Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant Physiology

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant Physiology'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant Physiology"

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Kylin, Anders. "Plant Physiology." Physiologia Plantarum 73, no. 1 (May 1988): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1988.tb09206.x.

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Lea, Peter J. "Plant physiology." Plant Science 109, no. 1 (July 1995): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(95)90008-x.

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Caboche, Michel. "Plant physiology." Trends in Cell Biology 2, no. 1 (January 1992): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(92)90144-c.

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Camper, N. Dwight. "Plant physiology." Economic Botany 50, no. 3 (July 1996): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02907345.

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Juraev, Shomansur Sh. "BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PLANT ENDURANCE AND DEFENSE PHYSIOLOGY." Oriental Journal of Biology and Chemistry 02, no. 02 (October 1, 2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojbc-02-02-04.

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Tomos, Deri. "Popularizing plant physiology." Trends in Plant Science 2, no. 11 (November 1997): 444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(97)90030-3.

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Li, Guowei, Véronique Santoni, and Christophe Maurel. "Plant aquaporins: Roles in plant physiology." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1840, no. 5 (May 2014): 1574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.11.004.

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Dawson, Todd. "Physiology and Plant Stress." Ecology 70, no. 3 (June 1989): 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940233.

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Blatt, Mike. "Plant Physiology 90th Anniversary." Plant Physiology 171, no. 3 (July 2016): 1787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.16.00849.

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Galston, A. W., and R. K. Sawhney. "Polyamines in plant physiology." Plant Physiology 94, no. 2 (October 1, 1990): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.94.2.406.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant Physiology"

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Lucas, W. J. "Plant physiology : transport processes in plants /." Title page, preface and contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SD/09sdl933.pdf.

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Thesis (D. Sc.)--Faculty of Science, University of Adelaide, 1990.
Published works [representing] original research conducted during the various phases of [his] academic development--Pref. Includes bibliographical references.
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Liu, Xing, and s3072856@student rmit edu au. "Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy Applied in Plant Physiology Studies." RMIT University. Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080428.092529.

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Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a relatively new method applied to food quality assessment. EIS allows relatively inexpensive assessment, is fast, easy to operate and non-invasive. It has been adopted for investigation of fundamental electrical properties of plant tissues. Although the applications of EIS for food quality determination have been reported previously, the analytical relationships between electrical impedance properties and quality criteria have not yet been fully developed. Further exploration is thus important in acquiring more data on electrical impedance characteristics of fruits and vegetables and researching new approaches for determination of their quality. This dissertation aims to investigate the electrical impedance properties of fruits and vegetables, and explore the relationship between impedance and quality criteria. In particular, the present dissertation outlines experimental research conducted on relationships between impedance properties and fruit tastes as well as the impedance changes observed during ripening process. Impedance measurement to monitor moisture content changes in the progress of drying is also included in this research. In summary, the impedance properties have merits in fruits and vegetables quality assessment. The current used subjective visual inspection and assessment could be replaced by the EIS based approach as it is a more precise measurement of food quality. Further study is required to give this method practical value.
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Obaid, Wael. "The impact of silver nanoparticles on plant physiology." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/16747/.

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Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly being exploited in a whole range of applications and products due to their novel physicochemistry. Hence it is inevitable that ENPs will enter the environment at an increasing rate over the coming years. The consequential impact following interaction between ENPs with plants and soil microbial communities is of great concern given that they play fundamental roles in the environment and food production. In this study, the impact of capped silver nanoparticles (cAg NPs) on terrestrial (Arabidopsis thaliana and Vicia faba) and aquatic (Lemna minor) plants was investigated. In addition, due to the important role of bacteria in plant survival and growth, this study also assessed the effect of cAg NPs on plant-associated soil microbial community structure. cAg NPs demonstrated varied toxicity towards plants and the associated soil microbes. Whilst the aquatic plants and soil microbial communities investigated in this study were not affected by cAg NPs up to 100 mg/L, for the terrestrial plants evaluated here, cAg NPs above 12 mg/L (specifically 50 and 100 mg/L) demonstrated differential toxic responses. Based on the results of this study, it is clear that concentration, exposure method, released ions, plant species, light intensity and growth mediums are key factors that influence the toxicity of cAg NPs. Although the cAg NP concentrations applied in this study are not yet environmentally relevant, with continued and uncontrolled commercial production of Ag NPs and/or in the event of spillage, such concentrations could occur in the environment in the future. Chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange are valuable techniques for analysing the toxicity of ENPs on plants, due to their rapid and reliable results. Further studies in the interactions between plants and Ag NPs are urgently needed and would benefit from the use of different application methods such as aerosolization.
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Dilks, Teresa. "Plant-aphid interaction : local and systemic effects on plant physiology and gene expression." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5824/.

