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1
Makarov, M. "Tank mixtures of pesticides for plant protection." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/40/21.
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Today, chemical plant protection methods are based on the safe use of pesticides. Environmental and toxicological effects are taken into account. To expand the possibilities of pest control, diseases and weeds, in the cultivation of crops, use tank mixtures that contain two or three active substances. In the preparation of mixtures take into account the processes of interaction of components and timing of application of drugs. In addition, this technique is one of the elements of the strategy to overcome the resistance of pests to insecticides, pathogens — to systemic fungicides, weeds — to herbicides.
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Holtz, Brent A. "Plant Protection for Pistachio." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.626.
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Pistachio (Pistacia vera) was successfully introduced into California and initially touted as a tree nut crop with no disease or insect pests. Unfortunately, these expectations were dashed as a number of diseases and pests followed commercial plantings, making plant protection practices integral to production. Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks. Botryosphaeria blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) and alternaria late blight (Alternaria alternata) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively, and multiple fungicide applications are needed for control. The conversion to low volume irrigation systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease. Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease, while current research aims at accurately predicting infection events to increase fungicide efficacy. A number of hemipteran insect pests have been associated with epicarp lesion: spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris (Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus) and soft scale pests. Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels. Some mirid (Calocoris spp.) pests can be effectively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program. If lygus (Lygus hesperus) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs (Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion. Trap crops are used to monitor pest populations in order to develop treatment thresholds. Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) and obliquebanded leafroller (Choristonuera rosaceana), but navel orangeworm populations are more effectively managed by destroying unharvested over wintering fruit. Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.
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Belen, Mustafa, Dürdane Yanar, and Gülistan Erdal. "Sivas İlinde Buğday Üretiminde Karşılaşılan Bitki Koruma Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, sp1 (December 14, 2020): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8isp1.208-214.4114.
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Objective of this study is to determine plant protection problems which wheat growers encountered and their knowledge on plant protection in Sivas province. This study is carried out in the Central, Hafik, Ulas and Yıldızeli districts of Sivas province with 220 farmers. The problems which related to plant diseases, pests and weeds in wheat growers faced were also determined. Almost all farmers (99.09%) apply chemical control. Farmers decides the pesticide applications in their wheat growing areas according to own experience (84.09%), manufacturers recommendations (24.09%), the advice of agricultural experts (17.27%) and the advice of neighbours and friends (9.55%). Farmers mostly have been applying pesticides based on their own experiences. In recent years, pesticides are being used widely against diseases, pests and weeds. Some times over dose application of pesticides by farmers in judiciously resulted in environmental pollution, health problems. Also the natural enemies will be affected. Furthermore, in weed control farmers use herbicides against broad leaved weeds. It was determined that the farmers do not have knowledge about narrow leaved weeds and herbicides use against these weed species is limited. According to the results of this survey, it will be beneficial to provide training on plant protection to wheat producers in the region.
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Tasrif, Arifin, Muhammad Taufik, and Nazaruddin Nazaruddin. "New Paradigm on Plant Quarantine System for Protection of Biological Diversity in Indonesia." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, no. 1 (July 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.62605.
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Plant quarantine system becomes an important pillar in the protection of biological diversities from the threat of plant pests and diseases. The implementation of plant quarantine system currently covers prevention of spread of quarantine pests, food safety, food quality, genetic resources and bio-agents, as well as invasive alien species and genetically modified organism. During 2014 to 2018, a total of 232 frequency intercepted of quarantine pests of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and weeds have been detected. These pests associated with plant materials from various countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Australia and Africa that may potentially threaten biological diversities when dispersed within Indonesian territory. Implementation of risk analysis and appropriate level of protection consideration can be clustered in to pre-border, at-border, and post-border activities in order to mitigate the risk of quarantine pests and biosafety monitoring into Indonesian territory. Utilizing advances in pest detection technology in the industrial era 4.0 could provide benefits in the agricultural sectors. Various detection technologies using drones and bio-sensors have contributed in the field of plant protection, especially as pest detection and monitoring tools in the field. Furthermore, the establishment of proficiency certification agency for plant quarantine systems may contribute efficient and effective operations in the near future.
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Teulon, D. A. J., P. J. Cameron, G. W. Bourdot, D. Curtin, and M. Ralston. "Plant protection guides for organic arable and vegetable crops a growers resource." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6970.
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A New Zealand guide for pest, disease and weed management in organic arable andvegetable crops was developed. This guide is a resource for current organic growers andtheir consultants, as well as those contemplating converting to organics. It includesinformation collected from a wide range of sources within New Zealand and overseas.The guide has three parts: (I) a general section on the principles of soil, pest and diseaseand weed management in organic systems, (II) an arable section covering barley, borage,clover seed, grass seed, lentils, linseed, maize and wheat, and (III) a vegetable sectioncovering asparagus, brassicas, capsicum, carrot, onion, peas, potato, squash and tomato.For each crop there is a summary of the main pests, diseases and weeds to identify thepotential risks to organic growing. The options for preventing or managing these risksthat are available to organic growers given the cropping operations and control alternativesavailable to them are then described. This guide aims to fill the current gap between“introductory” and “anecdotal” organic publications with comprehensive documentationof growing operations that have been used successfully in specific crops for organicpest, disease and weed management.
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Zsigó, György. "Arrival of invasive pests in our direct environment and control opportunities." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 66 (June 2, 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/66/1885.
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The author refers about the nowadays applied practical plant protection activities against pests occuring on trees, shrubs and turfs of public domains. It is overviewed those insects, diseases and weeds which cause damages and touched also upon disturbing the local residents only and tasks to the plant protection engineer expert to manage them. Among the special features of public domains should be mentioned that the rules are difficult to harmonize according to the legal, public health, and horticulture requirements at the same time. The anti-pesticide attitude of EU and the modest range of pesticides which are applicable on public domains make difficulties in optimal management work. The author draws up proposals how to manage the complex plant protection on public domains.
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Živić, Jelica, Milić Vojinović, Ivica Stančić, and Desimir Knežević. "WEED FLORA IN ALFAFLA CROPS." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.07.014.
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Alfalfa is a perennial crop that is grown several years on the same surface and because of this there are specificities in the composition and structure of the weed community. This leads to difficulties in suppresses and reduction of pests, diseases and weeds at the yield of alfalfa. The basic harmful effect of weeds is reflected through the competitiveness of water, nutrients and light. Weeds generally have low nutritional value, unpleasant smell and taste, and also affect the quality of alfalfa seeds. The most common types of economy effective perennial weed are Cirsium arvense (L), Sorghum halapense (L.), Convolvulus arvensis (L.) and Cuscuta genus. All agro-technical measures, which enable good soil, quality sowing, as well as plant protection later, are the basic measures for the protection of alfalfa from long-lasting weed species. This paper is based on analysis of weeds flora in alfalfa crops in the Nis district. The presence of the fifteen most important types of weed plants was found in all nine analyzed areas of alfalfa crops. Among the weeds, most common are Agropyrum repens(L.), Amaranthus retroflexus(L.), Chenopodium hybridum(L.), Cuscuta sp.(L.), Sorghum halapense(L.).
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Borzykh, А., and M. Krut. "Database of investment and innovative developments on grain crop protection in Ukraine." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 65 (December 20, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2019.65.3-16.
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Goal. To perform innovative developments for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine and on this basis to generate the investment and innovation database.
Methods. Analysis of innovation developments of Institute of Plant Protection of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of Scientific and Methodological Center “Plant Protection” during 2001—2018. Distinguishing of these, which are connected with grain crop protection from pests, diseases and weeds. Grouping of innovations on grain crop protection due to different fields.
Results. Created investment and innovation database for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine consists of 155 scientific developments, which are grouped in the following areas: forecasting of phytosanitary condition of crops; providing scientific breeding of crops for resistance to pests and diseases; biological method of plant protection; advanced environmentally friendly technologies to protect crops against harmful organisms; chemical method of plant protection; plant quarantine. The effect of the transfer of innovation may be as follows: net profit from 3367—7950 till 12644,5 UAH per 1 ha (under irrigation), profitability — from 84.1 to 131—152%.
Conclusions. The result of the transfer of the created innovation is the effective protection of major crops (wheat, rye, barley, peas, buckwheat, millet, corn, soybeans) from pests in different soil-climatic zones of Ukraine and with all this obtaining a significant part of additional production of improved quality and increased profitability. This will be the basis for the successful solution of a number of problems of strengthening of grain farming and agricultural sector and the economy as a whole.
