Academic literature on the topic 'Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)"
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Makarov, M. "Tank mixtures of pesticides for plant protection." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 3 (March 15, 2019): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/40/21.
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Today, chemical plant protection methods are based on the safe use of pesticides. Environmental and toxicological effects are taken into account. To expand the possibilities of pest control, diseases and weeds, in the cultivation of crops, use tank mixtures that contain two or three active substances. In the preparation of mixtures take into account the processes of interaction of components and timing of application of drugs. In addition, this technique is one of the elements of the strategy to overcome the resistance of pests to insecticides, pathogens — to systemic fungicides, weeds — to herbicides.
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Holtz, Brent A. "Plant Protection for Pistachio." HortTechnology 12, no. 4 (January 2002): 626–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.12.4.626.
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Pistachio (Pistacia vera) was successfully introduced into California and initially touted as a tree nut crop with no disease or insect pests. Unfortunately, these expectations were dashed as a number of diseases and pests followed commercial plantings, making plant protection practices integral to production. Verticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae) devastated early plantings but is now controlled with the use of resistant rootstocks. Botryosphaeria blight (Botryosphaeria dothidea) and alternaria late blight (Alternaria alternata) are recently arrived foliar fungal diseases that blight fruit clusters and defoliate trees, respectively, and multiple fungicide applications are needed for control. The conversion to low volume irrigation systems, specifically to drip or buried drip, has reduced disease. Pruning out botryosphaeria blight infections has reduced overwintering inoculum and disease, while current research aims at accurately predicting infection events to increase fungicide efficacy. A number of hemipteran insect pests have been associated with epicarp lesion: spring treatments have been replaced with dormant carbaryl and oil applications which are less toxic to beneficial insects while controlling phytocoris (Phytocoris californicus and P. relativus) and soft scale pests. Early season insect damage can be tolerated because trees compensate by maturing a higher percentage of remaining fruit kernels. Some mirid (Calocoris spp.) pests can be effectively reduced by eliminating alternate hosts in an effective weed control program. If lygus (Lygus hesperus) populations are present, weeds should not be disturbed from bloom until shell hardening to prevent movement by insects into the trees where feeding can result in epicarp lesion. Stink bugs (Pentatomidae) and leaffooted bugs (Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis) can penetrate the hardened shell and cause internal nut necrosis along with epicarp lesion. Trap crops are used to monitor pest populations in order to develop treatment thresholds. Degree-day based timing of treatments increase insecticide efficacy for the control of navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella) and obliquebanded leafroller (Choristonuera rosaceana), but navel orangeworm populations are more effectively managed by destroying unharvested over wintering fruit. Bacillus thuriengiensis sprays, liquid-lime-sulfur, and biological control show promise in controlling obliquebanded leafroller.
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Belen, Mustafa, Dürdane Yanar, and Gülistan Erdal. "Sivas İlinde Buğday Üretiminde Karşılaşılan Bitki Koruma Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, sp1 (December 14, 2020): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8isp1.208-214.4114.
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Objective of this study is to determine plant protection problems which wheat growers encountered and their knowledge on plant protection in Sivas province. This study is carried out in the Central, Hafik, Ulas and Yıldızeli districts of Sivas province with 220 farmers. The problems which related to plant diseases, pests and weeds in wheat growers faced were also determined. Almost all farmers (99.09%) apply chemical control. Farmers decides the pesticide applications in their wheat growing areas according to own experience (84.09%), manufacturers recommendations (24.09%), the advice of agricultural experts (17.27%) and the advice of neighbours and friends (9.55%). Farmers mostly have been applying pesticides based on their own experiences. In recent years, pesticides are being used widely against diseases, pests and weeds. Some times over dose application of pesticides by farmers in judiciously resulted in environmental pollution, health problems. Also the natural enemies will be affected. Furthermore, in weed control farmers use herbicides against broad leaved weeds. It was determined that the farmers do not have knowledge about narrow leaved weeds and herbicides use against these weed species is limited. According to the results of this survey, it will be beneficial to provide training on plant protection to wheat producers in the region.
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Tasrif, Arifin, Muhammad Taufik, and Nazaruddin Nazaruddin. "New Paradigm on Plant Quarantine System for Protection of Biological Diversity in Indonesia." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, no. 1 (July 24, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.62605.
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Plant quarantine system becomes an important pillar in the protection of biological diversities from the threat of plant pests and diseases. The implementation of plant quarantine system currently covers prevention of spread of quarantine pests, food safety, food quality, genetic resources and bio-agents, as well as invasive alien species and genetically modified organism. During 2014 to 2018, a total of 232 frequency intercepted of quarantine pests of viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, and weeds have been detected. These pests associated with plant materials from various countries in Asia, Europe, the United States, Australia and Africa that may potentially threaten biological diversities when dispersed within Indonesian territory. Implementation of risk analysis and appropriate level of protection consideration can be clustered in to pre-border, at-border, and post-border activities in order to mitigate the risk of quarantine pests and biosafety monitoring into Indonesian territory. Utilizing advances in pest detection technology in the industrial era 4.0 could provide benefits in the agricultural sectors. Various detection technologies using drones and bio-sensors have contributed in the field of plant protection, especially as pest detection and monitoring tools in the field. Furthermore, the establishment of proficiency certification agency for plant quarantine systems may contribute efficient and effective operations in the near future.
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Teulon, D. A. J., P. J. Cameron, G. W. Bourdot, D. Curtin, and M. Ralston. "Plant protection guides for organic arable and vegetable crops a growers resource." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6970.
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A New Zealand guide for pest, disease and weed management in organic arable andvegetable crops was developed. This guide is a resource for current organic growers andtheir consultants, as well as those contemplating converting to organics. It includesinformation collected from a wide range of sources within New Zealand and overseas.The guide has three parts: (I) a general section on the principles of soil, pest and diseaseand weed management in organic systems, (II) an arable section covering barley, borage,clover seed, grass seed, lentils, linseed, maize and wheat, and (III) a vegetable sectioncovering asparagus, brassicas, capsicum, carrot, onion, peas, potato, squash and tomato.For each crop there is a summary of the main pests, diseases and weeds to identify thepotential risks to organic growing. The options for preventing or managing these risksthat are available to organic growers given the cropping operations and control alternativesavailable to them are then described. This guide aims to fill the current gap between“introductory” and “anecdotal” organic publications with comprehensive documentationof growing operations that have been used successfully in specific crops for organicpest, disease and weed management.
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Zsigó, György. "Arrival of invasive pests in our direct environment and control opportunities." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 66 (June 2, 2015): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/66/1885.
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The author refers about the nowadays applied practical plant protection activities against pests occuring on trees, shrubs and turfs of public domains. It is overviewed those insects, diseases and weeds which cause damages and touched also upon disturbing the local residents only and tasks to the plant protection engineer expert to manage them. Among the special features of public domains should be mentioned that the rules are difficult to harmonize according to the legal, public health, and horticulture requirements at the same time. The anti-pesticide attitude of EU and the modest range of pesticides which are applicable on public domains make difficulties in optimal management work. The author draws up proposals how to manage the complex plant protection on public domains.