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Aphids are economically important pests of glasshouse and temperate crops. By investigating the effects of aphid feeding on plant performance and by understanding the host-pest relationship, novel defence strategies can be devised. The effect of \(Rhopalosiphum\) \(padi\) (the bird cherry-oat aphid) feeding on young \(Hordeum\) \(vulgare\) (barley) plants was investigated. Particular emphasis was placed on changes within the sieve element (SE) because aphids are phloem-feeding insects. Aphid infestation significantly reduced host plant growth rate. High performance liquid chromatography showed a local elevation of leaf calcium levels in infested leaves. Calcium, sulphate and magnesium levels were all elevated systemically by aphid feeding, whilst nitrate levels decreased. Aphid feeding increased the duration of phloem sap exudation from severed stylets but did not alter exudation rate. Electrical penetration graph studies demonstrated that the duration of SE sap ingestion was reduced, and the time aphid stylets spent in pathway through the leaf increased, on pre-infested plants. The time taken for aphids to locate the SE did not increase, however, suggesting that the inhibitory effect was phloem-localised. In an attempt to elucidate the transcriptomic response to aphid attack, microarrays were performed on infested and uninfested barley plants. Gene expression changes in the first and second leaves were compared to determine the local and systemic effects, respectively. The differentially expressed genes have putative roles in defence, hormone signalling, cell wall remodelling, metabolism, transport and regulation of transcription and translation. The general response was a local suppression and systemic induction of plant defences.
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au, A. Mccomb@murdoch edu, and Arthur James McComb. "Plants and the environment." Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20070828.135211.

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Shipman, Patrick Daniel. "Plant patterns." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290129.

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The hexagons on a pineapple contrast with the ribs observed, for example, on pumpkins or saguaro cacti. This dissertation demonstrates how these various configurations, and also the related patterns of phyllotaxis (the arrangement of leaves into whorls or spirals) can be understood as the energy-minimizing buckling pattern of a compressed shell (the plant's tunica) on an elastic foundation. The key new idea is that the elastic energy is minimized by special triads or sequences of triads of periodic deformations whose local wavevectors add to zero. Although triad configurations arise from a variety of microscopic mechanisms in natural and laboratory systems, we show that the particular choices of wavevectors that are observed on plants arise in a nontrivial way from properties specific to a mechanical model. Furthermore, the theory predicts correlations between types of phyllotaxis and shapes of plant surface configurations and suggests experiments that can further test the mechanical theory of plant pattern formation. The dissertation concludes with a derivation of Cross-Newell equations governing pattern formation far from onset in nonisotropic systems and in systems with hexagonal planforms.
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Wright, Philip Richard. "Effects of paclobutrazol on growth and physiology of salad tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller)." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26272.