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Walczak, Felicyta, Maria Golinowska, Anna Tratwal, and Andrzej Bandyk. "Effectiveness of Rape Protection Against Pests in the Years 2006-2009 in Poland." Journal of Plant Protection Research 52, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-012-0053-0.
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Effectiveness of Rape Protection Against Pests in the Years 2006-2009 in Poland Long-term research on the intensification of economically significant pests in rape cultivation has been conducted by the Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute (PPI - NRI) Poznań, Poland. This research has allowed for a determination of the economic effectiveness of chemical plant protection against pests. The research was conducted during the 2006-2009 time period. Results showed that the economic effectiveness expressed in approximate profitability indexes E1 and E2 in rape cultivation in Poland was diversified. The values were influenced by the selling prices of rape, intensification of pest occurrence, and yield. To prevent losses in yields, chemical crop protection has been implemented. In 2006, rape underwent an average of two treatments against pests: one against diseases and one reducing weed infestation. The primary rape-attacking pests from 2006 to 2009 were: rape pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.), cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynous quadridenz Penz), cabbage seed weevil (Ceutrohynorus assimillis Payk.) and pod gall midge (Dasyneura brassicae Winn.).
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Mostovjiak, І. "Ecological paradigm of integrated plant management." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 5-6 (May 20, 2019): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.5-6.12-16.
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Goal. Analysis and synthesis of the current state of development of integrated plant protection (Integrated Pest Management, IPM) in Europe and Ukraine.
Methods System-analytical, abstract-logical, empirical.
Results. The basis of agricultural production is the creation of artificial agro-ecosystems with the aim of obtaining the largest possible amount of products and profits per unit area. The productivity of agrobiocenosis is determined by the level of additional technological energy, a significant proportion of which are measures of protection against pests, plant diseases, and weeds. IPM is a reliable pest control paradigm all over the world and has been included in state policy and regulations in the European Union. In line with the EU Framework Directive 2009/128/EC, there are eight IPM principles that all EU members have to comply with strictly from January 2014. They include the prevention and suppression by nonchemical methods, pest monitoring, management. Biological, physical and other non-chemical methods should be used in the first place, and selective pesticides, which have a small negative impact on human health and on useful insects — only if necessary. In order to prevent the development of resistance in pest populations, the use of pesticides should be kept to a minimum by reducing the doses and frequency of their use and the pesticides should be used with different mechanisms of action. It is also important to evaluate the integrated plant protection program.
Conclusions. In this paper, information on the history, concepts, principles, components, and methods of integrated plant protection in the world, as well as the application of these methods in Ukraine, was generalized. At present, the implementation of IPM principles in Ukraine is insufficient and requires a systematic approach and a joint action of many parties: scientists, farmers, specialists in the production and marketing of agricultural products, and politicians.
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STAROSTIN, IVAN A., and ALEKSANDR V. ESCHIN. "CURRENTLY USED MECHANIZATION MEANS OF CHEMICAL PLANT PROTECTION IN RUSSIA." Agricultural engineering, no. 2 (2021): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/2687-1149-2021-2-23-31.
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Mechanized processes of plant protection from pests, diseases and weeds are one of the main components of intensive technologies used for the cultivation of agricultural crops. The analysis shows that agricultural organizations are currently equipped with mechanization means of chemical plant protection by 8.7% of the scientifi cally grounded standard, recommended for our country. Therefore, the market for equipment for chemical plant protection in Russia is currently very attractive for product promotion and production development. At present, Russian enterprises manufacture sprayers, but the designing and manufacturing of new equipment for plant protection in most cases are carried out without taking into account the modern achievements of domestic and foreign science, international standards, technological and environmental requirements. Using the example of the European Union countries, the authors point out the need to improve Russian legislation in the fi eld of plant protection and control of the technical ondition of sprayers, as well as to develop regulatory documents and approve regulations that provide for constructive, technological and environmental requirements for plant protection equipment. As further development of the production of mechanization means of plant protection is observed, the priority should be the introduction and improvement of information systems and automation of technological processes and individual systems using modern domestic and foreign scientifi c solutions aimed at improving the quality of plant protection and reducing the impact of negative factors on the environment.
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Spiridonov, Yu Ya, A. Т. Kalimullin, L. D. Protasova, V. A. Abubikerov, and I. Yu Spiridonova. "Integrated protection of winter wheat from a complex of harmful causes in european non-chernozem region of the RF." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, no. 6 (January 29, 2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-6-4.
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The results of many years of research on the effectiveness of the integrated use of crop protection means and fertilizers with the application of various tillage systems for cultivation of winter wheat of Moskovskaya variety 39 are presented. The studies were conducted in the European nonchernozem soil of Moscow Region on sod-podzolic medium loamy medium-cultivated soil. It was shown that weeds are mainly represented by broadleaved species with an amount of 270 to 370 pcs/ m2. Among pests, cereal aphids and capsid bugs dominate. Among diseases, Helminthosporium and Fusarium root rot (up to 30–40%) and aerogenic infections – brown leaf rust (15-28%) and leaf spot (17-25%) were noted. Studies showed high individual effectiveness in eliminating harmful causes by using appropriate means of protection – seed disinfectants, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Weed infestation decreased by 78-85%, root rot development – by 78-81, leaf diseases – by 91-98, pests – by 78-100%. At the same time, the weak effectiveness of the Alto-super fungicide against Septoria and Karate insecticide against wheat thrips was noted. The effect of protective measures on the stored crop was as follows: seed disinfectants – 18%, insecticides – 21, herbicides – 39, fungicides – 22%. The highest economic effect was obtained with the integrated use of plant protection products – up to 1.07 t / ha of grain. At the same time, the quality of grain, content of protein and gluten, and grain class increased. The economic effi ciency of the integrated protection system ranged from 4.7 to 8.1 roubles for each rouble spent. The best result in terms of economic effi ciency was obtained with moldboard tillage and the use of a full dose of NPK90 mineral fertilizers and a full integrated protection scheme.
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Shoham, Jonathan. "The Rise of Biological Products in the Crop Protection and Plant Nutrition Markets." Outlooks on Pest Management 31, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_jun_09.
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Biological control agents and biostimulants are niche sectors within the Crop Protection and Plant Nutrition sectors which are experiencing rapid growth, driven by an increasingly favourable regulatory environment, growing pest resistance to conventional products, the pull for sustainable agriculture and technological advances. Whilst there are now more BCAs registered than conventional CP products the products also have some limitations compared with conventional products and the sector remains confined mainly to fruit and vegetables, both indoors (protected crops) and outdoors. Their future growth will be determined by the extent to which their use can be expanded into broad-acre crops. The markets for crop protection (CP) products (such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) and fertilizers (including nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide, and water-soluble potash) are generally considered to be mature. In most significant agricultural economies, these markets show single-digit growth at best. Within these markets, however, are two faster-growing sectors: those based on naturally-derived products. Biological control agents (BCAs) and biostimulants are growing at over 10% a year, according to some estimates BCAs include products such as plant extracts (for control of pests and diseases), insect pheromones (used primarily for mating disruption), predatory insects, and microbial products (often the output of fermentation processes). BCAs also address biotic stresses on crops, such as pests, diseases, and weeds. Biostimulants include amino acids, seaweed-based products, and humic and fulvic acids. These products trigger the processes that enhance nutrient use, increase tolerance to abiotic stress such drought and temperature extremes, enhance availability of confined nutrients in soil, and address quality traits beyond the effects of mineral nutrients. The distinction between BCAs and biostimulants is not always clear. Specific products can exhibit the properties of both categories, as with some plant oils. For regulatory purposes, classification depends on which properties companies claim. Both markets are still relatively niche, with $2 to $3 billion in 2018 sales at the ex-manufacturer level. With hundreds of products, these markets are also complex and fragmented. In comparison, the total CP market is valued at $57 billion and the total chemical fertilizer market has a value of over $100 billion for primary nutrients. BCAs and biostimulants are not new. In the BCA category, commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-based products have been around since the 1960s and pheromones were introduced in the 1970s. Only recently, however, has their popularity increased.
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Boskovic, Jelena, Vasilije Isajev, Zeljana Prijic, Veselinka Zecevic, Zdravko Hojka, and Gordana Dozet. "Assessing ecological risks and benefits of genetically modified crops." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 1 (2010): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1001089b.
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Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc.
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Peyman, Leila, Shamsollah Abdollahpor, Asghar Mahmoud, Mohammad Moghaddam, and Behzad Ranabonab. "Modeling Spray Droplet Size in Order to Environmental Protection." Sustainable Agriculture Research 1, no. 1 (January 29, 2012): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v1n1p151.