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Živić, Jelica, Milić Vojinović, Ivica Stančić, and Desimir Knežević. "WEED FLORA IN ALFAFLA CROPS." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.07.014.
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Alfalfa is a perennial crop that is grown several years on the same surface and because of this there are specificities in the composition and structure of the weed community. This leads to difficulties in suppresses and reduction of pests, diseases and weeds at the yield of alfalfa. The basic harmful effect of weeds is reflected through the competitiveness of water, nutrients and light. Weeds generally have low nutritional value, unpleasant smell and taste, and also affect the quality of alfalfa seeds. The most common types of economy effective perennial weed are Cirsium arvense (L), Sorghum halapense (L.), Convolvulus arvensis (L.) and Cuscuta genus. All agro-technical measures, which enable good soil, quality sowing, as well as plant protection later, are the basic measures for the protection of alfalfa from long-lasting weed species. This paper is based on analysis of weeds flora in alfalfa crops in the Nis district. The presence of the fifteen most important types of weed plants was found in all nine analyzed areas of alfalfa crops. Among the weeds, most common are Agropyrum repens(L.), Amaranthus retroflexus(L.), Chenopodium hybridum(L.), Cuscuta sp.(L.), Sorghum halapense(L.).
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Borzykh, А., and M. Krut. "Database of investment and innovative developments on grain crop protection in Ukraine." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 65 (December 20, 2019): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2019.65.3-16.
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Goal. To perform innovative developments for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine and on this basis to generate the investment and innovation database.
Methods. Analysis of innovation developments of Institute of Plant Protection of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of Scientific and Methodological Center “Plant Protection” during 2001—2018. Distinguishing of these, which are connected with grain crop protection from pests, diseases and weeds. Grouping of innovations on grain crop protection due to different fields.
Results. Created investment and innovation database for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine consists of 155 scientific developments, which are grouped in the following areas: forecasting of phytosanitary condition of crops; providing scientific breeding of crops for resistance to pests and diseases; biological method of plant protection; advanced environmentally friendly technologies to protect crops against harmful organisms; chemical method of plant protection; plant quarantine. The effect of the transfer of innovation may be as follows: net profit from 3367—7950 till 12644,5 UAH per 1 ha (under irrigation), profitability — from 84.1 to 131—152%.
Conclusions. The result of the transfer of the created innovation is the effective protection of major crops (wheat, rye, barley, peas, buckwheat, millet, corn, soybeans) from pests in different soil-climatic zones of Ukraine and with all this obtaining a significant part of additional production of improved quality and increased profitability. This will be the basis for the successful solution of a number of problems of strengthening of grain farming and agricultural sector and the economy as a whole.
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Walczak, Felicyta, Maria Golinowska, Anna Tratwal, and Andrzej Bandyk. "Effectiveness of Rape Protection Against Pests in the Years 2006-2009 in Poland." Journal of Plant Protection Research 52, no. 3 (July 1, 2012): 324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-012-0053-0.
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Effectiveness of Rape Protection Against Pests in the Years 2006-2009 in Poland Long-term research on the intensification of economically significant pests in rape cultivation has been conducted by the Plant Protection Institute - National Research Institute (PPI - NRI) Poznań, Poland. This research has allowed for a determination of the economic effectiveness of chemical plant protection against pests. The research was conducted during the 2006-2009 time period. Results showed that the economic effectiveness expressed in approximate profitability indexes E1 and E2 in rape cultivation in Poland was diversified. The values were influenced by the selling prices of rape, intensification of pest occurrence, and yield. To prevent losses in yields, chemical crop protection has been implemented. In 2006, rape underwent an average of two treatments against pests: one against diseases and one reducing weed infestation. The primary rape-attacking pests from 2006 to 2009 were: rape pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus F.), cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynous quadridenz Penz), cabbage seed weevil (Ceutrohynorus assimillis Payk.) and pod gall midge (Dasyneura brassicae Winn.).
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Mostovjiak, І. "Ecological paradigm of integrated plant management." Karantin i zahist roslin, no. 5-6 (May 20, 2019): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2019.5-6.12-16.
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Goal. Analysis and synthesis of the current state of development of integrated plant protection (Integrated Pest Management, IPM) in Europe and Ukraine.
Methods System-analytical, abstract-logical, empirical.
Results. The basis of agricultural production is the creation of artificial agro-ecosystems with the aim of obtaining the largest possible amount of products and profits per unit area. The productivity of agrobiocenosis is determined by the level of additional technological energy, a significant proportion of which are measures of protection against pests, plant diseases, and weeds. IPM is a reliable pest control paradigm all over the world and has been included in state policy and regulations in the European Union. In line with the EU Framework Directive 2009/128/EC, there are eight IPM principles that all EU members have to comply with strictly from January 2014. They include the prevention and suppression by nonchemical methods, pest monitoring, management. Biological, physical and other non-chemical methods should be used in the first place, and selective pesticides, which have a small negative impact on human health and on useful insects — only if necessary. In order to prevent the development of resistance in pest populations, the use of pesticides should be kept to a minimum by reducing the doses and frequency of their use and the pesticides should be used with different mechanisms of action. It is also important to evaluate the integrated plant protection program.
Conclusions. In this paper, information on the history, concepts, principles, components, and methods of integrated plant protection in the world, as well as the application of these methods in Ukraine, was generalized. At present, the implementation of IPM principles in Ukraine is insufficient and requires a systematic approach and a joint action of many parties: scientists, farmers, specialists in the production and marketing of agricultural products, and politicians.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)"
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Morton, J. D. "The effect on protein synthesis in barley of infection with P. hordei." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1950.
