (a sister group of streptophyte algae and land plants) that moved to terrestrial habitats and even resemble mosses. This raises the question of why no land plants evolved from chlorophytes. In order to better understand what enabled streptophyte algae to conquer the land, it is necessary to study the chlorophytes as well. This review will introduce the freshwater filamentous chlorophyte alga Draparnaldia sp. (Chaetophorales, Chlorophyceae) as a model for comparative analyses between these two lineages. It will also focus on current knowledge about the evolution of morphological complexity in chlorophytes versus streptophytes and their respective morphological/behavioural adaptations to semi-terrestrial habitats, and will show why Draparnaldia is needed as a new model system.
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Moody, Laura A. "Three-dimensional growth: a developmental innovation that facilitated plant terrestrialization." Journal of Plant Research 133, no. 3 (February 24, 2020): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10265-020-01173-4.
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Nishiyama, Tomoaki, Hidetoshi Sakayama, Jan de Vries, Henrik Buschmann, Denis Saint-Marcoux, Kristian K. Ullrich, Fabian B. Haas, et al. "The Chara Genome: Secondary Complexity and Implications for Plant Terrestrialization." Cell 174, no. 2 (July 2018): 448–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.033.
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Rich, Mélanie K., Nicolas Vigneron, Cyril Libourel, Jean Keller, Li Xue, Mohsen Hajheidari, Guru V. Radhakrishnan, et al. "Lipid exchanges drove the evolution of mutualism during plant terrestrialization." Science 372, no. 6544 (May 20, 2021): 864–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg0929.
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Symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves plant nutrition in most land plants, and its contribution to the colonization of land by plants has been hypothesized. Here, we identify a conserved transcriptomic response to AMF among land plants, including the activation of lipid metabolism. Using gain of function, we show the transfer of lipids from the liverwort Marchantia paleacea to AMF and its direct regulation by the transcription factor WRINKLED (WRI). Arbuscules, the nutrient-exchange structures, were not formed in loss-of-function wri mutants in M. paleacea, leading to aborted mutualism. Our results show the orthology of the symbiotic transfer of lipids across land plants and demonstrate that mutualism with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was present in the most recent ancestor of land plants 450 million years ago.
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Nascimento, Luana Beatriz dos Santos, and Massimiliano Tattini. "Beyond Photoprotection: The Multifarious Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Terrestrialization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 9, 2022): 5284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095284.
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Plants evolved an impressive arsenal of multifunctional specialized metabolites to cope with the novel environmental pressures imposed by the terrestrial habitat when moving from water. Here we examine the multifarious roles of flavonoids in plant terrestrialization. We reason on the environmental drivers, other than the increase in UV-B radiation, that were mostly responsible for the rise of flavonoid metabolism and how flavonoids helped plants in land conquest. We are reasonably based on a nutrient-deficiency hypothesis for the replacement of mycosporine-like amino acids, typical of streptophytic algae, with the flavonoid metabolism during the water-to-land transition. We suggest that flavonoids modulated auxin transport and signaling and promoted the symbiosis between plants and fungi (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM), a central event for the conquest of land by plants. AM improved the ability of early plants to take up nutrients and water from highly impoverished soils. We offer evidence that flavonoids equipped early land plants with highly versatile “defense compounds”, essential for the new set of abiotic and biotic stressors imposed by the terrestrial environment. We conclude that flavonoids have been multifunctional since the appearance of plants on land, not only acting as UV filters but especially improving both nutrient acquisition and biotic stress defense.
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Banasiak, Alicja. "Evolution of the cell wall components during terrestrialization." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 4 (2014): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.051.
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<p>Colonization of terrestrial ecosystems by the first land plants, and their subsequent expansion and diversification, were crucial for the life on the Earth. However, our understanding of these processes is still relatively poor. Recent intensification of studies on various plant organisms have identified the plant cell walls are those structures, which played a key role in adaptive processes during the evolution of land plants. Cell wall as a structure protecting protoplasts and showing a high structural plasticity was one of the primary subjects to changes, giving plants the new properties and capabilities, which undoubtedly contributed to the evolutionary success of land plants.</p><p>In this paper, the current state of knowledge about some main components of the cell walls (cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins and lignins) and their evolutionary alterations, as preadaptive features for the land colonization and the plant taxa diversification, is summarized. Some aspects related to the biosynthesis and modification of the cell wall components, with particular emphasis on the mechanism of transglycosylation, are also discussed. In addition, new surprising discoveries related to the composition of various cell walls, which change how we perceive their evolution, are presented, such as the presence of lignin in red algae or MLG (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan in horsetails. Currently, several new and promising projects, regarding the cell wall, have started, deciphering its structure, composition and metabolism in the evolutionary context. That additional information will allow us to better understand the processes leading to the terrestrialization and the evolution of extant land plants.</p>
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Wang, Sibo, Linzhou Li, Haoyuan Li, Sunil Kumar Sahu, Hongli Wang, Yan Xu, Wenfei Xian, et al. "Genomes of early-diverging streptophyte algae shed light on plant terrestrialization." Nature Plants 6, no. 2 (December 16, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-019-0560-3.
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AbstractMounting evidence suggests that terrestrialization of plants started in streptophyte green algae, favoured by their dual existence in freshwater and subaerial/terrestrial environments. Here, we present the genomes of Mesostigma viride and Chlorokybus atmophyticus, two sister taxa in the earliest-diverging clade of streptophyte algae dwelling in freshwater and subaerial/terrestrial environments, respectively. We provide evidence that the common ancestor of M. viride and C. atmophyticus (and thus of streptophytes) had already developed traits associated with a subaerial/terrestrial environment, such as embryophyte-type photorespiration, canonical plant phytochrome, several phytohormones and transcription factors involved in responses to environmental stresses, and evolution of cellulose synthase and cellulose synthase-like genes characteristic of embryophytes. Both genomes differed markedly in genome size and structure, and in gene family composition, revealing their dynamic nature, presumably in response to adaptations to their contrasting environments. The ancestor of M. viride possibly lost several genomic traits associated with a subaerial/terrestrial environment following transition to a freshwater habitat.
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Fürst-Jansen, Janine M. R., Sophie de Vries, and Jan de Vries. "Evo-physio: on stress responses and the earliest land plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 11 (January 10, 2020): 3254–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa007.
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Abstract Embryophytes (land plants) can be found in almost any habitat on the Earth’s surface. All of this ecologically diverse embryophytic flora arose from algae through a singular evolutionary event. Traits that were, by their nature, indispensable for the singular conquest of land by plants were those that are key for overcoming terrestrial stressors. Not surprisingly, the biology of land plant cells is shaped by a core signaling network that connects environmental cues, such as stressors, to the appropriate responses—which, thus, modulate growth and physiology. When did this network emerge? Was it already present when plant terrestrialization was in its infancy? A comparative approach between land plants and their algal relatives, the streptophyte algae, allows us to tackle such questions and resolve parts of the biology of the earliest land plants. Exploring the biology of the earliest land plants might shed light on exactly how they overcame the challenges of terrestrialization. Here, we outline the approaches and rationale underlying comparative analyses towards inferring the genetic toolkit for the stress response that aided the earliest land plants in their conquest of land.