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<p>Million liters of annual toxic solutions are used to combat pests and plant diseases and weeds in farms. Drift is one of the most critical problems which chemical applicators have to deal with. Wind drift would be highly controlled if the droplet size could be kept almost constant in stable atmospheric conditions.The most important factor in spraying is droplet size which is influenced by several factors including; spraying pressure, nozzle orifice diameter, the chemical viscosity and wind speed in the region. In this study factors affecting particle size have been studied using statistical methods. Nozzle orifice diameter and spraying pressure were considered as independent variables and particle size was chosen as the dependent variable. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of pressure and nozzle diameter and their interactive effect on particle volume mean diameter (VMD) were statistically significant at the 1% level. In order to compare the results estimated from regression equations and observed particle diameter chi-square test was used. Based on this test, the difference was not significant.</p>
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Wen, Sheng, Quanyong Zhang, Jizhong Deng, Yubin Lan, Xuanchun Yin, and Jian Shan. "Design and Experiment of a Variable Spray System for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Based on PID and PWM Control." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122482.
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Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) variable-rate spraying technology, as the development direction of aviation for plant protection in the future, has been developed rapidly in recent years. In the actual agricultural production, the severity of plant diseases and insect pests varies in different locations. In order to reduce the waste of pesticides, pesticides should be applied according to the severity of pests, insects and weeds. On the basis of explaining the plant diseases and insect pests map in the target area, a pulse width modulation variable spray system is designed. Moreover, the STMicroelectronics-32 (STM32) chip is invoked as the core of the control system. The system combines with sensor technology to get the prescription value through real-time interpretation of prescription diagram in operation. Then, a pulse square wave with variable duty cycles is generated to adjust the flow rate. A closed-loop Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control algorithm is used to shorten the time of system reaching steady state. The results indicate that the deviation between volume and target traffic is stable, which is within 2.16%. When the duty cycle of the square wave is within the range of 40% to 100%, the flow range of the single nozzle varies from 0.16 L/min to 0.54 L/min. Variable spray operation under different spray requirements is achieved. The outdoor tests of variable spray system show that the variable spray system can adjust the flow rapidly according to the prescription value set in the prescription map. The proportion of actual droplet deposition and deposition density in the operation unit is consistent with the prescription value, which proves the effectiveness of the designed variable spray system.
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Shabaldas, Olga, Konstantin Pimonov, Olga Vlasova, and Vera Perederieva. "Experience of growing soybeans (Glycine max (L) merryll) on irrigation in the unstable moisture zone of the Stavropol Territory." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128502026.
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To obtain a stable harvest of high quality grain, Agrosakhar LLC, located in the Stavropol Territory, used soybean growing technology, which included: the use of modern energy and resource-saving equipment for soil cultivation, sowing and harvesting, cultivation of adapted varieties bred in Russia and Canada - Selecta 302, Vilana, Furio, Kofu, Kyoto, Kanata; introduction of complex fertilizer - azophoska for main soil cultivation, pre-sowing seed treatment with a fungicidal dressing agent Delit Pro and the inoculant Highcoat Super Soy. The system of protective measures included a combination of agrotechnical measures using chemical plant protection products based on monitoring of harmful objects. To combat monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species of weeds, sowing was treated with Pledge herbicide before germination, followed by a tank mixture of herbicides Bazagran with Harmony in the phase of the first true leaf in soybean plants. The use of the fungicide Akanto Plus together with Karate Zeon and Ampligo Plus ensured effective protection of soybean plants from diseases and pests during the growing season. The technology used for growing soybeans on the farm enables you to consistently get a large and high-quality grain yield. The maximum yield of 2.92 t/ha was obtained by sowing the Kofu variety using the developed cultivation technology. On average, the yield of protein amounted to 0.98, and vegetable fat amounted to 0.59 t/ha. The profitability of soybean grain production on the farm using this cultivation technology is 44.2%.
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Бутов, Алексей, Alexey Butov, Анна Мандрова, and Anna Mandrova. "Potato ecological quality in the biologization of high-intensity technologies of its cultivation and irrigation." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 48, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2018-2-170-177.
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To reduce the accumulation of toxic substances in tubers in 2014–2016 the author studied biological methods of fertilizers application and plant protection in black earth forest-steppe region under the conditions of high-intensity potato cultivation technology along with drip irrigation. The introduction describes the importance of potato in the diet of population and lists the environmental issues that arise as a result of enhanced using of chemicals during crop cultivation. The doses of mineral fertilizers in experiments were introduced separately and in combination with a bioameliorant: 1) without fertilizers (control site); 2) N60P90K60; 3) N90P135K90;
4) N120P180K120; 5) biological ameliorant – white mustard, post-harvest green manure; 6) bioameliorant + N60P90K60; 7) bioameliorant + N90P135K90; 8) bioameliorant + N120P180K120. Chemical insecticide Aktara and biological preparations Fitoverm, Akarin were used to protect potatoes against Colorado potato beetles. Insecto-fungicide Celest was used to treat seed tubers against fungal diseases. During growing season the author used fungicides Profit Gold, Ridomil Gold against fungal diseases, against weeds – Zenkor and Remus. High yield of potato environmentally friendly considering nitrates was obtained by means of simultaneous application of N90P135K90 and white mustard green mass. Tuber yield was 40.4 tonnes per hectare compared to 22.7 tonnes per hectare on the control site, and nitrate content was 111.3 mg while maximum permissible concentration (MPC) is 250 mg/kg. According to MPC established in the Russian Federation, for childrenʼs and dietary nutrition fertilizer dose should not exceed N60P90K60 in combination with a bioameliorant and a biological plant protection system. Safety interval (period between plant treatment and harvesting) for chemical insecticides is 35–40 days; fungicides – 20 days; herbicides (depending on their type) – 55–70 days. The production of ecologically clean potato according to EU standards was achieved only by means of using post-harvest green manure as a fertilizer, applying biological insecticides and Celest preparation within the framework of protecting plants against pests and diseases.
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Mesterházy, Ákos, Judit Oláh, and József Popp. "Losses in the Grain Supply Chain: Causes and Solutions." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062342.
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Global grain production needs a significant increase in output in the coming decades in order to cover the food and feed consumption needs of mankind. As sustainability is the key factor in production, the authors investigate global grain production, the losses along the value chain, and future solutions. Global wheat, maize, rice, and soybean production peaked at 2.102 million tons (mt) of harvested grain in 2018. Pre-harvest losses due to diseases, animal pests, weeds, and abiotic stresses and harvest destroy yearly amount to about 35% of the total possible biological product of 3.153 mt, with 1051.5 mt being lost before harvest. The losses during harvest and storage through toxin contamination are responsible for 690 mt, with a total of 1.741 mt or 83% of the total newly stored grain. Limited cooperation can be experienced between scientific research, plant breeding, plant protection, agronomy, and society, and in addition, their interdependence is badly understood. Plant breeding can help to reduce a significant part of field loss up to 300 mt (diseases, toxins, water and heat stress) and up to 220 mt during storage (toxin contamination). The direct and indirect impact of pest management on production lead to huge grain losses. The main task is to reduce grain losses during production and storage and consumption. Better harvest and storage conditions could prevent losses of 420 mt. The education of farmers by adopting the vocational school system is a key issue in the prevention of grain loss. In addition, extension services should be created to demonstrate farmers crop management in practice. A 50% reduction of grain loss and waste along the value chain seems to be achievable for the feeding 3–4 billion more people in a sustainable way without raising genetic yields of crop cultivars.
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Ismail, Muhammad, Shahina Fayyaz, Attia Kowsar, Salma Javed, Iftikhar Ali, Sajjad Ali, Farhad Hussain, and Haibat Ali. "Evaluation of nematocidal effects of some medicinal plant extracts against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita)." Italian Journal of Agronomy 15, no. 1 (March 4, 2020): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2020.1475.
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Hundreds of highly toxic chemical pesticides and their conventional unsafe formulations of varying toxicities are used extensively to control pests, diseases, and weeds to increase agricultural production. The use of bio or botanical pesticides, which have been found effective, safe, and eco-friendly, could possibly provide a viable solution. Thus, the development and production of environment-friendly botanical pesticides and their water-based formulations, to replace the highly toxic agro-chemicals and unsafe formulations, has gained significant importance towards developing appropriate strategies for crop protection. The present study was aimed to evaluate the nematocidal nature of the aqueous extracts of Allium sativum, Urtica dioica, Sophora mollis, Ephedra intermedia, and Tanacetum baltistanicum. For this purpose, the plant material was dried in shade and mechanically ground into a powder form. The methanolic extracts of each plant sample were obtained and further extracted into different organic and aqueous fractions. The polar organic and aqueous fractions were further subjected to in vitro studies against Meloidogyne incognita, a common root-knot nematode. The results revealed that the polar organic and aqueous extracts of all the tested plants showed excellent results with total mortality of 75-95% at the concentrations of 0.125-1% after 72 h of the treatment. These results can be exploited further for their efficacy against M. incognita through on-field applications. The nematocidal effect of tested extracts indicates that some polar oxygenated secondary metabolites with lipophilic properties may be responsible to damage the cytoplasmic membrane of the nematode cells by interfering with the enzyme protein structure through their functional groups.
