Journal articles on the topic 'Plant salinity tolerance; sodium transport; Arabidopsis'
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1
Fu, Ding, Sun, and Zhang. "Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Distorted Ion Homeostasis and Responses in the Freshwater Plant Spirodela polyrhiza L. under Salt Stress." Genes 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10100743.
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Duckweeds are a family of freshwater angiosperms with morphology reduced to fronds and propagation by vegetative budding. Unlike other angiosperm plants such as Arabidopsis and rice that have physical barriers between their photosynthetic organs and soils, the photosynthetic organs of duckweeds face directly to their nutrient suppliers (waters), therefore, their responses to salinity may be distinct. In this research, we found that the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L. accumulated high content of sodium and reduced potassium and calcium contents in large amounts under salt stress. Fresh weight, Rubisco and AGPase activities, and starch content were significantly decreaseded in the first day but recovered gradually in the following days and accumulated more starch than control from Day 3 to Day 5 when treated with 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl. A total of 2156 differentially expressed genes were identified. Overall, the genes related to ethylene metabolism, major CHO degradation, lipid degradation, N-metabolism, secondary metabolism of flavonoids, and abiotic stress were significantly increased, while those involved in cell cycle and organization, cell wall, mitochondrial electron transport of ATP synthesis, light reaction of photosynthesis, auxin metabolism, and tetrapyrrole synthesis were greatly inhibited. Moreover, salt stress also significantly influenced the expression of transcription factors that are mainly involved in abiotic stress and cell differentiation. However, most of the osmosensing calcium antiporters (OSCA) and the potassium inward channels were downregulated, Na+/H+ antiporters (SOS1 and NHX) and a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger were slightly upregulated, but most of them did not respond significantly to salt stress. These results indicated that the ion homeostasis was strongly disturbed. Finally, the shared and distinct regulatory networks of salt stress responses between duckweeds and other plants were intensively discussed. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of salt stress response in duckweeds, and can be served as a useful foundation for salt tolerance improvement of duckweeds for the application in salinity conditions.
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Price, Lewis, Yong Han, Tefera Angessa, and Chengdao Li. "Molecular Pathways of WRKY Genes in Regulating Plant Salinity Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 10947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810947.
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Salinity is a natural and anthropogenic process that plants overcome using various responses. Salinity imposes a two-phase effect, simplified into the initial osmotic challenges and subsequent salinity-specific ion toxicities from continual exposure to sodium and chloride ions. Plant responses to salinity encompass a complex gene network involving osmotic balance, ion transport, antioxidant response, and hormone signaling pathways typically mediated by transcription factors. One particular transcription factor mega family, WRKY, is a principal regulator of salinity responses. Here, we categorize a collection of known salinity-responding WRKYs and summarize their molecular pathways. WRKYs collectively play a part in regulating osmotic balance, ion transport response, antioxidant response, and hormone signaling pathways in plants. Particular attention is given to the hormone signaling pathway to illuminate the relationship between WRKYs and abscisic acid signaling. Observed trends among WRKYs are highlighted, including group II WRKYs as major regulators of the salinity response. We recommend renaming existing WRKYs and adopting a naming system to a standardized format based on protein structure.
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Lamichhane, Suman, Jasper B. Alpuerto, Abigail Han, and Takeshi Fukao. "The Central Negative Regulator of Flooding Tolerance, the PROTEOLYSIS 6 Branch of the N-degron Pathway, Adversely Modulates Salinity Tolerance in Arabidopsis." Plants 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2020): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111415.
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Seawater intrusion in coastal regions and waterlogging in salinized lands are serious constraints that reduce crop productivity under changing climate scenarios. Under these conditions, plants encounter flooding and salinity concurrently or sequentially. Identification and characterization of genes and pathways associated with both flooding and salinity adaptation are critical steps for the simultaneous improvement of plant tolerance to these stresses. The PROTEOLYSIS 6 (PRT6) branch of the N-degron pathway is a well-characterized process that negatively regulates flooding tolerance in plants. Here, we determined the role of the PRT6/N-degron pathway in salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis. This study demonstrates that the prt6 mutation enhances salinity tolerance at the germination, seedling, and adult plant stages. Maintenance of chlorophyll content and root growth under high salt in the prt6 mutant was linked with the restricted accumulation of sodium ions (Na+) in shoots and roots of the mutant genotype. The prt6 mutation also stimulated mRNA accumulation of key transcription factors in ABA-dependent and independent pathways of osmotic/salinity tolerance, accompanied by the prominent expression of their downstream genes. Furthermore, the prt6 mutant displayed increased sensitivity to ethylene and brassinosteroids, which can suppress Na+ uptake and promote the expression of stress-responsive genes. This study provides genetic evidence that both salinity and flooding tolerance is coordinated through a common regulatory pathway in Arabidopsis.
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Jiang, Caifu, Eric J. Belfield, Yi Cao, J. Andrew C. Smith, and Nicholas P. Harberd. "An Arabidopsis Soil-Salinity–Tolerance Mutation Confers Ethylene-Mediated Enhancement of Sodium/Potassium Homeostasis." Plant Cell 25, no. 9 (September 2013): 3535–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.115659.
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Le, Thao Duc, Floran Gathignol, Huong Thi Vu, Khanh Le Nguyen, Linh Hien Tran, Hien Thi Thu Vu, Tu Xuan Dinh, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Salinity Tolerance at the Seedling Stage in a Panel of Vietnamese Landraces Reveals New Valuable QTLs for Salinity Stress Tolerance Breeding in Rice." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061088.
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Rice tolerance to salinity stress involves diverse and complementary mechanisms, such as the regulation of genome expression, activation of specific ion-transport systems to manage excess sodium at the cell or plant level, and anatomical changes that avoid sodium penetration into the inner tissues of the plant. These complementary mechanisms can act synergistically to improve salinity tolerance in the plant, which is then interesting in breeding programs to pyramidize complementary QTLs (quantitative trait loci), to improve salinity stress tolerance of the plant at different developmental stages and in different environments. This approach presupposes the identification of salinity tolerance QTLs associated with different mechanisms involved in salinity tolerance, which requires the greatest possible genetic diversity to be explored. To contribute to this goal, we screened an original panel of 179 Vietnamese rice landraces genotyped with 21,623 SNP markers for salinity stress tolerance under 100 mM NaCl treatment, at the seedling stage, with the aim of identifying new QTLs involved in the salinity stress tolerance via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Nine salinity tolerance-related traits, including the salt injury score, chlorophyll and water content, and K+ and Na+ contents were measured in leaves. GWAS analysis allowed the identification of 26 QTLs. Interestingly, ten of them were associated with several different traits, which indicates that these QTLs act pleiotropically to control the different levels of plant responses to salinity stress. Twenty-one identified QTLs colocalized with known QTLs. Several genes within these QTLs have functions related to salinity stress tolerance and are mainly involved in gene regulation, signal transduction or hormone signaling. Our study provides promising QTLs for breeding programs to enhance salinity tolerance and identifies candidate genes that should be further functionally studied to better understand salinity tolerance mechanisms in rice.
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Cramer, GR, GJ Alberico, and C. Schmidt. "Salt Tolerance Is Not Associated With the Sodium Accumulation of Two Maize Hybrids." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 5 (1994): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940675.
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In this report, we test the hypothesis that Na+ accumulation in the shoot in maize is negatively correlated with salt tolerance. Salt tolerance is defined as a percentage of the control on a dry weight basis. Two hybrids (Pioneer hybrid 3578 and Pioneer hybrid 3772) differing widely in Na+ accumulation were compared. Plants were treated with two types of salinity for 15 days (80 mol m-3 NaCl or 80 mol m-3 NaCl plus 8.75 mol m-3 CaCl2). Ion concentrations (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Cl-) were measured in the roots, stalks, sheaths and leaves of plants harvested every third day. Ion concentrations were significantly affected by the treatments. Na+ and Cl- concentrations increased with salinity treatments; K+ and Ca2+ concentrations decreased. Supplemental Ca2+ increased Ca2+ and decreased Na+ concentrations. Hybrid 3772 maintained very low Na+ concentrations in the shoots, whereas 3578 did not. The largest distinction between the hybrids was in the ability to transport Na+ to the shoot; hybrid 3578 transported Na+ at twice the rate of hybrid 3772. In general, ion transport to the shoot appeared to be a function of root ion concentration. This model could account for the effects of NaCl salinity and supplemental Ca2+ on ion transport, although Na+ transport was complicated by an apparent reabsorption mechanism in the root and mesocotyl. The lack of correlation of Na+ accumulation in the shoot and other ion parameters with growth indicated that the mineral nutrition of the plants was not correlated with salt tolerance. It was concluded that the growth response of maize to salinity was primarily affected by osmotic factors.
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Busoms, Silvia, Pirita Paajanen, Sarah Marburger, Sian Bray, Xin-Yuan Huang, Charlotte Poschenrieder, Levi Yant, and David E. Salt. "Fluctuating selection on migrant adaptive sodium transporter alleles in coastal Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 52 (December 7, 2018): E12443—E12452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816964115.
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Stressors such as soil salinity and dehydration are major constraints on plant growth, causing worldwide crop losses. Compounding these insults, increasing climate volatility requires adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Salinity stress responses are relatively well understood in Arabidopsis thaliana, making this system suited for the rapid molecular dissection of evolutionary mechanisms. In a large-scale genomic analysis of Catalonian A. thaliana, we resequenced 77 individuals from multiple salinity gradients along the coast and integrated these data with 1,135 worldwide A. thaliana genomes for a detailed understanding of the demographic and evolutionary dynamics of naturally evolved salinity tolerance. This revealed that Catalonian varieties adapted to highly fluctuating soil salinity are not Iberian relicts but instead have immigrated to this region more recently. De novo genome assembly of three allelic variants of the high-affinity K+ transporter (HKT1;1) locus resolved structural variation between functionally distinct alleles undergoing fluctuating selection in response to seasonal changes in soil salinity. Plants harboring alleles responsible for low root expression of HKT1;1 and consequently high leaf sodium (HKT1;1HLS) were migrants that have moved specifically into areas where soil sodium levels fluctuate widely due to geography and rainfall variation. We demonstrate that the proportion of plants harboring HKT1;1HLS alleles correlates with soil sodium level over time, HKT1;1HLS-harboring plants are better adapted to intermediate levels of salinity, and the HKT1;1HLS allele clusters with high-sodium accumulator accessions worldwide. Together, our evidence suggests that HKT1;1 is under fluctuating selection in response to climate volatility and is a worldwide determinant in adaptation to saline conditions.
