Academic literature on the topic 'Plant salinity tolerance'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plant salinity tolerance"
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Ergashovich, Kholliyev Askar, Norboyeva Umida Toshtemirovna, Jabborov Bakhtiyor Iskandarovich, and Norboyeva Nargiza Toshtemirovna. "Soil Salinity And Sustainability Of Cotton Plant." American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, no. 04 (April 22, 2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue04-03.
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The following article deals with the data obtained as a result of the effect of soil salinity on the physiological properties and tolerance levels of medium-fibre cotton varieties. Also, changes in physiological processes under the influence of different levels of salinity and differences in the adaptive properties of varieties have been noted. Salinity had a negative impact on all studied cotton varieties, while the radical decline in yield and its quality was observed in varieties with high levels of adaptability and hardiness.
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Flowers, Timothy J., and Timothy D. Colmer. "Salinity tolerance in halophytes*." New Phytologist 179, no. 4 (September 2008): 945–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02531.x.
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Le, Thao Duc, Floran Gathignol, Huong Thi Vu, Khanh Le Nguyen, Linh Hien Tran, Hien Thi Thu Vu, Tu Xuan Dinh, et al. "Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Salinity Tolerance at the Seedling Stage in a Panel of Vietnamese Landraces Reveals New Valuable QTLs for Salinity Stress Tolerance Breeding in Rice." Plants 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061088.
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Rice tolerance to salinity stress involves diverse and complementary mechanisms, such as the regulation of genome expression, activation of specific ion-transport systems to manage excess sodium at the cell or plant level, and anatomical changes that avoid sodium penetration into the inner tissues of the plant. These complementary mechanisms can act synergistically to improve salinity tolerance in the plant, which is then interesting in breeding programs to pyramidize complementary QTLs (quantitative trait loci), to improve salinity stress tolerance of the plant at different developmental stages and in different environments. This approach presupposes the identification of salinity tolerance QTLs associated with different mechanisms involved in salinity tolerance, which requires the greatest possible genetic diversity to be explored. To contribute to this goal, we screened an original panel of 179 Vietnamese rice landraces genotyped with 21,623 SNP markers for salinity stress tolerance under 100 mM NaCl treatment, at the seedling stage, with the aim of identifying new QTLs involved in the salinity stress tolerance via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Nine salinity tolerance-related traits, including the salt injury score, chlorophyll and water content, and K+ and Na+ contents were measured in leaves. GWAS analysis allowed the identification of 26 QTLs. Interestingly, ten of them were associated with several different traits, which indicates that these QTLs act pleiotropically to control the different levels of plant responses to salinity stress. Twenty-one identified QTLs colocalized with known QTLs. Several genes within these QTLs have functions related to salinity stress tolerance and are mainly involved in gene regulation, signal transduction or hormone signaling. Our study provides promising QTLs for breeding programs to enhance salinity tolerance and identifies candidate genes that should be further functionally studied to better understand salinity tolerance mechanisms in rice.
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Ashraf, M., and T. McNeilly. "Salinity Tolerance in Brassica Oilseeds." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 23, no. 2 (March 2004): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352680490433286.
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Shahbaz, M., and M. Ashraf. "Improving Salinity Tolerance in Cereals." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 4, 2013): 237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2013.758544.
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Cheeseman, John M., P. Bloebaum, Carol Enkoji, and Linda K. Wickens. "Salinity tolerance in Spergularia marina." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-247.
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Attributes of the coastal halophyte Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. that make it useful for studies of the physiological basis for salt tolerance in fully autotrophic higher plants are discussed. Growth, morphological, and ion-content characteristics are presented to serve as a background for subsequent studies of transport physiology. Plants were grown in solution culture on dilutions of artificial seawater or on the same solution without NaCl ("fresh water") from the time at which they could be conveniently transferred as seedlings (about 2 weeks old) to the onset of flowering about 5 weeks later. Eighteen days after transfer, plants growing on 0.2 × seawater were larger, being nearly twice the size of plants on fresh water. A Na+ specific effect was indicated, as the major part of the growth stimulation (54%) resulted from a 1 mM NaCl supplementation of "fresh water." Succulence was not a consideration in the growth response: root length was directly proportional to weight as was leaf surface area and neither was affected by salinity. Total Na+ plus K+ per gram root or shoot showed little variation with salinity from 1 to 180 mM Na+ levels. In roots, the relative Na+ and K+ contents were also little affected by salinity, but in the shoots, increasing salinity resulted in higher Na+ and lower K+ contents. Distribution within the shoots of 0.2 × plants showed no regions either free of or exceptionally high in Na+. The ion content and distribution patterns are compared with those in a number of other halophytes.
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Cabrera, Raul I. "560 Rose Plant Tolerance to NaCl Salinity." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 492C—492. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.492c.
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Yield, quality, and nutrient status of `Bridal Pink' (on R. manetti rootstock) roses were evaluated under increasing NaCl salinity and mixed NO3–/NH4+ nutrition. Container-grown plants were irrigated over eight flushes of growth and flowering with nutrient solutions having 100 NO3- : 0 NH4+, 75 NO3– : 25 NH4+, and 50 NO3– : 50 NH4+ ratios in combination with three NaCl concentrations. During the first four flowering flushes, NaCl was supplemented at 0, 5, and 10 mm, but these concentrations were increased to 0, 15, and 30 mm during the last four flushes. Interestingly, NO3– : NH4+ ratios and NaCl concentration had no main effects over any flower yield or quality component evaluated over the 13-month experimental period. Furthermore, visual symptoms of apparent salt injury were just observed during the last three flowering cycles, and mostly on the oldest foliage of plants receiving the highest salt concentrations (30 mm). Leaf N and Na concentrations were not significantly affected by the treatments over the course of the experiment, averaging 3.34% and 45 mg·kg–1, respectively. Leaf Cl concentrations were significantly increased by salt additions, ranging from 1000 to 15,000 mg·kg–1 [0.1% to 1.5% dry weight (DW)]. Correlation analyses revealed that relative dry weight yields increased with leaf Cl concentrations up to 3000 mg·kg–1 (0.3% DW) but were significantly depressed at higher concentrations. These results confirm recent reports suggesting that roses are more tolerant to salinity than their typical classification of sensitive. Furthermore, this is the first known study to report an apparent positive effect of moderate leaf Cl concentrations on rose biomass yields.