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Horodyska, Inna Mykolaivna, Yurii Ternovyi, Artem Chub, Alla Lishchuk, and Maryana Draga. "Technologies of Protection and Nutrition in Agrophytocenoses of Legumes for Organic Seed Production." Environmental Research, Engineering and Management 77, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.77.1.23459.
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According to the legislation of Ukraine, one of the requirements of organic crop production is the use of organic seeds and organic planting material. High productivity and quality of sowing material for organic production of agricultural products can only be obtained with the full supply of plants and soil to nutrients and the protection of plants from diseases, pests and weeds. The purpose of the work was to study the technologies of protection and nutrition of legumes (peas and soybean) with the use of domestic biopreparations in seminal organic agrophytocenoses. The research was carried out in the right-bank forest-steppe of Ukraine. The influence of technologies of the use of complexes of biological products of natural origin on the productivity of the seed material of peas and soybeans, its seed quality and phytosanitary condition of crops were studied. The study evaluated the potential of legume crops by main economic characteristics in the conditions of use of organic production technologies in different phases of ontogenesis of plants. Positive influence of technologies of complexes of biological preparations on growth and development of cultivated plants, which was reflected on their biometric indices, is established, finally forming the yield of peas and soybeans and high crop quality. In general, the use of all investigated technologies using biopreparations on peas and soybeans ensured obtaining quality organic seed material that meets the requirements of DSTU 2240-93 for reproductive seed.
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BENANI, Sanae, Aziz BOUCHELTA, and Sanae AMINE. "Usage of biopesticides in agriculture practices." Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 46, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 8301–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/janmplsci.v46-3.4.
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Using pesticides is the first method to control diseases and kill pests and weeds, which are the most menacing and the biggest problem facing agriculture. It is commonly used by developing since it is the solution to increase yields and solve agriculture problems. A part from big farmers, the majority of peasant farmers are unable to pay for synthetic pesticides because of their high price. Moreover, the small fields cultivated by subsistence farmers making the use of such pesticides uneconomic. In morocco, peasant farmers use even pesticides, which are over dose or they use non-certified products. It is understood that it is very harmful for human health and environment as well. Therefore, pesticide plants do not eliminate all pests, but keep their populations under the threshold of harm, and have more advantages than synthetic pesticides. Moreover, pesticide plant extracts decompose rapidly in the environment; which limits the risk of environmental pollution and improves the sanitary quality of cultivated products; also, it controls insect pests by protecting their natural enemies rather than by spraying crops with synthetic pesticides. The aim of this study is to record all products used by farmers to control Bruchus rufimanus especially the use of bio pesticides around Meknes city (Mejjat and Sebet jahjouhe area). It was established that most of big peasant farmers use synthetic pesticides. While small farmers have only access to traditional methods such as Capsicum frutescent, Urtica dioica, salt and ash wood, if not using non-certified products among which rodenticides.
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Reberg-Horton, S. C., J. P. Mueller, S. J. Mellage, N. G. Creamer, C. Brownie, M. Bell, and M. G. Burton. "Influence of field margin type on weed species richness and abundance in conventional crop fields." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 2 (November 29, 2010): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000451.
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AbstractNatural vegetation occurring on farms in field margins, fallow fields, ditch systems and neighboring forests, provides increased biodiversity, structural diversity, habitat for wildlife and beneficial insects, and can act as a protective buffer against agrochemical drift. Nevertheless, farmers frequently view these areas as non-productive and as potential sources of weeds, insect pests and diseases. Weed species richness and abundance were examined in crop fields in 2002–2003 at the Center for Environmental Farming Systems near Goldsboro, NC to determine if crop field weed infestation was associated with field margin management (managed versus unmanaged). Weed species abundance and richness were measured over two growing seasons on four occasions in crop fields along permanent transects that extended from the field edge toward the center of the field. The presence/absence of data for all plant species in the field margin was also recorded. For both margin types, managed and unmanaged, more weeds were found near the field edge than in the center of the field. Weed species richness was slightly higher in cropland bordering managed margins than in cropland along unmanaged margins. Several significant interactions led to an examination of nine dominant weed species in each field margin type and their distribution in crop fields. When all sampling dates were pooled, only 42 (40%) of 105 species identified in the field margins were observed in the crop field. Managed margins had lower species richness than unmanaged field margins—less than half the mean number of species (15 versus 6 species, respectively). Contingency table analysis did not reveal any association between plant species occurring in the margin and those found in the crop field. Furthermore, margin type and weed presence in the field margin were not effective predictors of weed occurrence in the crop field as determined by logistic regression.
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Zernov, V. N., S. N. Petukhov, and A. G. Ponomarev. "Who decides what tractors farmers need?" Agricultural Science Euro-North-East 22, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2021.22.1.136-148.
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Improvement of crop production technologies is based on the development of agricultural machinery in which the trac- tor power plays an important role. In crop production, agricultural crops require variable attention during their growing season and consequently, different production costs. The most expensive are row crops which in the process of development require a lot of inter-row tillage of plantings and sowings. The implementation of such tillage involves the control of weeds, plant fertilization, operations for chemical protection of plants from diseases and pests. Therefore, it becomes evident that the agricultural machinery used in the production of such crops must be adapted to its use in planting and sowing crops at different stages of plant development. Thus, both the aboveground and the parts of the plant located in the soil should not be damaged and oppressed by the working bodies of agricultural machines and the engines of energy facilities. It becomes obvious that tractor fleet of agricultural organizations should have both powerful general-purpose tractors used mainly for plowing, continuous disking, cultivation and sowing using wide coverage units, and row-crop tractors designed for inter-row tillage. There are methods for developing an optimal fleet of machinery for agricultural organizations which differ in production trends and in size of agriculturally used areas. Taking into account the possibility of using modern means of digitalization and artificial intelligence which can significantly improve the quality of technological processes and control them, it is possible to develop technologies for the production of row crops. Of all tractor models mentioned in the research, the following models have the best agrotechnological characteristics required of the general-purpose row-crop tractors: Fastrac 2170 produced by the British company JCB and LTI 162.5 tractor that is to be produced in Izhevsk, Russia.
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Gu, Yili, Zhiqiang Li, Zhen Zhang, Jun Li, and Liqing Chen. "Path Tracking Control of Field Information-Collecting Robot Based on Improved Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030797.
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Due to the narrow row spacing of corn, the lack of light in the field caused by the blocking of branches, leaves and weeds in the middle and late stages of corn growth, it is generally difficult for machinery to move between rows and also impossible to observe the corn growth in real time. To solve the problem, a robot for corn interlines information collection thus is designed. First, the mathematical model of the robot is established using the designed control system. Second, an improved convolutional neural network model is proposed for training and learning, and the driving path is fitted by detecting and identifying corn rhizomes. Next, a multi-body dynamics simulation software, RecurDyn/track, is used to establish a dynamic model of the robot movement in soft soil conditions, and a control system is developed in MATLAB/SIMULINK for joint simulation experiments. Simulation results show that the method for controlling a sliding-mode variable structure can achieve better control results. Finally, experiments on the ground and in a simulated field environment show that the robot for field information collection based on the method developed runs stably and shows little deviation. The robot can be well applied for field plant protection, the control of corn diseases and insect pests, and the realization of human–machine separation.
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Goryanina, Tatyana Aleksandrovna. "Realization of potential productivity of winter crops in the Middle Volga region." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 7 (July 30, 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2020i7pp15-19.