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Abudureyimu, Buasimuhan, and Emre Aksoy. "SOS Yolağından Sorumlu Arabidopsis Mutantlarının Tuz Stresi Altındaki Hassasiyetlerinin Karşılaştırılması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 11 (November 23, 2019): 1982. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1982-1989.2983.
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Salinity stress is one of the most important and common abiotic stress factors that cause significant physiological and metabolic changes in plants, negatively affecting plant growth and development, and causing decrease in product quality and quantity. The elucidation of the molecular control mechanisms associated with salt stress tolerance is based on the activation and /or inactivation of various stress-related genes. Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) tolerance mechanism under salt stress is of great importance in terms of salt tolerance of the plants. Although this mechanism has been studied for many years, the physiological changes that the plants give as a result of mutation of the genes in the pathway under different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) during development have not been examined comparatively. In this study, we found that the Arabidopsis thaliana sos1-1 mutant plant showed sensitivity to 10 mM NaCl while the sos3-1 and hkt1-1 mutants showed tolerance. The sos1-1, sos3-1 and hkt1-1 mutants showed increasing sensitivity when NaCl was applied beyon 50 mM of concentration. In addition, plants did not show significant sensitivity for 1 day of stress application, while significant effects were observed in plant root length when exposed to salinity for 3 to 4 days. Col-0, hkt1-1 and sos3-1 roots treated with low levels of NaCl for a short term were positively affected in length. In the light of these results, the amount and duration of salt stress is very critical in Arabidopsis thaliana's responses to the stress and determination of molecular tolerance pathways.
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Wang, Xing, Fei Gao, Jie Bing, Weimin Sun, Xiuxiu Feng, Xiaofeng Ma, Yijun Zhou, and Genfa Zhang. "Overexpression of the Jojoba Aquaporin Gene, ScPIP1, Enhances Drought and Salt Tolerance in Transgenic Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010153.
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Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are a subfamily of aquaporin proteins located on plasma membranes where they facilitate the transport of water and small uncharged solutes. PIPs play an important role throughout plant development, and in response to abiotic stresses. Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider), as a typical desert plant, tolerates drought, salinity and nutrient-poor soils. In this study, a PIP1 gene (ScPIP1) was cloned from jojoba and overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. The expression of ScPIP1 at the transcriptional level was induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) treatment. ScPIP1 overexpressed Arabidopsis plants exhibited higher germination rates, longer roots and higher survival rates compared to the wild-type plants under drought and salt stresses. The results of malonaldehyde (MDA), ion leakage (IL) and proline content measurements indicated that the improved drought and salt tolerance conferred by ScPIP1 was correlated with decreased membrane damage and improved osmotic adjustment. We assume that ScPIP1 may be applied to genetic engineering to improve plant tolerance based on the resistance effect in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing ScPIP1.
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Ketehouli, Toi, Kue Foka Idrice Carther, Muhammad Noman, Fa-Wei Wang, Xiao-Wei Li, and Hai-Yan Li. "Adaptation of Plants to Salt Stress: Characterization of Na+ and K+ Transporters and Role of CBL Gene Family in Regulating Salt Stress Response." Agronomy 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110687.
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Salinity is one of the most serious factors limiting the productivity of agricultural crops, with adverse effects on germination, plant vigor, and crop yield. This salinity may be natural or induced by agricultural activities such as irrigation or the use of certain types of fertilizer. The most detrimental effect of salinity stress is the accumulation of Na+ and Cl− ions in tissues of plants exposed to soils with high NaCl concentrations. The entry of both Na+ and Cl− into the cells causes severe ion imbalance, and excess uptake might cause significant physiological disorder(s). High Na+ concentration inhibits the uptake of K+, which is an element for plant growth and development that results in lower productivity and may even lead to death. The genetic analyses revealed K+ and Na+ transport systems such as SOS1, which belong to the CBL gene family and play a key role in the transport of Na+ from the roots to the aerial parts in the Arabidopsis plant. In this review, we mainly discuss the roles of alkaline cations K+ and Na+, Ion homeostasis-transport determinants, and their regulation. Moreover, we tried to give a synthetic overview of soil salinity, its effects on plants, and tolerance mechanisms to withstand stress.
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Shao, Qun, Ning Han, Tonglou Ding, Feng Zhou, and Baoshan Wang. "SsHKT1;1 is a potassium transporter of the C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa that is involved in salt tolerance." Functional Plant Biology 41, no. 8 (2014): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp13265.
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SsHKT1;1, a HKT1 homologue, was isolated from the C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa L. and its ion transport properties were investigated in heterologous systems. The expression of SsHKT1;1 suppressed a K+ transport-defective phenotype of the yeast strain CY162 (Δtrk1Δtrk2), suggesting the enhancement of K+ uptake with SsHKT1;1. However, it did not suppress the salt-sensitive phenotype of the yeast strain G19 (Δena1–4), which lacks a major component of Na+ efflux. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. plants overexpressing SsHKT1;1 showed enhanced salt tolerance and increased shoot K+ concentration, whereas no significant changes in shoot Na+ concentration were observed. S. salsa was also used to investigate K+ uptake properties under salinity. The K+ transporters in the roots selectively mediated K+ uptake irrespective of external Na+ and their inhibitor did not affect Na+ uptake at low K+. Thus, both molecular and physiological studies provide strong in vivo evidence that SsHKT1;1 mainly acts as a potassium transporter in heterologous expression systems and S. salsa, and that it is involved in salt tolerance by taking part in the maintenance of cytosolic cation homeostasis, particularly, in the maintenance of K+ nutrition under salinity.
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Vaziriyeganeh, Maryamsadat, Micaela Carvajal, Ning Du, and Janusz J. Zwiazek. "Salinity Tolerance of Halophytic Grass Puccinellia nuttalliana Is Associated with Enhancement of Aquaporin-Mediated Water Transport by Sodium." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 5732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105732.
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In salt-sensitive plants, root hydraulic conductivity is severely inhibited by NaCl, rapidly leading to the loss of water balance. However, halophytic plants appear to effectively control plant water flow under salinity conditions. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Na+ is the principal salt factor responsible for the enhancement of aquaporin-mediated water transport in the roots of halophytic grasses, and this enhancement plays a significant role in the maintenance of water balance, gas exchange, and the growth of halophytic plants exposed to salinity. We examined the effects of treatments with 150 mM of NaCl, KCl, and Na2SO4 to separate the factors that affect water relations and, consequently, physiological and growth responses in three related grass species varying in salt tolerance. The grasses included relatively salt-sensitive Poa pratensis, moderately salt-tolerant Poa juncifolia, and the salt-loving halophytic grass Puccinellia nuttalliana. Our study demonstrated that sustained growth, chlorophyll concentrations, gas exchange, and water transport in Puccinellia nuttalliana were associated with the presence of Na in the applied salt treatments. Contrary to the other examined grasses, the root cell hydraulic conductivity in Puccinellia nuttalliana was enhanced by the 150 mM NaCl and 150 mM Na2SO4 treatments. This enhancement was abolished by the 50 µM HgCl2 treatment, demonstrating that Na was the factor responsible for the increase in mercury-sensitive, aquaporin-mediated water transport. The observed increases in root Ca and K concentrations likely played a role in the transcriptional and (or) posttranslational regulation of aquaporins that enhanced root water transport capacity in Puccinellia nuttalliana. The study demonstrates that Na plays a key role in the aquaporin-mediated root water transport of the halophytic grass Puccinellia nuttalliana, contributing to its salinity tolerance.
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Ho, Li-Wei, Ting-Ting Yang, Shyan-Shu Shieh, Gerald E. Edwards, and Hungchen E. Yen. "Reduced expression of a vesicle trafficking-related ATPase SKD1 decreases salt tolerance in Arabidopsis." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10049.
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In this study we present the functional characterisation of SKD1 (suppressor of K+ transport growth defect) in salt tolerance of higher plants. SKD1 participates in endosome-mediated protein sorting and expression of SKD1 is salt-induced in Na+ storage cells of halophyte ice plant. Transgenic Arabidopsis with reduced SKD1 expression were generated by expressing AtSKD1 in antisense orientation. Relative root growth rate of antisense seedlings was slower than that of wild-type seedlings under salt treatment. The Na+/K+ ratio doubled in the antisense seedlings compared with the wild-type seedlings indicating a loss in Na+/K+ homeostasis. The PSII activity dropped following one week of salt-stress in antisense plants whereas wild-type plants maintained normal activity. Upon germination, transgenic seedlings developed multiple roots where each root had lower density of lateral roots. Application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid restored the ability of transgenic seedlings to form lateral roots. Expression profiling analyses revealed that expressions of one stress-related kinase, several salt-induced transcription factors and one auxin efflux transporter were altered in antisense seedlings. With decreased expression of SKD1, plants experience a reduced salinity response and altered root development indicating the importance of intracellular vesicular trafficking in both auxin-mediated plant growth and in maintaining ion homeostasis under salt stress.
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Zhang, Huilong, Chen Deng, Xia Wu, Jun Yao, Yanli Zhang, Yinan Zhang, Shurong Deng, et al. "Populus euphratica remorin 6.5 activates plasma membrane H+-ATPases to mediate salt tolerance." Tree Physiology 40, no. 6 (March 3, 2020): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa022.