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Infection of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves with the rust fungus, Puccinia hordei, causes changes in the host protein synthesis. This thesis analyses these changes in the barley cultivar Triumph following inoculation of 7-day-old leaves with either a virulent or an avirulent race of P. hordei. The initial approach was to isolate membrane-bound polysomes from infected leaves, translate them in vitro and analyse the translation products. These products include the integral membrane proteins which were expected to be involved in the response of the host to the pathogen. A method based on differential centrifugation in the presence of a ribonuclease-inhibiting buffer was developed for separating membrane-bound polysomes from the rest of the cytoplasmic polysomes. Membrane-bound polysomes were found to comprise one fifth of the total polysomes in the leaves. Analysis of the translation products of membrane-bound polysomes by SDS-PAGE showed them to be of higher average molecular weight than those from free polysomes. Comparison of polypeptides produced by membrane-bound polysomes from healthy and inoculated plants showed some differences however the low yield of membrane-bound polysomes made it difficult to obtain conclusive results. Thus it was decided to isolate total polysomes by including 1% Triton X-100 in the extraction buffer. Polysomes were extracted from 12 to 72 h after inoculation. Infection caused a decline in yield of polysomes during this period when compared with healthy leaves of the same age. Polysomes isolated 16 h after inoculation with the virulent race were 20% less efficient at translation than polysomes from control leaves. In contrast polysome isolated from leaves inoculated with the avirulent race were 20% more efficient. Analysis of the labelled translation products by SDS-PAGE and fluorography showed relative increases in the synthesis of some proteins by 16 h after inoculation with either race when compared to products from healthy leaves. Protein synthesis in the infected plants was further analysed by in vivo labelling and one- and two-dimensional PAGE. The fluorographs revealed increased synthesis of a group of proteins from 58 to 116 kDa starting 12 h after inoculation with either race of P. hordei; confirming the results from the polysome translations. Two polypeptides with molecular weights of about 66 kDa were found to increase following infection only with the virulent race. By three days after inoculation with either fungal race the most obvious change in protein synthesis was a marked decrease in the synthesis of the two most prominent polypeptides with molecular weights of 15 and 51 kDa which were considered to be the subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. The elicitor hypothesis, in attempting to explain cultivar-specific resistance in plants, postulates that resistance is controlled by the interaction of specific fungal elicitors and plant receptors and that this interaction which only occurs between resistant hosts and avirulent pathogens triggers specific gene expression leading to resistance. This hypothesis does not fit the situation in the barley-P. hordei interaction as protein synthesis showed similar changes following infection with either a virulent or an avirulent race.
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Whelan, Helen G. "The effect of crop yield potential on disease yield loss relationships in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1980.
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Proportional loss models commonly used in disease surveys are based on the assumption that per cent yield loss is the same in all crops, regardless of their yield potential. Estimates of regional crop loss may be inaccurate if the relationship between disease and yield loss is affected by crop yield potential. The importance of crop yield potential in disease: yield loss modelling was investigated and models for more accurate regional crop loss estimates were developed, taking crop yield potential into account. Two spring sown barley (cv. Triumph) experiments were conducted in 1987/88 and 1988/89 in Canterbury, New Zealand, to study the effect of crop yield potential on the relationship between disease and yield loss. Crop yield potentials of 323 to 806gDM/m² were generated in seven crops by varying nitrogen and water inputs, sowing date (mid-spring and early-summer) and season. Leaf rust (Puccinia hordei Otth) epidemics of different severity were generated by applying fungicides at different times, frequencies and rates to control the natural epidemics. Disease was measured as per cent disease severity (%DS), green leaf area, radiation interception and near-infrared radiation (NIR) reflectance from crop canopies. Yield was measured as total and grain dry weight. Epidemics were severe in the fully diseased plots from GS 34 and 46 to maturity in the late and early sown crops respectively. Disease reduced grain yield by 50 to 63% in 1987/88 and 24 to 38% in 1988/89 in the fully diseased plots. Disease: yield loss models were derived by regression analysis for each crop in 1987/88. Single point, multiple point and area under curve models were derived from %DS and GLAI variables, and proportional (%) and actual (gDM/m²) grain yield. The effect of yield potential was determined by comparing regression equation coefficients for each crop with crop yield potential. An area under green leaf area index curve (AUGLAIC): actual yield model was best suited to determining the effect of yield potential on yield loss. This model was selected because AUGLAIC summarised the effect of disease on plant growth over the season and actual yield represented the crop yield potential in the absence of disease and the response of actual yield to disease. Crop yield potential did not affect actual yield loss caused by leaf rust. Disease measured as AUGLAIC explained most of the variation in yield (R²adj=0.93) for all crops in both years. Assessment of GLAI is not suitable for estimation of regional crop loss because of the requirement for a rapid and low cost method. Reflectance of NIR from the crop canopy was investigated as an alternative to GLAI measurements. Reflectance was correlated significantly (P<0.001) with GLAI (r=0.66 to 0.89) and green area index (r=0.76 to 0.92). Reflectance measured at grain-filling (GS 85-87) explained most (R²adj=0.94) of the variation in yield for all crops in both years. The relationship between AUGLAIC and yield was validated with data from independent diseased and healthy barley crops. The AUGLAIC: yield model described the effects of disease on yield accurately but overestimated yield by 49 to 108% in the healthy crops. Models based on accumulated PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) intercepted by green leaves explained the observed deviations in yield of these crops from the AUGLAIC: yield model. Accumulated PAR models accounted for differences in incident radiation, canopy structure, radiation interception by green leaves, radiation use efficiency and harvest index which are important in determining dry matter production and grain yield. Accumulated PAR models described the effects of disease on crop growth which were not represented by GLAI alone. Variation in crop yield potential at the regional scale is important in disease: yield loss modelling and can be accounted for by using either separate equations for each yield potential crop or crop category, robust models, inclusion of a form function for yield potential or choice of disease and yield variables which integrate yield potential.
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Dickson, Ross L. "The effect of water stress, nitrogen and gibberellic acid on the phytotoxicity of post-emergent herbicides to Avena spp." Lincoln University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1283.
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A series of experiments was carried out on cultivated oat (Avena sativa L. cv Amuri) to examine the efficacies of fluazifop-butyl and glyphosate against water stressed plants, plants grown in low and high nitrogen and plants treated with gibberellic acid (GA₃). Avena sativa L. was used as a test plant and on completion of the experiments, further studies were carried out on the weed species wild oat (Avena fatua L.). In the laboratory, plants maintained at wilting point for five days before and nine days after spraying and treated with fluazifop-butyl (0.5 kg a.i./ha) appeared healthy 32 days after herbicide application, while plants supplied with water throughout the experiment were completely chlorotic/necrotic and had main stem detachment from within the leaf sheaths. In the field, plants maintained unirrigated until 14 days after spraying with fluazifop-butyl (0.25 kg a.i./ha) or glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) showed greater tolerance to the herbicides than plants irrigated regularly. Values for seed head yield for water stressed and irrigated plants, 45 days after applying fluazifop-butyl, were 66 g and zero g dryweight/m² respectively. Comparable values for glyphosate treated plants were 65 g and 25 g dryweight/m². Radiolabel studies indicated that in comparision with well watered plants, water stressed plants absorbed 20% less applied ¹⁴C-glyphosate. In addition, the proportion of absorbed ¹⁴C-glyphosate translocated from the treated leaf was 15% less under water stress conditions. Uptake of ¹⁴C-fluazifop-butyl was similar under well watered and water stress conditions and was 30-40% of that applied. The proportion of absorbed ¹⁴C-activity which was transported was very low, but was greater under well watered conditions (7.6%) than under water stress conditions (4.4%). Under well watered conditions in the laboratory and field, fluazifop-butyl (0.25 kg a.i./ha) and glyphosate (0.18 kg a.i./ha) were less toxic at low nitrogen than high nitrogen. For example, 34 days after spraying with fluazifop-butyl under laboratory conditions total plant dry weight was 1.51 g and 0.56 g at 1.0 mol/m³ and 10 mol/m³ applied nitrate respectively. As with soil water content, soil nitrogen content had no effect on uptake of fluazifop-butyl. However, the proportion of absorbed fluazifop-butyl which was translocated out of the treated lamina was greater under high nitrogen conditions (26.1 %) than under low nitrogen conditions (9.3%). Under laboratory conditions, addition of 200 µg GA₃to the leaf sheaths two days prior to spraying with fluazifop-butyl or glyphosate increased the efficacy of both herbicides at low nitrogen. Similarly, under field conditions application of GA₃ (0.21 kg/ha) two days prior to spraying with glyphosate increased the performance of the herbicide against Avena sativa L. growing in a nitrogen depleted soil. At harvest, seed head yield for GA₃ treated and non-treated plants was zero and 7.4 g dry weight/m² respectively. Experiments with Avena latua L. showed that this species was tolerant of fluazifop-butyl and glyphosate when grown in low water or low nitrogen conditions. Under water stress conditions, pre-treatment with GA₃ increased the phytotoxicity of fluazifop-butyl to Avena latua L. Similarily, GA₃ enhanced the phytotoxicity of glyphosate to Avena latua L. grown under low nitrogen conditions. Reduced performance of fluazifop-butyl under stress conditions involves a reduction in translocation of herbicide to meristems, but other factors are likely to be involved. It was concluded that for glyphosate, reductions in uptake and translocation of the herbicide are important factors causing reduced performance of this herbicide under stress conditions. Possible reasons for GA₃ enhancement of fluazifop-butyl and glyphosate activity under stress conditions are discussed and the potential of growth regulators as adjuvants is considered.
