Journal articles: 'Plant reproduction'

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Eckardt, Nancy A. "Plant Reproduction." Plant Cell 14, no. 8 (August 2002): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.140820.

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Méndez, M., and J. R. Obeso. "Size-dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in Arum italicum (Araceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-032.

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The proportional allocation of plant total resources for growth, reproduction, vegetative propagation, and the balance between them were examined in Arum italicum. A minimum threshold dry mass (2.5 g) was found in this species before reproduction could occur, but above 10 g of dry mass, all individuals in a sample of 151 produced at least one inflorescence. Resource allocation for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and vegetative propagation significantly increased as dry mass of the plant increased. Increases in plant size resulted in increased proportional allocation to sexual reproduction, and relative decreases in both vegetative growth and vegetative propagation. Mass ratios between sexual reproductive structures and new tuber, and between sexual reproductive structures and organs of clonal growth increased with plant size. Allocation of resources to reproduction occurred at the expense of vegetative growth. In reproductive plants, the cost of reproduction, measured as relative reduction in vegetative growth was approximately 24% and was estimated by comparing growth in nonreproductive plants. Key words: Arum italicum, Araceae, cost of reproduction, reproductive allocation, vegetative growth, vegetative propagation.

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Negrutiu, I. "Sexual plant reproduction." Plant Science 93, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(93)90055-5.

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Hiscock, Simon J. "Sexual Plant Reproduction." Annals of Botany 108, no. 4 (August 30, 2011): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr217.

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Li, Zicong, and Yuehui He. "Roles of Brassinosteroids in Plant Reproduction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030872.

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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones, essentially important for plant development and growth. BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction. As the phytohormone originally identified in the pollen grains of Brassica napus, BR promotes the elongation of stigma. Recent studies have revealed that BR is also critical for floral transition, inflorescence stem architecture formation and other aspects of plant reproductive processes. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of BRs in plant reproduction, the spatial and temporal control of BR signaling, and the downstream molecular mechanisms in both the model plant Arabidopsis and crops. The crosstalk of BR with environmental factors and other hormones in reproduction will also be discussed.

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Hasegawa, Shigeaki, and Hiroshi Takeda. "Functional specialization of current shoots as a reproductive strategy in Japanese alder (Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica)." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-143.

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Current shoots, which form the crown of a tree, are specialized in various functions such as crown expansion, reproduction, and assimilation. We examined the temporal and spatial distribution of reproductive shoots in Alnus hirsuta Turcz. var. sibirica (Fischer) C.K. Schn., assessed their direct and indirect costs of reproduction, and explained their distribution in the crown as the reproductive strategy of a current shoot population. The upper and lower limits to the lengths of current shoots for reproductive growth (flower formation) were 40 and 10 cm, respectively. Reproductive 1-year-old shoots produced fewer shoots in the following year than non-reproductive 1-year-old shoots. In current shoots longer than 40 cm, the increment of reproductive output in the following year by abandonment of reproduction surpassed the decrement of reproductive output in the current year by abandonment of reproduction. This may be one reason for the upper limit of reproductive shoot length. Thus, the current shoot population of A. hirsuta var. sibirica may be divided into three functionally specialized subpopulations: reproductive, maintenance, and exploratory. This specialization is considered to be a reproductive strategy to maximize their lifetime reproductive success.Key words: current shoot population, reproductive ecology, functional specialization, cost of reproduction, Japanese alder.

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Zhang, Dabing. "Plant development and reproduction." Science Bulletin 61, no. 11 (June 2016): 825–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1099-6.

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Willemse, Michiel, Andre van Lammeren, Michiel van Lookeren Campagne, and Truus van de Hoef-van Espelo. "Sexual plant reproduction research." Protoplasma 208, no. 1-4 (March 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279068.

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Hesse, Michael, Oscar Vicente, and Erwin Heberle-Bors. "Sexual plant reproduction research." Protoplasma 187, no. 1-4 (March 1995): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01280226.

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Bogdanowicz, Agnieszka, Paweł Olejniczak, Marlena Lembicz, and Waldemar Żukowski. "Costs of reproduction in life history of a perennial plant Carex secalina." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0044-6.

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AbstractWe tested a hypothesis based on life history theory that examines reproductive costs incurred by individuals in consecutive years of their life. A multi-year dataset of resource allocation to vegetative and reproductive structures was analysed in Carex secalina — a perennial, monoecious sedge, reproducing only sexually. In a four-year garden experiment, we assessed above-ground biomass at the end of each season and reproductive allocation expressed as the total length of male and female spikes. The study was aimed at determining how size and age of a plant relates to its reproduction, and how the rate of reproduction affects the year-toyear biomass change in Carex secalina. We observed that after each reproductive episode, individuals had significantly smaller sizes and produced a lower number of generative tillers. The total production of reproductive structures decreased significantly with age in all populations. Moreover, the decrease in plant biomass was greater when more reproductive structures were produced in a previous year, which indicates that the plants incur costs of reproduction in terms of above-ground biomass production.

