Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant reproduction

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant reproduction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant reproduction"

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Eckardt, Nancy A. "Plant Reproduction." Plant Cell 14, no. 8 (August 2002): 1669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.140820.

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Méndez, M., and J. R. Obeso. "Size-dependent reproductive and vegetative allocation in Arum italicum (Araceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-032.

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The proportional allocation of plant total resources for growth, reproduction, vegetative propagation, and the balance between them were examined in Arum italicum. A minimum threshold dry mass (2.5 g) was found in this species before reproduction could occur, but above 10 g of dry mass, all individuals in a sample of 151 produced at least one inflorescence. Resource allocation for vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, and vegetative propagation significantly increased as dry mass of the plant increased. Increases in plant size resulted in increased proportional allocation to sexual reproduction, and relative decreases in both vegetative growth and vegetative propagation. Mass ratios between sexual reproductive structures and new tuber, and between sexual reproductive structures and organs of clonal growth increased with plant size. Allocation of resources to reproduction occurred at the expense of vegetative growth. In reproductive plants, the cost of reproduction, measured as relative reduction in vegetative growth was approximately 24% and was estimated by comparing growth in nonreproductive plants. Key words: Arum italicum, Araceae, cost of reproduction, reproductive allocation, vegetative growth, vegetative propagation.
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Negrutiu, I. "Sexual plant reproduction." Plant Science 93, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(93)90055-5.

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Hiscock, Simon J. "Sexual Plant Reproduction." Annals of Botany 108, no. 4 (August 30, 2011): 585–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr217.

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Li, Zicong, and Yuehui He. "Roles of Brassinosteroids in Plant Reproduction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030872.

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Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones, essentially important for plant development and growth. BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction. As the phytohormone originally identified in the pollen grains of Brassica napus, BR promotes the elongation of stigma. Recent studies have revealed that BR is also critical for floral transition, inflorescence stem architecture formation and other aspects of plant reproductive processes. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of BRs in plant reproduction, the spatial and temporal control of BR signaling, and the downstream molecular mechanisms in both the model plant Arabidopsis and crops. The crosstalk of BR with environmental factors and other hormones in reproduction will also be discussed.
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Hasegawa, Shigeaki, and Hiroshi Takeda. "Functional specialization of current shoots as a reproductive strategy in Japanese alder (Alnus hirsuta var. sibirica)." Canadian Journal of Botany 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-143.

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Current shoots, which form the crown of a tree, are specialized in various functions such as crown expansion, reproduction, and assimilation. We examined the temporal and spatial distribution of reproductive shoots in Alnus hirsuta Turcz. var. sibirica (Fischer) C.K. Schn., assessed their direct and indirect costs of reproduction, and explained their distribution in the crown as the reproductive strategy of a current shoot population. The upper and lower limits to the lengths of current shoots for reproductive growth (flower formation) were 40 and 10 cm, respectively. Reproductive 1-year-old shoots produced fewer shoots in the following year than non-reproductive 1-year-old shoots. In current shoots longer than 40 cm, the increment of reproductive output in the following year by abandonment of reproduction surpassed the decrement of reproductive output in the current year by abandonment of reproduction. This may be one reason for the upper limit of reproductive shoot length. Thus, the current shoot population of A. hirsuta var. sibirica may be divided into three functionally specialized subpopulations: reproductive, maintenance, and exploratory. This specialization is considered to be a reproductive strategy to maximize their lifetime reproductive success.Key words: current shoot population, reproductive ecology, functional specialization, cost of reproduction, Japanese alder.
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Zhang, Dabing. "Plant development and reproduction." Science Bulletin 61, no. 11 (June 2016): 825–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-016-1099-6.

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Willemse, Michiel, Andre van Lammeren, Michiel van Lookeren Campagne, and Truus van de Hoef-van Espelo. "Sexual plant reproduction research." Protoplasma 208, no. 1-4 (March 1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01279068.

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Hesse, Michael, Oscar Vicente, and Erwin Heberle-Bors. "Sexual plant reproduction research." Protoplasma 187, no. 1-4 (March 1995): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01280226.