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Abstract Remorins (REMs) play an important role in the ability of plants to adapt to adverse environments. PeREM6.5, a protein of the REM family in Populus euphratica (salt-resistant poplar), was induced by NaCl stress in callus, roots and leaves. We cloned the full-length PeREM6.5 from P. euphratica and transformed it into Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis thaliana. PeREM6.5 recombinant protein significantly increased the H+-ATPase hydrolytic activity and H+ transport activity in P. euphratica plasma membrane (PM) vesicles. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that P. euphratica REM6.5 interacted with RPM1-interacting protein 4 (PeRIN4). Notably, the PeREM6.5-induced increase in PM H+-ATPase activity was enhanced by PeRIN4 recombinant protein. Overexpression of PeREM6.5 in Arabidopsis significantly improved salt tolerance in transgenic plants in terms of survival rate, root growth, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Arabidopsis plants overexpressing PeREM6.5 retained high PM H+-ATPase activity in both in vivo and in vitro assays. PeREM6.5-transgenic plants had reduced accumulation of Na+ due to the Na+ extrusion promoted by the H+-ATPases. Moreover, the H+ pumps caused hyperpolarization of the PM, which reduced the K+ loss mediated by the depolarization-activated channels in the PM of salinized roots. Therefore, we conclude that PeREM6.5 regulated H+-ATPase activity in the PM, thus enhancing the plant capacity to maintain ionic homeostasis under salinity.
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Somasundaram, Suji, Anne-Aliénor Véry, Rithvik S. Vinekar, Tetsuya Ishikawa, Kumkum Kumari, Shalini Pulipati, Kavitha Kumaresan, et al. "Homology Modeling Identifies Crucial Amino-Acid Residues That Confer Higher Na+ Transport Capacity of OcHKT1;5 from Oryza coarctata Roxb." Plant and Cell Physiology 61, no. 7 (May 7, 2020): 1321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcaa061.
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Abstract HKT1;5 loci/alleles are important determinants of crop salinity tolerance. HKT1;5s encode plasmalemma-localized Na+ transporters, which move xylem Na+ into xylem parenchyma cells, reducing shoot Na+ accumulation. Allelic variation in rice OsHKT1;5 sequence in specific landraces (Nona Bokra OsHKT1;5-NB/Nipponbare OsHKT1;5-Ni) correlates with variation in salt tolerance. Oryza coarctata, a halophytic wild rice, grows in fluctuating salinity at the seawater–estuarine interface in Indian and Bangladeshi coastal regions. The distinct transport characteristics of the shoots and roots expressing the O. coarctata OcHKT1;5 transporter are reported vis-à-vis OsHKT1;5-Ni. Yeast sodium extrusion-deficient cells expressing OcHKT1;5 are sensitive to increasing Na+ (10–100 mM). Electrophysiological measurements in Xenopus oocytes expressing O. coarctata or rice HKT1;5 transporters indicate that OcHKT1;5, like OsHKT1;5-Ni, is a Na+-selective transporter, but displays 16-fold lower affinity for Na+ and 3.5-fold higher maximal conductance than OsHKT1;5-Ni. For Na+ concentrations >10 mM, OcHKT1;5 conductance is higher than that of OsHKT1;5-Ni, indicating the potential of OcHKT1;5 for increasing domesticated rice salt tolerance. Homology modeling/simulation suggests that four key amino-acid changes in OcHKT1;5 (in loops on the extracellular side; E239K, G207R, G214R, L363V) account for its lower affinity and higher Na+ conductance vis-à-vis OsHKT1;5-Ni. Of these, E239K in OcHKT1;5 confers lower affinity for Na+ transport, as evidenced by Na+ transport assays of reciprocal site-directed mutants for both transporters (OcHKT1;5-K239E, OsHKT1;5-Ni-E270K) in Xenopus oocytes. Both transporters have likely analogous roles in xylem sap desalinization, and differences in xylem sap Na+ concentrations in both species are attributed to differences in Na+ transport affinity/conductance between the transporters.
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Zarei, Adel, Greta Z. Chiu, Guanghui Yu, Christopher P. Trobacher, and Barry J. Shelp. "Salinity-regulated expression of genes involved in GABA metabolism and signaling." Botany 95, no. 6 (June 2017): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0304.
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4-Aminobutyrate (GABA) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid that functions in stress tolerance and signaling. Here, we report that salinity stress and elevated GABA levels coincided with the induction of glutamate decarboxylase 4 (GAD4) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ecotype Col-0. In-silico and microarray analysis revealed the over-representation of binding sites for WRKY and MYB transcription factors in the GAD4 promoter, as well as their co-expression with GAD4. Transcript profiling of liquid culture-grown, wild-type plantlets subjected to salinity stress for up to two days confirmed that GAD4 expression is associated with the inducible co-expression of WRKY28, WRKY30, WRKY40, MYB2, MYB15, and MYB108, as well as calmodulin-like 37 and aluminum-activated malate transporter 2, suggesting the involvement of gene regulation, protein activation, and anion transport in GABA accumulation. Transcript profiling of shoots from soil-grown, wild-type plants and corresponding single and double GAD mutants subjected to two days of salinity stress suggests that the GABA accumulation could involve post-translational activation of pre-existing GAD1 and GAD2 by elevated cytosolic calmodulin, as well as induction of GAD4 expression.
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Thai Huyen, Pham Ngoc, Hoang Thi Lan Xuan, Nguyen Nguyen Chuong, and Nguyen Phuong Thao. "Expression study of stress-related genes in salinity-treated transgenic Arabidopsis harboring soybean Response Regulator 34." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/16149.
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Owing to their sessile nature, plants are easily affected by various extenal factors. Among those, drought and salinity are considered as the most common stresses, which often pose a threat to plant growth and development. Major effects of the drought and salinity are interconnected and drive similar series of molecular changes in plants. These alterations in response to the stress are under the regulation of various signaling pathways, including the engangement of evolutionarily conserved two-component systems (TCSs). Three components with distinct functions can be found in a functional TCS, which are histidine kinases (HKs), histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), and response regulator proteins (RRs). Previous research revealed that the soybean (Glycine max) GmRR34 acts as an important regulatory protein in plants under drought stress conditions. In this project, the investigation on the role of GmRR34 in osmotic stress responses was extended to salinity by examining the expression of a subset of salinity-responsive genes using RT-qPCR method. Our analyses showed that the transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing GmRR34 displayed enhanced expression of several important stress-related genes, including Catalase 1 (CAT1), Stromal ascorbate peroxidase 1 (sAPX1), Copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (CSD1), Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHX1) and Salt overly sensitive 2 (SOS2). These results indicate that GmRR34-transgenic plants might be more salt-tolerant thanks to stronger activities of antioxidant enzymes and better capacity in maintaining cytosolic ion homeostasis. Therefore, it is highlighted the necessity to perform further studies to fully characterize the GmRR34 biological functions as well as explore its application potential in enhancing the salt tolerance of crop plants.
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Santangeli, Michael, Concetta Capo, Simone Beninati, Fabrizio Pietrini, and Cinzia Forni. "Gradual Exposure to Salinity Improves Tolerance to Salt Stress in Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)." Water 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 1667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11081667.
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Soil salinity is considered one of the most severe abiotic stresses in plants; plant acclimation to salinity could be a tool to improve salt tolerance even in a sensitive genotype. In this work we investigated the physiological mechanisms underneath the response to gradual and prolonged exposure to sodium chloride in cultivars of Brassica napus L. Fifteen days old seedlings of the cultivars Dynastie (salt tolerant) and SY Saveo (salt sensitive) were progressively exposed to increasing soil salinity conditions for 60 days. Salt exposed plants of both cultivars showed reductions of biomass, size and number of leaves. However, after 60 days the relative reduction in biomass was lower in sensitive cultivar as compared to tolerant ones. An increase of chlorophylls content was detected in both cultivars; the values of the quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) and those of the electron transport rate (ETR) indicated that the photochemical activity was only partially reduced by NaCl treatments in both cultivars. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was higher in treated samples with respect to the controls, indicating its activation following salt exposure, and confirming its involvement in salt stress response. A gradual exposure to salt could elicit different salt stress responses, thus preserving plant vitality and conferring a certain degree of tolerance, even though the genotype was salt sensitive at the seed germination stage. An improvement of salt tolerance in B. napus could be obtained by acclimation to saline conditions.
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Tattini, Massimiliano, and Riccardo Gucci. "Ionic relations of Phillyrea latifolia L. plants during NaCl stress and relief from stress." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 7 (November 5, 1999): 969–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-049.
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Two experiments were conducted on Phillyrea latifolia L. plants exposed to increasing NaCl concentrations at the root zone in hydroponic culture. Growth, ion fluxes within the plant, and rates of excretion by glandular trichomes were measured during both salinity stress and relief periods. The reduction in relative growth rate (RGR) of plants treated with 100 and 200 mM external NaCl was more marked when RGR was calculated on a fresh weight (FW) basis than on a dry weight (DW) basis. The RGR of previously salt-treated plants, expressed on a FW basis, did not differ from that of the controls over 5 weeks of relief from stress, whereas RGR calculated on a DW basis did not fully recover. Fluxes of Na+ and K+ appeared highly regulated. Sodium transport to the leaf of 100 mM salt-treated plants equalled that of the controls, whereas Na+ transport to the leaf was higher in 200 mM salt-treated plants. Selectivity ratio for K+ and Na+ transport to the leaf was increased by salt treatments. The exclusion ability for Cl- was markedly lower than that for Na+ at 300 and 400 mM external NaCl. The excretion of Na+ and Cl- by glandular trichomes was very low at all external NaCl concentrations and substantially higher in basal leaves than in apical leaves. These results indicate that in P. latifolia, mechanisms of salt tolerance operate by excluding sodium and maintaining high selectivity for uptake and transport of K+, whereas the excretion of toxic ions is of minor significance.Key words: chloride, excretion, growth, Phillyrea latifolia, potassium, sodium.