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Muir, Angela M. "The cost of reproduction to the clonal herb Asarum canadense (wild ginger)." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 10 (October 1, 1995): 1683–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-182.

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The cost of reproduction to the clonal understorey herb Asarum canadense (wild ginger) was examined by measuring subsequent growth and storage. All connected vegetative rhizome was controlled and fully measured. Three important aspects of reproductive effort were addressed: (i) the effect of sexual reproduction on subsequent storage and growth of fragments, (ii) the effect of asexual reproduction on subsequent storage and growth of fragments, and (iii) a comparison to determine the least costly method of reproduction. It was found that sexual reproduction in wild ginger has an energy cost that diverts energy from storage and growth. Asexual reproduction represents neither a net energy cost nor gain to the fragment and is the least costly mode of reproduction to wild ginger. Key words: Asarum canadense, reproduction, rhizome, clonal.

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12

Barrett, Spencer C. H. "Influences of clonality on plant sexual reproduction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (July 20, 2015): 8859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501712112.

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Flowering plants possess an unrivaled diversity of mechanisms for achieving sexual and asexual reproduction, often simultaneously. The commonest type of asexual reproduction is clonal growth (vegetative propagation) in which parental genotypes (genets) produce vegetative modules (ramets) that are capable of independent growth, reproduction, and often dispersal. Clonal growth leads to an expansion in the size of genets and increased fitness because large floral displays increase fertility and opportunities for outcrossing. Moreover, the clonal dispersal of vegetative propagules can assist “mate finding,” particularly in aquatic plants. However, there are ecological circumstances in which functional antagonism between sexual and asexual reproductive modes can negatively affect the fitness of clonal plants. Populations of heterostylous and dioecious species have a small number of mating groups (two or three), which should occur at equal frequency in equilibrium populations. Extensive clonal growth and vegetative dispersal can disrupt the functioning of these sexual polymorphisms, resulting in biased morph ratios and populations with a single mating group, with consequences for fertility and mating. In populations in which clonal propagation predominates, mutations reducing fertility may lead to sexual dysfunction and even the loss of sex. Recent evidence suggests that somatic mutations can play a significant role in influencing fitness in clonal plants and may also help explain the occurrence of genetic diversity in sterile clonal populations. Highly polymorphic genetic markers offer outstanding opportunities for gaining novel insights into functional interactions between sexual and clonal reproduction in flowering plants.

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13

Reekie, Edward G. "An explanation for size-dependent reproductive allocation in Plantago major." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-160.

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This study examined whether variation in reproductive allocation with size could be explained by differences in the trade-off between reproduction and growth. Seeds from 42 half-sibling families were collected from sites differing in mowing frequency and availability of light, nutrients, and water. Six seedlings from each family were grown in controlled environments and photoperiod manipulations were used to control reproduction. Mass of vegetative and reproductive plants of the same family were compared to assess the trade-off between reproduction and growth. Families collected from habitats with a tall canopy were larger and experienced a greater decrease in growth with reproduction than families from habitats where mowing maintained a short canopy. Reproductive output showed no relationship with size, while reproductive allocation (capsule mass to vegetative mass) decreased with size. This decrease may be a direct consequence of the increase in reproductive cost with size. The increase in cost can be partially explained by increased allocation to reproductive support structures; large individuals produce capsules on more elongate scapes and have a lower capsule to scape ratio. Differences in size and morphology among habitats are presumably the result of selection to avoid damage in mown sites and to avoid shade and ensure pollination in sites with a tall canopy and reduced wind movement.Key words: allometry, life-history theory, size constraints, reproductive effort, reproductive cost.

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Kim, Min-Jung, Byeong Wook Jeon, Eunkyoo Oh, Pil Joon Seo, and Jungmook Kim. "Peptide Signaling during Plant Reproduction." Trends in Plant Science 26, no. 8 (August 2021): 822–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.008.

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15

Charlesworth, D. "Plant Reproduction: Ecology and Evolution." Ecology 74, no. 7 (October 1993): 2176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940869.

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Nieuwland, Jeroen, Barend H. J. de Graaf, Alice Y. Cheung, and Maurice Bosch. "Plant reproduction: does size matter?" New Phytologist 190, no. 4 (May 11, 2011): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03749.x.

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Cai, Giampiero, and Stefano Del Duca. "Pollen Tube and Plant Reproduction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2019): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030531.