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Bogdanowicz, Agnieszka, Paweł Olejniczak, Marlena Lembicz, and Waldemar Żukowski. "Costs of reproduction in life history of a perennial plant Carex secalina." Open Life Sciences 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 870–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0044-6.

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AbstractWe tested a hypothesis based on life history theory that examines reproductive costs incurred by individuals in consecutive years of their life. A multi-year dataset of resource allocation to vegetative and reproductive structures was analysed in Carex secalina — a perennial, monoecious sedge, reproducing only sexually. In a four-year garden experiment, we assessed above-ground biomass at the end of each season and reproductive allocation expressed as the total length of male and female spikes. The study was aimed at determining how size and age of a plant relates to its reproduction, and how the rate of reproduction affects the year-toyear biomass change in Carex secalina. We observed that after each reproductive episode, individuals had significantly smaller sizes and produced a lower number of generative tillers. The total production of reproductive structures decreased significantly with age in all populations. Moreover, the decrease in plant biomass was greater when more reproductive structures were produced in a previous year, which indicates that the plants incur costs of reproduction in terms of above-ground biomass production.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant reproduction"

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Luijten, Sheila Helen. "Reproduction and genetics of fragmented plant populations." Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Instituut voor Biodiversiteit en Ecosysteemdynamica (IBED) ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2001. http://dare.uva.nl/document/60623.

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Jordan, Crispin Yves. "Studies investigating evolutionary transitions in plant reproduction." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36436.

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In this thesis I explore several topics related to the evolution of plant reproductive characters. First, I consider mating system evolution at a single locus that simultaneously affects multiple fitness components, including pollen export, selfing rate, and viability (i.e., survival or a similar change in male and female function). I use two approaches. First, I assume frequency-independent mating, so the model characterizes prior selfing (Chapter 2). Second, I assume that selfing rates are determined by a "mass action" process, which characterizes several additional modes of selfing (Chapter 3). For both approaches, pleiotropy between increased viability and selfing rate reduces opportunities for the evolution of pure outcrossing, can favor complete selfing despite high inbreeding depression, and notably, can cause the evolution of mixed mating despite very high inbreeding depression. These results suggest that selection by non-pollinating agents may help explain mixed mating, particularly in species with very high inbreeding depression. Second, I analyze the potential for different genome regions to harbor intra-locus sexually-antagonistic polymorphism. Such polymorphism, involving one allele that benefits fitness in males but decreases fitness in females, and a second allele with opposite effects, is believed to influence the evolution of sexual dimorphism and sex chromosome evolution; both have evolved repeatedly among plant lineages, so understanding the potential for sexually-antagonistic variation informs the evolution of dioecy. Numerical analyses confirm the previous major conclusion that sexually-antagonistic polymorphisms are generally maintained in a larger region of parameter space if the locus is in the pseudo-autosomal region than if it is autosomal. Finally, I consider the effect of two stressors on time to flowering to address hypotheses regarding the evolution of flowering time in heterogeneous environments. A greenhouse experiment using Mimulus guttatus revealed that low water and herbivory had opposite effects on time to flowering, although these effects were weak. These stressors had stronger influences on plant height and the number of flowers produced. These data, combined with previously published results, suggest that a stressor's effect on non-phenological traits may influence the evolution of flowering time through mechanisms not considered by previously published theoretical studies.
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Forster, Anthony Carlyle. "Self-cleavage of plant pathogenic RNAs." Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf7331.pdf.

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Maier, Camelia G. A. (Camelia Gabriela-Anca). "Phytoestrogens in Two Dioecious Species: Isolation, Characterization and Role in Plant Reproduction." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332478/.

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A highly specific steroid regulated transcription system system in Saccharomyces cerevisae was used to screen for phytoestrogens indioecious plants. Yeast cells were co-transformed with a human estrogen receptor expression plasmid and a reporter plasmid containing the E. coli β-galactosidase gene.
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Wyka, Tomasz P. "Storage, growth and reproduction in an alpine herbaceous plant, Oxytropis sericea /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9946316.

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Iglesias, Maria Claudia. "Spacial patterns of the genders in Dioecius plant species." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65458.