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The study of 5 varieties of winter rye, 6 varieties of winter triticale and 2 varieties of winter wheat of winter crops was carried out in the breeding fields of the Samara niish, located in the steppe zone of the Middle Volga region, in the nursery of competitive testing in 2002-2019. For scientific justification, we calculated the potential productivity (Ut), the really possible potential yield (Double p), the really possible maximum yield (Double m), the bioclimatic potential (BCP), and correlation analysis. The purpose of the work: to determine the possible yield of winter crops and propose measures to achieve the data obtained in the arid conditions of the Volga region. In the conducted studies, the maximum yield of triticale was obtained in 2017 – 7.48 t / ha, rye-5.88 t / ha, wheat in 2016-4.65 t / ha. The potential yield, taking into account ?T10°C for the growing season of the crop, for triticale was obtained in 2017 -3.02 t / ha, for winter rye in 2005-6.83 t / ha, for winter wheat in 2005-2.79 t / ha. The variation of the indicator (BCP) over the years reached significantly higher values from 0.62 to 1.16 points for winter rye, from 0.30 to 0.60 for winter triticale and wheat. With rational plant protection from weeds, pests and diseases and optimal plant nutrition, the studied varieties are able to grow intensively in the arid conditions of the Volga region, form a good strong root system, a well-developed conducting stem system, a large ear that can intensively use the flow of heat energy, and consistently provide a yield of 3.0-4.0 t / ha.
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Tsvetkova, V. P., V. S. Maslennikova, and V. A. Nesterenko. "EFFECT OF PHYTOP 8.67 SPECIMEN ON THE CARROT." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2020-55-2-69-75.
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The UN Food Agency announced 2020 as International Year for Plant Protection. About 40% of crop yields losses are caused by pests and diseases. Due to this, millions of people suffer from hunger. Therefore, there is a need to seek for and select environmentally friendly and highly effective products that will increase yields and the production quality. In 2017-2018, in the Novosibirsk Region, it was shown in field trials and production experiments that the biopreparation Phytop 8.67 based on the bacteria of the genus Bacillus has antagonistic activity in relation to carrot alternativeariosis (the causative agent is Alternaria dauci carrots, reduces the plants prevalence during the vegetation period, and also has a growth stimulating effect. The prevalence of brown leaf spotting decreased by 4.8 times, and the biological effect of Phytop 8.67 in two years with respect to the disease progress was 63.2 (after 10 weeks) and 78.4% (after 12 weeks). In the experimental variants, the plants were statistically more reliable than the control ones and were more foliated on all the dates of accounting. Application of biospecimen increased 1 root crop weight by 1,7 times in the control variant, in finedelivery experiment and by 1,4 times - in industrial one. Due to this, the authors recommend applying Phytop 8.67 specimen as a fungicide, a growth stimulator in order to increase carrot productivity.
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Kurmanova, G. K. "On-farm land use management of agricultural entities." Problems of AgriMarket, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46666/2021-1-2708-9991.16.
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The issues of land legislation in the field of regulation of land relations have been identified. It was determined that pre-reform period was characterized by the planned development of economy, on-farm land management design was mandatory and was of a directive nature. The author notes that the Rules for Rational Use of Agricultural Lands establish the existence of onfarm land management projects aimed at their rational use. The results of the analysis showed that currently in the land legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are no clear requirements for drafting projects in the system of measures on land use regulation. Therefore, in practice, they are developed by only a small part of economic entities, which leads to deterioration in reclamation state of agricultural land, decrease in fertility level, contamination of crops with weeds, spread of various diseases and plant pests, degradation of forage lands (pastures, hayfields), etc. All this is the result of underdeveloped land legislation, weak implementation of public control over the use and protection of land. The existing structure of on-farm land management projects has been analyzed. The conclusion on the need for their development, as well as methodological instructions based on new approaches and innovative technologies was done. It is noted that in 2018 at the legislative level, amendments were made to the Land Code, regulating the procedure and features of the provision of State-owned agricultural land for peasant or private farm operations, agricultural production through tender commission. Owners or land users were invited to develop on-farm land management projects at their own expense.
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Cazé, Ana, Adriana Lacerda, Débora Lüders, Juliana Conto, Jair Marques, and Tony Leroux. "Perception of the Quality of Life of Tobacco Growers Exposed to Pesticides: Emphasis on Health, Hearing, and Working Conditions." International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology 23, no. 01 (July 5, 2018): 050–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1639606.
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Introduction Tobacco farming exposes workers to various health risks due to the high application of pesticides needed to control pests, weeds and fungal diseases that prevent the tobacco plant growth. Objective To analyze the perception of the quality of life of tobacco growers exposed to pesticides, with emphasis on general health, hearing, and working conditions. Method This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach with farmers from southern Brazil. Data were collected from November of 2012 to November of 2014. For data collection, we opted for the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) questionnaire, and a questionnaire with closed questions about health, hearing and working conditions. We evaluated a total of 78 subjects; the study group, made up of 40 tobacco farmers exposed to pesticides, and a control group of 38 participants without occupational exposure to pesticides. Both groups are residents of the same municipality, and users of the federal public health system. Results The results showed that tobacco growers had lower quality of life scores compared with the control group. Significant differences were observed in the areas of pain and general health. There were correlations between physical elements and chronic diseases; hearing complaints and a lack of personal protective equipment use, occupation and hearing complaints, as well as general health and hearing complaints. Conclusion Tobacco farming is a risky activity for general and hearing health, and it can impact the quality of life of those working in this field.
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Shchukis, S. K., and E. R. Shchukis. "THE ESTIMATION OF PEAS COLLECTION IN THE ALTAI." Grain Economy of Russia, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31367/2079-8725-2019-63-3-48-52.
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The article emphasizes the importance of peas as a source of vegetative protein, and indicates on insufficient areas under peas both in Russia and in the Altai. One of the reasons of reducing its acreage is the high costs on peas planting and protecting from pests, diseases and weeds. Climate changing contributes to rapid development of such harmful diseases as ascohitoz, bacteriosis, fusarium, rust, significant number of weevil, pea aphid and moth mullet. Considering the main directions in pea breeding, it should be emphasized that the Altai Area, with its vast territory and diverse natural and climatic conditions, requires highly productive, well-adapted varieties of different use which are capable to effectively use agro-climatic resources of different zones. All this requires the active study of the source material, the selection of new, economically valuable forms and their introduction into the breeding process. It has been noted that the production requires more advanced varieties, the development of which is impossible without the presence of diverse source material. The purpose of the study was to identify the best productive plants in the pea collection of 2012-2017. The material has been represented by 113 variety samples of domestic and foreign selection. The varieties with best productivity were ‘Mnogoplodny 163’, ‘Rheinperle’, ‘Flagman 12’, ‘806’9, ‘Varyag’, ‘Altaisky Usaty’, ‘Pioner’, ‘LittleMarwel’, ‘Mnogoplodny 27’, ‘Zeleny Tsukat’, ‘Ryadovoy’, ‘576/80’. The best forage productivity was produced by ‘Novosibirets’, ‘Varyag’, ‘Pino’, ‘Zeleny Tsukat’, ‘Mnogoplodny 105’. The most fast-ripening varieties were ‘Rheinperle’ and ‘Pyrama’. The samples ‘Novosibirets’, ‘Varyag’, ‘Pino’ and ‘8067’ were characterized with high plant height. The samples ‘Pyrama’, ‘Flagman 12’, ‘Novosibirets’, ‘Sihirobana-Kinusaja’, the line ‘312’ produced large-sized kernels. The great lodge resistance has been shown by ‘Altaisky Usaty’, ‘Svetozar’, ‘Kamerton’, ‘Flagman 12’.
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Kazda, J., P. Baranyk, and D. Nerad. "The implication of seed treatment of winter oilseed rape." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 9 (November 19, 2011): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3604-pse.
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Small plot trials studying the impact of different seed treatments on the occurrence of pests and diseases in autumn were carried out during 2000–2003. The aim was to verify the efficiency of different fungicidal and insecticidal oilseed rape seed treatments and to determine the economical effectiveness of this method of protection. The following insecticidal seed treatments were used: Promet 400 CS (furathiocarb), Cosmos 500 FS (fipronil), Chinook 200 FS (imidacloprid & beta-cyfluthrin) and Marshal ST (carbosulfan). The seed treatment Chinook 200 FS in combination with newly developed fungicidal compound was also assessed. The most effective treatment was Chinook 200 FS (imidacloprid & beta-cyfluthrin), particularly against flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.), and lower infestations by larvae of the turnip gall weevil (Ceutorhynchus pleurostigma Marsh.) were also found. However, the efficiency lasts no more than 4–5 weeks after sowing. The use of common insecticidal treatments in cases of necessity was found to be beneficial. Plant density in autumn and in spring was greatest in the Chinook 200 FS treatment and in some years a positive influence on yield was also observed with this treatment.
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Jaggard, Keith W., Aiming Qi, and Eric S. Ober. "Possible changes to arable crop yields by 2050." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (September 27, 2010): 2835–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0153.