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Wilson, Jonathan P. "Hydraulics of Psilophyton and evolutionary trends in plant water transport after terrestrialization." Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 227 (April 2016): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.11.010.
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Lacourse, Terri, Matthew A. Adeleye, and Johanna R. Stewart. "Peatland formation, succession and carbon accumulation at a mid-elevation poor fen in Pacific Canada." Holocene 29, no. 11 (July 15, 2019): 1694–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683619862041.
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We reconstructed peatland formation, succession and long-term rates of carbon (C) accumulation at a mid-elevation poor fen on Vancouver Island in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Multi-proxy paleoecological analyses including bulk chemistry, peat composition, macrofossils, pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs show terrestrialization starting from a small oligotrophic lake 14,000 cal BP. Peat accumulation began by 11,600 cal BP with the transition to an emergent Nuphar-dominated shallow-water marsh. Terrestrialization in the center of the peatland was more or less complete by 10,400 cal BP with the development of a Sphagnum-dominated poor fen that continues to the present. Outward expansion by paludification appears to have brought the peatland close to its modern lateral extent by 10,000 cal BP, suggesting that terrestrialization and paludification played important concurrent roles in the early development of this poor fen. Mean long-term rates of C accumulation (13 g C/m2/yr) are lower than at most Northern Hemisphere peatlands including nearby lowland bogs. Maximum rates of 43 g C/m2/yr occurred in the early Holocene during accumulation of Nuphar peat and the transition to Sphagnum peat and coincided with high summer temperatures and increased seasonality, which promote growing season productivity and reduce winter decomposition. Early Holocene increases in C accumulation rates occurred at two nearby lowland bogs during similar wetland stages. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that climate and autogenic succession, including changes in relative water table depth and plant functional groups, interacted to drive Holocene peatland dynamics and C accumulation rates in the maritime setting of coastal British Columbia.
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Zhang, Zhenhua, Chenjie Xu, Shiyu Zhang, Chen Shi, Hong Cheng, Hongtao Liu, and Bojian Zhong. "Origin and adaptive evolution of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8-mediated signaling during plant terrestrialization." Plant Physiology 188, no. 1 (October 18, 2021): 332–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab486.
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Abstract UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) mediates photomorphogenic responses and acclimation to UV-B radiation by regulating the transcription of a series of transcription factors (TFs). However, the origin and evolution of UVR8-mediated signaling pathways remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the origin and evolution of the major components of the UVR8-mediated signaling pathway (UVR8, REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS [RUP], BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR1 [BES1], BES1-INTERACTING MYC-LIKE 1 (BIM1), WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 36 (WRKY36), MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 73/77/13 [MYB73/MYB77/MYB13], and PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4/5 [PIF4 and PIF5]) using comparative genomics and phylogenetic approaches. We showed that the central regulator UVR8 presented a conservative evolutionary route during plant evolution, and the evolutionary history of downstream negative regulators and TFs was different from that of green plant phylogeny. The canonical UVR8-CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1(COP1)/SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA)-ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5)-RUP signaling pathway originated in chlorophytes and conferred green algae the additional ability to cope with UV-B radiation. Moreover, the emergence of multiple UVR8-mediated signaling pathways in charophytes laid the foundations for the cross-talk between UV-B signals and endogenous hormone responses. Importantly, we observed signatures that reflect plant adaptations to high UV-B irradiance in subaerial/terrestrial environments, including positive selection in UVR8 and RUPs and increased copy number of some vital TFs. These results revealed that green plants not only experienced adaptive modifications in the canonical UVR8-COP1/SPA-HY5-RUP signaling pathway, but also diversified their UV-B signal transduction mechanisms through increasing cross-talk with other pathways, such as those associated with brassinosteroids and auxin. This study greatly expands our understanding of molecular evolution and adaptive mechanisms underlying plant UV-B acclimation.
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Zedek, František, Jakub Šmerda, Pavel Veselý, Lucie Horová, Jana Kocmanová, and Petr Bureš. "Elevation-dependent endopolyploid response suggests that plants with holocentric chromosomes are less stressed by UV-B." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 195, no. 1 (July 25, 2020): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boaa054.
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Abstract Previous studies suggested that holocentric chromosomes may confer a selective advantage under high ionizing or UV-B radiation due to their tolerance of fragmentation, and that the first plant and animal colonizers of land in the Palaeozoic were or may have been holocentric. Holocentric chromosomes could have, therefore, aided terrestrialization of Earth’s biota half a billion years ago, because leaving water meant facing a sharp increase of UV-B. Because we cannot go back in time, the hypothesis needs to be tested with present-day species using an indicator of UV-B stress. We took advantage of the fact that UV-B intensity increases with elevation and tested whether holocentric plants (six species of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae) are less stressed with increasing elevation than monocentric plants (six species of Poaceae). Phylogenetically corrected regression showed that the proxy for UV-B stress (endopolyploidy index from 671 samples measured by flow cytometry) increased with elevation in holocentric and monocentric species, but the increase was more rapid in monocentric species. Although half a billion year elapsed since terrestrialization, holocentric Cyperaceae and Juncaceae still appear less stressed by UV-B than monocentric Poaceae, despite the other counter UV-B adaptations they both have evolved (graminoid morphology, silica bodies).
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Dolja, Valerian V., Mart Krupovic, and Eugene V. Koonin. "Deep Roots and Splendid Boughs of the Global Plant Virome." Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 23–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-030320-041346.
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Land plants host a vast and diverse virome that is dominated by RNA viruses, with major additional contributions from reverse-transcribing and single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses. Here, we introduce the recently adopted comprehensive taxonomy of viruses based on phylogenomic analyses, as applied to the plant virome. We further trace the evolutionary ancestry of distinct plant virus lineages to primordial genetic mobile elements. We discuss the growing evidence of the pivotal role of horizontal virus transfer from invertebrates to plants during the terrestrialization of these organisms, which was enabled by the evolution of close ecological associations between these diverse organisms. It is our hope that the emerging big picture of the formation and global architecture of the plant virome will be of broad interest to plant biologists and virologists alike and will stimulate ever deeper inquiry into the fascinating field of virus–plant coevolution.
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Abbott, Geoffrey D., Ian W. Fletcher, Sabrina Tardio, and Ethan Hack. "Exploring the geochemical distribution of organic carbon in early land plants: a novel approach." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1739 (December 18, 2017): 20160499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0499.
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Terrestrialization depended on the evolution of biosynthetic pathways for biopolymers including lignin, cutin and suberin, which were concentrated in specific tissues, layers or organs such as the xylem, cuticle and roots on the submillimetre scale. However, it is often difficult, or even impossible especially for individual cells, to resolve the biomolecular composition of the different components of fossil plants on such a scale using the well-established coupled techniques of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Here, we report the application of techniques for surface analysis to investigate the composition of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of two different spots (both 300 µm × 600 µm) confirmed the presence of carbon. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) revealed ‘chemical maps’ (imaging mode with 300 nm resolution) of aliphatic and aromatic carbon in the intact fossil that correlate with the vascular structures observed in high-resolution optical images. This study shows that imaging ToF-SIMS has value for determining the location of the molecular components of fossil embryophytes while retaining structural information that will help elucidate how terrestrialization shaped the early evolution of land plant cell wall biochemistry. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.