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Goldberg, R. B. "Plant Reproduction--Ten Years Later." PLANT CELL ONLINE 16, suppl_1 (March 12, 2004): Si. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.161350.

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Dresselhaus, Thomas, and Mark A. Johnson. "Reproduction: Plant Parentage à Trois." Current Biology 28, no. 1 (January 2018): R28—R30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.041.

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20

Russell, Scott D. "Sexual Plant Reproduction Congresses: 2008." Sexual Plant Reproduction 22, no. 4 (November 8, 2009): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-009-0120-5.

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Dresselhaus, Thomas, and Scott D. Russell. "Germline specification in plant reproduction." Sexual Plant Reproduction 24, no. 2 (May 15, 2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-011-0169-9.

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Mulcahy, David, Mauro Cresti, Dmitry Belostotsky, Titti Mariani, and Alice Cheung. "Frontiers in Sexual Plant Reproduction." Sexual Plant Reproduction 14, no. 1-2 (September 1, 2001): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970100075.

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23

ORNDUFF, R. "Angiosperm Reproduction: Plant Breeding Systems." Science 234, no. 4776 (October 31, 1986): 620–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.234.4776.620-a.

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Willemse, M. T. M. "History and prospects of plant sexual reproduction congresses, the IASPRR and sexual plant reproduction." Sexual Plant Reproduction 21, no. 2 (May 9, 2008): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00497-008-0078-8.

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Schmid, Bernhard, Fakhri A. Bazzaz, and Jacob Weiner. "Size dependency of sexual reproduction and of clonal growth in two perennial plants." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-194.

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We compared the size dependency of sexual reproduction and clonal growth in two clonal perennials that inhabit old fields, Aster lanceolatus and Solidago canadensis. In both species there was a threshold size required for sexual reproduction to occur, and above that threshold reproductive output increased linearly with vegetative mass. Biomass allocated to clonal growth was also highly correlated with vegetative mass in both species, but there was no evidence of a threshold size for clonal growth. The absence of a clear size threshold for clonal growth emphasizes the similarity between clonal growth (vegetative reproduction) by rhizomes and growth of other vegetative parts, as opposed to sexual reproductive allocation. In both species there were differences in the allocation patterns of plants derived from seeds and those derived from rhizomes. Although seed- and rhizome-derived plants did not differ in phenology and size, the latter allocated more biomass to sexual reproduction and clonal growth in both species. Key words: clonal growth, size dependency, reproduction, Aster lanceolatus, Solidago canadensis, size threshold.

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Piper, Jon K. "Size structure and seed yield over 4 years in an experimental Cassia marilandica (Leguminosae) population." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 7 (July 1, 1992): 1324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-166.

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An experimental population of a perennial species, Cassia marilandica, was monitored for 4 years to examine changes in size structure and seed production over time. Plants flowered and set seed the 1st year and annually thereafter. Plant size, seed mass per plant, and reproductive effort were highest in the 2nd year but declined thereafter. Over the first 3 years, density remained constant, but plant size and yield varied. By the 4th year, density, size, and seed yield all declined, owing probably to combinations of drought and insect herbivory. Mean distance to nearest neighbors was consistently positively correlated with plant size but with seed mass in the 2nd and 3rd years only. Plant size was positively correlated with seed mass in each year, with reproductive effort in the first 3 years, but with relative growth rate in the last 2 years only. Population size structure and lifetime reproductive output were generally positively skewed. Except for a slight effect from the 1st to the 2nd year, no cost of reproduction, measured as reduced growth, reproduction, or likelihood of survival was seen. Key words: Cassia marilandica, cost of reproduction, density, Leguminosae, nearest neighbor, perennial, population structure, prairie plants, seed mass.

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Davydovych, K. "Types of legal relations in the field of reproduction of natural plant resources." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 73 (December 9, 2022): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.26.

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The author conducted a comprehensive study of the current state of legislative support for the legal regulation of relations in the field of reproduction of natural plant resources and presented the results in the article. In addition, due to the processing of special literature and the study of prescriptions of regulatory legal acts, the existing problems and ways of solving them were clearly outlined, proposals were made to improve the current ecological, in particular floristic, legislation (legislation on plant life), the feasibility of making changes and additions to the current Law of Ukraine "On the Plant World" and future normative acts in case of their adoption (Floristic Code of Ukraine and Ecological Code of Ukraine) were substantiated. The signs and types of legal relations in the field of reproduction of natural plant resources were considered in detail. Based on the opinions of lawyers and scientists - representatives of the natural sciences, as well as the analysis of the provisions of normative legal acts on a certain topic, the main criteria for the classification of reproductive legal relations were established. Thus, with regard to natural plant resources, it is proposed to consider the following as the main criteria: object of legal relations; subjects of legal relations (legal relations on the reproduction of natural plant resources with the participation of land plot owners and legal relations on the reproduction of natural plant resources with the participation of users (including tenants) of such plots, etc.); areas of activity (legal relations to prevent unwanted changes in natural plant resources, etc.); place of growth and importance of natural plant resources (legal relations regarding the reproduction of natural plant resources of national importance within the limits of internal sea waters and the territorial sea; natural plant resources within the limits of surface waters located and used in the territory of one region, i.e. of local importance, etc.); method of reproduction (legal relations on the natural reproduction of natural plant resources; legal relations on the artificial reproduction of natural plant resources). Their definitions and characteristics were provided.