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Salama, Fawzy Mahmoud, Arwa Abdulkreem AL-Huqail, Mohammed Ali, and Amany H. A. Abeed. "Cd Phytoextraction Potential in Halophyte Salicornia fruticosa: Salinity Impact." Plants 11, no. 19 (September 28, 2022): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192556.
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The phytoextraction potential of halophytes has been broadly recognized. Nevertheless, the impact of salt on the accumulation proprieties of cadmium (Cd) in different halophytic species, likely linked to their salt tolerance, remains unclear. A hydroponic culture was used to investigate the impact of salinity on Cd tolerance as well as accumulation in the distinct halophyte Salicornia fruticosa (S. fruticosa). The plant was subjected to 0, 25, and 50 μg L−1 Cd (0-Cd, L-Cd, and H-Cd, respectively), with or without 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl in the nutrient solution. Data demonstrated that Cd individually induced depletion in biomass accumulation. NaCl amplified the Cd tolerance induced by enhanced biomass gaining and root length, which was associated with adequate transpiration, leaf succulence, elevated levels of ascorbic acid (ASA), reduced glutathione (GSH), phytochelatins (PCs), and proline as well as antioxidant enzymatic capacity via upregulation of peroxidases (PO), glutathione peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. All Cd treatments decreased the uptake of calcium (Ca) as well as potassium (K) and transport to the shoots; however, sodium (Na) accumulation in the shoots was not influenced by Cd. Consequently, S. fruticosa retained its halophytic properties. Based on the low transfer efficiency and high enrichment coefficient at 0–50 mM NaCl, an examination of Cd accumulation characteristics revealed that phytostabilization was the selected phytoremediation strategy. At 100–200 mM NaCl, the high aboveground Cd-translocation and high absorption efficiency encourage phytoremediation via phytoextraction. The results revealed that S. fruticosa might be also potentially utilized to renovate saline soils tainted with heavy metals (HMs) because of its maximized capacity for Cd tolerance magnified by NaCl. Cd accumulation in S. fruticosa is mainly depending on the NaCl concentration. Future studies may be established for other heavy metal pollutants screening, to detect which could be extracted and/or stabilized by the S. fruticosa plant; moreover, other substrates presenting high electrical conductivity should be identified for reclamation.
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Roshandel, Parto. "Xylem sap analysis reveals new facts of salt tolerance in rice genotypes." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 19, no. 3 (September 2007): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202007000300002.
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Salinity damage in rice and other salt-sensitive species is due to excessive transport of NaCl through the root system to the leaves and consequently low salt transport to the shoot can be a major trait determining salt resistance. Since the rapid uptake of sodium ions is such a crucial part of the response of rice to salinity, physiological experiments were carried out to compare bypass flow in two genotypes of rice (IR4630 and IR15324) differing in salt tolerance, because it has been suggested that an apoplastic pathway, bypass flow, is a major contributory pathway for Na+ entrance into rice plants. Experiments on the youngest fully expanded photosynthetic leaf (the third from the base), using PTS as a tracer for apoplastic movement and Philaenus spumarius (a xylem-feeding insect) as a means to sample the xylem sap, did not demonstrate any apparent difference in bypass flow between the two lines. The similarity of Na+ concentration in the xylem sap of both genotypes paralleled the results of PTS (a fluorescent dye used as an apoplastic tracer for the transpiration stream) measurements. Despite the similarity of Na+ concentration in the xylem sap of the third leaves, the Na+ concentration in the bulk of these leaves of IR15324 plants (the sensitive line) was about twice that of IR4630 (the tolerant line). Measurements of transpiration over 8 d of salinisation showed the similarity of rates in both lines providing evidence that the greater accumulation of NaCl in IR15324 than in IR4630 plants was unlikely to be due to a difference in the delivery of salt to the leaves by an apoplastic route. Results of the current work suggest that the difference in salt tolerance might be a consequence of damage to leaves 1 and 2 of IR15324 that allowed Na+ to leak into the phloem - and consequently move to leaf 3.
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Wang, Jing, Xing Xu, and Dongmei Ma. "Establishment of an efficient alfalfa regeneration system via organogenesis and the co-expression of Arabidopsis SOS genes improves salt tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 99, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 348–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2018-0105.
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The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signal transduction pathway is pivotal in Na+ efflux and facilitates ion transport and homeostasis for improved salt tolerance in plants. Ten alfalfa varieties were used as experimental materials and two alfalfa regeneration systems were established and optimized. Cotyledons and hypocotyls were initially used as explants to induce embryogenic callus via the indirect production of somatic embryos to establish a callus acceptor system. Cotyledonary nodes were used as explants to induce adventitious bud formation via direct organogenesis, thereby establishing an in vitro regeneration system that could be used for the genetic transformation. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the cotyledonary nodes of the alfalfa ‘Golden Empress b’ was used to generate 25 independent sources of transformed plants exhibiting herbicide tolerance. Four of the positive transgenic plants were randomly selected for southern blot analysis, and three hybridization signals with one or two copies were detected. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that the Bialaphos resistance (Bar) and SOS1 genes were expressed in transgenic plants and that multiple exogenous salt-tolerant genes were integrated into the transgenic plant genome and expressed at the transcriptional level. The overexpression of Arabidopsis SOS genes in alfalfa conferred a high degree of salinity tolerance, enhanced plant growth, lowered the accumulation of Na+, increased the accumulation of K+ in the leaves, and altered physiological and biochemical parameters in response to salt stress.
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Hosseinifard, Marjanossadat, Szymon Stefaniak, Majid Ghorbani Ghorbani Javid, Elias Soltani, Łukasz Wojtyla, and Małgorzata Garnczarska. "Contribution of Exogenous Proline to Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Plants: A Review." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095186.
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Abiotic stresses are the major environmental factors that play a significant role in decreasing plant yield and production potential by influencing physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. Abiotic stresses and global population growth have prompted scientists to use beneficial strategies to ensure food security. The use of organic compounds to improve tolerance to abiotic stresses has been considered for many years. For example, the application of potential external osmotic protective compounds such as proline is one of the approaches to counteract the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plants. Proline level increases in plants in response to environmental stress. Proline accumulation is not just a signal of tension. Rather, according to research discussed in this article, this biomolecule improves plant resistance to abiotic stress by rising photosynthesis, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity, regulating osmolyte concentration, and sodium and potassium homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis, sensing, signaling, and transport of proline and its role in the development of various plant tissues, including seeds, floral components, and vegetative tissues. Further, the impacts of exogenous proline utilization under various non-living stresses such as drought, salinity, high and low temperatures, and heavy metals have been extensively studied. Numerous various studies have shown that exogenous proline can improve plant growth, yield, and stress tolerance under adverse environmental factors.
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Pu, Lin, Ruoyi Lin, Tao Zou, Zhengfeng Wang, Mei Zhang, and Shuguang Jian. "Genome-Wide Identification, Primary Functional Characterization of the NHX Gene Family in Canavalia rosea, and Their Possible Roles for Adaptation to Tropical Coral Reefs." Genes 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010033.
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Canavalia rosea, distributed in the coastal areas of tropical and subtropical regions, is an extremophile halophyte with good adaptability to high salinity/alkaline and drought tolerance. Plant sodium/hydrogen (Na+/H+) exchanger (NHX) genes encode membrane transporters involved in sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), and lithium ion (Li+) transport and pH homeostasis, thereby playing key roles in salinity tolerance. However, the NHX family has not been reported in this leguminous halophyte. In the present study, a genome-wide comprehensive analysis was conducted and finally eight CrNHXs were identified in C. rosea genome. Based on the bioinformatics analysis about the chromosomal location, protein domain, motif organization, and phylogenetic relationships of CrNHXs and their coding proteins, as well as the comparison with plant NHXs from other species, the CrNHXs were grouped into three major subfamilies (Vac-, Endo-, and PM-NHX). Promoter analyses of cis-regulatory elements indicated that the expression of different CrNHXs was affected by a series of stress challenges. Six CrNHXs showed high expression levels in five tested tissues of C. rosea in different levels, while CrNHX1 and CrNHX3 were expressed at extremely low levels, indicating that CrNHXs might be involved in regulating the development of C. rosea plant. The expression analysis based on RNA-seq showed that the transcripts of most CrNHXs were obviously decreased in mature leaves of C. rosea plant growing on tropical coral reefs, which suggested their involvement in this species’ adaptation to reefs and specialized islands habitats. Furthermore, in the single-factor stress treatments mimicking the extreme environments of tropical coral reefs, the RNA-seq data also implied CrNHXs holding possible gene-specific regulatory roles in the environmental adaptation. The qRT-PCR based expression profiling exhibited that CrNHXs responded to different stresses to varying degrees, which further confirmed the specificity of CrNHXs’ in responding to abiotic stresses. Moreover, the yeast functional complementation test proved that some CrNHXs could partially restore the salt tolerance of the salt-sensitive yeast mutant AXT3. This study provides comprehensive bio-information and primary functional identification of NHXs in C. rosea, which could help improve the salt/alkaline tolerance of genetically modified plants for further studies. This research also contributes to our understanding of the possible molecular mechanism whereby NHXs maintain the ion balance in the natural ecological adaptability of C. rosea to tropical coral islands and reefs.
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Ma, Weiwei, Song Cui, Zhenfei Lu, Xiaofeng Yan, Long Cai, Yongfa Lu, Kefeng Cai, et al. "YTH Domain Proteins Play an Essential Role in Rice Growth and Stress Response." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172206.