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Han, Xue, Xin Chang, Zhenhua Zhang, Haodong Chen, Hang He, Bojian Zhong, and Xing Wang Deng. "Origin and Evolution of Core Components Responsible for Monitoring Light Environment Changes during Plant Terrestrialization." Molecular Plant 12, no. 6 (June 2019): 847–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2019.04.006.
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Garwood, Russell J., Heather Oliver, and Alan R. T. Spencer. "An introduction to the Rhynie chert." Geological Magazine 157, no. 1 (July 18, 2019): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000670.
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AbstractThe terrestrialization of life has profoundly affected the biosphere, geosphere and atmosphere, and the Geological Magazine has published key works charting the development of our understanding of this process. Integral to this understanding – and featuring in one of the Geological Magazine publications – is the Devonian Rhynie chert Konservat-Lagerstätte located in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Here we provide a review of the work on this important early terrestrial deposit to date. We begin by highlighting contributions of note in the Geological Magazine improving understanding of terrestrialization and Palaeozoic terrestrial ecosystems. We then introduce the Rhynie chert. The review highlights its geological setting: the Caledonian context of the Rhynie Basin and its nature at the time of deposition of the cherts which host its famous fossils. There follows an introduction to the development of the half-graben in which the cherts and host sediments were deposited, the palaeoenvironment this represented and the taphonomy of the fossils themselves. We subsequently provide an overview of the mineralization and geochemistry of the deposit, and then the fossils found within the Rhynie chert. These include: six plant genera, which continue to provide significant insights into the evolution of life on land; a range of different fungi, with recent work starting to probe plant–fungus interactions; lichens, amoebae and a range of unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes (algae and cyanobacteria); and finally a range of both aquatic and terrestrial arthropods. Through continued study coupled with methodological advances, Rhynie fossils will continue to provide unique insights into early life on land.
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Kenrick, Paul, Charles H. Wellman, Harald Schneider, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. "A timeline for terrestrialization: consequences for the carbon cycle in the Palaeozoic." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1588 (February 19, 2012): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0271.
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The geochemical carbon cycle is strongly influenced by life on land, principally through the effects of carbon sequestration and the weathering of calcium and magnesium silicates in surface rocks and soils. Knowing the time of origin of land plants and animals and also of key organ systems (e.g. plant vasculature, roots, wood) is crucial to understand the development of the carbon cycle and its effects on other Earth systems. Here, we compare evidence from fossils with calibrated molecular phylogenetic trees (timetrees) of living plants and arthropods. We show that different perspectives conflict in terms of the relative timing of events, the organisms involved and the pattern of diversification of various groups. Focusing on the fossil record, we highlight a number of key biases that underpin some of these conflicts, the most pervasive and far-reaching being the extent and nature of major facies changes in the rock record. These effects probably mask an earlier origin of life on land than is evident from certain classes of fossil data. If correct, this would have major implications in understanding the carbon cycle during the Early Palaeozoic.
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Fang, Yitian, Jinke Chang, Tao Shi, Wenchun Luo, Yang Ou, Dongshi Wan, and Jia Li. "Evolution of RGF/GLV/CLEL Peptide Hormones and Their Roles in Land Plant Growth and Regulation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 13372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413372.
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Rooting is a key innovation during plant terrestrialization. RGFs/GLVs/CLELs are a family of secreted peptides, playing key roles in root stem cell niche maintenance and pattern formation. The origin of this peptide family is not well characterized. RGFs and their receptor genes, RGIs, were investigated comprehensively using phylogenetic and genetic analyses. We identified 203 RGF genes from 24 plant species, representing a variety of land plant lineages. We found that the RGF genes originate from land plants and expand via multiple duplication events. The lineage-specific RGF duplicates are retained due to their regulatory divergence, while a majority of RGFs experienced strong purifying selection in most land plants. Functional analysis indicated that RGFs and their receptor genes, RGIs, isolated from liverwort, tomato, and maize possess similar biological functions with their counterparts from Arabidopsis in root development. RGFs and RGIs are likely coevolved in land plants. Our studies shed light on the origin and functional conservation of this important peptide family in plant root development.
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Matsui, Hidenori, Hidekazu Iwakawa, Gang-Su Hyon, Izumi Yotsui, Shinpei Katou, Isabel Monte, Ryuichi Nishihama, Rainer Franzen, Roberto Solano, and Hirofumi Nakagami. "Isolation of Natural Fungal Pathogens from Marchantia polymorpha Reveals Antagonism between Salicylic Acid and Jasmonate during Liverwort–Fungus Interactions." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 2 (September 27, 2019): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz187.
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Abstract The evolution of adaptive interactions with beneficial, neutral and detrimental microbes was one of the key features enabling plant terrestrialization. Extensive studies have revealed conserved and unique molecular mechanisms underlying plant–microbe interactions across different plant species; however, most insights gleaned to date have been limited to seed plants. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, a descendant of early diverging land plants, is gaining in popularity as an advantageous model system to understand land plant evolution. However, studying evolutionary molecular plant–microbe interactions in this model is hampered by the small number of pathogens known to infect M. polymorpha. Here, we describe four pathogenic fungal strains, Irpex lacteus Marchantia-infectious (MI)1, Phaeophlebiopsis peniophoroides MI2, Bjerkandera adusta MI3 and B. adusta MI4, isolated from diseased M. polymorpha. We demonstrate that salicylic acid (SA) treatment of M. polymorpha promotes infection of the I. lacteus MI1 that is likely to adopt a necrotrophic lifestyle, while this effect is suppressed by co-treatment with the bioactive jasmonate in M. polymorpha, dinor-cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dn-OPDA), suggesting that antagonistic interactions between SA and oxylipin pathways during plant–fungus interactions are ancient and were established already in liverworts.
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Popiela, Agnieszka, Ewa Fudali, and Andrzej Łysko. "Changes in the vegetation of "Wrzosiec" mire in 1991-2009 (Western Pomerania)." Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10119-011-0009-7.
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Changes in the vegetation of "Wrzosiec" mire in 1991-2009 (Western Pomerania)Changes in the vegetation of a mire developing in forest lake hinterland in 1991-2009 are analysed and documented three times by phytosociological method. Within peat bog "islands", situated in the southern part of the lake, the most visible change is the development of a sparse pine-stand and thick shrubs ofSalixspecies,Frangula alnusas well as increase in the participation ofMolinia caeruleaand some species ofScheuzerio-Cariceteaclass (Calamagrostis neglecta, Carex lasiocarpaandSphagnum fallax). Vegetation of the lag zone shows fluctuating changes in the composition of plant communities depending on the water level that periodically changes. In the north-eastern part of the lake, a consistent slow process of terrestrialization was recognised.
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Lu, Kuan-Ju, Nicole van ’t Wout Hofland, Eliana Mor, Sumanth Mutte, Paul Abrahams, Hirotaka Kato, Klaas Vandepoele, Dolf Weijers, and Bert De Rybel. "Evolution of vascular plants through redeployment of ancient developmental regulators." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912470117.