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Nam, Ki Jung. "Host-plant acceptance by aphids : cues initiating reproduction." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6397.

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The host-plant acceptance behaviour of aphids was examined, in two aphid species, the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphum pisum, to elucidate the recognition factors used to assess plant suitability for parthenogenetic reproduction. In addition, host-plant chemistry was investigated to study possible cues that initiated reproduction. The probing and parturition behaviour of R. padi on barley, Hordeum vulgare, or bird cherry leaves, Prunus padus, were monitored by electrical penetration graph (EPG) coupled with a simultaneous video recording. The autumn winged gynoparae and the summer winged virginoparae initiated reproduction on their host plants, P. padus and H. vulgare, respectively, before phloem contact occurred and these findings suggest that phloem contact is not necessary for host-acceptance decisions. Host acceptance behaviour of A. pisum, on susceptible and phloem-based resistant line of Medicago truncatula was monitored and found to be similar on both plant lines. The phloem-based resistance mechanism did not affect parturition behaviour indicating that reproduction is initiated prior to phloem contact. The results also imply that sign chemicals used as host recognition cues located in a peripheral tissue rather than in the phloem of host plants. Bioassays were employed to characterise the sign chemicals within host-plants of R. padi. It was found that virginoparae reproduced similarly on a neutral medium such as water or holidic diet as well as host-plant aqueous extract, which suggests that particular stimulants may be not involved in host-plant recognition by this generalist morph. On the other hand, aqueous extracts of bird cherry leaves specifically stimulated parturition in autumn gynoparae. Bioassay-guided chemical fractionation showed that at least five secondary metabolites appear to be involved in host recognition by gynoparae.
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Wissman, Jörgen. "Grazing regimes and plant reproduction in semi-natural grasslands /." Uppsala : Department of Conservation Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200640.pdf.

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Biddle, Kelly Denise. "An analysis of alternative forms of plant reproduction using Gossypium barbadense and Arabidopsis thaliana." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1158.

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Alliende, Maria Catalina. "Growth and reproduction in a dioecious tree, Salix cinera." Thesis, Bangor University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280693.

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Books on the topic "Plant reproduction"

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Somervill, Barbara A. Plant reproduction. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2008.

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Spilsbury, Richard. Plant reproduction. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Spilsbury, Richard. Plant reproduction. 2nd ed. Harlow: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Plant reproduction. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials, 2015.

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D, O'Neill Sharman, and Roberts J. A, eds. Plant reproduction. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Academic Press, 2002.

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Spilsbury, Richard. Plant reproduction. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Plant reproduction. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Cresti, Mauro, and Antonio Tiezzi, eds. Sexual Plant Reproduction. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9.

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M, Cresti, and Tiezzi Antonio, eds. Sexual plant reproduction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.

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editor, Duke Shirley Smith, ed. Reproduction in plants. Vero Beach, Fla: Rourke Educational Media, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant reproduction"

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Körner, Christian. "Plant reproduction." In Alpine Plant Life, 259–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-98018-3_16.

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Körner, Christian. "Plant reproduction." In Alpine Plant Life, 395–449. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59538-8_16.

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Körner, Christian. "Plant reproduction." In Alpine Plant Life, 259–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18970-8_16.

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Lack, Andrew, and David Evans. "Reproduction in bryophytes." In Plant Biology, 278–81. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203002902-83.

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Dickinson, H. G. "Microspore Derived Embryogenesis." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_1.

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Pierson, E. S., and Y. Q. Li. "The Cytoskeleton of Pollen Grains and Pollen Tubes." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 99–113. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_10.

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Kaufmann, H., H. Kirch, T. Wemmer, A. Peil, F. Lottspeich, H. Uhrig, F. Salamini, and R. Thompson. "Sporophytic and Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 115–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_11.

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Bino, R. J., M. G. M. van Creij, L. M. van der Leede-Plegt, A. J. van Tunen, and J. M. van Tuyl. "Application of in Vitro Pollination and Fertilization Techniques for Breeding and Genetic Manipulation of Lilium." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 127–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_12.