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Peng, Zhen, Hong Xiao, Xiang He, Changlin Xu, Taotao Pan, and Xiaojun Yu. "Different levels of rainfall and trampling change the reproductive strategy of Kobresia humilis in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 2 (2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19076.

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The sedge Kobresia humilis (C.A. Mey. ex Trautv.) Serg. is the dominant plant in the alpine meadows of China’s Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which has experienced substantial grassland degradation due to reduced rainfall and overgrazing. In this study we sought to determine the reproductive strategy of K. humilis under three levels of rainfall and seven levels of trampling by Tibetan sheep and yaks with a two year simulation trial on the Plateau. With a reduction in rainfall and an increase in trampling intensity, there was a decrease in sexual reproduction indices, plant height and single leaf number. The highest rainfall promoted sexual reproduction, whereas average rainfall was conducive to vegetative reproduction, and the lowest rainfall inhibited reproduction. The reproductive strategy of K. humilis could be judged according to the average rainfall from July to August. Notably, after two years of low rainfall and a heavy trampling treatment, K. humilis produced more seeds with smaller size. The rainfall presented a two-way regulation function in the trampling effect on K. humilis reproductive characteristics.

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Shevchenko, S. V., and Yu V. Plugatar. "Reproductive biology of flowering plants and problems of rational nature management." Plant Biology and Horticulture: theory, innovation, no. 152 (February 18, 2020): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/2019-3-152-15-25.

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The paper presents the results of the study of reproductive biology of a number of valuable plants introduced to the South of Russia, as well as rare species of flora of the Crimea. Comparative analysis and understanding of the processes of generative structures formation, pollination, fertilization and seed formation of representatives of different families (Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Ericaceae, Magnoliaceae, Rosaceae, Rhambaceae, Davidiaceae, Nyssaceae) allowed to establish some regularities in the reproduction system, to make a conclusion about the systematic affiliation and rather high reproductive potential of the studied species. The possibilities of using knowledge of reproductive processes of flowering plants in solving various biological problems: systematics and phylogeny, identifying patterns of formation of generative structures, determining the strategy of reproduction and conservation of plant diversity, the importance of antecological aspects in plant reproduction, breeding and nature protection are shown. The material is of scientific interest to specialists in various fields.

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Cheplick, G. P. "Nutrient availability, dimorphic seed production, and reproductive allocation in the annual grass Amphicarpum purshii." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 8 (August 1, 1989): 2514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-321.

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The effect of nutrient addition on dimorphic seed reproduction and biomass allocation was investigated in amphicarpic peanut grass (Amphicarpum purshii Kunth). This annual, which grows in disturbed habitats on the Coastal Plain of eastern North America, produces self-fertilizing cleistogamous spikelets under ground and potentially outcrossing chasmogamous spikelets above ground. For each of three sibling families raised in the greenhouse from aerial seeds, 11 plants were fertilized twice during the growth period while 11 plants received no fertilizer. Total spikelet output and seed weight increased in response to fertilizer addition for both aerial and subterranean reproductive components, but changes were greater for aerial reproduction. Biomass allocation to subterranean spikelets and seeds was unaffected by nutrient addition. As measured by coefficients of variation, phenotypic variation for six aerial reproductive characters was about twice as great as that for six subterranean reproductive characters. Subterranean and aerial seed output were significantly related to shoot biomass for fertilized plants, but only mean aerial seed weight showed a significant relation to biomass when nutrients were not provided. These results support the hypothesis that early subterranean seed production provides reproductive insurance in peanut grass, whereas later aerial reproduction on newly formed tillers allows plants to increase reproductive output at the end of the growing period according to the availability of resources.

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Kermack, Justin P., and Emily S. J. Rauschert. "Soil characteristics drive Ficaria verna abundance and reproductive output." Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, no. 4 (October 22, 2019): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2019.27.