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Vascular plants provide most of the biomass, food, and feed on earth, yet the molecular innovations that led to the evolution of their conductive tissues are unknown. Here, we reveal the evolutionary trajectory for the heterodimeric TMO5/LHW transcription factor complex, which is rate-limiting for vascular cell proliferation inArabidopsis thaliana. Both regulators have origins predating vascular tissue emergence, and even terrestrialization. We further show that TMO5 evolved its modern function, including dimerization with LHW, at the origin of land plants. A second innovation in LHW, coinciding with vascular plant emergence, conditioned obligate heterodimerization and generated the critical function in vascular development inArabidopsis. In summary, our results suggest that the division potential of vascular cells may have been an important factor contributing to the evolution of vascular plants.
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Orton, Lauren M., Elisabeth Fitzek, Xuehuan Feng, W. Scott Grayburn, Jeffrey P. Mower, Kan Liu, Chi Zhang, Melvin R. Duvall, and Yanbin Yin. "Zygnema circumcarinatum UTEX 1559 chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes provide insight into land plant evolution." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 11 (March 24, 2020): 3361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa149.
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Abstract The complete chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Charophyta have shed new light on land plant terrestrialization. Here, we report the organellar genomes of the Zygnema circumcarinatum strain UTEX 1559, and a comparative genomics investigation of 33 plastomes and 18 mitogenomes of Chlorophyta, Charophyta (including UTEX 1559 and its conspecific relative SAG 698-1a), and Embryophyta. Gene presence/absence was determined across these plastomes and mitogenomes. A comparison between the plastomes of UTEX 1559 (157 548 bp) and SAG 698-1a (165 372 bp) revealed very similar gene contents, but substantial genome rearrangements. Surprisingly, the two plastomes share only 85.69% nucleotide sequence identity. The UTEX 1559 mitogenome size is 215 954 bp, the largest among all sequenced Charophyta. Interestingly, this large mitogenome contains a 50 kb region without homology to any other organellar genomes, which is flanked by two 86 bp direct repeats and contains 15 ORFs. These ORFs have significant homology to proteins from bacteria and plants with functions such as primase, RNA polymerase, and DNA polymerase. We conclude that (i) the previously published SAG 698-1a plastome is probably from a different Zygnema species, and (ii) the 50 kb region in the UTEX 1559 mitogenome might be recently acquired as a mobile element.
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Pšenička, Josef, Jiří Bek, Jiří Frýda, Viktor Žárský, Monika Uhlířová, and Petr Štorch. "Dynamics of Silurian Plants as Response to Climate Changes." Life 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11090906.
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The most ancient macroscopic plants fossils are Early Silurian cooksonioid sporophytes from the volcanic islands of the peri-Gondwanan palaeoregion (the Barrandian area, Prague Basin, Czech Republic). However, available palynological, phylogenetic and geological evidence indicates that the history of plant terrestrialization is much longer and it is recently accepted that land floras, producing different types of spores, already were established in the Ordovician Period. Here we attempt to correlate Silurian floral development with environmental dynamics based on our data from the Prague Basin, but also to compile known data on a global scale. Spore-assemblage analysis clearly indicates a significant and almost exponential expansion of trilete-spore producing plants starting during the Wenlock Epoch, while cryptospore-producers, which dominated until the Telychian Age, were evolutionarily stagnate. Interestingly cryptospore vs. trilete-spore producers seem to react differentially to Silurian glaciations—trilete-spore producing plants react more sensitively to glacial cooling, showing a reduction in species numbers. Both our own and compiled data indicate highly terrestrialized, advanced Silurian land-plant assemblage/flora types with obviously great ability to resist different dry-land stress conditions. As previously suggested some authors, they seem to evolve on different palaeo continents into quite disjunct specific plant assemblages, certainly reflecting the different geological, geographical and climatic conditions to which they were subject.
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Song, Na, Helong Jiang, and Zaisheng Yan. "Contrasting Effects of Sediment Microbial Fuel Cells (SMFCs) on the Degradation of Macrophyte Litter in Sediments from Different Areas of a Shallow Eutrophic Lake." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 6, 2019): 3703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183703.
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Eutrophication is one of the major ecological problems of our era. It accelerates the growth of aquatic plant and algae, eventually leading to ecological deterioration. Based on a 700-day lab experiment, this paper investigated the contrasting effects of sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) on the removal of macrophyte litter in a macrophyte-dominated area and an algae-dominated area from two bay areas of a shallow eutrophic lake. The results revealed that the removal efficiencies of total organic carbon increased by 14.4% in the macrophyte-dominated area and 7.8% in the algae-dominated area. Moreover, it was found that sediment samples from the macrophyte-dominated area became more humified and had a higher electricity generation compared to the sediment samples from the algae-dominated area. Pyrosequencing analysis further determined that SMFC promoted more aromatic compound-degrading bacteria growth in sediments from the macrophyte-dominated area than from the algae-dominated area. Our study demonstrated that SMFC could enhance organic matter degradation, especially plant litter degradation, but this influence showed different from sediment sources. Thus, SMFC is capable of providing a useful strategy for delaying the terrestrialization of lakes areas suffering from eutrophication.
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Bidartondo, Martin I., David J. Read, James M. Trappe, Vincent Merckx, Roberto Ligrone, and Jeffrey G. Duckett. "The dawn of symbiosis between plants and fungi." Biology Letters 7, no. 4 (March 9, 2011): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.1203.
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The colonization of land by plants relied on fundamental biological innovations, among which was symbiosis with fungi to enhance nutrient uptake. Here we present evidence that several species representing the earliest groups of land plants are symbiotic with fungi of the Mucoromycotina. This finding brings up the possibility that terrestrialization was facilitated by these fungi rather than, as conventionally proposed, by members of the Glomeromycota. Since the 1970s it has been assumed, largely from the observation that vascular plant fossils of the early Devonian (400 Ma) show arbuscule-like structures, that fungi of the Glomeromycota were the earliest to form mycorrhizas, and evolutionary trees have, until now, placed Glomeromycota as the oldest known lineage of endomycorrhizal fungi. Our observation that Endogone -like fungi are widely associated with the earliest branching land plants, and give way to glomeromycotan fungi in later lineages, raises the new hypothesis that members of the Mucoromycotina rather than the Glomeromycota enabled the establishment and growth of early land colonists.
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Zedek, František, Klára Plačková, Pavel Veselý, Jakub Šmerda, Petr Šmarda, Lucie Horová, and Petr Bureš. "Endopolyploidy is a common response to UV-B stress in natural plant populations, but its magnitude may be affected by chromosome type." Annals of Botany 126, no. 5 (June 25, 2020): 883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa109.