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As the most prevalent epi-transcriptional modification, m6A modifications play essential roles in regulating RNA fate. The molecular functions of YTH521-B homology (YTH) domain proteins, the most known READER proteins of m6A modifications, have been well-studied in animals. Although plants contain more YTH domain proteins than other eukaryotes, little is known about their biological importance. In dicot species Arabidopsis thaliana, the YTHDFA clade members ECT2/3/4 and CPSF30-L are well-studied and important for cell proliferation, plant organogenesis, and nitrate transport. More emphasis is needed on the biological functions of plant YTH proteins, especially monocot YTHs. Here we presented a detailed phylogenetic relationship of eukaryotic YTH proteins and clustered plant YTHDFC clade into three subclades. To determine the importance of monocot YTH proteins, YTH knockout mutants and RNAi-induced knockdown plants were constructed and used for phenotyping, transcriptomic analysis, and stress treatments. Knocking out or knocking down OsYTHs led to the downregulation of multicellular organismal regulation genes and resulted in growth defects. In addition, loss-of-function ythdfa mutants led to better salinity tolerance whereas ythdfc mutants were more sensitive to abiotic stress. Overall, our study establishes the functional relevance of rice YTH genes in plant growth regulation and stress response.
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Akram, Umar, Yuhan Song, Chengzhen Liang, Muhammad Ali Abid, Muhammad Askari, Aye Aye Myat, Mubashir Abbas, et al. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of NHX Gene Family under Salinity Stress in Gossypium barbadense and Its Comparison with Gossypium hirsutum." Genes 11, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11070803.
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Cotton is an important economic crop affected by different abiotic stresses at different developmental stages. Salinity limits the growth and productivity of crops worldwide. Na+/H+ antiporters play a key role during the plant development and in its tolerance to salt stress. The aim of the present study was a genome-wide characterization and expression pattern analysis under the salinity stress of the sodium-proton antiporter (NHX) of Gossypium barbadense in comparison with Gossypium hirsutum. In G. barbadense, 25 NHX genes were identified on the basis of the Na+_H+ exchanger domain. All except one of the G. barbadense NHX transporters have an Amiloride motif that is a known inhibitor of Na+ ions in plants. A phylogenetic analysis inferred three classes of GbNHX genes—viz., Vac (GbNHX1, 2 and 4), Endo (GbNHX6), and PM (GbNHX7). A high number of the stress-related cis-acting elements observed in promoters show their role in tolerance against abiotic stresses. The Ka/Ks values show that the majority of GbNHX genes are subjected to strong purifying selection under the course of evolution. To study the functional divergence of G. barbadense NHX transporters, the real-time gene expression was analyzed under salt stress in the root, stem, and leaf tissues. In G. barbadense, the expression was higher in the stem, while in G. hirsutum the leaf and root showed a high expression. Moreover, our results revealed that NHX2 homologues in both species have a high expression under salinity stress at higher time intervals, followed by NHX7. The protein-protein prediction study revealed that GbNHX7 is involved in the CBL-CIPK protein interaction pathway. Our study also provided valuable information explaining the molecular mechanism of Na+ transport for the further functional study of Gossypium NHX genes.
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Azeem, Farrukh, Usman Ijaz, Muhammad Amjad Ali, Sabir Hussain, Muhammad Zubair, Hamid Manzoor, Muhammad Abid, et al. "Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of Potassium Transport-Related Genes in Vigna radiata under Abiotic Stresses." Plants 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11010002.
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Potassium (K+) is one of the most important cations that plays a significant role in plants and constitutes up to 10% of plants’ dry weight. Plants exhibit complex systems of transporters and channels for the distribution of K+ from soil to numerous parts of plants. In this study, we have identified 39 genes encoding putative K+ transport-related genes in Vigna radiata. Chromosomal mapping of these genes indicated an uneven distribution across eight out of 11 chromosomes. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of different plant species, i.e., V. radiata, Glycine max, Cicer arietinum, Oryza sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana, showed their strong conservation in different plant species. Evolutionary analysis of these genes suggests that gene duplication is a major route of expansion for this family in V. radiata. Comprehensive promoter analysis identified several abiotic stresses related to cis-elements in the promoter regions of these genes, suggesting their role in abiotic stress tolerance. Our additional analyses indicated that abiotic stresses adversely affected the chlorophyll concentration, carotenoids, catalase, total soluble protein concentration, and the activities of superoxide and peroxidase in V. radiata. It also disturbs the ionic balance by decreasing the uptake of K+ content and increasing the uptake of Na+. Expression analysis from high-throughput sequencing data and quantitative real-time PCR experiments revealed that several K+ transport genes were expressed in different tissues (seed, flower, and pod) and in abiotic stress-responsive manners. A highly significant variation of expression was observed for VrHKT (1.1 and 1.2), VrKAT (1 and 2) VrAKT1.1, VrAKT2, VrSKOR, VrKEA5, VrTPK3, and VrKUP/HAK/KT (4, 5, and 8.1) in response to drought, heat or salinity stress. It reflected their potential roles in plant growth, development, or stress adaptations. The present study gives an in-depth understanding of K+ transport system genes in V. radiata and will serve as a basis for a functional analysis of these genes.
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Grieve, Catherine M., James A. Poss, and John H. Draper. "(120) Response of Ornamental Sunflower to Irrigation with Saline Wastewaters." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1084C—1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1084c.
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To explore the possibility that saline wastewaters may be used to grow high value floriculture crops, the effects of salinity were tested on Helianthus annuus (L.). Sunflower cultivars Sunbeam and Moonbright were grown in 30 greenhouse sand tanks and irrigated initially with nutrient solution. One week after planting, saline treatments were imposed with solutions differing in ion composition. Fifteen tanks were irrigated with waters typical of agricultural wastewaters present in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) and 15 tanks were irrigated with water compositions similar to saline tailwaters found in the Imperial and Coachella valleys (ICV). Five treatments of each salinity type were used with electrical conductivities (EC) of 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 dS·m–1. Length of the flowering stems was significantly reduced as salinity rose to 20 dS·m–1. Reduction was more pronounced when the plants were irrigated with the sodium-sulfate dominated waters of SJV composition. Flower diameter was reduced when the EC of SJV waters exceeded 15 dS·m–1, but was not affected by any treatment when ICV waters were used. Salt tolerance in sunflower appears to be associated with mechanism(s) that regulate transport of potentially injurious ions. Both Na+and Cl- were partitioned to the lowest portion of the stem, and effectively excluded from the remainder of the shoot. This study illustrates that saline waters with EC = 15 or 20 dS·m–1 may be used to produce ornamental sunflowers without significant loss of quality. Salt stress also provides an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of growth regulators for the control of plant height.
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Jo, Eunhye, Sungmin Hwang, and Jaeho Cha. "Transcriptome Analysis of Halotolerant Staphylococcus saprophyticus Isolated from Korean Fermented Shrimp." Foods 11, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11040524.
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Saeu-jeotgal, a Korean fermented shrimp food, is commonly used as an ingredient for making kimchi and other side dishes. The high salinity of the jeotgal contributes to its flavor and inhibits the growth of food spoilage microorganisms. Interestingly, Staphylococcus saprophyticus was discovered to be capable of growth even after treatment with 20% NaCl. To elucidate the tolerance mechanism, a genome-wide gene expression of S. saprophyticus against 0%, 10%, and 20% NaCl was investigated by RNA sequencing. A total of 831, 1314, and 1028 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the 0% vs. 10%, 0% vs. 20%, and 10% vs. 20% NaCl comparisons, respectively. The Clusters of Orthologous Groups analysis revealed that the DEGs were involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, transcription, and inorganic ion transport and metabolism. The functional enrichment analysis showed that the expression of the genes encoding mechanosensitive ion channels, sodium/proton antiporters, and betaine/carnitine/choline transporter family proteins was downregulated, whereas the expression of the genes encoding universal stress proteins and enzymes for glutamate, glycine, and alanine synthesis was upregulated. Therefore, these findings suggest that the S. saprophyticus isolated from the saeu-jeotgal utilizes different molecular strategies for halotolerance, with glutamate as the key molecule.
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Guan, Peiyan, Chen Xie, Dongbo Zhao, Liyan Wang, and Chengchao Zheng. "SES1 is vital for seedling establishment and post-germination growth under high-potassium stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana." PeerJ 10 (October 31, 2022): e14282. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14282.
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Background The potassium ion (K+) plays an important role in maintaining plant growth and development, while excess potassium in the soil can cause stress to plants. The understanding of the molecular mechanism of plant’s response to high KCl stress is still limited. Methods At the seed stage, wild type (WT) and SENSITIVE TO SALT1 (SES1) mutants were exposed to different concentrations of potassium treatments. Tolerance was assayed as we compared their performances under stress using seedling establishment rate and root length. Na+content, K+content, and K+/Na+ ratio were determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. In addition, the expressions of KCl-responding genes and ER stress-related genes were also detected and analyzed using qRT-PCR. Results SES1 mutants exhibited seedling establishment defects under high potassium concentration conditions and exogenous calcium partially restored the hypersensitivity phenotype of ses1 mutants. The expression of some K+ transporter/channel genes were higher in ses1-2, and the ratio of potassium to sodium (K+/Na+) in ses1-2 roots decreased after KCl treatment compared with WT. Further analysis showed that the ER stress marker genes were dramatically induced by high K+ treatment and much higher expression levels were detected in ses1-2, indicating ses1-2 suffers a more serious ER stress than WT, and ER stress may influence the seedling establishment of ses1-2 under high KCl conditions. Conclusion These results strongly indicate that SES1 is a potassium tolerance relevant molecule that may be related to maintaining the seedling K+/Na+ balance under high potassium conditions during seedling establishment and post-germination growth. Our results will provide a basis for further studies on the biological roles of SES1 in modulating potassium uptake, transport, and adaptation to stress conditions.
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Yu, Xiang, Xiaoyun Zhao, Yongqing Yang, and Zhen Li. "Quantitative Proteomics Reveals SOS2-related Proteins in Arabidopsis under Salt Stress." Current Proteomics 18 (April 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570164618666210413105907.