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van Went, J. L. "Pollen Tube Entrance in the Embryo Sac and Fertilization." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 135–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_13.

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Chaboud, A. "Preferential Fertilization: Data and Strategy for Molecular Analysis." In Sexual Plant Reproduction, 143–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77677-9_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant reproduction"

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Kuempers, Britta. "Tiny plants with great potential – Understanding growth and reproduction in Duckweed." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1049089.

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Johnson, Mark. "(CS-4-2) Understanding the molecular basis of thermotolerant reproduction in tomato." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.148415.

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Malinina, Tat'yana, and N. Porozhnyakova. "BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PLANT SELECTION FOR LANDSCAPING." In Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_221-224.

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Recently, not only in large megacities, but also in small towns, the shortage of green spaces is becoming more acute. For a comfortable stay of residents, more places are needed where citizens can relax in the fresh air surrounded by fresh foliage and nature. When designing or reconstructing a park, it is important to take into account the principles of plant selection. The difficulty is that the selection of plants for creating landscape compositions depends on the basic principles of growth and development of tree and shrub species.
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"Reproduction and genetic accuracy during somatic embryogenesis in Larix sibirica." In Current Challenges in Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/icg-plantgen2019-44.

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Tihomirova, Yu, and Sergey Kruzhilin. "LANDSCAPING AND LANDSCAPING OF URBAN BEACHES ON THE EXAMPLE OF NOVOCHERKASSK, ROSTOV REGION." In Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_245-251.

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The article presents a project for the reconstruction of landscaping and landscaping of a city beach on the example of a beach in the Donskoy microdistrict of Novocherkassk, Rostov region. Options for zoning the territory are considered, an inventory plan is given, plants to be removed are identified. Taking into account the popularity of outdoor activities, specialized zones designed for various types of leisure have been designed. The article also presents a tree planting project and recommendations for the location of woody plant species and shrubs.
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A.O., Smirnov, Zipelt L.I., and Barsegova A.V. "BIOTECH INDICATORS OF WHITEBAITS REPRODUCTION ON ROGOZHKINSKY FISH HATCHERY FSBI «GLAVRYBVOD» (ROSTOV REGION)." In II INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "DEVELOPMENT AND MODERN PROBLEMS OF AQUACULTURE" ("AQUACULTURE 2022" CONFERENCE). DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/aquaculture.2022.129-134.

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The article presents the current state of the Rogozhkinsky fish hatchery, its main features and characteristics as an artificial reproduction enterprise. The main biotechnical indicators obtained during the fish-breeding season of the current year are described. With the help of dynamic morphological and biological indicators of the broodstock, reared fry and the volume of their release, a modern picture of the reproductive activity of the plant has been compiled.
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Vazquez Rueda, Martin G., Federico Hahn, and Jose L. Zapata. "Adaptive image segmentation applied to plant reproduction by tissue culture." In AeroSense '97, edited by Steven K. Rogers. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.271476.

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Chernetskaya, A. G., T. V. Yunkevich, and T. V. Kalenchuk. "ADDITIONAL METHODS FOR PRESERVING THE GENE POOL OF POPULATIONS OF RARE SPECIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2021: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2021-2-371-374.

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To effectively conserve the gene pool of protected plants ex situ, a wide range of methods and approaches is used, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. To date, considerable experience has been gained in the preservation of plant genetic resources, which are important mainly for the agricultural sector, using different temperature regimes; gene banks have been created all over the world. Unfortunately, cryopreservation of seeds and various other plant material is successfully used mainly for agricultural crops, and experiments to preserve the gene pool of rare and endangered plant species are not so widespread. It is necessary to investigate the possibility of sustainable reproduction of the gene pool of certain rare and endangered species. The use of microclonal reproduction of protected plants is an additional way to preserve their gene pool and a prerequisite for the repаtriation of species that are disappearing in nature. The development of effective methods of microclonal reproduction is the basis of work on the creation of in vitro genetic banks of rare and endangered plant species, as well as one of the promising directions for the conservation of biodiversity in general.
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Satheesh Krishnan, G., P. T. Bijilesh, Sishaj P. Simon, Gireesh V. Puthusserry, E. K. Midhun, and T. Mithun. "Maximum Power Point tracking in PV Systems using Plant Reproduction algorithm." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgre45664.2020.9070629.