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Abstract Background and Aims Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) radiation damages the DNA, cells and photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Plants commonly prevent this damage by synthetizing UV-B-protective compounds. Recent laboratory experiments in Arabidopsis and cucumber have indicated that plants can also respond to UV-B stress with endopolyploidy. Here we test the generality of this response in natural plant populations, considering their monocentric or holocentric chromosomal structure. Methods We measured the endopolyploidy index (flow cytometry) and the concentration of UV-B-protective compounds in leaves of 12 herbaceous species (1007 individuals) from forest interiors and neighbouring clearings where they were exposed to increased UV-B radiation (103 forest + clearing populations). We then analysed the data using phylogenetic mixed models. Key Results The concentration of UV-B protectives increased with UV-B doses estimated from hemispheric photographs of the sky above sample collection sites, but the increase was more rapid in species with monocentric chromosomes. Endopolyploidy index increased with UV-B doses and with concentrations of UV-B-absorbing compounds only in species with monocentric chromosomes, while holocentric species responded negligibly. Conclusions Endopolyploidy seems to be a common response to increased UV-B in monocentric plants. Low sensitivity to UV-B in holocentric species might relate to their success in high-UV-stressed habitats and corroborates the hypothesized role of holocentric chromosomes in plant terrestrialization.
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Zhou, Hong, and Klaus von Schwartzenberg. "Zygnematophyceae: from living algae collections to the establishment of future models." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 11 (February 19, 2020): 3296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa091.
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Abstract The class of conjugating green algae, Zygnematophyceae (Conjugatophyceae), is extremely rich in species and has attracted the interest of phycologists for a long time. It is now widely accepted that this class of charophyte algae holds a key position in the phylogenetic tree of streptophytes, where they represent the closest relatives to all land plants (embryophytes). It is increasingly evident that robust model plants that can be easily cultivated and genetically transformed are necessary to better understand the process of terrestrialization and the related molecular, cellular, and physiological adaptations. Living algae collections play an important role, not only for phylogenomic-based taxonomy but also for screening for suitable model organisms. For this review, we screened six major public algae collections for Zygnematophyceae strains and established a cumulative list comprising 738 different taxa (including species, subspecies, varieties, and forms). From the described biodiversity with 8883 registered taxa (AlgaeBase) the cultured Zygnematophyceae taxa worldwide cover only ~8.3%. We review the past research on this clade of algae and discuss it from the perspective of establishing a model organism. We present data on the life cycle of the genera Micrasterias and Spirogyra, representing the orders Desmidiales and Zygnematales, and outline the current status of genetic transformation of Zygnematophyceae algae and future research perspectives.
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Becker, Burkhard, Xuehuan Feng, Yanbin Yin, and Andreas Holzinger. "Desiccation tolerance in streptophyte algae and the algae to land plant transition: evolution of LEA and MIP protein families within the Viridiplantae." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 11 (February 28, 2020): 3270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa105.
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Abstract The present review summarizes the effects of desiccation in streptophyte green algae, as numerous experimental studies have been performed over the past decade particularly in the early branching streptophyte Klebsormidium sp. and the late branching Zygnema circumcarinatum. The latter genus gives its name to the Zygenmatophyceae, the sister group to land plants. For both organisms, transcriptomic investigations of desiccation stress are available, and illustrate a high variability in the stress response depending on the conditions and the strains used. However, overall, the responses of both organisms to desiccation stress are very similar to that of land plants. We highlight the evolution of two highly regulated protein families, the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins and the major intrinsic protein (MIP) family. Chlorophytes and streptophytes encode LEA4 and LEA5, while LEA2 have so far only been found in streptophyte algae, indicating an evolutionary origin in this group. Within the MIP family, a high transcriptomic regulation of a tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) has been found for the first time outside the embryophytes in Z. circumcarinatum. The MIP family became more complex on the way to terrestrialization but simplified afterwards. These observations suggest a key role for water transport proteins in desiccation tolerance of streptophytes.
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Best, Corinne, Ron Mizrahi, and Oren Ostersetzer-Biran. "Why so Complex? The Intricacy of Genome Structure and Gene Expression, Associated with Angiosperm Mitochondria, May Relate to the Regulation of Embryo Quiescence or Dormancy—Intrinsic Blocks to Early Plant Life." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050598.
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Mitochondria play key roles in cellular-energy metabolism and are vital for plant-life, such as for successful germination and early-seedling establishment. Most mitochondria contain their own genetic system (mtDNA, mitogenome), with an intrinsic protein-synthesis machinery. Although the challenges of maintaining prokaryotic-type structures and functions are common to Eukarya, land plants possess some of the most complex organelle composition of all known organisms. Angiosperms mtDNAs are characteristically the largest and least gene-dense among the eukaryotes. They often contain highly-variable intergenic regions of endogenous or foreign origins and undergo frequent recombination events, which result in different mtDNA configurations, even between closely-related species. The expression of the mitogenome in angiosperms involves extensive mtRNA processing steps, including numerous editing and splicing events. Why do land-plant’s mitochondria have to be so complex? The answer to this remains a matter of speculation. We propose that this complexity may have arisen throughout the terrestrialization of plants, as a means to control embryonic mitochondrial functions —a critical adaptive trait to optimize seed germination. The unique characteristics of plant mtDNA may play pivotal roles in the nuclear-regulation of organellar biogenesis and metabolism, possibly to control embryos quiescence or dormancy, essential determinants for the establishment of viable plantlets that can survive post-germination.
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Boyd, Matthew. "Paleoecology of an Early Holocene Wetland on the Canadian Prairies." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 57, no. 2-3 (September 22, 2005): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011309ar.
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AbstractA plant macrofossil record from the glacial Lake Hind basin is used to reconstruct early postglacial wetland plant succession and paleohydrology. Between >10.6 and 9.1 ka BP, there are four plant assemblage zones: (1) an early (>10.6 ka BP) zone dominated by Cyperaceae and aquatics; (2) a subsequent zone (~10.6-10.1 ka BP) with emergents (Menyanthes trifoliata,Potentilla palustris,Scirpus validus) and fewer aquatic plants; (3) an interval between ~10.1 and 9.8 ka BP dominated byDrepanocladus aduncus; and (4) a zone between ~9.8 and 9.1 ka BP withMenyanthes trifoliataandEquisetum.These data indicate a gradual decline in water depth between 10.6 and 10.1 ka BP due to deepening of one or more outlets of glacial Lake Hind. From ~10.6 to 9.1 ka BP, the importance ofMenyanthesrecords pronounced, seasonal, flooding. Furthermore, lack of evidence for complete drawdown and terrestrialization in the basin – despite local and regional evidence for postglacial warming – indicates that this wetland was minimally impacted by climate change up to at least 9.1 ka BP. Persistence of very wet conditions locally is consistent with recent results from south-central Saskatchewan, and may be due to release of meltwater from stagnant ice. However, frequent low-energy flooding of the basin by the Souris River is more plausible. In general, the apparent insensitivity of aquatic habitats to abrupt climate change in some locales on the Canadian Prairies demonstrates the potential long-term mitigating effects of local hydrological factors.
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Oksanen, Pirita O., Peter Kuhry, and Rimma N. Alekseeva. "Holocene Development and Permafrost History of the Usinsk Mire, Northeast European Russia." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 57, no. 2-3 (September 22, 2005): 169–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/011312ar.