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Liu, Jiahao, Chengcheng Fu, Guangjing Li, Mohammad Nauman Khan, and Honghong Wu. "ROS Homeostasis and Plant Salt Tolerance: Plant Nanobiotechnology Updates." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063552.
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Salinity is an issue impairing crop production across the globe. Under salinity stress, besides the osmotic stress and Na+ toxicity, ROS (reactive oxygen species) overaccumulation is a secondary stress which further impairs plant performance. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, the apoplast, and peroxisomes are the main ROS generation sites in salt-stressed plants. In this review, we summarize ROS generation, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems in salt-stressed plants, and the potential for plant biotechnology to maintain ROS homeostasis. Overall, this review summarizes the current understanding of ROS homeostasis of salt-stressed plants and highlights potential applications of plant nanobiotechnology to enhance plant tolerance to stresses.
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Shannon, Michael C. "New Insights in Plant Breeding Efforts for Improved Salt Tolerance." HortTechnology 6, no. 2 (April 1996): 96b—99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.2.96a.
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The lack of improvement for salt tolerance has been attributed to insufficient genetic variation, a need for rapid and reliable genetic markers for screening, and the complexities of salinity × environment interactions. Salt tolerance is a quantitative characteristic that has been defined in many ways subject to changes with plant development and differentiation; thus, assessing salt tolerance among genotypes that differ in growth or development rate is difficult. Salt tolerance also varies based on concentrations of major and minor nutrients in the root zone. Plant growth models may provide a method to integrate the complexities of plant responses to salinity stress with the relevant environmental variables that interact with the measurement of tolerance. Mechanistic models have been developed over the last few years that are responsive to nitrogen or drought stress but not to salinity stress. Models responsive to salinity stress would provide insights for breeders and aid in developing more practical research on the physiological mechanisms of plant salt tolerance.
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Morcillo, Rafael, and Maximino Manzanera. "The Effects of Plant-Associated Bacterial Exopolysaccharides on Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance." Metabolites 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060337.
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial soil microorganisms that can stimulate plant growth and increase tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some PGPR are capable of secreting exopolysaccharides (EPS) to protect themselves and, consequently, their plant hosts against environmental fluctuations and other abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, or heavy metal pollution. This review focuses on the enhancement of plant abiotic stress tolerance by bacterial EPS. We provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms through EPS to alleviate plant abiotic stress tolerance, including salinity, drought, temperature, and heavy metal toxicity. Finally, we discuss how these abiotic stresses may affect bacterial EPS production and its role during plant-microbe interactions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant salinity tolerance"
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Scott, A. M. "Salinity and the growth of Crithmum maritimum and Lavatera arborea." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371066.
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Garthwaite, Alaina Jane. "Physiological traits associated with tolerance to salinity and waterlogging in the genus 'Hordeum' /." University of Western Australia, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0133.
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Wild Hordeum species, from the four genome groups of X, H, I and Y, were assessed for physiological traits associated with tolerance to salinity and waterlogging. When grown in saline conditions, a number of wild Hordeum species had exceptional ‘exclusion’ of Na+ and Cl- from the young leaves, and also maintained tissue K+ concentrations, compared with Hordum vulgare ssp. vulgare (cv. ‘Golf’). For example, at 150 mol m-3 NaCl, the K+:Na+ in youngest, fully expanded leaf blades of wild Hordeum species averaged 5.2, compared with 0.8 in H. vulgare. H. marinum was more salt tolerant than H. vulgare, with a relative growth rate 30% higher than H. vulgare at 150 mol m-3 NaCl. At 300 mol m-3 NaCl, glycinebetaine plus proline contributed to 15% of πsap in expanding leaf blades of H. marinum, compared with 8% in H. vulgare. When grown in stagnant conditions, 16 accessions (approximately half of those evaluated) formed a barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) in basal zones of adventitious roots. In the Triticeae, this trait had previously only been described in one species, H. marinum. The barrier to ROL occurred only in accessions from wetland or intermediate habitats, and was also related to genome type, being present in accessions with the X or the H genome (Hordeum vulgare has the I genome). In stagnant conditions, aerenchyma formed was, on average; 22% in accessions with the X genome; 19% in those with the H genome; and 15 and 16% in those with the I or the Y genomes, respectively. The combination of a barrier to ROL and aerenchyma enhances longitudinal O2 movement in adventitious roots, permitting roots to penetrate deeper into anaerobic substrates. In H. marinum, induction of the barrier to ROL was associated with a 97% reduction in apparent O2 diffusivity across the external layers of the basal zones of roots, compared with near the root tip. The barrier results from physical resistance to radial O2 movement, although when roots were cooled to suppress respiration some additional leakage of O2 was detected, indicating respiration also contributes to the low rates of ROL from the basal regions of roots. Low radial O2 permeability in the roots of stagnantly-treated H. marinum was associated with secondary thickening, putatively lignin or suberin deposits, in the hypodermis. These changes in root structure, however, did not influence root hydraulic conductivity, assessed for individual adventitious roots and whole root systems. Thus, diversity amongst Hordeum species in expression of traits for tolerance to waterlogging (an inducible barrier to ROL and aerenchyma) and salinity (Na+ and Cl- ‘exclusion’) were documented in this study. Traits for root aeration did not compromise the capacity of roots to take up water, presumably being of importance for growth in soils with fluctuating water levels (i.e. wet/dry cycles). The high degree of salinity tolerance in several Hordeum species, and especially in H. marinum, is consistent with field observations that these species occur in salt affected areas
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Kemal-Ur-Rahim, K. "The effects of salinity on photosynthesis and other physiological processes in spring wheat varieties." Thesis, Bangor University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380795.