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AbstractLesser celandine (Ficaria verna Huds.), an invasive plant from Europe, is becoming widespread in river valleys throughout the northeastern United States and the Pacific Northwest. Its high rate of asexual bulbil and tuber production creates dense infestations threatening native spring ephemerals. Ficaria verna abundance and reproductive output (seeds, bulbils, and tubers) were examined in invaded transects spanning a disturbance gradient away from a river. Site characteristics (photosynthetically active radiation [PAR], soil pH, moisture, texture, and nutrients) were quantified to examine their roles in plant abundance and reproduction. A larger-scale study examined random transects not specifically chosen based on F. verna infestations. Soil characteristics and slope were hypothesized to drive F. verna abundance and reproduction; we also hypothesized that reproductive output and biomass would be highest at intermediate distances from rivers, where disturbances are infrequent. Ficaria verna abundance and reproductive output varied considerably by site; soil characteristics, rather than landscape placement, appeared to drive plant abundance and reproduction. Lower percent sand was associated with significantly higher F. verna stem density and bulbil and tuber production. CEC was significantly negatively related to F. verna biomass and tuber counts. In the larger-scale survey, slope and PAR were significantly negatively related to F. verna presence and percent cover, respectively. Overall, these findings suggest that soil texture and slope can help explain higher abundance and reproductive outputs. However, reproductive output and biomass were not significantly greater at intermediate distances, contrary to expectations. We did not observe any seed production in any of the plots, although we did see a few plants with seeds outside our study area in the second year, demonstrating a near-complete reliance on asexual reproduction in these populations. This study expands on the current limited understanding of F. verna and can help management by identifying areas likely to support dense infestations.

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Luzuriaga, Arantzazu L., Adrián Escudero, María José Albert, and Luis Giménez-Benavides. "Population structure effect on reproduction of a rare plant: beyond population size effect." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 9 (September 2006): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-078.

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Several studies have evaluated the effect of population size on plant reproductive output, but there are few studies concerning the effect of other population structure variables on plant reproduction. In this study, we went beyond population size effect and we tested the effect of some population spatial variables such as plant density, plant aggregation, population structure, and population identity on plant reproductive success and fitness in large populations (>1000 individuals) of Centaurea hyssopifolia Vahl., an endemic species of central Spain. We analysed the reproductive output (capitula, flowers, and seeds) and another two components of plant fitness (seed mass and germinability) in 350 individuals from seven populations in 2002 and 2003. All populations were similar in size but differed in other population spatial characteristics (density, plant aggregation pattern, population plant size structure). We used Morisita’s aggregation index to characterize the level of plant aggregation within populations. Population plant size structure variable determined the proportion of different sized plants in a population. We used generalized linear mixed models to model the contribution of these population spatial variables to several reproductive parameters. Our results showed that whereas the aggregation index exerted a positive control on plant seed set, plant density had a negative effect, and plant population size structure did not significantly influence any response variable. Density only exerted a negative effect on seed set. On the contrary, plant aggregation had a positive effect. Seed mass was also larger in more aggregated populations, although no differences in seed germinability were observed. We detected the effect of population attributes on reproduction in terms of seed set, but we did not detect any effect on other overall reproductive variables measured at plant level. To sum up, our results showed that if population fragments were large enough, spatial population attributes became crucial factors for plant reproductive output and fitness. These easily measurable population variables may improve the conservation management of rare plant species.

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Le Roncé, Iris, Maude Toïgo, Elia Dardevet, Samuel Venner, Jean-Marc Limousin, and Isabelle Chuine. "Resource manipulation through experimental defoliation has legacy effects on allocation to reproductive and vegetative organs in Quercus ilex." Annals of Botany 126, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 1165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa137.

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Abstract Background and Aims In plants, high costs of reproduction during some years can induce trade-offs in resource allocation with other functions such as growth, survival and resistance against herbivores or extreme abiotic conditions, but also with subsequent reproduction. Such trade-offs might also occur following resource shortage at particular moments of the reproductive cycle. Because plants are modular organisms, strategies for resource allocation to reproduction can also vary among hierarchical levels. Using a defoliation experiment, our aim was to test how allocation to reproduction was impacted by resource limitation. Methods We applied three levels of defoliation (control, moderate and intense) to branches of eight Quercus ilex trees shortly after fruit initiation and measured the effects of resource limitation induced by leaf removal on fruit development (survival, growth and germination potential) and on the production of vegetative and reproductive organs the year following defoliation. Key Results We found that defoliation had little impact on fruit development. Fruit survival was not affected by the intense defoliation treatment, but was reduced by moderate defoliation, and this result could not be explained by an upregulation of photosynthesis. Mature fruit mass was not affected by defoliation, nor was seed germination success. However, in the following spring defoliated branches produced fewer shoots and compensated for leaf loss by overproducing leaves at the expense of flowers. Therefore, resource shortage decreased resource allocation to reproduction the following season but did not affect sex ratio. Conclusions Our results support the idea of a regulation of resource allocation to reproduction beyond the shoot scale. Defoliation had larger legacy effects than immediate effects.