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Abstract This study discusses Holocene vegetation succession, permafrost dynamics and peat accumulation in the Usinsk mire, located in the Pechora lowlands of Northeast European Russia. At present, the area is situated in the extreme northern taiga subzone near the southern limit of permafrost. Reconstructions are based on plant macrofossil analysis, physico-chemical analysis and AMS (accelerator mass spectrometry) radiocarbon dating of two peat profiles investigated in detail. Additional information is available from seven other sites. Organic accumulation started at ca. 11 350 BP (14C yrs). Terrestrialization of ponds was the most common pathway for mire initiation. During a large part of their history, the sites have been Cyperaceae-dominated fens. A change into Sphagnum-dominated ecosystems is recorded at 3700-3000 BP. Permafrost became established around 2300 BP, although first signs of embryonic palsa formation can be tentatively traced back to about 2900 BP. Palsas and peat plateaus have experienced several periods of freezing and entire or partial thawing. The extant permafrost stages are young. The long-term carbon accumulation rate in the investigated sites is 19 g/m2/yr. The average rate of carbon accumulation in the dynamic permafrost stage is 23 g/m2/yr.
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Hu, Feng Sheng, and Ronald B. Davis. "Postglacial development of a Maine bog and paleoenvironmental implications." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-068.
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Stratigraphic data on gross peat components, plant macrofossils, pollen, ash after ignition, and radiocarbon ages are used to reconstruct the developmental history of the north unit of Caribou Bog in central Maine, which presently consists of a sparsely wooded, ombrotrophic (raised), center surrounded by extensive wooded fen. A lake existed from 12 500 to 8500 BP, when terrestrialization led to peatland initiation throughout the basin within ~500 years. Near the center of the present peatland, limnic sedge fen developed to sedge fen at 8000 BP, and to Larix laricina wooded fen at 7000 BP. At 5500 BP the wooded fen became Sphagnum dominated and sparsely wooded, a condition that has persisted at the peatland center. Only two early transitions are clearly related to climate forcing. An abrupt shift from silt–clay to organic lake sediment ~10 400 BP is typical of basins throughout the region. This shift correlates with rapid changes in local and regional vegetation, and likely reflects increased biological productivity caused by a rapid warming of climate. Peatland initiation 8500–8000 BP coincides with a drop of water level, probably associated with a rapid shift to drier climate. We estimate that the water level around the peatland was at least 0.4 m above the present level at and before 8500 BP, dropped at least 1.7 m (min. 1.4 m with correction for peat compaction) in the next 500 years, and rose to the present level around 7000 BP or later. Major hydroseral changes after 8000 BP are asynchronous at several coring sites and are not consistently correlated with regional paleoclimatic events. These changes were probably induced by autogenic hydrological processes associated with peat accumulation. Key words: wetland history, paleoclimate and paleohydrology, pollen, plant macrofossils, peat stratigraphy, Maine.
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Nicholson, Barbara J., and Dale H. Vitt. "The paleoecology of a peatland complex in continental western Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-017.
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The development of the present day vegetation, water chemistry, and landform features of a peatland complex in northeastern Alberta, Canada, was studied through analyses of macrofossils, peat stratigraphy, and inferred profiles. The Mariana Lakes peatland (55°54′N, 112°04′W) contains two geographical areas and four landform features (open lake basin, closed lake basin, water tracks, and forested Sphagnum islands). The surface vegetation was classified using TWINSPAN into four vegetation groups: (i) shrubby, open forest of Salix pedicellaris and Carex paupercula, (ii) closed Picea mariana forest, (iii) Sphagnum lawns of Sphagnum fallax, and (iv) Sphagnum carpets of Sphagnum subsecundum and Menyanthes trifoliata. Within the peatland complex, surface water chemistry ranges from a pH of 3.6 to 6.3, reduced conductivity of 0 to 232 μS, calcium content of 1.1–15.6 mg/L, and magnesium content of 0.6–2.8 mg/L. Peat macrofossils analyzed quantitatively were arranged (by TWINSPAN) into six macrofossil assemblages and were correlated to peat calcium content. Inferred pH profiles derived from linear regression transformations, and inferred-moisture profiles derived from a weighted moisture index, describe natural acidification and water levels. The mean initial inferred pH was at 5.6 ± 0.2, and mean initial inferred moisture indexed at 3.1 ± 0.2. Mean present day inferred pH is 4.9 ± 0.7, and mean moisture is 2.8 ± 0.6. Organic deposition at Mariana Lakes began about 8200 years BP in the closed lake basin. Filling-in of the lake basin produced a floating mat that upon enclosure developed into a poor fen. Paludification of the upper fen began about 6000 years BP, subsequent to terrestrialization in the lake basin, and progressed in a downslope direction. By 2960 years ago the entire drainage path was paludified.
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Rabbi, Fazle, Karen S. Renzaglia, Neil W. Ashton, and Dae-Yeon Suh. "Reactive oxygen species are required for spore-wall formation in Physcomitrella patens." Botany 98, no. 10 (October 2020): 575–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0012.
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A robust spore wall was a key requirement for terrestrialization by early plants. Sporopollenin in spore and pollen grain walls is thought to be polymerized and cross-linked to other macromolecular components, partly through oxidative processes involving H2O2. Therefore, we investigated effects of scavengers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the formation of spore walls in the moss Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) Bruch, Schimp & W. Gümbel. Exposure of sporophytes, containing spores in the process of forming walls, to ascorbate, dimethylthiourea, or 4-hydroxy-TEMPO prevented normal wall development in a dose, chemical, and stage-dependent manner. Mature spores, exposed while developing to a ROS scavenger, burst when mounted in water on a flat slide under a coverslip (a phenomenon we named “augmented osmolysis” because they did not burst in phosphate-buffered saline or in water on a depression slide). Additionally, the walls of exposed spores were more susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis than those of the control spores, and some were characterized by discontinuities in the exine, anomalies in perine spine structure, abnormal intine and aperture, and occasionally, wall shedding. Our data support the involvement of oxidative cross-linking in spore-wall development, including sporopollenin polymerization or deposition, as well as a role for ROS in intine/aperture development.
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Permann, Charlotte, Klaus Herburger, Martin Felhofer, Notburga Gierlinger, Louise A. Lewis, and Andreas Holzinger. "Induction of Conjugation and Zygospore Cell Wall Characteristics in the Alpine Spirogyra mirabilis (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta): Advantage under Climate Change Scenarios?" Plants 10, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 1740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081740.
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Extreme environments, such as alpine habitats at high elevation, are increasingly exposed to man-made climate change. Zygnematophyceae thriving in these regions possess a special means of sexual reproduction, termed conjugation, leading to the formation of resistant zygospores. A field sample of Spirogyra with numerous conjugating stages was isolated and characterized by molecular phylogeny. We successfully induced sexual reproduction under laboratory conditions by a transfer to artificial pond water and increasing the light intensity to 184 µmol photons m−2 s−1. This, however was only possible in early spring, suggesting that the isolated cultures had an internal rhythm. The reproductive morphology was characterized by light- and transmission electron microscopy, and the latter allowed the detection of distinctly oriented microfibrils in the exo- and endospore, and an electron-dense mesospore. Glycan microarray profiling showed that Spirogyra cell walls are rich in major pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides, and immuno-fluorescence allowed the detection of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and xyloglucan in the zygospore cell walls. Confocal RAMAN spectroscopy detected complex aromatic compounds, similar in their spectral signature to that of Lycopodium spores. These data support the idea that sexual reproduction in Zygnematophyceae, the sister lineage to land plants, might have played an important role in the process of terrestrialization.