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Collins, R. P. "The role of calcium and potassium in salinity tolerance in Brassica rapa L. cv. RCBr seed." Thesis, Coventry University, 2012. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/e0d653ff-7d6b-4827-9467-dc8bcb6ff621/1.
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The possibility of manipulating calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) levels in seeds of Brassica rapa by altering parent plant nutrition and investigating the potential for increased salinity tolerance during germination, given that considerable amounts of literature imply that greater amounts of available exogenous Ca2+ and K+ can ameliorate the effects of salinity on both whole plant growth and germination, was evaluated. The investigation consisted of four growth trials. Two preliminary growth trials suggested that seed ion manipulation was possible without affecting the overall growth and vigour of the plant. After developing suitable high and low Ca2+ and K+ nutrient solutions for growth, a trial was carried out in a growth room and greenhouse, with various substrates and the seed of a certain size category was collected for subsequent ion and salinity tolerance analysis. Seed Ca2+ and K+ was significantly affected by growth substrate and nutrient solution and data showed that a significant negative regression relationship existed between seed Ca2+, K+ and Ca2+ + K+ levels and salinity tolerance. Further experimentation using hydroponic culture attempted to remove any possible effects of substrate and also to compare size categories of seed with a view to elucidating localisation of Ca2+ and K+. Seed Ca2+ was found to be significantly altered by nutrient solution in the two different sizes tested and higher Ca2+ nutrient solution was found to increase salinity tolerance in daughter seed. One significant negative regression correlation between salinity tolerance and seed K+ concentration existed in smaller seed, but disregarding seed size in a regression analysis of seed ion content and salinity tolerance, a significant negative relationship existed between seed Ca2+, K+ and Ca2++ K+. The results, especially in terms of Ca2+ nutrition, contradict much previous research that suggests increased salinity tolerance at germination can arise with the increased presence of Ca2+ and/or K+. Salinity tolerance was greater in seeds of larger size across all nutritional treatments and the smaller size range exhibited increased Ca2+ and K+ per μg seed. Ca2+ concentration in smaller seeds with greater surface area:volume ratios provided a clue to the potential localisation of Ca2+. Cross sectional staining showed that a greater proportion of seed Ca2+ may reside in the coat. This was confirmed by analysis which showed an approximate 50% split of total extractable seed Ca2+, regardless of size, between coat and embryo within a seed; the majority of which, per μg, resides in the coat. Further work looked at the relative solubility of the Ca2+ and K+ in these tissues and whole seed to look at the potential bioavailability of Ca2+ during germination from various parts of the seed. Most water soluble Ca2+ exists in the embryo and most insoluble Ca2+ exists in the coat, but coat Ca2+ was found to be ionically exchangeable and therefore bioavailable. K+ appeared mostly water soluble in embryo and coat. In line with previous whole plant research in this species, most Ca2+ is readily water soluble or ionically exchangeable in form and the possible negative effects of how increasing bioavailable Ca2+ may reduce salinity tolerance was discussed.
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Liphoto, Mpho. "Modulation of root nodule antioxidant systems by nitric oxide : prospects for enhancing salinity tolerance in legumes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5283.
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Thesis (PhD(Agric) (Plant Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Salinity is one of the major limiting abiotic stresses on legume plant yield, leading to early senescence of root nodules. This occurs because of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant cells under salinity stress. Concurrent with the increase in cellular reactive oxygen species levels is the increase in cellular antioxidants and corresponding antioxidant enzymes. This feature is observed mostly in the shoots and roots of more tolerant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes. It is accepted that the mechanism of plant tolerance to stress is dependent upon the response of the antioxidant systems. Most studies carried out on shoot tissues suggest that scavenging of ROS by the plant antioxidant system is modulated by nitric oxide (NO). However, the pathways by which NO mediates such antioxidant responses are not fully understood. For legumes, salinity stress has adverse effects on yield and this is in part due to inhibition of nitrogen fixation in the root nodules of the legumes, which causes severe nitrogen starvation in nitrogen-deficient soils. Nodules are specialized organs comprising of both the rhizobia and the plant tissue, hence the physiological aspects may vary from the findings from the leaves. It was therefore deemed necessary to establish the role of NO on the nodule antioxidant system in the absence and presence of salinity stress. For the purposes of this study, the effect of both exogenously applied NO and endogenous NO on superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione content was determined. The studies involved the use of nitric oxide donors like sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and diethylenetriamine/nitric oxide adduct (DETA/NO), their respective fixed controls potassium ferricyanide and diethylenetriamine (DETA), plus a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (to inhibit nitric oxide production by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase) on nodulated roots. The data obtained in this work points out specifically at roles played by nitric oxide in regulating superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione during salinity stress and proposes a link between nitric oxide-mediated changes in these antioxidant systems and salinity stress tolerance. Both the exogenously applied and endogenous nitric oxide increases the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and glutathione reductase (GR). However, there is both time dependency and nitric oxide concentration dependency on the enzyme activities. The total SOD enzyme activity increases upon nitric oxide exposure and with time of exposure. The individual SOD isoforms identified and studied in the root nodules all contribute to this increase in SOD activity upon nitric oxide treatment except for MnSOD I. This increase in activity is regulated at transcriptional level as the RT-PCR results targeting the individual isoforms reveals an increase in transcript levels after 6 hours of nitric oxide treatment. However, the CuZn SOD I isoform transcripts are reduced upon nitric oxide treatment. A similar response was also observed in GPX enzyme activity in which nitric oxide increased the GPX activity above all the controls. The GR enzyme activity exhibits an opposite response because the activity decreases with time of exposure to NO and concentration of NO. In order to