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Background: Soil salinity is a major issue that seriously affects plant growth and cultivated land utilization. Salt tolerance is one of the most fundamental biological processes that ensures plants survival. SOS2 is one of the most important components of the Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway, which maintains plant ion homeostasis under salt stress. The SOS2-related signaling pathways remain incompletely exploited especially at the proteomics level. Objective: In this paper, proteins potentially interacting with and regulated by SOS2 in Arabidopsis were identified. Methods: The proteomes of Arabidopsis Wild Type (WT) and SOS2-deficient mutant (sos2-2) exposed to 100 mM NaCl for 6 h were compared, proteins were identified using data-independent acquisition-based quantitative proteomics strategy. Results: A total of 7470 proteins were identified and quantified, 372 Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEP) were detected between WT and sos2-2 mutant under normal condition and 179 DEPs were identified under salt treatment. Functional analysis showed that the DEPs were mainly involved in protein binding and catalytic activity. Among the DEPs under salt stress, the protein expressions of AVP1, Photosystem II reaction center protein A, B, C, and stress-responsive protein (KIN2) were significantly up-regulated. LHCA1, LHCA2, LHCA4, ATPD and ATPE were significantly down-regulated. These proteins were involved in biological processes including: stress response, photosynthesis, transport and heat shock. Conclusion: These results revealed complexity of the functions of SOS2 in maintaining intracellular homeostasis, in addition to its function in sodium homeostasis. Plant salt resistance is not independent but closely related to metabolic processes including photosystem, ATP synthase, transport and other stress resistances.
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Le, Quang Tri, Won Je Lee, Jun Ho Choi, Dinh Thanh Nguyen, Hai An Truong, Sang-A. Lee, Suk-Whan Hong, and Hojoung Lee. "The Loss of Function of the NODULE INCEPTION-Like PROTEIN 7 Enhances Salt Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis Seedlings." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (January 24, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.743832.
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Plants acquire nitrogen, an essential macronutrient, from the soil as nitrate. Since nitrogen availability is a major determinant of crop productivity, the soil is amended with nitrogenous fertilizers. Extensive use of irrigation can lead to the accumulation of salt in the soil, which compromises crop productivity. Our characterization of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN)-like PROTEIN 7 (NLP7), a transcription factor regulating the primary response to nitrate, revealed an intersection of salt stress and nitrate metabolism. The growth of loss-of-function mutant nlp7 was tolerant to high salinity that normally reduces the fresh weight and chlorophyll and protein content of wild type (Col-0). On a medium with high salinity, the nlp7 experienced less stress, accumulating less proline, producing less nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expressing lower transcript levels of marker genes, such as RD29A and COR47, than Col-0. Nevertheless, more sodium ions were translocated to and accumulated in the shoots of nlp7 than that of Col-0. Since nlp7 also expressed less nitrate reductase (NR) activity, nitrate accumulated to abnormally high levels with or without salinity. We attributed the enhanced salt tolerance of nlp7 to the balanced accumulation of nitrate anions and sodium cations. Our results suggest that nitrate metabolism and signaling might be targeted to improve salt tolerance.
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Villalta, Irene, Elena García, Dámaso Hornero-Mendez, Raúl Carranco, Carlos Tello, Imelda Mendoza, Anna De Luca, et al. "Distinct Roles of N-Terminal Fatty Acid Acylation of the Salinity-Sensor Protein SOS3." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (September 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.691124.
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The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway controls the net uptake of sodium by roots and the xylematic transfer to shoots in vascular plants. SOS3/CBL4 is a core component of the SOS pathway that senses calcium signaling of salinity stress to activate and recruit the protein kinase SOS2/CIPK24 to the plasma membrane to trigger sodium efflux by the Na/H exchanger SOS1/NHX7. However, despite the well-established function of SOS3 at the plasma membrane, SOS3 displays a nucleo-cytoplasmic distribution whose physiological meaning is not understood. Here, we show that the N-terminal part of SOS3 encodes structural information for dual acylation with myristic and palmitic fatty acids, each of which commands a different location and function of SOS3. N-myristoylation at glycine-2 is essential for plasma membrane association and recruiting SOS2 to activate SOS1, whereas S-acylation at cysteine-3 redirects SOS3 toward the nucleus. Moreover, a poly-lysine track in positions 7–11 that is unique to SOS3 among other Arabidopsis CBLs appears to be essential for the correct positioning of the SOS2-SOS3 complex at the plasma membrane for the activation of SOS1. The nuclear-localized SOS3 protein had limited bearing on the salt tolerance of Arabidopsis. These results are evidence of a novel S-acylation dependent nuclear trafficking mechanism that contrasts with alternative subcellular targeting of other CBLs by S-acylation.
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Ariño-Estrada, Gerard, Gregory S. Mitchell, Prasenjit Saha, Ahmad Arzani, Simon R. Cherry, Eduardo Blumwald, and Andre Z. Kyme. "Imaging Salt Uptake Dynamics in Plants Using PET." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54781-z.
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AbstractSoil salinity is a global environmental challenge for crop production. Understanding the uptake and transport properties of salt in plants is crucial to evaluate their potential for growth in high salinity soils and as a basis for engineering varieties with increased salt tolerance. Positron emission tomography (PET), traditionally used in medical and animal imaging applications for assessing and quantifying the dynamic bio-distribution of molecular species, has the potential to provide useful measurements of salt transport dynamics in an intact plant. Here we report on the feasibility of studying the dynamic transport of 22Na in millet using PET. Twenty-four green foxtail (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) plants, 12 of each of two different accessions, were incubated in a growth solution containing 22Na+ ions and imaged at 5 time points over a 2-week period using a high-resolution small animal PET scanner. The reconstructed PET images showed clear evidence of sodium transport throughout the whole plant over time. Quantitative region-of-interest analysis of the PET data confirmed a strong correlation between total 22Na activity in the plants and time. Our results showed consistent salt transport dynamics within plants of the same variety and important differences between the accessions. These differences were corroborated by independent measurement of Na+ content and expression of the NHX transcript, a gene implicated in sodium transport. Our results demonstrate that PET can be used to quantitatively evaluate the transport of sodium in plants over time and, potentially, to discern differing salt-tolerance properties between plant varieties. In this paper, we also address the practical radiation safety aspects of working with 22Na in the context of plant imaging and describe a robust pipeline for handling and incubating plants. We conclude that PET is a promising and practical candidate technology to complement more traditional salt analysis methods and provide insights into systems-level salt transport mechanisms in intact plants.
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Alinia, Mozhgan, Seyed A. Kazemeini, Ali Dadkhodaie, Mozhgan Sepehri, Vahid A. Jahandideh Mahjenabadi, Syeda F. Amjad, Peter Poczai, Doaa El-Ghareeb, Mohamed A. Bassouny, and Ahmed A. Abdelhafez. "Co-application of ACC deaminase-producing rhizobial bacteria and melatonin improves salt tolerance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) through ion homeostasis." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26084-3.
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AbstractA comprehensive body of scientific evidence indicates that rhizobial bacteria and melatonin enhance salt tolerance of crop plants. The overall goal of this research was to evaluate the ability of Rhizobium leguminoserum bv phaseoli to suppress salinity stress impacts in common bean treated with melatonin. Treatments included bacterial inoculations (inoculated (RI) and non-inoculated (NI)), different salinity levels (non-saline (NS), 4 (S1) and 8 (S2) dS m−1 of NaCl) and priming (dry (PD), melatonin (PM100) and hydro (PH) priming) with six replications in growing media containing sterile sand and perlite (1:1). The results showed that the bacterial strain had the ability to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), ACC deaminase and siderophore. Plants exposed to salinity stress indicated a significant decline in growth, yield, yield components, nitrogen fixation and selective transport (ST), while showed a significant increase in sodium uptake. However, the combination of PM100 and RI treatments by improving growth, photosynthesis rate and nitrogen fixation positively influenced plant performance in saline conditions. The combined treatment declined the negative impacts of salinity by improving the potassium translocation, potassium to sodium ratio in the shoot and root and ST. In conclusion, the combination of melatonin and ACC deaminase producing rhizobium mitigated the negative effects of salinity. This result is attributed to the increased ST and decreased sodium uptake, which significantly reduced the accumulation of sodium ions in shoot.
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Abbasi-Vineh, Mohammad Ali, Mohammad Sadegh Sabet, and Ghasem Karimzadeh. "Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Purple Acid Phosphatases AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 Involved in Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant." Frontiers in Plant Science 11 (February 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.618716.
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Tolerance to salinity is a complex genetic trait including numerous physiological processes, such as metabolic pathways and gene networks; thereby, identification of genes indirectly affecting, as well as those directly influencing, is of utmost importance. In this study, we identified and elucidated the functional characterization of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 genes, as two novel purple acid phosphatases associated with high-salt tolerance in NaCl-stressed conditions. Here, the overexpression of both genes enhanced the expression level of AtSOS1, AtSOS2, AtSOS3, AtHKT1, AtVPV1, and AtNHX1 genes, involving in the K+/Na+ homeostasis pathway. The improved expression of the genes led to facilitating intracellular Na+ homeostasis and decreasing the ion-specific damages occurred in overexpressed genotypes (OEs). An increase in potassium content and K+/Na+ ratio was observed in OE17 and OE26 genotypes as well; however, lower content of sodium accumulated in these plants at 150 mM NaCl. The overexpression of these two genes resulted in the upregulation of the activity of the catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase. Consequently, the overexpressed plants showed the lower levels of hydrogen peroxide where the lowest amount of lipid peroxidation occurred in these lines. Besides the oxidation resistance, the boost of the osmotic regulation through the increased proline and glycine-betaine coupled with a higher content of pigments and carbohydrates resulted in significantly enhancing biomass production and yield in the OEs under 150 mM NaCl. High-salt stress was also responsible for a sharp induction on the expression of both PAP17 and PAP26 genes. Our results support the hypothesis that these two phosphatases are involved in plant responses to salt stress by APase activity and/or non-APase activity thereof. The overexpression of PAP17 and PAP26 could result in increasing the intracellular APase activity in both OEs, which exhibited significant increases in the total phosphate and free Pi content compared to the wild-type plants. Opposite results witnessed in mutant genotypes (Mu17, Mu26, and DM), associating with the loss of AtPAP17 and AtPAP26 functions, clearly confirmed the role of these two genes in salt tolerance. Hence, these genes can be used as candidate genes in molecular breeding approaches to improve the salinity tolerance of crop plants.