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By 2050, the world population is likely to be 9.1 billion, the CO 2 concentration 550 ppm, the ozone concentration 60 ppb and the climate warmer by ca 2°C. In these conditions, what contribution can increased crop yield make to feeding the world? CO 2 enrichment is likely to increase yields of most crops by approximately 13 per cent but leave yields of C4 crops unchanged. It will tend to reduce water consumption by all crops, but this effect will be approximately cancelled out by the effect of the increased temperature on evaporation rates. In many places increased temperature will provide opportunities to manipulate agronomy to improve crop performance. Ozone concentration increases will decrease yields by 5 per cent or more. Plant breeders will probably be able to increase yields considerably in the CO 2 -enriched environment of the future, and most weeds and airborne pests and diseases should remain controllable, so long as policy changes do not remove too many types of crop-protection chemicals. However, soil-borne pathogens are likely to be an increasing problem when warmer weather will increase their multiplication rates; control is likely to need a transgenic approach to breeding for resistance. There is a large gap between achievable yields and those delivered by farmers, even in the most efficient agricultural systems. A gap is inevitable, but there are large differences between farmers, even between those who have used the same resources. If this gap is closed and accompanied by improvements in potential yields then there is a good prospect that crop production will increase by approximately 50 per cent or more by 2050 without extra land. However, the demands for land to produce bio-energy have not been factored into these calculations.
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Yadav, Saroj, and Geeta Gaba. "Awareness of farm workers regarding health problems and use of protective clothing during pesticide application." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i2.1732.
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Pesticides are widely used in agricultural production to prevent or control pests, diseases, weeds, and other plant pathogens in an effort to reduce or eliminate yield losses of cotton crop and maintain high product quality. Because of high biological activity, and in some cases, long persistence in the environment, pesticides (pyrethroids, carbamate, oganophosphate, organochlorines) may cause harmful effects to human health and to the environment. Occupational exposure to pesticides often occurs in the case of agricultural workers in open fields and greenhouses. Farmers who perform spray activity are routinely exposed to high levels of pesticides (Monocarbamide dihydrogen sulfate, pyrethroids and carbamates), than the other farm workers such as pesticide loader, evaluator. The dermal and inhalation routes of entry are typically the most common routes of farmers’ exposure to pesticides. Farmers’ exposure to pesticides can be reduced through less use of pesticides and use of the appropriate protective clothing and equipments in all stages of pesticide handling. The present study was conductedon 270 respondents from all nine blocks of Hisar district of Haryana state to create awareness amongst them regarding health problems and use of protective clothing during pesticide application.An educational package in the form of Video CD and Leaflet was used. Pamphlets were distributed; lecture-cum-demonstrations and film shows were organized. Protective clothing and accessories were also exhibited for better impact. It was recorded that respondents succeeded in acquiring awareness at post exposure level, through print and electronic media for each message viz. breathing problems (23.3%), eyes related problems (100%), skin allergy (43.3%), headache (60.3%), fainting due to inhalation of pesticide (64.33%) and stomach related problems (23.56%).
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Wszelaczyńska, Elżbieta, Małgorzata Szczepanek, Jarosław Pobereżny, and Maciej J. Kazula. "Effect of biostimulant application and long-term storage on the nutritional value of carrot." Horticultura Brasileira 37, no. 4 (October 2019): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-053620190414.
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ABSTRACT The nutritional value of carrot is determined by the content of total sugars and monosaccharides, carotenoids and vitamins, including vitamin C, in its roots. In 2009-2011, field experiments were carried out concerning the effect of biostimulating preparations applied during the carrot vegetation period on selected nutrients of its roots (total sugars, monosaccharides, carotenoids and vitamin C). Two biostimulants were foliarly applied in doses of 2 or 3 L ha-1 on various dates. Kelpak SL and Asahi SL: one, two or three applications; where, second and third applied at 2-week interval, additionally Kelpak SL: one application at 4-leaf phase, followed by additional application after 4 weeks. The field study was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments of plant protection from diseases and pests complied with carrot requirements. The subject of the research was carrot of the Karotan cultivar. The content of selected components in carrot roots was determined directly after harvest and after six months of storage in the storage chamber with controlled temperature and relative air humidity. The foliar application of Kelpak SL in a single dose (2 L ha-1) at 4-leaf development phase resulted in the significant increase of total sugars, reducing sugars, total carotenoids and vitamin C. A six-month storage period resulted in a decrease of total sugars by 5% and ascorbic acid by 16.8% compared to nutritional values measured right after harvest.
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Ninkuu, Vincent, Lin Zhang, Jianpei Yan, Zhenchao Fu, Tengfeng Yang, and Hongmei Zeng. "Biochemistry of Terpenes and Recent Advances in Plant Protection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 5710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115710.
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Biodiversity is adversely affected by the growing levels of synthetic chemicals released into the environment due to agricultural activities. This has been the driving force for embracing sustainable agriculture. Plant secondary metabolites offer promising alternatives for protecting plants against microbes, feeding herbivores, and weeds. Terpenes are the largest among PSMs and have been extensively studied for their potential as antimicrobial, insecticidal, and weed control agents. They also attract natural enemies of pests and beneficial insects, such as pollinators and dispersers. However, most of these research findings are shelved and fail to pass beyond the laboratory and greenhouse stages. This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds to rekindle the debate on using terpenes for the development of environmentally friendly biopesticides and herbicides.
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Nazarenko, Nazar Nikolayevich, and Anatoliy Viktorovich Bashkin. "Weeds, diseases and plant pests as factors of famine in 1932-1933." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201981210.
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Land tenure system (individual land using and conventional farming) which had been formed in the USSR by the middle 1920th, single-crops and low farming techniques and farming chemicalization led to emergency development of weeds, diseases and plant pests. In spite of agricultural enterprises consolidation and attempts to remove farming techniques backwardness, the grain production in the USSR had been doomed for weeds, diseases and plant pests outbreak that occurred in 1932 in main cereals regions of the USSR. Consequently, catastrophic epizooties of some plant pests and catastrophic epiphytoties of weeds as well as cereal crops mycosis led to catastrophic losses of yield that took place in 1932 in main cereals regions of the USSR. The highest level of pest infestation, dockage of grain was observed in 1932, it was the cause of cereals crops baking value fall. From quarter to half of gross grain yield was off-grade and from 30 to 70% of grains were unapt for food in 1932-1933. The most sufferers were the main cereals regions - Ukraine and Northern Caucasus, where the greatest mortality was observed in 1933. Thus, weeds, diseases and plant pests were one of principal factors of crop failure and bad cereals crops baking value as well as famine in 1932-1933. In spite of high mycosis infection of grains, high mortality from mycosis intoxication wasnt confirmed.
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Polishchuk, Mihaylo. "THE EFFECT OF SOWING DATES AND NITROGEN FOLIAR FERTILIZATION ON SPRING BARLEY PRODUCTIVITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF RIGHT-BANK FOREST-STEPPE." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-2-5.
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In order to maximize the potential of productivity of spring barley varieties, it is important to optimize the conditions for plant growth and development, which are, first of all, provided by the latest intensive agricultural technologies, which provide for the correct placement of crops in crop rotation after the respective precursors; optimal supply of plants with nutrients, taking into account their content in the soil; fractional application of nitrogen fertilizers during the growing season by phases of growth and stages of organogenesis; the use of retardants, integrated protection of plants against weeds, pests, diseases, timely and quality implementation of all agrotechnical measures. Research to study the effectiveness of different terms of spring barley sowing and doses of nitrogen fertilizers were conducted during 2018 - 2019 in the conditions of the research field of VSAU v. Agronomichne of Vinnytsia region on gray ashed soils. Weather conditions during the years of the research differed from the average long-term data with high temperature conditions and low rainfall, and accordingly the most favorable year for the growth and development of spring barley was 2018. It is shown the 2-years investigation results on study the effect of sowing dates and nitrogen fertilizations on productivity elements and quality indexes of spring barley grain under conditions of Right-Bank Forest-Steppe on gray forest soils. Accordingly, the highest levels of harvest of barley cultivars at different sowing dates were obtained under conditions of 2018. t should also be noted that the delay of sowing by 6 days in the years of research leads to a decrease in the yield level on average for all varieties by 0,42 – 0,64 t / ha, and a delay of 14 days leads to a decrease by 1,37 – 1,80 t / ha. The use of nitrogen fertilizers leads to an increase in the yield level of both cultivated varieties, and the highest crop yields of the Svarog variety were obtained in the experiment where the background + N60 was applied in the foliar fertilization (4,87 t / ha), and the lowest respectively in the control variant 3,16 t /ha, in the Armax variety a similar situation is observed, however, with lower indicators respectively 4,54 and 3,06 t / ha. The lowest values of protein content in the grain were obtained in the control variant where only N17 P17 K17 was applied to rows when sowing, and the use of nitrogen fertilization leads to an increase in this indicator and the highest values obtained in the variant of experiment 4, where Background (N17 P17 K17) + N60 in the foliar fertilization on the feeding phase of the tube exit. Key words: spring barley, nitrogen fertilizers, elements of the crop structure, yield, quality of production.