determine the effect of NO under saline conditions, an experiment was set up that involved incubation of nodulated roots in solutions containing 150 mM NaCl. The stressed nodules exhibited generally higher levels of enzyme activities than the non-stressed nodules. Furthermore, exposure to nitric oxide donor in combination with NaCl induced even higher activities of SOD and GPX than NaCl or nitric oxide donor alone. There were also higher levels of reduced glutathione and total glutathione recorded under stress compared to optimal conditions. Nitric oxide increased the concentration of these forms of glutathione, suggesting an improved redox status based on the GSH/GSSG ratios under salinity stress in the presence of nitric oxide. Attenuation of nitric oxide synthesis with L-Nω-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) reverses all the recorded effects of nitric oxide on antioxidant enzymes and glutathione pool. This was observed in salinity stressed nodules and non-stressed nodules. This work further establishes that NO plays a pivotal role in modulating the enzymatic activities through a pathway that is mediated by guanosine 3,5-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). The experiment involving the inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sCG) (an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cGMP), cell-permeable cGMP anaologue and L-NAME revealed that GPx activity is modulated through a cGMP-dependent pathway and NO is positioned up-stream of cGMP in the pathway leading to improved GPX activity. Cyclic GMP also modulates the GPX activity in a concentration dependent manner. NO improves the redox status of the cell under both saline conditions and non-saline conditions and this effect is modulated through a cGMP-dependent pathway. It is thus rational to conclude that; in the root nodules of legumes, like in other plant tissues, the increased accumulation of antioxidants and the increased activity of their corresponding enzymes, as modulated through the cGMP-dependent pathway by nitric oxide, confer root nodule tolerance to salinity. This concept directly points out at an attractive strategy for developing legumes that are genetically improved for enhanced root nodule tolerance to salinity; via differential regulation of antioxidants and antioxidant enzyme genes in the root nodules under abiotic stress. Towards attaining the goal for such genetic improvement, experiments involving construction of an abiotic stress-responsive and nodule-specific chimeric promoter were carried out. By fusing the 5-untranslated (5-UTR) region of the LEA gene that contains an abiotic stress-responsive cis-acting element (from theGmPM9 promoter) to the nodulin N23 promoter bearing the highly functional cluster of motifs for nodule specificity, the candidate nodule specific promoter that is abiotic stress responsive (ASREF/NSP) was constructed. The construct harbouring this ASREF/NSP chimeric promoter was fused to the -glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene so as to study the functionality of the promoter in Medigaco truncatula plants. The construct was delivered into the Medicago plants through Agrobacterium rhyzogenes mediated transformation to produce composite Medicago plants. The transgenic roots have been cultured for futher manipulation and to confirm the functionality of the promoter. Furthermore several strategies can be deployed via the use of this chimeric promoter so as to enhance the nodular antioxidant system. This would involve either gene regulator-chimeric promoter fusion or the use of a single gene approach. As part of this work, the MtNOA gene homologous to AtNOAs, has been cloned from Medicago trancatula and put as ASREF/NSP fusion in a binary vector pBINPLUS and delivered into Medicago trancatula for nodule-specific and abiotic stress-induced nitric oxide synthesis. Since there is no plant NOS identified to date, the possibility of the use of a regulatory gene in this aspect is still limited. There are other options involving the use of the chimeric promoter with the individual genes encoding the antioxidant enzyme genes such as genes encoding SOD, GPX and the glutathione synthatase to enhance the plant antioxidant system during abiotic stress.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMMING: Geen opsomming was ingedien met die tesis
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Svensson, Jan. "Functional studies of the role of plant dehydrins in tolerance to salinity, desiccation and low temperature /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5779-3.pdf.
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Jarvis, David. "Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of Cation/Proton Antiporter-1 Genes in Brassicaceae Adaptation to Salinity." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312652.
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The accumulation of salts in soil is an important agricultural problem that limits crop productivity. Salts containing sodium (Na⁺) are particularly problematic, as cytosolic Na⁺ can interfere with cellular metabolism and lead to cell death. Maintaining low levels of cytosolic Na⁺, therefore, is critical for plant survival during growth in salt. Mechanisms to regulate Na⁺ accumulation in plant cells include extrusion of Na⁺ from the cell and sequestration of Na⁺ into intracellular compartments. Both of these processes are controlled in part through the action of Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers belonging to the Cation/Proton Antiporter-1 (CPA1) gene family. Genes belonging to this family have been identified in both salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant species, suggesting that salt-tolerant species may have evolved salt tolerance through modification of these existing pathways. The research presented here has focused on understanding how salt tolerance has evolved in Brassicaceae species, and particularly on the role that CPA1 genes have played in the adaptation to salinity of Eutrema salsugineum. Specific projects have sought to understand 1) how copy number variation and changes in coding sequences of CPA1 genes contribute to salt tolerance in E. salsugineum and its salt-tolerant relative Schrenkiella parvula, 2) whether functional or regulatory changes in Salt Overly Sensitive 1 (SOS1) from E. salsugineum (EsSOS1) contribute to its enhanced salt tolerance, and 3) whether accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana differ significantly in their response to salt stress.The results indicate that EsSOS1 and SOS1 from S. parvula (SpSOS1) both confer greater salt tolerance in yeast than SOS1 from A. thaliana (AtSOS1) when activated by the complex of the SOS2 kinase and SOS3 calcium-binding protein, whereas only EsSOS1 confers enhanced salt tolerance in the absence of activation. When expressed in A. thaliana, EsSOS1 also confers greater salt tolerance than AtSOS1 through regulatory changes that likely involve differences in expression pattern. Together, the results presented here suggest that mechanisms regulating cellular Na⁺ accumulation that exist in salt-sensitive crop species could be altered to enhance growth in salty soils. In addition, the 19 A. thaliana accessions used to create the MAGIC population were shown to differ significantly in their response to salt stress.