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Salad tomatoes represent an important vegetable crop within Australia. However, the costs of both materials and labour involved in providing this crop with artificial support, in the form of trellising or staking, is high. This project examined the feasibility of using the plant growth regulator, paclobutrazol, as an aid to crop grown without trellising or staking under coastal conditions. Initially a rate of 4 mg plant-, applied as a soil drench 1, 15, 29, 47 or 57 days after transplanting were compared with non-treated plants under glasshouse conditions. The application of paclobutrazol 1 day after transplanting (DAT), and to a lesser extent 15 DAT. profoundly changed growth while later applications (29, 47 or 57 DAT) had little effect. This sensitivity of young tomato plants to paclobutrazol was confirmed in a field trial where 5 rates (nil, 6.25, 12.50, 25.00 and 50.00 g a.i. ha-1) were applied at one of three application times (12, 40 or 60 DAT). Paclobutrazol only effected growth and physiology. when applied at the earliest time while later applications did not appreciably effect salad tomatoes regardless of rate. It was postulated that salad tomatoes remain sensitive to paclobutrazol up to the event of floral initiation. When applied early the highest rate tested produced the most profound changes and there was no evidence of residual effects on a gucceeding lettuce crop. though later applications did cause a slight stimulatory effect to lettuce dry matter accumulation. It was concluded that paclobutrazol was unlikely to cause residual effects to succeeding crops when applied to tomatoes during their sensitive stage and at rates within those tested. A further field experiment tested in more detail the effects of this compound on growth and some aspects of physiology. Paclobutrazol was found to inhibit several important plant characters, viz: height, leaf and stem dry matter accumulation and leaf areas. Conversely it stimulated the partitioning of assimilate to leaves, specific leaf weights, net photosynthesis on a leaf basis, net assimilation rate and water use efficiency on a gas exchange basis. However the stimulatory and inhibitory effects appear to cancel each other out such that treated and untreated plants had similar crop growth rates and fruit yields. Hence, these studies do not present evidence suggesting that this compound has a role to play as an aid to unsupported semi-determinate salad tomato crops, as no yield benefit was conferred.
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Butler, Jamie Andrew. "Data-based mechanistic modelling of systems in plant physiology." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369469.

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Atherton, Jon Mark. "Multiscale remote sensing of plant physiology and carbon uptake." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6219.

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This study investigated the use of optical remote sensing for estimating leaf and canopy scale light use efficiency (LUE) and carbon exchange. In addition, a new leaf level model capable of predicting dynamic changes in apparent reflectance due to chlorophyll fluorescence was developed. A leaf level study was conducted to assess the applicability of passive remote sensing as a tool to measure the reduction, and the subsequent recovery, of photosynthetic efficiency during the weeks following transplantation. Spectral data were collected on newly planted saplings for a period of 8 weeks, as well as gas exchange measurements of LUE and PAM fluorescence measurements. A set of spectral indices, including the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI), were calculated from the reflectance measurements. A marked depression in photosynthetic rate occurred in the weeks after outplanting followed by a gradual increase, with recovery occurring in the later stages of the experimental period. As with photosynthetic rate, there was a marked trend in PRI values over the study period but no trend was observed in chlorophyll based indices. The study demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing has the potential to be a useful tool in the detection and monitoring of the dynamic effects of transplant shock. Relationships between hyperspectral reflectance indices, airborne carbon exchange measurements and satellite observations of ground cover were then explored across a heterogeneous Arctic landscape. Measurements were collected during August 2008, using the University of Edinburgh’s research aircraft, from an Arctic forest tundra zone in northern Finland as part of the Arctic Biosphere Atmosphere Coupling at Multiple Scales (ABACUS) study. Surface fluxes of CO2 were calculated using the eddy covariance method from airborne data that were collected from the same platform as hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Airborne CO2 fluxes were compared to MODIS vegetation indices. In addition, LUE was estimated from airborne flux data and compared to airborne measurements of PRI. There were no significant relationships between MODIS vegetation indices and airborne flux observations. There were weak to moderate (R2 = 0.4 in both cases) correlations between PRI and LUE and between PRI and incident radiation. A new coupled physiological radiative transfer model that predicts changes in the apparent reflectance of a leaf, due to chlorophyll fluorescence, was developed. The model relates a physically observable quantity, chlorophyll fluorescence, to the sub leaf level processes that cause the emission. An understanding of the dynamics of the processes that control fluorescence emission on multiple timescales should aid in the interpretation of this complex signal. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was used to optimise biochemical model parameters by fitting model simulations of transient chlorophyll fluorescence to measured reflectance spectra. The model was then validated against an independent data set. The model was developed as a precursor to a full canopy scheme. To scale to the canopy and to use the model on trans-seasonal time scales, the effects of temperature and photoinhibition on the model biochemistry needs to be taken into account, and a full canopy radiative transfer scheme, such as FluorMOD, must be developed.
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Hjellström, Mattias. "Drought Stress Signal Transduction by the HD-Zip Transcription Factors ATHB6 and ATHB7." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Physiological Botany, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-1857.