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Bǎra, Ion I. "Reproduction - a factor of plant evolution." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 58, no. 1 (2014): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1989.011.

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The process of reproduction (amphimixis and apomixis) represents a major factor of evolution. The facultative apomictic species are the pioneers of evolution. They combine the adventages of amphimixis (high degree of variability and heterogenesis) and apomixis (relative stability and low material expenditure) assuring a rapid rate of adaptive evolution.

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Qu, Li-Jia, and Meng-Xiang Sun. "Plant reproduction: Recent discoveries from China." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 59, no. 9 (September 2017): 591–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12576.

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Hedhly, Afif, José I. Hormaza, and María Herrero. "Global warming and sexual plant reproduction." Trends in Plant Science 14, no. 1 (January 2009): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.11.001.

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McCormick, Sheila. "Is there more to plant reproduction?" Trends in Plant Science 7, no. 9 (September 2002): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02321-x.

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Tovar-Mendez, Alejandro, and Bruce McClure. "Plant Reproduction: Self-Incompatibility to Go." Current Biology 26, no. 3 (February 2016): R115—R117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.011.

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Kawashima, Tomokazu, and Frédéric Berger. "Epigenetic reprogramming in plant sexual reproduction." Nature Reviews Genetics 15, no. 9 (July 22, 2014): 613–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg3685.

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Cheung, A. Y., and H. M. Wu. "Arabinogalactan proteins in plant sexual reproduction." Protoplasma 208, no. 1-4 (March 1999): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279078.

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Haas, Stephanie M., and Christopher J. Lortie. "A systematic review of the direct and indirect effects of herbivory on plant reproduction mediated by pollination." PeerJ 8 (June 8, 2020): e9049. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9049.

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Background Plant reproduction is influenced by the net outcome of plant–herbivore and plant–pollinator interactions. While both herbivore impacts and pollinator impacts on plant reproduction have been widely studied, few studies examine them in concert. Methodology Here, we review the contemporary literature that examines the net outcomes of herbivory and pollination on plant reproduction and the impacts of herbivores on pollination through damage to shared host plants using systematic review tools. The direct or indirect effects of herbivores on floral tissue and reported mechanisms were compiled including the taxonomic breadth of herbivores, plants and pollinators. Results A total of 4,304 studies were examined producing 59 relevant studies for synthesis that reported both pollinator and herbivore measures. A total of 49% of studies examined the impact of direct damage to floral tissue through partial florivory while 36% of studies also examined the impact of vegetative damage on pollination through folivory, root herbivory, and stem damage. Only three studies examined the effects of both direct and indirect damage to pollination outcomes within the same study. Conclusions It is not unreasonable to assume that plants often sustain simultaneous forms of damage to different tissues and that the net effects can be assessed through differences in reproductive output. Further research that controls for other relative drivers of reproductive output but examines more than one pathway of damage simultaneously will inform our understanding of the mechanistic relevance of herbivore impacts on pollination and also highlight interactions between herbivores and pollinators through plants. It is clear that herbivory can impact plant fitness through pollination; however, the relative importance of direct and indirect damage to floral tissue on plant reproduction is still largely unknown.

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Marquis, Robert J. "Physiological constraints on response by Ostrya virginiana (Betulaceae) to localized folivory." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 1951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-244.

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Individual twigs of eastern hophornbeam were experimentally defoliated at the time of spring peak herbivore abundance for this plant species. When all three leaves directly subtending developing fruits and all leaves (three to five total) from the nearest twig were removed to simulate natural folivory, there was a 25% decrease in mass of individual fruits (but not in fruit number) compared with control twigs. Lower damage of up to 50% area removal for subtending and nonsubtending leaves combined produced no significant decrease in reproductive output. Experimental defoliation had no effect on growth, reproduction, or survivorship of treatment twigs in the subsequent year. At no time during the study was natural herbivore damage high enough on individual twigs to decrease their reproductive output. These results add to the evidence that resource movement among adjacent twigs and branches of woody plants is not sufficient to compensate for localized damage. Thus, we must consider both the pattern of folivory as well as total leaf area removed to understand the effects of folivorous insects on plant growth and reproduction. Key words: folivory, Ostrya virginiana, physiological integration, plant reproduction.