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Woodward, Andrew J. "The use of proline to determine salt tolerance in eucalyptus species and clones." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/841.
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There have been a number of studies that have examined the Eucalyptus spp. for their salt and waterlogging tolerance: but they have done so using conventional methods. A wide range of plants are known to produce greater amounts of proline when stressed, be it salt, temperature, 'drought or several other types of stress. This study looked at production of proline in salt stressed eucalypts to determine whether it can be used to differentiate between individuals andspecies. A range of Eucalyptus species and salt tolerant clones of E. camaldulensis were grown to investigate their proline response to salt stress.
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Yan, JiYu. "Influence of plant growth regulators on turfgrass polar lipid composition, tolerance to drought and salinity stresses, and nutrient efficiency." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40051.
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Two groups of plant growth regulators (PGRs), seaweed extract and triazole chemical, have been used in turfgrass management for improving turf quality and strengthening turfgrass to]erance to environmental stress. In order to understand the physiological functions and stress-tolerance mechanisms of the PGRs on turfgrass, a series of studies were conducted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.).
Ryegrass was treated with or without propiconazole (PPC) (1-( (2-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)-4-propyl-l,3-dioxolan-2yl)methyl) IH-l,2,4-triazole) and a proprietary fortified seaweed extract (FSE), which were combined with or without drought and salinity stress treatment. Total lipids, fatty acid conlposition of polar lipids, and total free and conjugated sterols were determined by the thin layer chromatograph, gas chromatograph, and scanner densitometer. This study indicates that ppe and FSE affected the unsaturation of polar lipid fatty acids and concentration of free sterols, which are major factors in changing cell membrane fluidity and permeability. The PGR-induced alteration of cell membrane lipid composition could be an adaptive process to protect plant nlembrane function under drought and salinity stresses. However, the metabolic effects of PPC and FSE may be different. It was found that PPC had a strong inl1uence on unsaturation of polar lipid fatty acids, whereas FSE had a strong effect on free sterol concentration. Furthermore, a radish cotyledon expansion bioassay analysis showed that the FSE had cytokinin or cytokinin-like activity and could stimulate endogenous cytokinins in ryegrass, whereas an inhibition of cell expansion was seen in PPC-treated plants.
The possibility of using the PGRs to reduce fertilizer requirements was also studied. A higher uptake efficiency of most essential elements was found in PPCand FSE-treatedKentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) than in the control (without PGR treatments). This effect was greater at lower than at higher fert::!L.dtion levels. The utilization efficiency of some major nutrient elements also was higher in PPCand FSE-treated bluegrass than in the control. The possibility of reducing fertilization by PGR application is positive.Ph. D.
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Miranda, Casey R. "Effects of Recycled Water On Landscape Plants." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2010. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/354.
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ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF RECYCLED WATER ON LANDSCAPE PLANTS Casey Ray Miranda Recycled water is water that has been previously used, has suffered a loss of quality, and has been properly treated for redistribution (Wu et al. 2001). The use of recycled water as an alternative to fresh water in the landscape can have positive and negative effects. Experimentation on 40 different plant species during a 32 week period (2 phases of 16 weeks), was conducted to analyze the effects of recycled water irrigation on the appearance of landscape plants. Each species of plant was planted into 10 individual number 2 pots and irrigated with recycled water daily. Media and water were tested for nutrients and other constituents. In phase I there were four different species of grasses and grass-like plants, five different perennials, five species of shrubs, and four annuals tested; while phase II tested four species of herbaceous perennials, eight different species of shrubs, six species of groundcovers, and four species of annuals. All tests were conducted at the Paso Robles Waste Water Treatment Plant. Of the grasses and grass like species Yucca spp. and Buchloe spp. performed best. Osteospermum fruticosum, Lavandula angustifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Phormium tenax, and Pennisetum setaceum had the best appearance of the herbaceous perennials tested. For the shrubs, Coprosma repens, Cistus purpureus, Dodonea viscosa, Eleagnus pungens, Baccharis pilularis, Ceanothus thysiflorus, Thuja orientalis, and Nerium oleander had the best appearance when irrigated with recycled water. The best annuals were Senecio cineraria, Antirrhinum majus, Primula spp., Viola spp., and Calendula officinalis. Of the groundcovers Heuchera spp., Lonicera japonica, Vinca major, Hedera helix, and Ceanothus griseus had the best results. From the experiment a list of tolerant and non-tolerant plants was compiled (Appendices 1 and 2). While many plants were capable of developing and growing normally, other plants were sensitive to recycled water irrigation. In order to prevent salt damage to plants and expand the use of recycled water, salt tolerance of landscape plant material must be identified (Niu et.al, 2006).
Books on the topic "Plant salinity tolerance"
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M, Hasegawa Paul, Jain S. Mohan, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Advances in Molecular Breeding Towards Salinity and Drought Tolerance. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.
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Öztürk, Münir, Yoav Waisel, M. Ajmal Khan, and Güven Görk, eds. Biosaline Agriculture and Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-7643-7610-4.
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Ajmal, Khan M., and Weber Darrell J. 1933-, eds. Ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006.
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Khan, M. Ajmal, and Darrell J. Weber, eds. Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4018-0.