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JHA, D., N. SHIRLEY, M. TESTER, and S. J. ROY. "Variation in salinity tolerance and shoot sodium accumulation inArabidopsisecotypes linked to differences in the natural expression levels of transporters involved in sodium transport." Plant, Cell & Environment, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02105.x.
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Javid, Saeideh, Mohammad Reza Bihamta, Mansour Omidi, Ali Reza Abbasi, Hadi Alipour, and Pär K. Ingvarsson. "Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) and genome prediction of seedling salt tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." BMC Plant Biology 22, no. 1 (December 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-022-03936-8.
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Abstract Background Salinity tolerance in wheat is imperative for improving crop genetic capacity in response to the expanding phenomenon of soil salinization. However, little is known about the genetic foundation underlying salinity tolerance at the seedling growth stage of wheat. Herein, a GWAS analysis was carried out by the random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (mrMLM) multi-locus model to uncover candidate genes responsible for salt tolerance at the seedling stage in 298 Iranian bread wheat accessions, including 208 landraces and 90 cultivars. Results A total of 29 functional marker-trait associations (MTAs) were detected under salinity, 100 mM NaCl (sodium chloride). Of these, seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) including rs54146, rs257, rs37983, rs18682, rs55629, rs15183, and rs63185 with R2 ≥ 10% were found to be linked with relative water content, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root volume, shoot high, proline, and shoot potassium (K+), respectively. Further, a total of 27 candidate genes were functionally annotated to be involved in response to the saline environment. Most of these genes have key roles in photosynthesis, response to abscisic acid, cell redox homeostasis, sucrose and carbohydrate metabolism, ubiquitination, transmembrane transport, chromatin silencing, and some genes harbored unknown functions that all together may respond to salinity as a complex network. For genomic prediction (GP), the genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model reflected genetic effects better than both bayesian ridge regression (BRR) and ridge regression-best linear unbiased prediction (RRBLUP), suggesting GBLUP as a favorable tool for wheat genomic selection. Conclusion The SNPs and candidate genes identified in the current work can be used potentially for developing salt-tolerant varieties at the seedling growth stage by marker-assisted selection.
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Yang, Jie, Weihan Li, Xin Guo, Peihong Chen, Yunpeng Cheng, Ke Mao, and Fengwang Ma. "Cation/Ca2+ Exchanger 1 (MdCCX1), a Plasma Membrane-Localized Na+ Transporter, Enhances Plant Salt Tolerance by Inhibiting Excessive Accumulation of Na+ and Reactive Oxygen Species." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (October 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.746189.
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High salinity causes severe damage to plant growth and significantly reduces crop yields. The CCX family proteins can facilitate the transport of multiple ions to prevent toxicity. CCX proteins play an important role in regulating plant salt tolerance, but no detailed studies on CCX proteins in apples have been reported. Here, the CCX family gene MdCCX1 was cloned from apple (Malus domestica). It is constitutively expressed in various apple tissues and is significantly induced by salt stress. As a plasma membrane-localized protein, MdCCX1-overexpression could complement the Na+-sensitive phenotype of yeast mutants and reduce the Na+ content in yeast cells under NaCl treatment, suggesting that MdCCX1 could be a plasma membrane-localized Na+ transporter. To identify the function of MdCCX1 in salt response, we transformed this gene into Arabidopsis, apple calli, and apple plants. Overexpression of MdCCX1 significantly improved the salt tolerance of these transgenic materials. The significantly reduced Na+ content under NaCl treatment indicated that MdCCX1 overexpression could enhance plant salt tolerance by inhibiting the excessive accumulation of Na+. Besides, MdCCX1 overexpression could also enhance plant salt tolerance by promoting ROS scavenging. These findings provide new insight and rich resources for future studies of CCX proteins in plant species.
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Zhang, Linan, Xiangyu Sun, Yanfang Li, Xuan Luo, Shaowen Song, Yan Chen, Xiaohui Wang, Dandan Mao, Liangbi Chen, and Sheng Luan. "Rice Na+-Permeable Transporter OsHAK12 Mediates Shoots Na+ Exclusion in Response to Salt Stress." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (December 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.771746.
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Soil salinity has become a major stress factor that reduces crop productivity worldwide. Sodium (Na+) toxicity in a number of crop plants is tightly linked with shoot Na+ overaccumulation, thus Na+ exclusion from shoot is crucial for salt tolerance in crops. In this study, we identified a member of the high-affinity K+ transport family (HAK), OsHAK12, which mediates shoots Na+ exclusion in response to salt stress in rice. The Oshak12 mutants showed sensitivity to salt toxicity and accumulated more Na+ in the xylem sap, leading to excessive Na+ in the shoots and less Na+ in the roots. Unlike typical HAK family transporters that transport K+, OsHAK12 is a Na+-permeable plasma membrane transporter. In addition, OsHAK12 was strongly expressed in the root vascular tissues and induced by salt stress. These findings indicate that OsHAK12 mediates Na+ exclusion from shoot, possibly by retrieving Na+ from xylem vessel thereby reducing Na+ content in the shoots. These findings provide a unique function of a rice HAK family member and provide a potential target gene for improving salt tolerance of rice.
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Li, Zhou, Wan Geng, Meng Tan, Yao Ling, Yan Zhang, Liquan Zhang, and Yan Peng. "Differential Responses to Salt Stress in Four White Clover Genotypes Associated With Root Growth, Endogenous Polyamines Metabolism, and Sodium/Potassium Accumulation and Transport." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (June 2, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.896436.
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Selection and utilization of salt-tolerant crops are essential strategies for mitigating salinity damage to crop productivity with increasing soil salinization worldwide. This study was conducted to identify salt-tolerant white clover (Trifolium repens) genotypes among 37 materials based on a comprehensive evaluation of five physiological parameters, namely, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm), performance index on an absorption basis (PIABS), and leaf relative water content (RWC), and to further analyze the potential mechanism of salt tolerance associated with changes in growth, photosynthetic performance, endogenous polyamine metabolism, and Na+/K+ uptake and transport. The results showed that significant variations in salt tolerance were identified among 37 genotypes, as PI237292 and Tr005 were the top two genotypes with the highest salt tolerance, and PI251432 and Korla were the most salt-sensitive genotypes compared to other materials. The salt-tolerant PI237292 and Tr005 not only maintained significantly lower EL but also showed significantly better photosynthetic performance, higher leaf RWC, underground dry weight, and the root to shoot ratio than the salt-sensitive PI251432 and Korla under salt stress. Increases in endogenous PAs, putrescine (Put), and spermidine (Spd) contents could be key adaptive responses to salt stress in the PI237292 and the Tr005 through upregulating genes encoding Put and Spd biosynthesis (NCA, ADC, SAMDC, and SPDS2). For Na+ and K+ accumulation and transport, higher salt tolerance of the PI237292 could be associated with the maintenance of Na+ and Ca+ homeostasis associated with upregulations of NCLX and BTB/POZ. The K+ homeostasis-related genes (KEA2, HAK25, SKOR, POT2/8/11, TPK3/5, and AKT1/5) are differentially expressed among four genotypes under salt stress. However, the K+ level and K+/Na+ ratio were not completely consistent with the salt tolerance of the four genotypes. The regulatory function of these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) on salt tolerance in the white clover and other leguminous plants needs to be investigated further. The current findings also provide basic genotypes for molecular-based breeding for salt tolerance in white clover species.
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Hussain, Tabassum, Hina Asrar, Wensheng Zhang, Bilquees Gul, and Xiaojing Liu. "Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis to Elucidate Salt Tolerance Strategies of the Halophyte Panicum antidotale Retz." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (November 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.760589.
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Panicum antidotale, a C4 monocot, has the potential to reclaim saline and drylands and to be utilized as fodder and forage. Its adaptability to survive saline stress has been proven with eco-physiological and biochemical studies. However, little is known about its molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance. In this study, an integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis approach, based on RNA sequencing and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), was used to identify the said mechanisms. Plants were treated with control (0 mM), low (100 mM), and high (300 mM) sodium chloride (NaCl) treatments to distinguish beneficial and toxic pathways influencing plant biomass. The results indicated differential expression of 3,179 (1,126 upregulated/2,053 downregulated) and 2,172 (898 upregulated/1,274 downregulated) genes (DEGs), and 514 (269 upregulated/245 downregulated) and 836 (494 upregulated/392 downregulated) proteins (DEPs) at 100 and 300 mM NaCl, respectively. Among these, most upregulated genes and proteins were involved in salt resistance strategies such as proline biosynthesis, the antioxidant defense system, ion homeostasis, and sugar accumulation at low salinity levels. On the other hand, the expression of several genes and proteins involved in the respiratory process were downregulated, indicating the inability of plants to meet their energy demands at high salinity levels. Moreover, the impairments in photosynthesis were also evident with the reduced expression of genes regulating the structure of photosystems and increased expression of abscisic acid (ABA) mediated pathways which limits stomatal gas exchange. Similarly, the disturbance in fatty acid metabolism and activation of essential ion transport blockers damaged the integrity of the cell membrane, which was also evident with enhanced malondialdehyde (MDA). Overall, the analysis of pathways revealed that the plant optimal performance at low salinity was related to enhanced metabolism, antioxidative defense, cell growth, and signaling pathways, whereas high salinity inhibited biomass accumulation by altered expression of numerous genes involved in carbon metabolism, signaling, transcription, and translation. The data provided the first global analysis of the mechanisms imparting salt stress tolerance of any halophyte at transcriptome and proteome levels.
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Cushman, Kevin R., Isaiah C. M. Pabuayon, Lori L. Hinze, Megan E. Sweeney, and Benildo G. de los Reyes. "Networks of Physiological Adjustments and Defenses, and Their Synergy With Sodium (Na+) Homeostasis Explain the Hidden Variation for Salinity Tolerance Across the Cultivated Gossypium hirsutum Germplasm." Frontiers in Plant Science 11 (December 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.588854.