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Balasubramaniam, Rengasamy. "The effects of foliar diseases and irrigation on root development, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1514.
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Studies were conducted on three field trials of wheat cv. Kopara to investigate the lack of compensation by later determined components of yield because of early disease constraints. The investigation was based on the hypothesis that early disease reduces root development and thus causes the plants to be water constrained at later growth stages when soil water deficits usually occur. The reduced root development and soil water deficits may reduce the ability of the plant to compensate for reductions in early determined components. The hypothesis was tested by the application of irrigation to alleviate water stress. In a disease free crop, the possible phytotonic effects of the fungicides benomyl and triadimefon on wheat were investigated. These fungicides had no phytotonic effects on shoot, root growth, or yield under the prevailing conditions. The effect of disease on root development was analysed by root length measurements. Disease present in the crop at any stage of growth affected root development. Root development in the upper zones of the soil profile was reduced more by disease compared to those zones below 35 cm. A full disease epidemic reduced root development more than an early or late disease epidemic. The early and late disease epidemics had similar effects on root length. Alleviation of early disease constraints enabled greater development of roots to offset any earlier reductions. Soil water deficits increased root development in the lower zones of the nil disease plants. The presence of adequate soil water from irrigation reduced the requirement for further root growth in all treatments. In the 1981-1982 field trial a full disease epidemic reduced yield by 14% whereas an early disease epidemic reduced yield by 7%. The reduction in yield was attributed to a lower grain number. With irrigation the yield reduction in the full disease plants was 12% whereas in the early disease plants the reduction was only 2.4%. This indicated that plants affected by the early disease epidemic were water constrained. In this study, the results suggested that, for conditions prevailing in Canterbury, the supply of water at later growth stages increased grain weight in plants which were subject to early disease epidemics. This suggests that reduced root development caused by early disease and soil water deficits may prevent compensation by grain weight. Water use was similar in all disease treatments. After irrigation the irrigated plants of all treatments used more water. Disease affected water use in relation to yield production however, and was better expressed by water use efficiency. Water use efficiency was reduced in the full disease plants. A stepwise regression analysis suggested that water use efficiency was affected directly by disease at later growth stages, and indirectly via an effect on total green leaf area at early growth stages. This study partially proves the hypothesis that reductions in root development caused by an early disease epidemic may constrain the plants at later growth stages when water deficits usually occur. It was shown that the reduction in root development caused by disease could be counteracted by irrigation. In this respect, water served as a tool to study the effect of disease constraints on the yield of wheat. A knowledge of cereal crop physiology, root growth and function is used to explain and discuss the observations made in this research programme. The results are discussed in relation to the way in which disease affects yield through its effect on root development. The possible reasons for the continued effects of disease even after the control of disease at later growth stages are discussed. The economic use of fungicides and water in diseased crops are also outlined. Suggestions for future studies on disease-yield loss relationships are provided. The repetition of these experiments in different sites and climatic regions could provide information which may be incorporated in disease-yield loss simulation models. This could then be used to predict root development and water requirements of diseased plants, and provide a basis for economic use of fungicides and water, and for better disease management programmes.
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Webber, J. D. "Phenology of hazelnut big bud mites in Canterbury and implications for management." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/342.
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Eriophyoid big bud mites are key pests of hazelnuts throughout the world, although little is known of the identity and impact of the species on New Zealand hazelnut crops. The key objectives of this study were to determine the species of mite present on New Zealand crops, explore a method of monitoring mite emergence from overwintering big buds, determine the phenology of mites in relation to tree phenology and weather, and identify the optimum timing for control measures. The presence of both Phytoptus avellanae (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Phytoptidae) and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis (Nalepa 1889) (Acari: Eriophyidae) was confirmed, the latter species being a new record for New Zealand. Preliminary diagnostic DNA sequences were determined for both species. A sticky band technique was developed to monitor mite emergence from overwintering big buds, and mite emergence was found to occur between early and late spring. Mite emergence and movement occurred when daily temperatures were greater than 15 degrees C and when mean temperatures were greater than 9 degrees C, with mite emergence increasing with temperature. It proved difficult to relate the phenology of hazelnut to mite emergence, however, the development of new buds during mite emergence was a crucial factor in the infestation of new buds. An accumulated heat sum model (DD), started at Julian date 152 and using a lower threshold temperature of 6 degrees C, predicted the onset of emergence on two cultivars and at two sites as occurring at approximately 172 DD. A regression model based on leaf number, bud height, bud width, DD and Julian date provided a more satisfactory prediction of percent accumulated mite emergence. It is recommended both peak mite emergence and the appearance of hazelnut buds should be used to optimise the time to apply control measures. Therefore, a control should be applied before buds measure 0.5 x 0.5 mm (width x height), are enclosed within the axil, and have a rounded tip, or, when 50% accumulated mite emergence has occurred, which ever occurs first. A preliminary field experiment tested the application of sulphur (40 g/10 litres of 800 g/kg No Fungus Super Sulphur) at 2, 50 and 80% accumulated mite emergence. The greatest reduction in mite numbers was achieved with an application at approximately 50% emergence. Considerable variation in mite emergence occurred between years, therefore optimum timing of controls would need to be determined by monitoring mites, new buds and weather conditions each year. Field collection of mites also identified the presence of Typhlodromus doreenae Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) which would warrant further study for inclusion in an integrated mite control programme.
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Kean, J. M. "Metapopulation theory in practice." Lincoln University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1372.