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K, Garg B. Salinity tolerance in plants: Methods, mechanisms, and management. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers (India), 2011.
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Kumar, Vinay, Shabir Hussain Wani, Penna Suprasanna, and Lam-Son Phan Tran, eds. Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Volume 2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90318-7.
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Kumar, Vinay, Shabir Hussain Wani, Penna Suprasanna, and Lam-Son Phan Tran, eds. Salinity Responses and Tolerance in Plants, Volume 1. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75671-4.
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1933-, Läuchli A., and Lüttge Ulrich, eds. Salinity: Environment - plants - molecules. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
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Lieth, Helmut, and Ahmed A. Al Masoom, eds. Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3.
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Lieth, Helmut, and Ahmed A. Al Masoom, eds. Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1860-6.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Plant salinity tolerance"
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Tilbrook, Joanne, and Stuart Roy. "Salinity tolerance." In Plant Abiotic Stress, 133–78. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118764374.ch6.
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Hardie, Marcus, and Richard Doyle. "Measuring Soil Salinity." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 415–25. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_28.
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Roessner, Ute, and Diane M. Beckles. "Metabolomics for Salinity Research." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 203–15. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_13.
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Grieve, Catherine M., Stephen R. Grattan, and Eugene V. Maas. "Plant Salt Tolerance." In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, 405–59. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784411698.ch13.
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Fageria, Nand Kumar, Luís Fernando Stone, and Alberto Baêta dos Santos. "Breeding for Salinity Tolerance." In Plant Breeding for Abiotic Stress Tolerance, 103–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30553-5_7.
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James, Richard A., and Xavier R. R. Sirault. "Infrared Thermography in Plant Phenotyping for Salinity Tolerance." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 173–89. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_11.
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Babourina, Olga, and Zed Rengel. "Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM) Measurements in Salinity Research." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 149–61. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_9.
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Ashraf, M., N. A. Akram, Mehboob-ur-Rahman, and M. R. Foolad. "Marker-Assisted Selection in Plant Breeding for Salinity Tolerance." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 305–33. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_21.
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Senadheera, Prasad, and Frans J. M. Maathuis. "Transcriptome Analysis of Membrane Transporters in Response to Salinity Stress." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 291–303. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_20.
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Laohavisit, Anuphon, Renato Colaço, and Julia Davies. "Cytosolic Ca2+ Determinations in Studying Plant Responses to Salinity and Oxidative Stress." In Plant Salt Tolerance, 163–71. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-986-0_10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Plant salinity tolerance"
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Nguyen, Ha Thi Thuy. "Investigation of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Wild rice Oryza australiensis." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053090.
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Mondal, Sejuti. "Hasawi: A potential dor for salinity tolerance at reproductive stage in rice." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053066.
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Tran, Vivian. "Wild and cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) do t differ in salinity tolerance when taking vigor into account." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1053054.
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Bocharnikova, E. "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ENHANCED PLANT TOLERANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSES UNDER APPLICATION OF SILICON SUBSTANCES." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1695.978-5-317-06490-7/141-144.
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Laboratory and field experiments evidence that silicon fertilizers contribute to plant tolerance to unfavorable growth conditions: drought, frost, salinity, heavy metal contamination, and others. Silicon-induced underlying mechanisms include thickening of the epidermal layer, enhanced root system development, chemical stability of the DNA, RNA, and chlorophyll molecules, improved transport and redistribution of elements, as well as activation of defense system in plants against oxidative damage. Application of Si fertilizers and biostimulators promoted reducing crop losses and increasing yield of rice, wheat, barley, soya, potatoes and others under drought and frost conditions.
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SANTOS, M. L., V. N. B. SILVA, L. R. VIEIRA, R. A. C. N. CASARI, C. A. F. SOUSA, and M. T. SOUZA JUNIOR. "CAN Setaria viridis (A 10.1) BE USED AS MODEL PLANT FOR VALIDATION OF GENES FOR SALINITY TOLERANCE?" In IV Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/ESALQ-USP/ABID/UFRB/INCT-EI/INCTSal/INSTITUTO FUTURE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7127/iv-inovagri-meeting-2017-res4810866.
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Norboeva, U. T. "SOIL SALINITY AND SALINE TOLERANCE OF THE SORTS OF COTTON." In The All-Russian Scientific Conference with International Participation and Schools of Young Scientists "Mechanisms of resistance of plants and microorganisms to unfavorable environmental". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-319-8-567-570.
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Ghosh, Sayanti, and Saswati Chakraborty. "Bioremediation of hydrocarbon-rich wastewater by aerobic granules of oil degrading bacterial strains in salinity influence." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.23.
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Granulation of sewage and brewery sludge isolated oil degrader Brevibacterium and Staphylococcus were investigated in hydrocarbon-rich wastewater with 280 mg/L of hydrocarbon at 10-25 g/L NaCl salinity influence. Brevibacterium and Staphylococcus cultures were inoculated in aerobic granular reactors (AGRs) R1 and R2 which were operated with 24 h cycle time and 2 L/min air flow rate. Yellowish matured granules appeared within 15 days. R1 granules achieved stability till 15 g/L NaCl concentration but faced disintegration between 15-20 mg/L NaCl exposure which reduced granule size and hydrocarbon removal from 2.15-1.7 mm and 78-73%. R2 granules were more salt tolerant providing 2.5±0.5 mm granule size with 4±1 g/L volatile suspended solids (VSS) and 201±1 mg/g VSS extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content achieving 81±0.7% hydrocarbon removal in 30 days. High granule stability and biomass concentration ensured less biomass washout from reactors. Granule settling velocity (GSV) in R1 and R2 reached 20±1 and 32±0.8 m/h which corresponded with granule size profiles. Kinetics analysis showed that at steady state, R1 and R2 were capable of 72 and 91% phenol removals in 30 and 24 h, respectively. Hence, the study provided salt tolerant oil degrading granules for refinery wastewater treatment.