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Urbanowicz, Christine M. "Plant reproduction and the role of pollinators near poleward range margins." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.109177.

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Reports on the topic "Plant reproduction"

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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Control of Fertilization-Independent Development by the FIE1 Gene. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575290.bard.

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A fundamental problem in biology is to understand how fertilization initiates reproductive development. During plant reproduction, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form an embryo, whereas a second sperm cell fuses with the adjacent central cell nucleus to form the endosperm tissue that supports embryo and/or seedling development. To understand the mechanisms that initiate reproduction, we have isolated mutants of Arabidopsis that allow for replication of the central cell and subsequent endosperm development without fertilization. In this project we have cloned the MEA gene and showed that it encode a SET- domain polycomb protein. Such proteins are known to form chromatin-protein complexes that repress homeotic gene transcription and influence cell proliferation from Drosophylla to mammals. We propose a model whereby MEA and an additional polycomb protein we have cloned, FIE , function to suppress a critical aspect of early plant reproduction and endosperm development, until fertilization occurs. Using a molecular approach we were able to determine that FIE and MEA interact physically, suggesting that these proteins have been conserved also during the evolution of flowering plants. The analysis of MEA expression pattern revealed that it is an imprinted gene that displays parent-of- origin-dependent monoallelic expression specifically in the endosperm tissue. Silencing of the paternal MEA allele in the endosperm and the phenotype of mutant mea seeds support the parental conflict theory for the evolution of imprinting in plants and mammals. These results contribute new information on the initiation of endosperm development and provide a unique entry point to study asexual reproduction and apomixis which is expected to improve crop production.
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Landolt, Peter, Ezra Dunkelblum, Robert R. Heath, and Moshe Kehat. Host Plant Chemical Mediation of Heliothis Reproductive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568753.bard.

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Phytophagous insects respond to chemicals from their host plants in a number of ways, including orientation or attraction in response to volatiles produced by plants. Orientation to odors from host plants may occur in order to locate food, mates, or oviposition sites. A detailed understanding of these behaviors are the chemical stimuli evoking them may provide useful means for attracting and trapping insect pests of crop plants. Heliothine moths (Helicoverpa and Heliothis herein) include a number of major pests of cultivated crop plants throughout the world. In North America, these include Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. In much of Eurasia (including Israel) Australia, and Africa, these include Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa peltigera. These 4 species of concern all are attracted to odorants from host plants (Tingle and Mitchell 2992, Mitchell et al 1991, 1992 BARD feasibility study report). Host plant chemicals also play a role in the sexual behavior of Helicoverpa species. Synthesis and possibly release of sex pheromone in H. zea and H. phloxiphaga is stimulated by kairomones from hosts plants (Raina 1988, 1992). Pheromona scent marking on host plants also occurs in H. virescens and H. zea. Studies of several other insects, including the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, have a variety of other behaviors may occur in association with host plants, including the use of plants as sexual rendesvous sites and of direct involvement of plant chemicals in sexual behavior. Some pest species of moths also may use host plants as adult food sources. These studies were undertaken to develop a more thorough understanding of how Heliothis/Helicoverpa moths use host plant odorants to locate and select foods, mates, and oviposition sites. We used Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in Florida, and Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa peltigera in Israel as objects of study because of their pest status. It is hoped that such an understanding will provide direction for work to discover and develop novel means to control these pests through behavioral manipulation. The specific objectives of the proposal were to 1) identify host odor affects on known Heliothine sexual behavior, 2) identify novel sexual behavior that is how dependent, 3) isolate and characterize host kairomones important to pest Heliothine host and mate-location behavior, and 4) investigate female attraction to males.
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Samach, Alon, Douglas Cook, and Jaime Kigel. Molecular mechanisms of plant reproductive adaptation to aridity gradients. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696513.bard.