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Mantovani, André, and Ricardo Rios Iglesias. "Size-dependent allocation of biomass to ancillary versus flowers of the inflorescences of the epiphyte Tillandsia stricta Soland (Bromeliaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 23, no. 1 (March 2009): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062009000100016.

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The amount of resources invested in reproduction is closely correlated to plant size. However, the increase in reproductive investment is not always proportional to the increase in vegetative growth, as the proportion of plant resources allocated to reproduction can increase, decrease or be maintained along different plant sizes. Although comprising thousand of species, epiphytes are poorly studied in relation to reproductive allocation (RA). We describe the variation in the RA of the epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia stricta Soland with increasing plant sizes. Our goal is not only to evaluate the RA of the whole inflorescence but also quantify the contribution of ancillary structures in the final RA of this plant species. With increasing sizes of T. stricta the reproductive allocation of biomass to the whole inflorescence decreased significantly along plant sizes from 37% to 12%. Reproductive allocation to ancillary and to flowers decreased respectively from 30% to 9% and 10% to 3%. As leaves are the main source of water and nutrients absorption in atmospheric Tillandsia, the total leaf area and area per leaf were used as indicators of foraging capacity, that also increased with plant size. We discuss these results with respect to the capacity of T. stricta to reproduce in the heterogeneous environment of the canopies.

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Dumas, Pascale, and Lucie Maillette. "Rapport des sexes, effort et succès de reproduction chez Rubus chamaemorus, plante herbacée vivace dioïque de distribution subarctique." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2628–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-354.

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Studies published on the reproductive success of dioecious species concentrate on the role of sex ratios and pollinator behaviour. In the case of Rubus chamaemorus L., a circumboreal dioecious species, we hypothesized that flower survival and biomass allocation to reproductive tissues, which are climate dependent, also influence fruit production. Only 0.05% of total biomass is allocated to reproduction, whereas 94% goes to underground organs responsible for vegetative propagation. Many male (28 – 51%) and female flower buds (35 – 54%) and young fruits (24–51%) die prematurely mainly because of the climate; fruit production then becomes independent from initial female flower density. The scarcity of female flowers at most sites (except near open water) limits fruit production. The limited sexual reproduction would allow cloudberry to maintain somatic resources, thereby increasing the longevity of individuals and their chance of encountering the climatic conditions required for reproductive success. Such a strategy is adaptive in a variable climate like that of the subarctic. Furthermore, the reduced importance of sexual reproduction would diminish the need to optimize sex ratios. Other selective pressures (e.g., competition) would then favour male clones in most sites, in spite of the unproductive pollen excess.

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Kimmitt, Abigail A. "Females as the Gatekeepers to Seasonal Breeding: What We Can Learn by Studying Reproductive Mechanisms in Both Sexes." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa095.

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Synopsis Seasonal reproduction is a widespread adaptation in vertebrates, such that individuals time their reproductive efforts to match peak resource abundance. Individuals rely on environmental cues to regulate hormonal mechanisms governing timing of breeding. Historically, studies on physiological mechanisms of seasonal reproduction, specifically in birds, have disproportionately focused on males compared to females. For this review, I conducted a literature search of the last decade of avian research and found a persistent sex bias in the field of physiological mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. Using work conducted with the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) as a case study, I present a possible solution to combat the sex bias: natural comparisons of populations that differ in reproductive timing to investigate mechanisms of reproduction in both sexes. Populations of dark-eyed juncos that differ in migratory behavior (i.e., migrant and resident) exhibit overlapping ranges during winter and early spring; residents begin breeding in early spring prior to the departure of migrants. This system, and others like it, provides an opportunity to compare mechanisms of reproduction in populations that differ in reproductive timing despite experiencing the same environmental conditions in early spring. In juncos, migrant and resident females and males exhibit similar patterns of hypothalamic regulation of reproduction in early spring, but sex differences in gonadal sensitivity between the populations could be an important distinction that partially explains sex differences in reproductive development. Comparing mechanisms of reproduction in free-living populations and in captivity can reveal important mechanisms that determine the onset of reproductive development, as well as potential sex differences in these mechanisms. Understanding the mechanisms of reproductive phenology has important implications for understanding how species will survive and reproduce in a changing climate.

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Thompson, B. K., J. Weiner, and S. I. Warwick. "Size-dependent reproductive output in agricultural weeds." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-061.

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Data on reproductive and vegetative weights of individuals from five species of agricultural weeds (Apera spica-venti L., Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., and Panicum miliaceum L.) were used to test Weiner's (1988) model of linear size-dependent reproductive output in plants. In general, the populations showed strong evidence (P < 0.001) of linear relationships between reproductive and vegetative weight. Linearity was most pronounced in cases where size differences were primarily due to competition. Generally, the linear relationships were consistent from population to population within a species. Many of the populations also showed positive x-intercepts, indicating a threshold size for reproduction. However, there were a number of populations with no apparent relationship between reproductive and vegetative weight, with departures from linearity, or with positive y-intercepts (negative x-intercepts). Key words: reproductive weight, vegetative weight, agricultural weeds, size-dependent reproduction.