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Dürdane, Mart, and Türkeri Meltem. "Food legumes breeding program in eastern Mediterranean region and Turkey." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.97.
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Breeding is aimed to breed for varieties that are tolerant against disease, suitable for mechanized cultivation and harvest, and also offer them to the farmers as promising varieties. Since the purpose of legumes production is to obtain grain products of high yield and quality, developing suitable varieties for target regions where they will be grown is an important factor that needs to be considered. This breeding program aimed to develop new variety of recommended legumes varieties for different regions and will stimulate an increase in cultivation area. In Turkey chickpea is traditionally sown in spring and subjected to drought and heat stresses. Chickpea can be sown in autumn with new cultivars but winter-sown chickpea cultivars are not available for highlands. Some abiotic stresses (drought, heat, freezing etc.) and some biotic stresses (ascochyta blight, Fusarium wilt, and weeds) are common and important stresses, whereas nutrient imbalance includ-ing salinity are localized challenges. Lentil is usually traditionally sown in autumn and Central Anatolia green lentil, South Eastern Anatolia red lentil regions in Turkey. As a result of Turkish food legume Program, 48 chickpea, 41lentil, 49 beans, 3 faba beans, 3 pea and 4 cowpea varieties were registered.
Reports on the topic "Plant salinity tolerance"
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Fromm, A., Avihai Danon, and Jian-Kang Zhu. Genes Controlling Calcium-Enhanced Tolerance to Salinity in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585201.bard.
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The specific objectives of the proposed research were to identify, clone and characterize downstream cellular target(s) of SOS3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, to analyze the Ca2+-binding characteristics of SOS3 and the sos3-1 mutant and their interactions with SOS3 cellular targets to analyze the SOS3 cell-specific expression patterns, and its subcellular localization, and to assess the in vivo role of SOS3 target protein(s) in plant tolerance to salinity stress. In the course of the study, in view of recent opportunities in identifying Ca2+ - responsive genes using microarrays, the group at Weizmann has moved into identifying Ca2+-responsive stress genes by using a combination of aqeuorin-based measurements of cytosolic Ca and analysis by DNA microarrays of early Ca-responsive genes at the whole genome level. Analysis of SOS3 (University of Arizona) revealed its expression in both roots and shoots. However, the expression of this gene is not induced by stress. This is reminiscent of other stress proteins that are regulated by post-transcriptional mechanisms such as the activation by second messengers like Ca. Further analysis of the expression of the gene using promoter - GUS fusions revealed expression in lateral root primordial. Studies at the Weizmann Institute identified a large number of genes whose expression is up-regulated by a specific cytosolic Ca burst evoked by CaM antagonists. Fewer genes were found to be down-regulated by the Ca burst. Among the up-regulated genes many are associated with early stress responses. Moreover, this study revealed a large number of newly identified Ca-responsive genes. These genes could be useful to investigate yet unknown Ca-responsive gene networks involved in plant response to stress.
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Freeman, Stanley, Russell Rodriguez, Adel Al-Abed, Roni Cohen, David Ezra, and Regina Redman. Use of fungal endophytes to increase cucurbit plant performance by conferring abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7613893.bard.
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Major threats to agricultural sustainability in the 21st century are drought, increasing temperatures, soil salinity and soilborne pathogens, all of which are being exacerbated by climate change and pesticide abolition and are burning issues related to agriculture in the Middle East. We have found that Class 2 fungal endophytes adapt native plants to environmental stresses (drought, heat and salt) in a habitat-specific manner, and that these endophytes can confer stress tolerance to genetically distant monocot and eudicot hosts. In the past, we generated a uv non-pathogenic endophytic mutant of Colletotrichum magna (path-1) that colonized cucurbits, induced drought tolerance and enhanced growth, and protected 85% - 100% against disease caused by certain pathogenic fungi. We propose: 1) utilizing path-1 and additional endophtyic microorganisms to be isolated from stress-tolerant local, wild cucurbit watermelon, Citrulluscolocynthis, growing in the Dead Sea and Arava desert areas, 2) generate abiotic and biotic tolerant melon crop plants, colonized by the isolated endophytes, to increase crop yields under extreme environmental conditions such as salinity, heat and drought stress, 3) manage soilborne fungal pathogens affecting curubit crop species growing in the desert areas. This is a unique and novel "systems" approach that has the potential to utilize natural plant adaptation for agricultural development. We envisage that endophyte-colonized melons will eventually be used to overcome damages caused by soilborne diseases and also for cultivation of this crop, under stress conditions, utilizing treated waste water, thus dealing with the limited resource of fresh water.
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Bray, Elizabeth, Zvi Lerner, and Alexander Poljakoff-Mayber. The Role of Phytohormones in the Response of Plants to Salinity Stress. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7613007.bard.
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Salinity is an increasing problem in many irrigated areas of crop production and is a significant factor in reducing crop productivity. Developmental, physiological, and molecular responses to salinity were studied in order to improve our understanding of these responses. Improvements in our understanding of plant responses to salinity are necessary in order to develop crops with improved salt tolerance. Previously, in Israel, it was shown that Sorghum biccolor can adapt to an otherwise lethal concentration of NaCl. These experiments were refined and it was shown that there is a specific window of development in which this adaption can occur. Past the window of development, Sorghum plants can not be adapted. In addition, the ability to adapt is not present in all genotypes of Sorghum. Cultivars that adapt have an increased coefficient of variation for many of the physiological parameters measured during the mid-phase of adaptation. Therefore, it is possible that the adaptation process does not occur identically in the entire population. A novel gene was identified, isolated and characterized from Sorghum that is induced in roots in response to salinity. This gene is expressed in roots in response to salt treatments, but it is not salt-induced in leaves. In leaves, the gene is expressed without a salt treatment. The gene encodes a proline-rich protein with a novel proline repeat, PEPK, repeated more than 50 times. An antibody produced to the PEPK repeat was used to show that the PEPK protein is present in the endodermal cell wall of the root during salt treatments. In the leaves, the protein is also found predominantly in the cell wall and is present mainly in the mesophyll cells. It is proposed that this protein is involved in the maintenance of solute concentration.