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Gao, Ying, Siyu Gao, Yang Bai, Wei Meng, and Lijian Xu. "Parametarhizium hingganense, a Novel Ectomycorrhizal Fungal Species, Promotes the Growth of Mung Beans and Enhances Resistance to Disease Induced by Rhizoctonia solani." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090934.
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The mutualistic interactions between mycorrhizae and plants first occurred along with the terrestrialization of plants. The majority of vascular plants are in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. Due to their importance to the economy and ecology, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi emerge as the most popular ones. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial function of ECM fungi is not as clear as AM fungi. Here, the interaction between Parametarhizium hingganense, a novel fungal species isolated from forest litter, and mung bean (Vigna radiata) was studied. P. hingganense demonstrated P solubilization ability in vitro. Treatment of P. hingganense on the seeds resulted in promoted growth with enhanced P content. The hyphae of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged P. hingganense were found to surround the roots and develop between cells, suggesting the establishment of an ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Upon symbiosis with P. hingganense, the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin (GA1) and total phenolic and flavonoid content elevated. Meanwhile, damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in mycorrhizal plants was alleviated. Taken together, the above findings suggested that symbiosis with P. hingganense conferred growth promotion and priming of defense responses to host plants which should be associated with facilitated P uptake and increased JA and GA1 levels.
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Gould, S. B., S. G. Garg, M. Handrich, S. Nelson-Sathi, N. Gruenheit, A. G. M. Tielens, and W. F. Martin. "Adaptation to life on land at high O 2 via transition from ferredoxin-to NADH-dependent redox balance." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1909 (August 21, 2019): 20191491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1491.
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Pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) and iron only hydrogenase ([Fe]-HYD) are common enzymes among eukaryotic microbes that inhabit anaerobic niches. Their function is to maintain redox balance by donating electrons from food oxidation via ferredoxin (Fd) to protons, generating H 2 as a waste product. Operating in series, they constitute a soluble electron transport chain of one-electron transfers between FeS clusters. They fulfil the same function—redox balance—served by two electron-transfers in the NADH- and O 2 -dependent respiratory chains of mitochondria. Although they possess O 2 -sensitive FeS clusters, PFO, Fd and [Fe]-HYD are also present among numerous algae that produce O 2 . The evolutionary persistence of these enzymes among eukaryotic aerobes is traditionally explained as adaptation to facultative anaerobic growth. Here, we show that algae express enzymes of anaerobic energy metabolism at ambient O 2 levels (21% v/v), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expresses them with diurnal regulation. High O 2 environments arose on Earth only approximately 450 million years ago. Gene presence/absence and gene expression data indicate that during the transition to high O 2 environments and terrestrialization, diverse algal lineages retained enzymes of Fd-dependent one-electron-based redox balance, while the land plant and land animal lineages underwent irreversible specialization to redox balance involving the O 2 -insensitive two-electron carrier NADH.
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Mussi, Francesca, Serena Montalbano, Belsem Marzouk, Laura Arru, Meher Refifa, Zohra Marzouk, Jamil Kraiem, Francesca Degola, and Annamaria Buschini. "Potential of Citrullus colocynthis L. Schrad. Immature Seed Extracts as Food Preservative against a Fungal Mycotoxigenic Contaminant." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (July 13, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4470643.
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The world of plant extracts and natural compounds have long been regarded as a promise land for the individuation of healthy alternatives to chemical preservatives, against microbial contamination, in food and feed commodities. A plethora of aromatic and medicinal plant species have been studied from decades to explore their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, in order to both validate their ethnobotanical use for healing microbial illnesses and assess their suitability as food preservation agents. In fact, after terrestrialization and during the following evolutionary pathway, plants had to develop chemical compounds—constitutive and/or induced—for defence against specific pathogens, therefore becoming a potential source of new natural products usable with antimicrobial purposes. Aside from the most common contaminants that could occur in foodstuff, mycotoxigenic fungal species represent a big concern, mainly in cereals and derived products: aflatoxins in particular are the most dreaded among such toxic and cancerogenic secondary metabolites, and the control of the main producer Aspergillus flavus is currently one of the most pursued goals in the field of food safety. As aromatic and medicinal plants have a long history of use in the Mediterranean basin for both food preservation and pest control in crops, the exploitation of native species for the control of mycotoxigenic phytopathogens is almost rationale. The present work provides novel insights into the possible use of C. colocynthis seed organic extracts as antimycotoxigenic additives, demonstrating, for some of them, a feasible application as crop and food protectants with specific regard to aflatoxin contamination. Additionally, the evaluation of their cytotoxic potential and nitric oxide production on human cell lines has been reported for the first time.
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Kroetsch, David J., Xiaoyuan Geng, Scott X. Chang, and Daniel D. Saurette. "Organic Soils of canada: Part 1. Wetland Organic soils." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, no. 5 (October 2011): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss10043.
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Kroetsch, D. J., Geng, X., Chang, S. X. and Saurette, D. D. 2011. Organic soils of Canada:Part 1. Wetland Organic soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 807–822. In the Canadian System of Soil Classification, the Organic order represents those soils that have developed from materials that are comprised primarily of plant tissue remains and includes both wetland Organic soils and upland Organic soils. This review focuses on the first group; the latter group is discussed in Fox and Tarnocai (2011). Wetland Organic soils can be subdivided into three great groups: Fibrisol, Mesisol, and Humisol, reflecting the degree of decomposition of organic material and the vertical arrangement of different organic horizons and other horizons. Wetland Organic soils are present in all regions of Canada and are commonly referred to as (unfrozen) peatland soils. Unfrozen peatlands with Organic soils cover approximately 75 5568 km2 (8.4%) of the land area of Canada. The two primary processes of formation of wetland Organic soils are paludification and terrestrialization. The major taxonomic issues identified for the wetland Organic soils concerns the lack of taxonomic protocols for limnic materials within the soil control section. This is an issue for those soil profiles in which the middle tier is dominated by, if not entirely composed of, deposited limnic materials. Further work is required to determine if these issues should be expressed at the great group or subgroup level of classification. Our understanding of the effects of management practices such as cultivation, tree removal, drainage, and peat extraction on soil properties needs to be translated into models of soil development.
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Sun, Yufei, Ben Harpazi, Akila Wijerathna-Yapa, Ebe Merilo, Jan de Vries, Daphna Michaeli, Maayan Gal, Andrew C. Cuming, Hannes Kollist, and Assaf Mosquna. "A ligand-independent origin of abscisic acid perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 49 (November 19, 2019): 24892–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914480116.