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The abilities to mobilize and/or sequester excess ions within and outside the plant cell are important components of salt-tolerance mechanisms. Mobilization and sequestration of Na+ involves three transport systems facilitated by the plasma membrane H+/Na+ antiporter (SOS1), vacuolar H+/Na+ antiporter (NHX1), and Na+/K+ transporter in vascular tissues (HKT1). Many of these mechanisms are conserved across the plant kingdom. While Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) is significantly more salt-tolerant relative to other crops, the critical factors contributing to the phenotypic variation hidden across the germplasm have not been fully unraveled. In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of Na+ accumulation along with other physiological and biochemical interactions were investigated at different severities of salinity across a meaningful genetic diversity panel across cultivated upland Gossypium. The aim was to define the importance of holistic or integrated effects relative to the direct effects of Na+ homeostasis mechanisms mediated by GhHKT1, GhSOS1, and GhNHX1. Multi-dimensional physio-morphometric attributes were investigated in a systems-level context using univariate and multivariate statistics, randomForest, and path analysis. Results showed that mobilized or sequestered Na+ contributes significantly to the baseline tolerance mechanisms. However, the observed variance in overall tolerance potential across a meaningful diversity panel were more significantly attributed to antioxidant capacity, maintenance of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and divalent cation (Mg2+) contents other than Ca2+ through a complex interaction with Na+ homeostasis. The multi-tier macro-physiological, biochemical and molecular data generated in this study, and the networks of interactions uncovered strongly suggest that a complex physiological and biochemical synergy beyond the first-line-of defense (Na+ sequestration and mobilization) accounts for the total phenotypic variance across the primary germplasm of Gossypium hirsutum. These findings are consistent with the recently proposed Omnigenic Theory for quantitative traits and should contribute to a modern look at phenotypic selection for salt tolerance in cotton breeding.
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Tang, Hanchen, Qing Yu, Zhu Li, Feng Liu, Weihua Su, Chang Zhang, Hui Ling, Jun Luo, Yachun Su, and Youxiong Que. "A PIP-mediated osmotic stress signaling cascade plays a positive role in the salt tolerance of sugarcane." BMC Plant Biology 21, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12870-021-03369-9.
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Abstract Background Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) are plant channel proteins involved in water deficit and salinity tolerance. PIPs play a major role in plant cell water balance and responses to salt stress. Although sugarcane is prone to high salt stress, there is no report on PIPs in sugarcane. Results In the present study, eight PIP family genes, termed ScPIP1–1, ScPIP1–2, ScPIP1–3, ScPIP1–4, ScPIP2–1, ScPIP2–2, ScPIP2–4 and ScPIP2–5, were obtained based on the sugarcane transcriptome database. Then, ScPIP2–1 in sugarcane was cloned and characterized. Confocal microscopy observation indicated that ScPIP2–1 was located in the plasma membrane and cytoplasm. A yeast two-hybridization experiment revealed that ScPIP2–1 does not have transcriptional activity. Real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that ScPIP2–1 was mainly expressed in the leaf, root and bud, and its expression levels in both below- and aboveground tissues of ROC22 were up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 and sodium chloride (NaCl) stresses. The chlorophyll content and ion leakage measurement suggested that ScPIP2–1 played a significant role in salt stress resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana through the transient expression test. Overexpression of ScPIP2–1 in Arabidopsis thaliana proved that this gene enhanced the salt tolerance of transgenic plants at the phenotypic (healthier state, more stable relative water content and longer root length), physiologic (more stable ion leakage, lower malondialdehyde content, higher proline content and superoxide dismutase activity) and molecular levels (higher expression levels of AtKIN2, AtP5CS1, AtP5CS2, AtDREB2, AtRD29A, AtNHX1, AtSOS1 and AtHKT1 genes and a lower expression level of the AtTRX5 gene). Conclusions This study revealed that the ScPIP2–1-mediated osmotic stress signaling cascade played a positive role in plant response to salt stress.
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Li, Lijun, Qingfeng Zheng, Wei Jiang, Nayun Xiao, Fanrong Zeng, Guang Chen, Michelle Mak, Zhong-Hua Chen, and Fenglin Deng. "Molecular Regulation and Evolution of Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Abiotic Stresses." Plant and Cell Physiology, May 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcac071.
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Abstract The sustainable production of crops faces increasing challenges from global climate change and human activities, which leads to increasing instances of many abiotic stressors to plants. Among the abiotic stressors, drought, salinity and excessive levels of toxic metals cause reductions in global agricultural productivity and serious health risks for humans. Cytokinins (CKs) are key phytohormones functioning in both the normal development and stress-responses in plants. Here, we summarized the molecular mechanisms on the biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling transduction pathways of CKs. CKs act as negative regulators of both the root system architecture (RSA) plasticity and root sodium exclusion in response to salt stress. The functions of CKs in mineral-toxicity tolerance and their detoxification in plants are reviewed. Comparative genomic analyses were performed to trace the origin, evolution and diversification of the critical regulatory networks linking CK signaling and abiotic stress. We found that the production of CKs, their derivates, pathways of signal transduction, and drought-response root growth regulation, are evolutionarily conserved in land plants. In addition, the mechanisms of CK-mediated sodium exclusion under salt stress are suggested for further investigations. In summary, we propose that manipulation of CK levels and their signaling pathways are important for plant abiotic stress and are therefore, potential strategies for meeting the increasing demand for global food production under changing climatic conditions.
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Xu, Tingting, Shan Meng, Xiaopin Zhu, Jiachun Di, Yin Zhu, Xin Yang, and Wei Yan. "Integrated GWAS and transcriptomic analysis reveal the candidate salt-responding genes regulating Na+/K+ balance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (January 20, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1004477.
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Salt stress is one of the main abiotic stresses affecting crop yield and quality. Barley has strong salt tolerance, however, the underlying genetic basis is not fully clear, especially in the seedling stage. This study examined the ionic changes in barley core germplasms under the control and salt conditions. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis revealed 54 significant SNPs from a pool of 25,342 SNPs distributed in 7 chromosomes (Chr) of the Illumina Barley 50K SNP array. These SNPs are associated with ion homeostasis traits, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) content, and Na+/K+ ratio representing five genomic regions on Chr 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 in the leaves of worldwide barley accessions. And there are 3 SNP peaks located on the Chr 4, 6, and 7, which could be the “hot spots” regions for mining and identifying candidate genes for salt tolerance. Furthermore, 616 unique candidate genes were screened surrounding the significant SNPs, which are associated with transport proteins, protein kinases, binding proteins, and other proteins of unknown function. Meanwhile, transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq) was carried out to compare the salt-tolerant (CM72) and salt-sensitive (Gairdner) genotypes subjected to salt stress. And there was a greater accumulation of differentially expressed genes(DEGs) in Gairdner compared to CM72, mainly enriched in metabolic pathway, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, photosynthesis, signal transduction,emphasizing the different transcriptional response in both genotypes following salt exposure. Combined GWAS and RNA-Seq analysis revealed 5 promising salt-responding genes (PGK2, BASS3, SINAT2, AQP, and SYT3) from the hot spot regions, which were verified between the salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive varieties by qRT-PCR. In all, these results provide candidate SNPs and genes responsible for salinity responding in barley, and a new idea for studying such genetic basis in similar crops.
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Mushtaq, Naveed Ul, Khalid M. Alghamdi, Seerat Saleem, Faamiya Shajar, Inayatullah Tahir, Ahmad Bahieldin, Reiaz Ul Rehman, and Khalid Rehman Hakeem. "Selenate and selenite transporters in proso millet: Genome extensive detection and expression studies under salt stress and selenium." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (November 30, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1060154.
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Crops are susceptible to a variety of stresses and amongst them salinity of soil is a global agronomic challenge that has a detrimental influence on crop yields, thus posing a severe danger to our food security. Therefore, it becomes imperative to examine how plants respond to salt stress, develop a tolerance that allows them to live through higher salt concentrations and choose species that can endure salt stress. From the perspective of food, security millets can be substituted to avoid hardships because of their efficiency in dealing with salt stress. Besides, this problem can also be tackled by using beneficial exogenous elements. Selenium (Se) which exists as selenate or selenite is one such cardinal element that has been reported to alleviate salt stress. The present study aimed for identification of selenate and selenite transporters in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), their expression under NaCl (salt stress) and Na2SeO3 (sodium selenite)treatments. This study identified eight transporters (RLM65282.1, RLN42222.1, RLN18407.1, RLM74477.1, RLN41904.1, RLN17428.1, RLN17268.1, RLM65753.1) that have a potential role in Se uptake in proso millet. We analyzed physicochemical properties, conserved structures, sub-cellular locations, chromosome location, molecular phylogenetic analysis, promoter regions prediction, protein-protein interactions, three-dimensional structure modeling and evaluation of these transporters. The analysis revealed the chromosome location and the number of amino acids present in these transporters as RLM65282.1 (16/646); RLN42222.1 (1/543); RLN18407.1 (2/483); RLM74477.1 (15/474); RLN41904.1 (1/521); RLN17428.1 (2/522); RLN17268.1(2/537);RLM65753.1 (16/539). The sub-cellular locations revealed that all the selenite transporters are located in plasma membrane whereas among selenate transporters RLM65282.1 and RLM74477.1 are located in mitochondria and RLN42222.1 and RLN18407.1 in chloroplast. The transcriptomic studies revealed that NaCl stress decreased the expression of both selenate and selenite transporters in proso millet and the applications of exogenous 1µM Se (Na2SeO3) increased the expression of these Se transporter genes. It was also revealed that selenate shows similar behavior as sulfate, while selenite transport resembles phosphate. Thus, it can be concluded that phosphate and sulphate transporters in millets are responsible for Se uptake.