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Moore, Gloria A., Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Charles L. Guy, and Doron Holland. Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Woody Perennial Plant Genus Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570565.bard.
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As is true for all crops, production of Citrus fruit is limited by traits whose characteristics are the products of many genes (i.e. cold hardiness). In order to modify these traits by marker aided selection or molecular genetic techniques, it is first necessary to map the relevant genes. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in perennial plants has been extremely difficult, requiring large numbers of mature plants. Production of suitable mapping populations has been inhibited by aspects of reproductive biology (e.g. incompatibility, apomixis) and delayed by juvenility. New approaches promise to overcome some of these obstacles. The overall objective of this project was to determine whether QTLs for environmental stress tolerance could be effectively mapped in the perennial crop Citrus, using an extensive linkage map consisting of various types of molecular markers. Specific objectives were to: 1) Produce a highly saturated genetic linkage map of Citrus by continuing to place molecular markers of several types on the map. 2) Exploiting recently developed technology and already characterized parental types, determine whether QTLs governing cold acclimation can be mapped using very young seedling populations. 3) Determine whether the same strategy can be transferred to a different situation by mapping QTLs influencing Na+ and C1- exclusion (likely components of salinity tolerance) in the already characterized cross and in new alternative crosses. 4) Construct a YAC library of the citrus genome for future mapping and cloning.
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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.
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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Guy, Charles, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Gloria Moore, Doron Holland, and Yuval Eshdat. Common Mechanisms of Response to the Stresses of High Salinity and Low Temperature and Genetic Mapping of Stress Tolerance Loci in Citrus. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613013.bard.
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The objectives that were outlined in our original proposal have largely been achieved or will be so by the end of the project in February 1995 with one exception; that of mapping cold tolerance loci based on the segregation of tolerance in the BC1 progeny population. Briefly, our goals were to 1) construct a densely populated linkage map of the citrus genome: 2) map loci important in cold and/or salt stress tolerance; and 3) characterize the expression of genes responsive to cold land salt stress. As can be seen by the preceding listing of accomplishments, our original objectives A and B have been realized, objective C has been partially tested, objective D has been completed, and work on objectives E and F will be completed by the end of 1995. Although we have yet to map any loci that contribute to an ability of citrus to maintain growth when irrigated with saline water, our very encouraging results from the 1993 experiment provides us with considerable hope that 1994's much more comprehensive and better controlled experiment will yield the desired results once the data has been fully analyzed. Part of our optimism derives from the findings that loci for growth are closely linked with loci associated with foliar Cl- and Na+ accumulation patterns under non-salinization conditions. In the 1994 experiment, if ion exclusion or sequestration traits are segregating in the population, the experimental design will permit their resolution. Our fortunes with respect to cold tolerance is another situation. In three attempts to quantitatively characterize cold tolerance as an LT50, the results have been too variable and the incremental differences between sensitive and tolerant too small to use for mapping. To adequately determine the LT50 requires many plants, many more than we have been able to generate in the time and space available by making cuttings from small greenhouse-grown stock plants. As it has turned out, with citrus, to prepare enough plants needed to be successful in this objective would have required extensive facilities for both growing and testing hardiness which simply were not available at University of Florida. The large populations necessary to overcome the variability we encountered was unanticipated and unforeseeable at the project's outset. In spite of the setbacks, this project, when it is finally complete will be exceedingly successful. Listing of Accomplishments During the funded interval we have accomplished the following objectives: Developed a reasonably high density linkage map for citrus - mapped the loci for two cold responsive genes that were cloned from Poncirus - mapped the loci for csa, the salt responsive gene for glutathione peroxidase, and ccr a circadian rhythm gene from citrus - identified loci that confer parental derived specific DNA methylation patterns in the Citrus X Poncirus cross - mapped 5 loci that determine shoot vigor - mapped 2 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions in the BC1 population - mapped 3 loci that influence leaf Na+ accumulation paterns during salt sress - mapped 2 loci that control leaf Cl- accumulation patterns under non-saline conditions - mapped a locus that controls leaf Cl- accumulation patterns during salt stress Screened the BC1 population for growth reduction during salinization (controls and salinized), and cold tolerance - determined population variation for shoot/root ratio of Na+ and Cl- - determined levels for 12 inorganic nutrient elements in an effort to examine the influence of salinization on ion content with emphasis on foliar responses - collected data on ion distribution to reveal patterns of exclusion/sequestration/ accumulation - analyzed relationships between ion content and growth Characterization of gene expression in response to salt or cold stress - cloned the gene for the salt responsive protein csa, identified it as glutathione peroxidase, determined the potential target substrate from enzymatic studies - cloned two other genes responsive to salt stress, one for the citrus homologue of a Lea5, and the other for an "oleosin" like gene - cold regulated (cor) genes belonging to five hybridization classes were isolated from Poncirus, two belonged to the group 2 Lea superfamily of stress proteins, the others show no significant homology to other known sequences - the expression of csa during cold acclimation was examined, and the expression of some of the cor genes were examined in response to salt stress - the influence of salinization on cold tolerance has been examined with seedling populations - conducted protein blot studies for expression of cold stress proteins during salt stress and vice versa
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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Tolerances of plants to drought and salinity in the western United States. US Geological Survey, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri884070.
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