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Guo, Yarong, Xiong Z. He, Fujiang Hou, and Jizhou Ren. "Stocking rate affects plant community structure and reproductive strategies of a desirable and an undesirable grass species in an alpine steppe, Qilian Mountains, China." Rangeland Journal 42, no. 1 (2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj19080.

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The effects of grazing on species reproduction is a fundamental issue of grassland management. We investigated plant density and dry weight changes at community and species levels, and the reproductive strategies of the dominant desirable Stipa purpurea and the undesirable Achnatherum inebrians grass species in response to stocking rate in an alpine steppe with a 10-year grazing history. Results showed complex patterns of plant community and reproductive strategy. Overall plant density increased with increasing stocking rate and dry weight was significantly higher at light and high stocking rates. Plant density and dry weight of A. inebrians peaked at moderate stocking rates. Higher stocking rate had little impact on S. purpurea density but significantly reduced its dry weight. Both species displayed linearly increasing/decreasing or unimodal/bimodal reproductive effort in response to increased stocking rate. The discrepancies in plant reproductive characteristics between S. purpurea and A. inebrians indicated that: (1) light and moderate grazing may promote an adaption strategy of reproduction by desirable species, which may then contribute to their maintenance in grasslands, and (2) undesirable species presence did not lead to the replacement of desirable species in the grasslands. Therefore, light and moderate stocking rates are recommended to maintain the grasslands and to increase the reproductive outputs of desirable species.

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Nugrahapraja, Husna, Edoardo Bertolini, and Mario Enrico Pè. "Revisiting pollen-pistil interaction and cross incompatibility in maize." Current Research on Biosciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/crbb.2019.1.1/dtcs2650.

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The review addressed aspects of plant fertilisation and the phenomenon of genetic cross-incompatibility in maize controlled by the Gametophyte1 locus. This phenomenon determines the failure to accomplish successful fertilisation and a full seed set when pollen grains carrying the ga1 allele pollinate female inflorescences carrying the Ga1-strong (Ga-1s) allele in the homozygous state (Ga1-s/Ga1-s). We divided the review work into several topics — first, the introduction of sexual plant reproduction. Second, pollen-pistil interactions in plants. Third, reproductive barriers during plant reproduction. Third, Incompatibility in plants. Fourth, fine mapping of the Ga1 locus in maize. Fifth, recent researches on Ga1-related cross-incompatibility in maize.

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Lorbiecke, René. "Plant Reproduction & the Pollen Tube Journey – How the Females Lure the Males." American Biology Teacher 74, no. 8 (October 1, 2012): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2012.74.8.8.

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The growth of pollen tubes is one of the most characteristic events in angiosperm reproduction. This article describes an activity for visualizing the journey and guidance of pollen tubes in the reproductive structures of a flowering plant. The activity uses a semi-in vivo system with rapid-cycling Brassica rapa, also known as Fast Plants. Isolated ovules were used to attract pollen tubes that were triggered to grow through explants of female flower parts. The activity provides insight into the in vivo situation of plant reproduction, appealing visual results, and the development of science process skills.

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Ishihara, Masae, and Kihachiro Kikuzawa. "Species-specific variation in shoot production patterns of five birch species with respect to vegetative and reproductive shoots." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 9 (September 1, 2004): 1393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-099.

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We tested whether the difference in shoot production patterns of reproductive and vegetative shoots is only due to resource or meristem availability or also due to species-specific factors. Rates of shoot production by four shoot types (reproductive long shoots, vegetative long shoots, reproductive short shoots, and vegetative short shoots) in Betula platyphylla Sukatchev var. japonica (Miq.) Hara, Betula davurica Pall., Betula ermanii Cham., Betula grossa Sieb. et Zucc., and Betula maximowicziana Regel were compared. In the first three species, each shoot type produced all four shoot types. However, in the latter species, limited shoot production pathways were found both in reproductive shoots and in vegetative shoots, which do not carry any costs associated with reproduction. Furthermore, shoot production by reproductive shoots was not always diminished, but rather was enhanced compared with that by vegetative shoots in B. maximowicziana. These results suggest the importance of species-specific patterns in shoot production, in addition to previously suggested explanations involving resource or meristem limitation.Key words: species specificity, cost of reproduction, Betula, reproductive shoots, vegetative shoots.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant reproduction'

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