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Annual plants have developed a range of different mechanisms to avoid flowering (exposure of reproductive organs to the environment) under adverse environmental conditions. Seasonal environmental events such as gradual changes in day length and temperature affect the timing of transition to flowering in many annual and perennial plants. Research in Arabidopsis and additional species suggest that some environmental signals converge on transcriptional regulation of common floral integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Here we studied environmental induction of flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Similarly to Arabidopsis, the transition to flowering in M. truncatula is hastened by long photoperiods and long periods of vernalization (4°C for 2-3 weeks). Ecotypes collected in Israel retain a vernalization response even though winter temperatures are way above 4°C. Here we show that this species is also highly responsive (flowers earlier) to mild ambient temperatures up to 19°C simulating winter conditions in its natural habitat. Physiological experiments allowed us to time the transition to flowering due to low temperatures, and to compare it to vernalization. We have made use of natural variation, and induced mutants to identify key genes involved in this process, and we provide here data suggesting that an FT gene in M.truncatula is transcriptionally regulated by different environmental cues. Flowering time was found to be correlated with MtFTA and MtFTB expression levels. Mutation in the MtFTA gene showed a late flowering phenotype, while over-expressing MtFTA in Arabidopsis complemented the ft- phenotype. We found that combination of 4°C and 12°C resulted in a synergistic increase in MtFTB expression, while combining 4°C and long photoperiods caused a synergistic increase in MtFTA expression. These results suggest that the two vernalization temperatures work through distinct mechanisms. The early flowering kalil mutant expressed higher levels of MtFTA and not MtFTB suggesting that the KALIL protein represses MtFTA specifically. The desert ecotype Sde Boker flowers earlier in response to short treatments of 8-12oc vernalization and expresses higher levels of MtFTA. This suggests a possible mechanism this desert ecotype developed to flower as fast as possible and finish its growth cycle before the dry period. MtFTA and FT expression are induced by common environmental cues in each species, and expression is repressed under short days. Replacing FT with the MtFTA gene (including regulatory elements) caused high MtFTA expression and early flowering under short days suggesting that the mechanism used to repress flowering under short days has diversified between the two species.The circadian regulated gene, GIGANTEA (GI) encodes a unique protein in Arabidopsis that is involved in flowering mechanism. In this research we characterized how the expression of the M.truncatula GI ortholog is regulated by light and temperature in comparison to its regulation in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis GI was found to be involved in temperature compensation to the clock. In addition, GI was found to be involved in mediating the effect of temperature on flowering time. We tested the influence of cold temperature on the MtGI gene in M.truncatula and found correlation between MtGI levels and extended periods of 12°C treatment. MtGI elevation that was found mostly after plants were removed from the cold influence preceded the induction of MtFT expression. This data suggests that MtGI might be involved in 12°C cold perception with respect to flowering in M.truncatula. GI seems to integrate diverse environmental inputs and translates them to the proper physiological and developmental outputs, acting through several different pathways. These research enabled to correlate between temperature and circadian clock in M.truncatula and achieved a better understanding of the flowering mechanism of this species.
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Landolt, Peter, Ezra Dunkelblum, Robert Heath, and Moshe Kehat. Host Plant Kairomonal Effects on Heliothis Mate-Finding Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7613016.bard.

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We investigated the possible attraction of species of Helicoverpa and Heliothis to host plant odors and to male pheromone as a prelude to a larger investigation of host chemical effects on moth sexual and reproductive behavior. Both sexes of H. armigera and H. peltigera were attracted to particular host plants or host plant extracts. Heliothis virescens was also found to be attracted to a flowering shrub it may use as a nectar source. Unmated females of H. armigera and H. peltigera were attracted to live males and to a male pheromone extract prepared from exposed filter papers in cages of males. Some attraction of unmated female H. zea to males was also evident, but at much lower response rate.
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5

Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.

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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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LaBella, Jessica, Mark H. LaFantasie, Melissa Thomas-Van Gundy, and Louis M. McDonald. Photosynthetic capacity and vegetative reproduction of the endangered plan, running buffalo clover. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-rn-310.

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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.

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Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Miller, Gad, and Jeffrey F. Harper. Pollen fertility and the role of ROS and Ca signaling in heat stress tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598150.bard.