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A metapopulation is defined as a set of potential local populations among which dispersal may occur. Metapopulation theory has grown rapidly in recent years, but much has focused on the mathematical properties of metapopulations rather than their relevance to real systems. Indeed, barring some notable exceptions, metapopulation theory remains largely untested in the field. This thesis investigates the importance of metapopulation structure in the ‘real world’, firstly by building additional realism into metapopulation models, and secondly through a 3-year field study of a real metapopulation system. The modelling analyses include discrete-and continuous-time models, and cover single species, host-parasitoid, and disease-host systems, with and without stochasticity. In all cases, metapopulation structure enhanced species persistence in time, and often allowed long-term continuance of otherwise non-persistent interactions. Spatial heterogeneity and patterning was evident whenever local populations were stochastic or deterministically unstable in isolation. In metapopulations, the latter case often gave rise to self-organising spatial patterns. These were composed of spiral wave fronts (or ‘arcs of infection’ in disease models) of different sizes, and were related to the stability characteristics of local populations as well as the dispersal rates. There was no evidence for self-organising spatial patterns in the host-parasitoid system studied in the field (the weevil Sitona discoideus and its braconid parasitoid Microctonus aethiopoides), and a new model for the interaction suggested that this is probably due to the strong host density-dependence and stabilising parasitism acting on local populations. Dispersal may be important because of very high mortality in dispersing weevils, which may be related to the scarcity of their host plant in the landscape. If this is the case, the model suggested that local weevil density may be sensitive to the area of crop grown. Stochastic models showed that species in suitably large metapopulations may persist for very long times at relatively low overall density and with very low incidence of density-dependence. This suggests that metapopulation processes may explain a general inability to detect density-dependence in many real populations, and may also play an important part in the persistence of rare species. For host-parasitoid metapopulation models, persistence often depended on the way in which they were initialised. Initial conditions corresponding to a biological control release were the least likely to persist, and the maximum host suppression observed in this case was 84%, as compared with 60% for the corresponding non-spatial models and >90% often observed in the field. Metapopulation structure also allowed persistence of ‘boom-bust’ disease models, although the dynamics of these were particularly dependent on assumptions about what happens to disease classes at very low densities. Models assuming infinitely divisible units of density, models incorporating a non-zero extinction threshold, and individual-based models all gave differing results in terms of disease persistence and rate of spatial spread. Fitting models to overall metapopulation dynamics often gave misleading results in terms of underlying local dynamics, emphasising the need to sample real populations at an appropriate scale when seeking to understand their behaviour.
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Merfield, C. N. "Predator interactions within a trophic level : Phalangium opilio L. (Arachnida: Opiliones) and mites (Arachnida: Acari)." Diss., Lincoln University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/21.
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This study investigated commensal feeding interactions between the European harvestman (P. opilio L.) and the predatory mites Balaustium spp. and Anystis baccarum L. It also investigated the feeding behaviour of P. opilio. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using standardised temperature, humidity, photoperiod and experimental arenas, with eggs of the brown blowfly (Calliphora stygia F.) as prey facsimiles. Due to initial difficulties in obtaining enough predatory mites, mite feeding was manually simulated piercing blowfly eggs with a minuten pin. P. opilio consumed significantly more freeze-killed than live blowfly eggs, indicating that freezing induced chemical and/or physical changes to blowfly eggs that are detected by P. opilio. Significantly more manually pierced eggs were consumed by P. opilio compared with unpierced ones, demonstrating that piercing caused a chemical and/or physical to the egg and increased the feeding rates of P. opilio. Different densities of eggs had no effect on the numbers eaten by P. opilio and placing single pierced eggs next to groups of unpierced eggs also had no effect on the numbers of unpierced eggs eaten. These results suggest that P. opilio does not exhibit klinokinesis or orthokinesis to intensify its search for prey around the area where previous prey were located. P. opilio ate significantly more brown blowfly eggs that had previously been fed on by mites, demonstrating that a short term commensal interaction existed. However, further work is required to demonstrate if the relationship is commensal in the longer term. A comparison between hand-pierced and mite-pierced eggs showed that P. opilio ate significantly more of the former indicating that mite and hand piercing were quantitatively different. The potential for, and importance of, other commensal or mutual relationships between predators in agroecosystems is discussed. The lack of klinokinesis and orthokinesis in P. opilio is compared with other predators and parasitoids that do exhibit these behaviours. The means by which prey are detected by P. opilio are discussed in relation to interpreting behaviours such as prey inspection. Concerns about the effect of pre-treatment and handling of sentinel prey and the problems of using prey facsimiles are raised.
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Leathwick, D. M. "Applied ecology of the Tasmanian lacewing Micromus tasmaniae Walker (Neuroptera : Hemerodiidae)." Lincoln College, University of Canterbury, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1044.
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The Tasmanian lacewing (Micromus tasmaniae Walker) is one of the most common aphid predators occurring in lucerne crops in New Zealand. A comparison of sampling techniques, and the output from a simulation model, suggest that the abundance of this lacewing may have been significantly underestimated in the past. Although the occurrence of aphid predators was erratic M. tasmaniae occurred more often and in far greater numbers (up to 100 m⁻²) than any other predator species. A simulation model for lacewing development in the field indicated that the large adult populations which occurred could be accounted for on the basis of reproductive recruitment. Independent evidence that immigration was not involved in the occurrence of these large populations was gathered using directional flight traps around the field perimeter. The major factors influencing lacewing population dynamics were the availability of aphid prey and, in the autumn, parasitism. Otherwise, survival of all life-histoty stages was high with no evidence of egg or larval cannibalism. Several instances of high lacewing mortality were identified by the model and the lack of any obvious cause for these highlights inadequacies in the understanding of lacewing bionomics. The model, which used a linear relationship (day-degrees) between development and temperature, was incapable of accurately predicting lacewing emergence under field temperatures which fluctuated outside the linear region of the development rate curve. Temperature thresholds and thermal requirements estimated under fluctuating temperatures similar to those in the field produced almost identical model output to those estimated under constant temperatures in the laboratory. Prey species was capable of influencing the rate of lacewing development. M. tasmaniae has the attributes necessary to produce large populations in the short time available between lucerne harvests. The asymptote of the functional response curve is low but the efficiency at converting aphids to eggs is high. Therefore, the lacewing is able to attain maximun reproductive output at low prey densities. A low temperature threshold for development (4-5° C), rapid development and short preoviposition period results in a short generation time (49 days at 15° C). Long adult life, high fecundity and the absence of any form of estivation or diapause, results in complete overlap of generations and multiple generations per year. M. tasmaniae's role as an aphid predator is restricted by its low appetite for prey and by the lucerne management regime currently practiced in New Zealand. Because it consumes relatively few aphids per day the lacewing's ability to destroy large aphid populations is limited. However, this may be offset by its ability to attack aphids early in the aphid population growth phase, and by the large numbers of lacewings which may occur. Under the present lucerne management schemes the large lacewing populations which do occur are forced out of the fields, or die, following harvest. A number of management options for increasing the lacewings impact as an aphid predator are briefly discussed.