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Secun, M., and O. Snizhko. "The need for and use of modern pestetsidov feature in maize." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 63 (November 20, 2017): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2017.63.145-150.
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The species composition of the most widespread weeds, pests and diseases in agrocenoses of maize in the zone of Western Polissia was studied. The effectiveness of timely implementation of cultural protection measures with the use of pesticides against the main pests ensures a grain yield of 9.39 t/ha.
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HUUSELA-VEISTOLA, E., H. JALLI, and J. SALONEN. "Sowing time affects the abundance of pests and weeds in winter rye." Agricultural and Food Science 15, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960606777245542.
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Selection of an appropriate sowing time for some winter rye (Secale cereale) cultivars could reduce the need for crop protection measures. In this study the occurrence and status of pests and weeds in relation to sowing time and growth habit of winter rye was studied in southern Finland. This was done using three sowing times and four rye varieties in field trials conducted at three locations in 19992001. The early sown rye was severely affected by pests (Oscinella frit, Mayetiola destructor) and weeds, whereas postponing sowing for two weeks after the recommended sowing time in late August resulted in considerably less damage and the optimal establishment of crop stands. The German hybrid varieties Picasso and Esprit produced more tillers m-2 in autumn than the Finnish varieties Anna and Bor 7068. However, the number of pests and weeds did not differ among rye varieties. Late sowing of rye should be considered to minimize the need for plant protection. If rye is sown at the recommended time it may still require insecticide treatments promptly in the autumn whereas herbicide treatment need not be determined until spring, after recording the winter mortality of weeds.;
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Allifah AF, Asyik Nur, Rosmawati Rosmawati, and Zamrin Jamdin. "Refugia Ditinjau Dari Konsep Gulma Pengganggu Dan Upaya Konservasi Musuh Alami." Biosel: Biology Science and Education 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33477/bs.v8i1.849.
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Weed is a part of OPT (Plant Disturbing Organism) besides plant pests and diseases. Weeds cause damage slowly, due to competition with cultivated plants to obtain nutrients, water, light, CO2 and growing space. Weeds are harmful and disturbing so humans try to control them. From various aspects of life both health, aesthetics, environment and the field of farming, weeds can interfere with natural habitat and beauty. Weeds are always considered as exotic plants or migrants that are invasive and potentially disrupt the local environment. However, not all weeds play a negative and potentially disturbing role. Weeds are also able to provide a comfortable habitat for the development of natural enemies in the agrosecosystem. Refugia is a weed plant area that can provide shelter, food sources or other resources for natural enemies such as predators and parasitoid. Efforts to conserve natural enemies using refugia are one alternative to controlling plant pest organisms such as pests.
Keywords: Refugia, Weeds, Conservation, Natural Enemies
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Silva, Gonçalo, Jenny Tomlinson, Nawaporn Onkokesung, Sarah Sommer, Latifa Mrisho, James Legg, Ian P. Adams, et al. "Plant pest surveillance: from satellites to molecules." Emerging Topics in Life Sciences 5, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/etls20200300.
Full textAbstract:
Plant pests and diseases impact both food security and natural ecosystems, and the impact has been accelerated in recent years due to several confounding factors. The globalisation of trade has moved pests out of natural ranges, creating damaging epidemics in new regions. Climate change has extended the range of pests and the pathogens they vector. Resistance to agrochemicals has made pathogens, pests, and weeds more difficult to control. Early detection is critical to achieve effective control, both from a biosecurity as well as an endemic pest perspective. Molecular diagnostics has revolutionised our ability to identify pests and diseases over the past two decades, but more recent technological innovations are enabling us to achieve better pest surveillance. In this review, we will explore the different technologies that are enabling this advancing capability and discuss the drivers that will shape its future deployment.
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Kauppi, Katja, Ari Rajala, Erja Huusela, Janne Kaseva, Pentti Ruuttunen, Heikki Jalli, Laura Alakukku, and Marja Jalli. "Impact of Pests on Cereal Grain and Nutrient Yield in Boreal Growing Conditions." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 20, 2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030592.
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The effect of weeds, plant diseases and insect pests on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain and nutrient yield was examined. Long-term field trial data was used to assess the impact of different pests on grain yield. In the absence of pesticides, fungal diseases caused the largest annual yield-reduction in spring wheat and spring barley, 500 kg ha−1 on average. Converting yield loss to nutrient yield loss this represented reductions of 8.1 and 9.2 kg ha−1 in nitrogen and 1.5 and 1.6 kg ha−1 in phosphorus, respectively. Likewise, it was estimated that weeds decrease the yield of spring barley and spring wheat for 200 kg ha−1, which means reductions of 3.7 and 3.2 kg ha−1 in nitrogen and 0.6 kg ha−1 in phosphorus, respectively. For insect pests yield-reduction in spring barley and spring wheat varied between 418 and 745 kg ha−1 respectively. However, because bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) incidence data was limited, and aphids are highly variable annually, nutrient yield losses caused by insect pests were not included. Based on the current study, the management of weeds, plant diseases and insects maintain cereal crop yield and may thus decrease the environmental risks caused by unutilized nutrients.
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Falloon, R. E. "DISEASES AND PESTS OF GRASS SEED CROPS." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 5 (January 1, 1990): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.5.1998.3340.
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This paper will discuss the diseases and pests that affect grass seed production. In order to put the diseases and pests into perspective, the principlesof grass seed production will be considered. The components of yield of any crop for which seed is the product are: number of plants per unit area; number of inflorescences per plant; number of seeds per inflorescence; seed weight, Many factors can influence these components, for example: (1) crop establishment (cultivation, seed quality, seeding rate, sowing time, soil moisture and fertility can all affect numbers of plants) (2) crop growth (soil moisture, fertility, grazing and weeds can affect crop growth and influence numbers of inflorescences and numbers and weight of seeds).
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Melnichuk, F. S., S. A. Alekseeva, and O. V. Hordiienko. "PROTECTION OF POTATO CROPS AGAIST PESTS." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201901-166.
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The Colorado potato beetles and aphids are especially harmful pests for potato crops in the conditions of Kyiv region. So, on the 10th day after mass rebirth of the Colorado potato beetle larvae, potato plants on untreated by insecticide plots were completely destroyed by this phytophagus. Preplanting insecticide treatment of potato tubers provided high effectiveness against the Colorado potato beetle prior to the mass rebirth and development of larvae and reduced their density of population and harmfulness. The highest efficacy (93.2-95.2%) against these pests was noted in variants with Prestige, 290 FS, Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS and Celest Top 312.5 FS.
Common scab, dry rot and Rhizoctonia solani were prevailed among the diseases of potato tubers. The greatest effectiveness against the common scab was provided by Prestige, 290 FS. Thus, the infestation of potato tubers by common scab in the variant with application of the Prestige, 290 FS was almost twice lower compared to control. Preparation Celest Top 312.5 FS provided a reduction of dry rot in almost 3 times, and Emesto Quantum 273.5 FS leads to reduction of infestation by Rhizoctonia solani in 4 times, respectively. The treatment of tubers is a reliable protection of potato plants against damage by the Colorado potato beetles and lesion diseases, that made it possible to obtain tuber yields at a level of 24.4-27.4 t per ha.
However, preplanting treatment of planting material with insecticides is not always able to provide the protection of potato seedlings against damage by Colorado beetles. The mass reproduction of these pests occurs after planting of tubers and emerging of stalks at high air temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary to provide additionally spraying of plants. Typically, the insecticides used in recommended rates have a long period of protective action, which eliminates the need for further treatments on vegetative plants. The anti-resistant effect of this treatment is associated with the use of the neonicotinoids class insecticides (eg, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin), that have different mechanism of action compared to pyrethroids. Under such conditions, it is important to search, investigate and introduce modern, effective insecticides into agricultural production. For this purpose the research on the preparations from separate classes of chemical compounds with various toxic properties was conducted.
The most effective against the larvae of Colorado potato beetles were insecticides Confidor, 20% SC, Calypso, 48% SC and Engeo 24.7% SC when spraying potato plantings. Duration of their protection was prolonged for two weeks after the application of insecticides. The maximum technical efficiency was reached as 99.5% (Confidor, 20% SC), 99.2% (Calypso, 48% SC) and 99.3% (Engeo 24.7% SC) on the third day after application. Other insecticides such as Mospilan, 20% SP and Actara, 24% WG (96.2-97.0%) provided somewhat lower the mortality rate of these phytophages.