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The long-term goal of this research is to understand how pollen cope with stress, and identify genes that can be manipulated in crop plants to improve reproductive success during heat stress. The specific aims were to: 1) Compare heat stress dependent changes in gene expression between wild type pollen, and mutants in which pollen are heat sensitive (cngc16) or heat tolerant (apx2-1). 2) Compare cngc16 and apx2 mutants for differences in heat-stress triggered changes in ROS, cNMP, and Ca²⁺ transients. 3) Expand a mutant screen for pollen with increased or decreased thermo-tolerance. These aims were designed to provide novel and fundamental advances to our understanding of stress tolerance in pollen reproductive development, and enable research aimed at improving crop plants to be more productive under conditions of heat stress. Background: Each year crop yields are severely impacted by a variety of stress conditions, including heat, cold, drought, hypoxia, and salt. Reproductive development in flowering plants is highly sensitive to hot or cold temperatures, with even a single hot day or cold night sometimes being fatal to reproductive success. In many plants, pollen tube development and fertilization is often the weakest link. Current speculation about global climate change is that most agricultural regions will experience more extreme environmental fluctuations. With the human food supply largely dependent on seeds, it is critical that we consider ways to improve stress tolerance during fertilization. The heat stress response (HSR) has been intensively studied in vegetative tissues, but is poorly understood during reproductive development. A general paradigm is that HS is accompanied by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induction of ROS-scavenging enzymes to protect cells from excess oxidative damage. The activation of the HSR has been linked to cytosolic Ca²⁺ signals, and transcriptional and translational responses, including the increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and antioxidative pathways. The focus of the proposed research was on two mutations, which have been discovered in a collaboration between the Harper and Miller labs, that either increase or decrease reproductive stress tolerance in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (i.e., cngc16--cyclic nucleotide gated channel 16, apx2-1--ascorbate peroxidase 2,). Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. Using RNA-seq technology, the expression profiles of cngc16 and apx2 pollen grains were independently compared to wild type under favourable conditions and following HS. In comparison to a wild type HSR, there were 2,776 differences in the transcriptome response in cngc16 pollen, consistent with a model in which this heat-sensitive mutant fails to enact or maintain a normal wild-type HSR. In a comparison with apx2 pollen, there were 900 differences in the HSR. Some portion of these 900 differences might contribute to an improved HSR in apx2 pollen. Twenty-seven and 42 transcription factor changes, in cngc16 and apx2-1, respectively, were identified that could provide unique contributions to a pollen HSR. While we found that the functional HS-dependent reprogramming of the pollen transcriptome requires specific activity of CNGC16, we identified in apx2 specific activation of flavonol-biosynthesis pathway and auxin signalling that support a role in pollen thermotolerance. Results from this study have identified metabolic pathways and candidate genes of potential use in improving HS tolerance in pollen. Additionally, we developed new FACS-based methodology that can quantify the stress response for individual pollen in a high-throughput fashion. This technology is being adapted for biological screening of crop plant’s pollen to identify novel thermotolerance traits. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This study has provided a reference data on the pollen HSR from a model plant, and supports a model that the HSR in pollen has many differences compared to vegetative cells. This provides an important foundation for understanding and improving the pollen HSR, and therefor contributes to the long-term goal of improving productivity in crop plants subjected to temperature stress conditions. A specific hypothesis that has emerged from this study is that pollen thermotolerance can be improved by increasing flavonol accumulation before or during a stress response. Efforts to test this hypothesis have been initiated, and if successful have the potential for application with major seed crops such as maize and rice.
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9

Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Alice Barkan. Nuclear Encoded RNA Splicing Factors in Plant Mitochondria. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592111.bard.