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Bithell, S. L. "An evaluation of Solanum nigrum and S. physalifolium biology and management strategies to reduce nightshade fruit contamination of process pea crops." Lincoln University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1160.
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The contamination of process pea (Pisum sativum L.) crops by the immature fruit of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) and hairy nightshade (S. physalifolium Rusby var. nitidibaccatum (Bitter.) Edmonds) causes income losses to pea farmers in Canterbury, New Zealand. This thesis investigates the questions of whether seed dormancy, germination requirements, plant growth, reproductive phenology, or fruit growth of either nightshade species reveal specific management practices that could reduce the contamination of process peas by the fruit of these two weeds. The seed dormancy status of these weeds indicated that both species are capable of germinating to high levels (> 90%) throughout the pea sowing season when tested at an optimum germination temperature of 20/30 °C (16/8 h). However, light was required at this temperature regime to obtain maximum germination of S. nigrum. The levels of germination in the dark at 20/30 °C and at 5/20 °C, and in light at 5/20 °C, and day to 50 % germination analyses indicated that this species cycled from nondormancy to conditional dormancy throughout the period of investigation (July to December 2002). For S. physalifolium, light was not a germination requirement, and dormancy inhibited germination at 5/20 °C early in the pea sowing season (July and August). However, by October, 100% of the population was non-dormant at this test temperature. Two field trials showed that dark cultivation did not reduce the germination of either species. Growth trials with S. nigrum and S. physalifolium indicated that S. physalifolium, in a non-competitive environment, accumulated dry matter at a faster rate than S. nigrum. However, when the two species were grown with peas there was no difference in dry matter accumulation. Investigation of the flowering phenology and fruit growth of both species showed that S. physalifolium flowered (509 °Cd, base temperature (Tb) 6 °C) approximately 120 °Cd prior to S. nigrum (633 °Cd). The fruit growth rate of S. nigrum (0.62 mm/d) was significantly faster than the growth rate of S. physalifolium (0.36 mm/d). Because of the earlier flowering of S. physalifolium it was estimated that for seedlings of both species emerging on the same date that S. physalifolium could produce a fruit with a maximum diameter of 3 mm ~ 60 °Cd before S. nigrum. Overlaps in flowering between peas and nightshade were examined in four pea cultivars, of varying time to maturity, sown on six dates. Solanum physalifolium had the potential to contaminate more pea crops than S. nigrum. In particular, late sown peas were more prone to nightshade contamination, especially late sowings using mid to long duration pea cultivars (777-839 °Cd, Tb 4.5 °C). This comparison was supported by factory data, which indicated that contamination of crops sown in October and November was more common than in crops sown in August and September. Also, cultivars sown in the later two months had an ~ 100 °Cd greater maturity value than cultivars sown in August and September. Nightshade flowering and pea maturity comparisons indicated that the use of the thermal time values for the flowering of S. nigrum and S. physalifolium can be used to calculate the necessary weed free period required from pea sowing in order to prevent the flowering of these species. The earlier flowering of S. physalifolium indicates that this species is more likely to contaminate pea crops than is S. nigrum. Therefore, extra attention may be required where this species is present in process pea crops. The prevention of the flowering of both species, by the maintenance of the appropriate weed free period following pea sowing or crop emergence, was identified as potentially, the most useful means of reducing nightshade contamination in peas.
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Simeonidis, Andrew. "Development of a mass rearing technique for the Tasmanian brown lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker." Lincoln University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1302.
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Aphids are one of the most important insect pests of greenhouse crops yet to be controlled by biological means. Broad spectrum chemical control is becoming increasingly difficult to use in integrated pest management programmes, therefore, there is a need for a suitable biocontrol agent to be mass reared and released. The Tasmanian brown lacewing, Micromus tasmaniae Walker is an aphid predator that is found commonly throughout Australasia and has suitable characteristics that make it a candidate for mass rearing. A technique for rearing M. tasmaniae was developed. Eggs of M. tasmaniae were reared in batches of 50, 100 and 200 in 20 litre clear plastic containers. The oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. was fed to the larvae. The results revealed that the highest initial egg density (200 eggs per container) produced the cheapest adults at 22 cents per adult. However, mass rearing adults was considered not practical because of the high production cost, although, mass production of eggs is considered to be economically viable. The cost of producing one egg was 0.015 cents. M tasmaniae was maintained in mass culture for six generations. Simple experiments were carried out to monitor the quality of laboratory-reared insects. The 'wild' insect was used as a quality standard and comparisons with laboratory-reared insect populations were made. The fecundity, development rates and tolerance to pirimicarb, a carbamate insecticide, were determined. Fecundity was found to decline with successive generations in mass culture. The lacewing development experiment indicated that larval stages of each generation suffered the highest mortality rate and that between 35-45% of individuals emerged as adults. The tolerance of adults to pirimicarb did not alter over five generations. Recommendations for improving the mass rearing of M. tasmaniae are discussed.
Books on the topic "Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)"
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Garbe, Volker. 100 Jahre Pflanzenschutzforschung: Krankheiten, Schädlinge und Unkräuter in Raps = 100 years research in plant protection. Diseases, pests, and weeds in oilseed rape. Berlin: Parey, 1998.
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Planteværnscentret), Danish Plant Protection Conference (5th 1988. 5. Danske planteværnskonference: Sygdomme og skadedyr, 2. marts 1988 = 5th Danish Plant Protection Conference : pests and diseases. [Copenhagen]: Planteværnscentret, 1988.
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Danish Plant Protection Conference (7th 1990 Planteværnscentret). 7. Danske planteværnskonference: Sygdomme og skadedyr, 6. marts 1990 = 7th Danish Plant Protection Conference : pests and diseases. [Copenhagen]: Planteværnscentret, 1990.
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Danish Plant Protection Conference (6th 1989 Planteværnscentret). 6. Danske planteværnskonference: Sygdomme og skadedyr, 1. marts 1989 = 6th Danish Plant Protection Conference : pests and diseases. [Copenhagen]: Planteværnscentret, 1989.
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Hamel, Dennis R. Weeds, trees, and herbicides: A public forest and rangeland survey. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Pest Management, 1985.
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Danish Plant Protection Conference (6th 1989 Planteværnscentret). 6. Danske planteværnskonference: Pesticider og miljø, ukrudt : 28. februar 1989 = 6th Danish Plant Protection Conference : side effects of pesticides, weeds. [Copenhagen]: Planteværnscentret, 1989.
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Danish Plant Protection Conference (5th 1988 Planteværnscentret). 5. Danske planteværnskonference: Pesticider og miljø, ukrudt : 1. marts 1988 = 5th Danish Plant Protection Conference : side effect of pesticides, weeds. [Copenhagen]: Statens planteavlsforsøg, 1988.