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This work describes the regulation of drought stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana and adresses the roles of the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors in this regulation. The characteristics of ATHB6 and ATHB7, two genes encoding class I HD-Zip transcription factors were analysed.

Expression of ATHB6 and ATHB7 was transcriptionally activated in plants subjected to water deficit or exogenous treatment with abscisic acid (ABA).

Transgenic plants constitutively expressing the ATHB7 gene displayed a delayed elongation growth of the main inflorescence stem after transition to reproductive development. This phenotype is consistent with ATHB7 acting as a negative regulator of growth and development of the elongating stem in response to water availability.

Transgenic abi1-1 mutant plants constitutively expressing the ATHB7 gene displayed a reduced wiltiness as compared to monogenic abi1-1 mutants. These data are consistent with the ATHB7 protein having a central role in the drought stress response, regulating the water balance of the plant, and acting downstream to ABI1. Furthermore, the data is consistent with ATHB7 acting as a positive regulator of the drought stress response.

The ABA-induced expression of the ATHB7 gene displayed a dependence on the phytochrome system, suggesting an interplay between light and osmotic stress signaling in the regulation of the ATHB7 gene.

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Books on the topic "Plant Physiology"

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. Plant Physiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7.

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Duca, Maria. Plant Physiology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17909-4.

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Šebánek, Jiří, Prof. Dr. Ing., ed. Plant physiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.

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Eduardo, Zeiger, ed. Plant physiology. 2nd ed. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, 1998.

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1934-, Ross Cleon W., ed. Plant physiology. 3rd ed. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1985.

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Taiz, Lincoln. Plant physiology. Redwood City, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., 1991.

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Mohr, Hans. Plant physiology. Berlin: Springer, 1995.

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1934-, Ross Cleon W., ed. Plant physiology. 4th ed. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1992.

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Eduardo, Zeiger, ed. Plant physiology. 5th ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2010.

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Shabala, S., ed. Plant stress physiology. Wallingford: CABI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845939953.0000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant Physiology"

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Kotyk, Arnošt. "Plant Physiology." In Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, 85–86. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-206-7_14.

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Duca, Maria. "Plant Respiration." In Plant Physiology, 123–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17909-4_5.

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Duca, Maria. "Plant Biorhythms." In Plant Physiology, 231–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17909-4_8.

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Duca, Maria. "Plant Cell Physiology." In Plant Physiology, 13–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17909-4_2.

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. "Physiology of Development." In Plant Physiology, 285–331. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_19.

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. "Physiology of Sexuality." In Plant Physiology, 333–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_20.

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. "Physiology of Senescence." In Plant Physiology, 437–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_26.

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. "Physiology of Movement." In Plant Physiology, 497–538. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_31.

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. "Setting the Aims in Physiology." In Plant Physiology, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_1.

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Mohr, Hans, and Peter Schopfer. "The Cell as a Gene-Physiological System." In Plant Physiology, 121–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant Physiology"

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Malyshev, R. V. "Biological calorimetry in plant physiology." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-277.

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Kuznetsov, Vl V. "Plant Physiology and Global Problem Solving." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-18.

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Esteban, Raquel, and José Maria Becerril. "VIRTUAL LABORATORY IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY." In 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0296.

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Stavrinidou, Eleni. "Plant bioelectronics: regulating and monitoring plant physiology in-vivo." In Organic and Hybrid Sensors and Bioelectronics XIII, edited by Ruth Shinar, Ioannis Kymissis, and Emil J. List-Kratochvil. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2569139.

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Venturas, Martin David, Rosana López, Francisco Tuduri Barrón, Victoria Fernández, Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada, José Carlos Miranda, and Pilar Pita. "IMPROVING PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LEARNING PLAYING WITH A PLANT RESPONSE MODEL." In 16th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2024.0623.