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Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for a small number of genes required in organellar genome expression and respiration. Yet, the vast majority of the organellar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, thus necessitating complex mechanisms to coordinate the expression and accumulation of proteins encoded by the two remote genomes. Many organellar genes are interrupted by intervening sequences (introns), which are removed from the primary presequences via splicing. According to conserved features of their sequences these introns are all classified as “group-II”. Their splicing is necessary for organellar activity and is dependent upon nuclear-encoded RNA-binding cofactors. However, to-date, only a tiny fraction of the proteins expected to be involved in these activities have been identified. Accordingly, this project aimed to identify nuclear-encoded proteins required for mitochondrial RNA splicing in plants, and to analyze their specific roles in the splicing of group-II intron RNAs. In non-plant systems, group-II intron splicing is mediated by proteins encoded within the introns themselves, known as maturases, which act specifically in the splicing of the introns in which they are encoded. Only one mitochondrial intron in plants has retained its maturaseORF (matR), but its roles in organellar intron splicing are unknown. Clues to other proteins required for organellar intron splicing are scarce, but these are likely encoded in the nucleus as there are no other obvious candidates among the remaining ORFs within the mtDNA. Through genetic screens in maize, the Barkan lab identified numerous nuclear genes that are required for the splicing of many of the introns within the plastid genome. Several of these genes are related to one another (i.e. crs1, caf1, caf2, and cfm2) in that they share a previously uncharacterized domain of archaeal origin, the CRM domain. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 CRM-related genes, which contain between one and four repeats of the domain. Several of these are predicted to the mitochondria and are thus postulated to act in the splicing of group-II introns in the organelle(s) to which they are localized. In addition, plant genomes also harbor several genes that are closely related to group-II intron-encoded maturases (nMats), which exist in the nucleus as 'self-standing' ORFs, out of the context of their cognate "host" group-II introns and are predicted to reside within the mitochondria. The similarity with known group-II intron splicing factors identified in other systems and their predicted localization to mitochondria in plants suggest that nuclear-encoded CRM and nMat related proteins may function in the splicing of mitochondrial-encoded introns. In this proposal we proposed to (i) establish the intracellular locations of several CRM and nMat proteins; (ii) to test whether mutations in their genes impairs the splicing of mitochondrial introns; and to (iii) determine whether these proteins are bound to the mitochondrial introns in vivo.
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10

Newton, Ronald, Joseph Riov, and John Cairney. Isolation and Functional Analysis of Drought-Induced Genes in Pinus. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568752.bard.

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Drought is a common factor limiting timber production in the U.S. and Israel. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and alleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedling survival is reduced when out planted, and growth and reproduction are often hindered by periodic droughts during later stages of tree development. Molecular and gene responses to drought stress have not been characterized. The objectives were to characterize drought-induced gene clones from these pines, to determine the effects of a growth regulator on drought tolerance, ABA levels, and drought-induced gene expression in alleppo pine, and to develop procedures for loblolly pine transformation. Nearly 20 cDNA clones influenced by gradual, prolonged drought stress have been isolated. Many of these have been shown to be induced by drought stress, whereas several others are down-regulated. These are the first drought-induced genes isolated from a pine species. Two genomic clones (lp5-1 and lp3-1) have been sequenced and characterized, and each has been found to be associated with a gene family. Clone lp5 appears to code for a cell wall protein, and clone lp3 codes for a nuclear protein. The former may be associated with changing the elastic properties of the cell wall, while the latter may be involved in signal transduction and/or protection from desiccation in the nucleus. Clone lp3 is similar to a drought-induced gene from tomato and is regulated by ABA. Several DNA sequences that are specific to induction during growth-retardation in alleppo pine by uniconazole have been identified. The active DNA species is now being identified. Promoters from genomic clones, lp3 and lp5, have been sequenced. Both are functional when fused with the gus reporter gene and transferred to other plant tissues as well as responding to a simulated drought stress. Through exodeletion analysis, it has been established that the promoter ABRE element of lp3 responds to ABA and that drought-induction of lp3 expression may also involve ABA. Stable tobacco transformants carrying either the lp5 or the lp3 promoter fused to a reporter gus gene have been obtained. The lp5lgus fusion was expressed at several stages of tobacco development and differentiation including the reproductive stage. There was no difference in phenotype between the transformants and the wild type. Embryogenesis procedures were developed for slash pine, but attempts to couple this process with gene transfer and plantlet transformation were not successful. Transformation of pine using Agrobacterium appears tractable, but molecular data supporting stable integration of the Agrobacterium-transferred gene are still inconclusive.
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