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Danish Plant Protection Conference (7th 1990 Planteværnscentret). 7. Danske planteværnskonference: Pesticider og miljø, ukrudt : 7. marts 1990 = 7th Danish Plant Protection Conference : side effect of pesticides, weeds. [Copenhagen]: Planteværnscentret, 1990.
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Uskov, Aleksandr, Evgeniy Mozhaev, Lyudmila Uskova, and Elena Zakabunina. Potato growing. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1030568.
Full textAbstract:
The textbook covers the main topics related to the national economic significance, origin, distribution of potatoes; morphological and anatomical structure of potato plants. Features of potato biology by periods of growth and development, as well as its requirements for growing conditions are given. Technological methods of cultivation, the system of fertilization and protection from pests, diseases and weeds, seed production and varietal studies, the economy of potato production are presented. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation for the preparation of bachelors. For undergraduate students studying in the field of "agronomy", as well as specialists in agricultural production.
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Beatrice, Henricot, ed. Pests and diseases. New York: DK Publishing, 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)"
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Jabran, Khawar, Singarayer Florentine, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Impacts of Climate Change on Weeds, Insect Pests, Plant Diseases and Crop Yields: Synthesis." In Crop Protection Under Changing Climate, 189–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46111-9_8.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Plant health, plant protection and abiotic factors." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 170–95. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0170.
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Abstract This chapter describes (i) major greenhouse pests (including insects, mites and nematodes) and pest control options focusing on integrated pest management (which involves the use of 'ofter' control options such as biological and microbial control combined with physical exclusion, pest trapping, resistant crops and other methods); (ii) selected diseases of hydroponic crops, including those caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses; and (iii) physiological disorders caused by non-living or non-infectious factors such as temperature, light, irrigation water quality and salinity, chemical injury (phytotoxicity), and cultural practices.
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Morgan, Lynette. "Plant health, plant protection and abiotic factors." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 170–95. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This chapter describes (i) major greenhouse pests (including insects, mites and nematodes) and pest control options focusing on integrated pest management (which involves the use of 'ofter' control options such as biological and microbial control combined with physical exclusion, pest trapping, resistant crops and other methods); (ii) selected diseases of hydroponic crops, including those caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses; and (iii) physiological disorders caused by non-living or non-infectious factors such as temperature, light, irrigation water quality and salinity, chemical injury (phytotoxicity), and cultural practices.
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Huang, Ying-Kun, Wen-Feng Li, Rong-Yue Zhang, and Xiao-Yan Wang. "Dominant Natural Enemies of Sugarcane Pest and Their Protection and Utilization." In Color Illustration of Diagnosis and Control for Modern Sugarcane Diseases, Pests, and Weeds, 281–312. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1319-6_3.
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Rees, Paul A. "Pest, weed and disease management." In Key questions in applied ecology and conservation: a study and revision guide, 90–105. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248494.0090.
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Abstract This chapter contains questions about pests and weeds and their control, invasive species, parasites, and animal and plant diseases. The questions are arranged by topic and divided into three levels: foundation, intermediate and advanced.
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Ricci, Angela, Silvia Sabbadini, Laura Miozzi, Bruno Mezzetti, and Emanuela Noris. "Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 72–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0072.
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Abstract Since the beginning of agriculture, plant virus diseases have been a strong challenge for farming. Following its discovery at the very beginning of the 1990s, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has been widely studied and exploited as an integrative tool to obtain resistance to viruses in several plant species, with high target-sequence specificity. In this chapter, we describe and review the major aspects of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), as one of the possible plant defence methods, using genetic engineering techniques. In particular, we focus our attention on the use of RNAi-based gene constructs to introduce stable resistance in host plants against viral diseases, by triggering post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Recently, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), consisting of the topical application of small RNA molecules to plants, has been explored as an alternative tool to the stable integration of RNAi-based gene constructs in plants. SIGS has great and innovative potential for crop defence against different plant pathogens and pests and is expected to raise less public and political concern, as it does not alter the genetic structure of the plant.
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Ricci, Angela, Silvia Sabbadini, Laura Miozzi, Bruno Mezzetti, and Emanuela Noris. "Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing for crop protection against viruses." In RNAi for plant improvement and protection, 72–85. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789248890.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Since the beginning of agriculture, plant virus diseases have been a strong challenge for farming. Following its discovery at the very beginning of the 1990s, the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism has been widely studied and exploited as an integrative tool to obtain resistance to viruses in several plant species, with high target-sequence specificity. In this chapter, we describe and review the major aspects of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS), as one of the possible plant defence methods, using genetic engineering techniques. In particular, we focus our attention on the use of RNAi-based gene constructs to introduce stable resistance in host plants against viral diseases, by triggering post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Recently, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), consisting of the topical application of small RNA molecules to plants, has been explored as an alternative tool to the stable integration of RNAi-based gene constructs in plants. SIGS has great and innovative potential for crop defence against different plant pathogens and pests and is expected to raise less public and political concern, as it does not alter the genetic structure of the plant.
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Beverley, Claire, and Manju Thakur. "Plantwise: A Knowledge and Intelligence Tool for Food Security through Crop Protection." In Plant Diseases and Food Security in the 21st Century, 231–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57899-2_11.
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AbstractFood security continues to be significantly impacted by a growing world population, changing climate, increasing food prices and environmental burden. One of the key challenges in reducing crop losses due to pests and diseases is timely delivery of appropriate, actionable extension advice to farmers. Information and communication technology (ICT) has the potential to improve services that connect smallholder farmers to new resources and information, helping to build their knowledge and ultimately improve their livelihoods. Such ICT-driven services have seen rapid growth over the past few years, and CABI has been harnessing this technology in several programmes. This chapter provides insight into digital interventions of the global, CABI-led programme, Plantwise, which aims to assist stakeholders in developing countries to improve their plant health systems by strengthening linkages among all actors involved, so that they can prevent and manage pest outbreaks more effectively. An overview of digital interventions piloted and tested under the umbrella of the Plantwise programme is illustrated with selected case studies. Interventions include pest diagnosis and management advice delivered via a website, plant health data collection, using a customized mobile application, and educational simulation games for ongoing support.
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"The control of weeds, pests and plant diseases." In From Dearth to Plenty, 89–119. Cambridge University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511752469.009.
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Sarajlić, Ankica, Emilija Raspudić, Zdenko Lončarić, Marko Josipović, and Ivana Majić. "The Role of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on the Feeding Behavior of European Corn Borer." In Pests, Weeds and Diseases in Agricultural Crop and Animal Husbandry Production. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92598.