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Land plants are considered monophyletic, descending from a single successful colonization of land by an aquatic algal ancestor. The ability to survive dehydration to the point of desiccation is a key adaptive trait enabling terrestrialization. In extant land plants, desiccation tolerance depends on the action of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) that acts through a receptor-signal transduction pathway comprising a PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1-like (PYL)–PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C (PP2C)–SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 2 (SnRK2) module. Early-diverging aeroterrestrial algae mount a dehydration response that is similar to that of land plants, but that does not depend on ABA: Although ABA synthesis is widespread among algal species, ABA-dependent responses are not detected, and algae lack an ABA-binding PYL homolog. This raises the key question of how ABA signaling arose in the earliest land plants. Here, we systematically characterized ABA receptor-like proteins from major land plant lineages, including a protein found in the algal sister lineage of land plants. We found that the algal PYL-homolog encoded by Zygnema circumcarinatum has basal, ligand-independent activity of PP2C repression, suggesting this to be an ancestral function. Similarly, a liverwort receptor possesses basal activity, but it is further activated by ABA. We propose that co-option of ABA to control a preexisting PP2C-SnRK2-dependent desiccation-tolerance pathway enabled transition from an all-or-nothing survival strategy to a hormone-modulated, competitive strategy by enabling continued growth of anatomically diversifying vascular plants in dehydrative conditions, enabling them to exploit their new environment more efficiently.
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Labandeira, Conrad C., and Bret S. Beall. "Arthropod Terrestriality." Short Courses in Paleontology 3 (1990): 214–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000001811.
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Since the late Paleozoic, insects and arachnids have diversified in the terrestrial world so spectacularly that they have become unquestionably the most diverse group of organisms to ever inhabit the planet. In fact, this 300 million year interval may appropriately be referred to as the age of arthropods. What is the origin and history of terrestrial arthropods? How is arthropod diversity maintained on land? In this rhetorical context we will discuss (1) the degree to which terrestriality is found in arthropods, (2) the physiological barriers to terrestrialization that arthropod clades confronted, (3) the historical record of arthropod diversity on land based on paleobiological, comparative physiological and zoogeographical evidence, and (4) some tentative answers to the “why” of terrestrial arthropod success. We are providing a geochronologic scope to terrestriality that includes not only the early history of terrestrial arthropods, but also the subsequent expansion of arthropods into major terrestrial habitats.
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Wagner, Peter J., Marcello Ruta, and Michael I. Coates. "Evolutionary patterns in early tetrapods. II. Differing constraints on available character space among clades." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1598 (May 16, 2006): 2113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3561.
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Radiations of large clades often accompany rapid morphological diversification. Evolutionary biologists debate the impact of external restrictions imposed by ecology, and intrinsic constraints imposed by development and genetics, on the rate at which morphological innovations are gained. These issues are particularly interesting for groups such as tetrapods, which evolved novel body plans relative to their piscine ancestors and which also invaded new ecosystems following terrestrialization. Prior studies have addressed these issues by looking at either ranges of morphological variation or rates of character change. Here, we address a related but distinct issue: the numbers of characters that freely vary within a clade. We modify techniques similar to those used by ecologists to infer species richnesses to estimate the number of potentially varying characters given the distributions of changes implied by a model phylogeny. Our results suggest both increasing constraints/restrictions and episodes of ‘character release’ (i.e. increasing the number of potentially varying characters). In particular, we show that stem lissamphibians had a restricted character space relative to that of stem amniotes, and that stem amniotes both had restrictions on some parts of character space but also invaded new character space that had been unavailable to stem tetrapods.
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Aria, Cédric. "Macroevolutionary patterns of body plan canalization in euarthropods." Paleobiology 46, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 569–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.36.
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AbstractReconstructing patterns of macroevolution has become a central endeavor in paleobiology, because it offers insight into evolutionary models shaping the history of life. As the most diverse and abundant animals since the Cambrian period, arthropods provide copious data to elucidate the emergence of body plans in metazoan lineages. However, information provided by fossils on the tempo and mode of this phenomenon has lacked a recent synthesis. Here, I investigate macroevolutionary patterns of morphological evolution in Euarthropoda using a combined extinct and extant dataset optimized for multivariate analyses. Overall ordination patterns between the main morphogroups are consistent with another, independently coded, extant-only dataset providing molecular and morphological rates of evolution. Based on a “deep split” phylogenetic framework, total-group Mandibulata and Arachnomorpha emerge as directional morphoanatomical lineages, with basal fossil morphogroups showing heterogeneously spread-out occupations of the morphospace. In addition to a more homogeneous morphological variation, new morphogroups arose by successive reductions of translation distances; this pattern was interrupted only by terrestrialization events and the origin of pancrustaceans. A displaced optimum type of model is proposed to explain the fast assembly of canalized body plans during the Cambrian, with basal fossil morphogroups fitting intermediate fitness peaks in a moving adaptive landscape. Given time constraints imposed by the paleontological evidence, and owing to the interplay between canalization and modularity, as well as a decoupling between molecular and morphological rates, the rise of euarthropods would support the view that the swiftness of the Cambrian explosion was mostly associated with the buildup of genetic regulatory networks.
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Puginier, Camille, Jean Keller, and Pierre-Marc Delaux. "Plant–microbe interactions that have impacted plant terrestrializations." Plant Physiology, June 1, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiac258.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Plants display a tremendous diversity of developmental and physiological features, resulting from gains and losses of functional innovations across the plant phylogeny. Among those, the most impactful have been undoubtedly the ones that allowed plant terrestrializations, the transitions from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. Although the embryophyte terrestrialization has been particularly scrutinized, others occurred across the plant phylogeny with the involvement of mutualistic symbioses as a common theme. Here, we review the current pieces of evidence supporting that the repeated colonization of land by plants has been facilitated by interactions with mutualistic symbionts. In that context, we detail two of these mutualistic symbioses: the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in embryophytes and the lichen symbiosis in chlorophyte algae. We suggest that associations with bacteria should be revisited in that context, and we propose that overlooked symbioses might have facilitated the emergence of other land plant clades.
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Sun, Wenjun, Haomiao Yu, Moyang Liu, Zhaotang Ma, and Hui Chen. "Evolutionary research on the expansin protein family during the plant transition to land provides new insights into the development of Tartary buckwheat fruit." BMC Genomics 22, no. 1 (April 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07562-w.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Background Plant transitions to land require robust cell walls for regulatory adaptations and to resist changing environments. Cell walls provide essential plasticity for plant cell division and defense, which are often conferred by the expansin superfamily with cell wall-loosening functions. However, the evolutionary mechanisms of expansin during plant terrestrialization are unclear. Results Here, we identified 323 expansin proteins in 12 genomes from algae to angiosperms. Phylogenetic evolutionary, structural, motif gain and loss and Ka/Ks analyses indicated that highly conserved expansin proteins were already present in algae and expanded and purified after plant terrestrialization. We found that the expansion of the FtEXPA subfamily was caused by duplication events and that the functions of certain duplicated genes may have differentiated. More importantly, we generated space-time expression profiles and finally identified five differentially expressed FtEXPs in both large and small fruit Tartary buckwheat that may regulate fruit size by responding to indoleacetic acid. Conclusions A total of 323 expansin proteins from 12 representative plants were identified in our study during terrestrialization, and the expansin family that originated from algae expanded rapidly after the plants landed. The EXPA subfamily has more members and conservative evolution in angiosperms. FtEXPA1, FtEXPA11, FtEXPA12, FtEXPA19 and FtEXPA24 can respond to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) signals and regulate fruit development. Our study provides a blueprint for improving the agronomic traits of Tartary buckwheat and a reference for defining the evolutionary history of the expansin family during plant transitions to land.