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Leman, A. M., Mohd Mahathir Suhaimi Shamsuri, Azian Hariri, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Ahmad Fu’ad Idris, and Azizi Afandi. "Correlation between plant physiology and CO2 removable." In 3RD ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017 (EGM 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5002203.

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"Teaching Reforms of College Plant Physiology Course." In 2021 International Conference on Society Science. Scholar Publishing Group, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0001989.

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Dissanayake, Bhagya M. "Proteomic responses of wheat root tissues to salt stress in relation to root physiology." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1049098.

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"Cercetări în genetica și fiziologia vegetală: retrospectivă și realizări actuale ale IGFPP." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.01.

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The paper presents a synthesis of plant genetics and physiology researches carried out at Institute of Gene-tics, Physiology and Plant Protection since its founding and during last years, as well as the contributions of resear-chers who worked during this period. The main research directions are highlighted, notifying the scientific and practical importance for supporting breeding programs and agricultural practice.
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SANDHU, PAWANJIT KAUR. "Elucidating the cellular physiology of Glyphosate resistance in Amaranth palmeri using a global metabolomics approach." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1332486.

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Reports on the topic "Plant Physiology"

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Whitcomb, R. F., Shlomo Rottem, T. A. Chen, and C. J. Chang. Mollicutes that Cause Plant Disease: Detection, Cultivation, and Physiology. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1986.7566864.bard.

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Chamovitz, A. Daniel, and Georg Jander. Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597917.bard.

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Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development Glucosinolates are a class of defense-related secondary metabolites found in all crucifers, including important oilseed and vegetable crops in the Brassica genus and the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon tissue damage, such as that provided by insect feeding, glucosinolates are subjected to catalysis and spontaneous degradation to form a variety of breakdown products. These breakdown products typically have a deterrent effect on generalist herbivores. Glucosinolate breakdown products also contribute to the anti-carcinogenic effects of eating cabbage, broccoli and related cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, forms conjugates with several other plant metabolites. Although some indole-3-carbinol conjugates have known functions in defense against herbivores and pathogens, most play as yet unidentified roles in plant metabolism, and possibly also plant development. At the outset, our proposal had three main hypotheses: (1) There is a specific detoxification pathway for indole-3-carbinol; (2) Metabolites derived from indole-3-carbinol are phloem-mobile and serve as signaling molecules; and (3) Indole-3-carbinol affects plant cell cycle and cell-differentiation pathways. The experiments were designed to enable us to elucidate how indole-3-carbinol and related metabolites affect plants and their interactions with herbivorous insects. We discovered that indole-3- carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescued auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of TIR1 with Aux/IAA proteins, supporting the notion that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. Furthermore, transcript profiling experiments revealed the influence of indole-3-carbinol on auxin signaling in root tips, and indole-3-carbinol also affected auxin transporters. Brief treatment with indole-3-carbinol led to a reduction in the amount of PIN1 and to mislocalization of PIN2. The results indicate that chemicals induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development, which implies transport of indole-3- carbinol that we are as yet unsuccessful in detecting. Our results indicate that plant defensive metabolites also have secondary functions in regulating aspects of plant metabolism, thereby providing diversity in defense-related plant signaling pathways. Such diversity of of signaling by defensive metabolites would be beneficial for the plant, as herbivores and pathogens would be less likely to mount effective countermeasures. We propose that growth arrest can be mediated directly by the herbivory-induced chemicals, in our case, indole-3-carbinol. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown to I3C following herbivory would have two outcomes: (1) Indole-3-carbinaol would inhibit the herbivore, while (2) at the same time inducing growth arrest within the plant. Thus, our results indicate that I3C is a defensive phytohormone that modulates auxin signaling, leading to growth arrest.
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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.
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Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology of plants and these would be reflected in changes in the plant proteome as a consequence of root infection by Trichoderma spp. Further, Trichoderma spp. differ in their effects on plants and these changes are largely a consequence of the production of different elicitors of elicitor mixtures that are produced in the zone of communication that is established by root infection by Trichoderma spp. In this work, we demonstrated that both T22 and T-203 increase growth and induce resistance to pathogens in maize. In Israel, it was shown that a hydrophobin is critical for root colonization by Trichoderma strains, and that peptaibols and an expansin-like protein from Ttrichoderma probably act as elicitors of induced resistance in plants. Further, this fungus induces the jasmonate/ethylene pathway of disease resistance and a specific cucumber MAPK is required for transduction of the resistance signal. This is the first such gene known to be induced by fungal systems. In the USA, extensive proteomic analyses of maize demonstrated a number of proteins are differentially regulated by T. harzianum strain T22. The pattern of up-regulation strongly supports the contention that this fungus induces increases in plant disease resistance, respiratory rates and photosynthesis. These are all very consistent with the observations of effects of the fungus on plants in the greenhouse and field. In addition, the chitinolytic complex of maize was examined. The numbers of maize genes encoding these enzymes was increased about 3-fold and their locations on maize chromosomes determined by sequence identification in specific BAC libraries on the web. One of the chitinolytic enzymes was determined to be a heterodimer between a specific exochitinase and different endochitinases dependent upon tissue differences (shoot or root) and the presence or absence of T. harzianum. These heterodimers, which were discovered in this work, are very strongly antifungal, especially the one from shoots in the presence of the biocontrol fungus. Finally, RNA was isolated from plants at Cornell and sent to Israel for transcriptome assessment using Affymetrix chips (the chips became available for maize at the end of the project). The data was sent back to Cornell for bioinformatic analyses and found, in large sense, to be consistent with the proteomic data. The final assessment of this data is just now possible since the full annotation of the sequences in the maize Affy chips is just now available. This work is already being used to discover more effective strains of Trichoderma. It also is expected to elucidate how we may be able to manipulate and breed plants for greater disease resistance, enhanced growth and yield and similar goals. This will be possible since the changes in gene and protein expression that lead to better plant performance can be elucidated by following changes induced by Trichoderma strains. The work was in, some parts, collaborative but in others, most specifically transcriptome analyses, fully synergistic.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Granot, David, and Noel Michelle Holbrook. Role of Fructokinases in the Development and Function of the Vascular System. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592125.bard.