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European corn borer (ECB) creates tunnels inside the plant stalks, causing damage, which could significantly decrease yield loss. This study aimed to determine the relationship between damage caused by ECB larval feeding and different irrigation and nitrogen fertilization rates on different maize genotypes. We conducted a field experiment in Croatia from 2012 to 2014. Increased plant nitrogen adsorption was observed under irrigation only in drought years, and it was decreased in optimal or extremely wet years. We found a weak or a moderate relationship between ECB damage and nitrogen concentration, but the greatest ECB damage was in all years recorded in treatments with the highest fertilization rates. However, the highest plant nitrogen concentration was observed in the hybrid with the lowest damage from ECB larvae. The maize damage caused by ECB larval feeding was negatively affected by high plant nitrogen concentrations only when plants were under drought stress. Nitrogen uptake was increased in irrigated plots. We did not find a strong relationship between the C/N ratio or irrigation and intensity of ECB damage. In 2012, when the narrowest C/N ratio was calculated, the greatest damage by ECB was measured. Further studies are needed since we detected the significant impact of drought on intensive ECB larval feeding.
Conference papers on the topic "Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)"
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ČESONIENĖ, Laima, Kristina LINGYTĖ, Daiva ŠILEIKIENĖ, and Midona DAPKIENĖ. "GROUNDWATER QUALITY DYNAMICS IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER PESTICIDE WAREHOUSE." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.097.
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Pesticides are used in intensive farming to help fight plant pests and diseases (insecticides, fungicides), kill weeds (herbicides), as well as accelerate the growth of seeds (defoliants), but until 1992 pesticides were kept in improperly equipped warehouses, there was no maintenance or accounting of the pesticides. Consequently, the environment of the warehouse was often polluted. Such sources of pollution are hazardous to the environment. Economic activities in the area have been carried out from 1980 to 1994. Various agricultural chemicals have been stored and used there. Later, in 1997, chemicals (fertilizers and plant protection chemicals) stored in the territory of the warehouse have been collected and removed from the territory. During the inventory of 2009, no chemical substances were found in the territory. In 2010, an investigation carried out in the territory of the pesticide warehouse revealed unacceptable levels of pollution in the soil and the groundwater by pesticides and other toxic and neutral chemicals. In 2012, the polluted territory was cleaned eliminating the remains of buildings, and removing the soil polluted by the pesticides. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of the territory of the former pesticide warehouse in Kaunas District Municipality, Bubių Village on the groundwater during the period from 2012 to 2016. The results have shown that the groundwater is mostly polluted with nitrogen compounds, as well as the tendency in increase of chlorides, sodium, and calcium. Minimum and unchanging concentrations of the pesticides (DDD, DDE, DDT) were determined throughout the investigation.
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Tkalenko, A., and Vasily Khodorchuk. "The use of biological preparations in fruit and vegetable agrocenoses." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.36.
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The results of many years of research in the field of the biological method of protecting vegetable and fruit crops from pests and diseases, carried out at the Institute of Plant Protection and ITI "Biotekhnika" NAAS, are presented. The optimal norms, terms, sequence and frequency of their application in agrocenoses of fruit and vegetable crops of open and closed ground have been determined.
Reports on the topic "Plant protection (pests, diseases and weeds)"
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Helping U.S. Agriculture Thrive--Across the Country and Around the World, 2016 Annual Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7207241.aphis.
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For Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) and our partners, 2016 was a year of remarkable successes. Not only did we eradicate 10 fruit fly outbreaks, but we also achieved 4 years with zero detections of pink bollworm, moving us one step closer to eradicating this pest from all commercial cotton-growing areas of the continental United States. And when the U.S. corn industry faced the first-ever detection of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicular pv vasculorum), we devised a practical and scientific approach to manage the disease and protect valuable export markets. Our most significant domestic accomplishment this year, however, was achieving one of our agency’s top 10 goals: eliminating the European grapevine moth (EGVM) from the United States. On the world stage, PPQ helped U.S. agriculture thrive in the global market-place. We worked closely with our international trading partners to develop and promote science-based standards, helping to create a safe, fair, and predictable agricultural trade system that minimizes the spread of invasive plant pests and diseases. We reached critical plant health agreements and resolved plant health barriers to trade, which sustained and expanded U.S. export markets valued at more than $4 billion. And, we helped U.S. producers meet foreign market access requirements and certified the health of more than 650,000 exports, securing economic opportunities for U.S. products abroad. These successes underscore how PPQ is working every day to keep U.S. agriculture healthy and profitable.
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Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Accomplishments, 2007. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7296841.aphis.
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This past year’s hard work and significant changes have enabled CPHST—a division of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), APHIS Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program—to be an organization more capable and better aligned to support and focus on PPQ’s scientific needs. In 2007, CPHST developed the first PPQ strategic plan for CPHST. The plan shows where CPHST is going over the next 5 years, how it is going to get there, and how it will know if it got there or not. Moreover, CPHST plan identifies critical elements of PPQ’s overall strategic plan that must be supported by the science and technology services CPHST provides. The strategic plan was followed by an operational plan, which guarantees that the strategic plan is a living and breathing document. The operational plan identifies the responsibilities and resources needed to accomplish priorities in this fiscal year and measures our progress. CPHST identifies the pathways by which invasive plant pests and weeds can be introduced into the United States. CPHST develops, adapts, and supports technology to detect, identify, and mitigate the impact of invasive organisms. CPHST helps to ensure that the methods, protocols, and equipment used by PPQ field personnel are effective and efficient. All the work of CPHST is identified under one of the five program areas: Agricultural Quarantine Inspection and Port Technology, Molecular Diagnostics and Biotechnology, Response and Recovery Systems Technology, Risk and Pathway Analysis, and Survey Detection and Identification. CPHST scientists are leaders in various fields, including risk assessment, survey and detection, geographic information systems (GIS), molecular diagnostics, biocontrol techniques, methods and treatment, and mass rearing of insects. The following list outlines some of CPHST’s efforts in 2007: Responding to Emergencies, Developing and Supporting Technology for Treatments, Increasing Diagnostic Capacity, and Supporting Trade.
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Safeguarding through science: Center for Plant Health Science and Technology 2008 Accomplishments. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7296842.aphis.
Full textAbstract:
The Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST) was designed and developed to support the regulatory decisions and operations of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service’s (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) program through methods development work, scientific investigation, analyses, and technology—all in an effort to safeguard U.S. agriculture and natural resources. This 2008 CPHST Annual Report is intended to offer an in-depth look at the status of its programs and the progress it has made toward the Center’s long-term strategic goals. One of CPHST’s most significant efforts in 2008 was to initiate efforts to improve the Center’s organizational transparency and overall responsiveness to the needs of its stakeholders. As a result of its focus in this area, CPHST is now developing a new workflow process that allows the customers to easily request and monitor projects and ensures that the highest priority projects are funded for successful delivery. This new system will allow CPHST to more dynamically identify the needs of the agency, more effectively allocate and utilize resources, and provide its customers timely information regarding a project’s status. Thus far, while still very much a work in progress, this new process is proving to be successful, and will continue to advance and expand the service to its customers and staff. The considerable and growing concern of homeland security and the management of critical issues drives CPHST to lead the methods development of science-based systems for prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. CPHST is recognized nationally and internationally for its leadership in scientific developments to battle plant pests and diseases.