The highest and prolonged effect against aphids was obtained by spraying potato plantings with the preparations Engeo 24.7% SC and Confidor, 20% SC, the efficiency of which reached 98.2% and 93.1%, that decreased the number of aphids in almost 60 times, compared with the control. Spraying potato plantings with insecticides according to the recommended rates of application allows obtaining the yield of tubers at the level of 25,6-28,2 t per ha.
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OERKE, E. C. "Crop losses to pests." Journal of Agricultural Science 144, no. 1 (December 9, 2005): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859605005708.
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Productivity of crops grown for human consumption is at risk due to the incidence of pests, especially weeds, pathogens and animal pests. Crop losses due to these harmful organisms can be substantial and may be prevented, or reduced, by crop protection measures. An overview is given on different types of crop losses as well as on various methods of pest control developed during the last century.Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton for the period 2001–03 on a regional basis (19 regions) as well as for the global total. Among crops, the total global potential loss due to pests varied from about 50% in wheat to more than 80% in cotton production. The responses are estimated as losses of 26–29% for soybean, wheat and cotton, and 31, 37 and 40% for maize, rice and potatoes, respectively. Overall, weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%). The efficacy of crop protection was higher in cash crops than in food crops. Weed control can be managed mechanically or chemically, therefore worldwide efficacy was considerably higher than for the control of animal pests or diseases, which rely heavily on synthetic chemicals. Regional differences in efficacy are outlined. Despite a clear increase in pesticide use, crop losses have not significantly decreased during the last 40 years. However, pesticide use has enabled farmers to modify production systems and to increase crop productivity without sustaining the higher losses likely to occur from an increased susceptibility to the damaging effect of pests.The concept of integrated pest/crop management includes a threshold concept for the application of pest control measures and reduction in the amount/frequency of pesticides applied to an economically and ecologically acceptable level. Often minor crop losses are economically acceptable; however, an increase in crop productivity without adequate crop protection does not make sense, because an increase in attainable yields is often associated with an increased vulnerability to damage inflicted by pests.
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Savchuk, Ivan, Dmitriy Surinskij, and Alexandr Marandin. "Calculation of crop production using integrated plant protection against pests." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016406008.
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The efficiency of the plant’s integrated protection depends on the quality of monitoring quantity and type of pest insects. The analysis of current construction devices for pest insect monitoring shows that using a video light-emitted trap based on photovoltaic cells. This to allowing more exactly to analyze pest insect and useful forms. Sometimes it is difficult to move the experiment’s plans. Especially if experiments have developed in one area (for example- the agricultural industry) and it needs to move in other areas. Because of the logic system on a basis – identical, but therefore, will be carefully considering possibilities, which with appropriate elements’ interpretation of some form experiments. This must allow the success of using experiments in other tasks. The result of the crops’ survey has shown more 3500 phytosanitary conclusions. In total, insecticide treatments versus pests were carried out in the region on an area of 146.612 hectares, including 35.290 hectares were used biological preparations on mixtures. The herbicidal treatment of crops against weeds was carried out at 764.273 hectares. Effective action with pests and illness of agro-culture is the most important part of modern intensive technologies. Modern intensive technologies of cultivation agro-culture provide for various using of the integrated system plants’ defense. This system consists of agro-technical, biological, physical and chemical actions with organizational events. For increasing of agro-cultural development, energy-efficiency technologies must be using. Objective: Make analyze to using video light-emitted trap for identify a quantity and composition of pests. Tasks: 1. сalculate the biological efficiency using by video light-emitted trap through mortality rate pests. It is need for decreasing of agricultural’ damaging. 2. Calculate the economic efficiency of video light-emitted trap.
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Vuković, Slavica, Dragana Šunjka, Antonije Žunić, and Dragana Bošković. "Plant protection products in root vegetable." Biljni lekar 48, no. 6 (2020): 654–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2006654v.
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The production, value and quality of root vegetables are endangered by numerous phytopathogenic fungi and pests. Numerous causal agents cause economically significant diseases of root vegetables like carrot leaf blight and black rot of carrots (Alternaria dauci and Alternaria radicina), powdery mildew of carrot and sugar beet (Erysiphe heraclei and Erysiphe betae), Cercospora leaf spot of carrot (Cercospora carotae), black blight (Septoria apiicola), leaf bright parsley (Septo-ria petroselini), downy mildew (Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae and P. farinosa f.sp. spinaciae), rust (Puccinia spp.) etc. Nine fungicides based on nine different active substances have been registered in the Republic of Serbia for the control of phytopathogenic fungi in root vegetable crops. The most important pests of root vegetables are wireworms (Elateridae), carrot flies (Psila rosae), celery flies (Acidia heraclei), onion flies (Delia antiqua), aphids (Aphididae), common spider mite (Tetranychus urticass), cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and others. The overall number of insecticides, registered in our country, for the control of root vegetable pests is eight, based on seven different active substances. The aim of this paper is to present registered plant protection products for the control of the most economically import-ant pathogens and pests of root vegetables, in the Republic of Serbia, classified according to the mode of action.
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Srivastava, Mahendra P. "Plant Clinic Towards Plant Health and Food Security." International Journal of Phytopathology 2, no. 3 (December 30, 2013): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.002.03.0327.
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Ever-growing population, climatic changes and unprecedented losses due to pests and diseases pose serious threat to food security. Precisely food security implies availability of adequate food to everyone in all times to come. Food and Agriculture Organization of united Nations (FAO) defines “food security” as a state of affairs where all people at all times have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain healthy and active life. Food is one of the three basic needs of man, without which his survival is at stake. Plants constitute the basic source of food and as such, plant health management is crucial to food security, which is jeopardized due to unprecedented threat by large number of insect-pests, diseases, weeds and several edaphic and environmental stresses. Srivastava (2008, 2009) has very well highlighted the importance of plant heath security through phytomedicines/pesticides and plant health clinic in order to prevent 40 per cent losses occurring from field to fork globally. Due to unabated rise in population, reduction in arable land will be an ongoing process, hence we may have to strive hard to grow more food from limited land employing innovative strategies and more importantly adopting multipronged initiative and timely diagnostic and management strategies from plant health clinic to combat attack from pests and environmental stress, manage plant health mitigate losses.
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Csizinszky, A. A. "Pest and Weed Control in Crops, A Non-chemical Approach." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 906C—906. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.906c.
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Crops that are produced without manufactured fertilizers and protected from plant pests and weeds without manufactured chemicals are gaining in popularity among consumers. Non-chemical methods of plant protection, such as the development of biocides from plants, would be desirable for environmental and economic reasons and because of pesticide tolerance of some plant pathogens and insects. Extracts and their individual ingredients from several plant species have been used experimentally against plant pathogenic bacteria, insects, and weeds. There are problems, however, that make the use of biocides difficult: low concentration of active ingredients in the plants; purification of active ingredients from dozens of secondary compounds; instability of the active ingredients when exposed to light and air; and the mode of action is little understood or unknown. The technological and scientific advances that could allow the use of non-chemical based plant protection systems and the problems with such systems will be considered and discussed.
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Singh, Sunil K., Uma R. Khurma, and Peter J. Lockhart. "Weed Hosts of Root-Knot Nematodes and Their Distribution in Fiji." Weed Technology 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-09-00071.1.
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Weeds can act as reservoir hosts of a range of pests and diseases. Information and knowledge on the host status of weeds to common pests and diseases can be used to develop integrated weed and pest management strategies. As part of a survey on the distribution and diversity of root-knot nematodes on crops in Fiji, the root-knot nematode host status of weeds was also studied. Weeds growing in root-knot nematode infested farms (n= 189) and bioassay pot soil samples (n= 277) were identified, and their host status was determined on the basis of a root gall and egg-mass index scale from 0 to 5. A total of 45 weed species were recorded as potential weed hosts of root-knot nematodes with a gall index from 1 to 5. Using the weed and tomato bioassay method, a total of 11 nonhost weed species were recorded with a gall index of 0, relative to infected tomato growing in pot soil samples. Common weeds infected by root-knot nematodes on farms and in bioassay pot soil included slender amaranth, old world diamond-flower, tropic ageratum, sicklepod, mimbra, balsamapple, purple bushbean, little ironweed, ivy gourd, and cutleaf groundcherry. The presence of egg masses on the weed hosts indicated their ability to sustain root-knot nematode populations and, thus, their potential to act as reservoir hosts.