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Plant vascular tissues are superhighways whose development and function have profound implications for productivity, yield and stress response. Preliminary studies by the PI indicated that sugar metabolism mediated by fructokinases (FRKs) has a pronounced effect on the transport properties of the xylem. The goal of this research was to determine how the main fructokinase gene, FRK2, and the only plastidic fructokinase, FRK3, influence vascular development and physiology, emphasizing processes that occur at both the cellular and organismic level. We found that both genes are expressed in vascular tissues, but FRK3 is expressed primarily in vascular tissues of mature petioles. Vascular anatomy of plants with antisense suppression of FRK2 uncovered that FRK2 is necessary for xylem and phloem development, most likely due to its role in vascular cell-wall synthesis, and affects vascular development all over the plant. As a result, suppression of FRK2 reduced hydraulic conductivity of roots, stem and leaves and restricted sugar phloem transport. Vascular anatomy of plants with RNAi suppression of FRK3 uncovered that FRK3 is required for vascular development in mature petiole but its role is partially complemented by FRK2. Suppression of FRK3 combined with partial suppression of FRK2 had effects completely different from that of FRK2 suppression, resulting in wilting of mature leaves rather than young leaves of FRK2 suppressed plants, and decreased export of photoassimilates. This primary effect of FRK2 suppression on mature petioles had a secondary effect, reducing the hydraulic conductivity in roots and stem. The very fact that a plastidic fructokinase plays a role in vascular development is quite surprising and we are still seeking to uncover its metabolic mode-of-action. Yet, it is clear that these two fructokinases have different roles in the coordination between photosynthetic capacity and vascular development. We have started analyzing the role of the last third FRK, FRK1, and discovered that it is also expressed exclusively in vascular tissues. It appears therefore, that all FRKs studied here are involved in vascular development. An interesting unexpected outcome of this study was the connection of FRK2 with hormonal regulation of vascular development, most likely auxin. This observation together with the yet to be solved questions on the exact roles of FRK3 are the subjects of our current efforts.
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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer, and Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense: The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.

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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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