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1
Eklöf, Jens. "Plant and microbial xyloglucanases: Function, Structure and Phylogeny." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Glykovetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-31677.
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In this thesis, enzymes acting on the primary cell wall hemicellulose xyloglucan are studied. Xyloglucans are ubiquitous in land plants which make them an important polysaccharide to utilise for microbes and a potentially interesting raw material for various industries. The function of xyloglucans in plants is mainly to improve primary cell wall characteristics by coating and tethering cellulose microfibrils together. Some plants also utilise xyloglucans as storage polysaccharides in their seeds. In microbes, a variety of different enzymes for degrading xyloglucans have been found. In this thesis, the structure-function relationship of three different microbial endo-xyloglucanases from glycoside hydrolase families 5, 12 and 44 are probed and reveal details of the natural diversity found in xyloglucanases. Hopefully, a better understanding of how xyloglucanases recognise and degrade their substrate can lead to improved saccharification processes of plant matter, finding uses in for example biofuel production. In plants, xyloglucans are modified in muro by the xyloglucan transglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) gene products. Interestingly, closely related XTH gene products catalyse either transglycosylation (XET activity) or hydrolysis (XEH activity) with dramatically different effects on xyloglucan and on cell wall characteristics. The strict transglycosylases transfer xyloglucan segments between individual xyloglucan molecules while the hydrolases degrade xyloglucan into oligosaccharides. Here, we describe and determine, a major determinant of transglycosylation versus hydrolysis in XTH gene products by solving and comparing the first 3D structure of an XEH, Tm-NXG1 and a XET, PttXET16-34. The XEH activity was hypothesised, and later confirmed to be restricted to subset of the XTH gene products. The in situ localisation of XEH activity in roots and hypocotyls of Arabidopsis was also visualised for the first time. Furthermore, an evolutionary scheme for how XTH gene products developed from bacterial beta-1,3;1,4 glucanases was also presented based on the characterisation of a novel plant endo-glucanase, PtEG16-1. The EG16s are proposed to predate XTH gene products and are with activity on both xyloglucan and beta-1,3;1,4 glucans an “intermediate” in the evolution from beta-1,3;1,4 glucanases to XTH gene products.QC 20110401
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Lee, Chung-Kun. "Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Commelinaceae (Commelinales)." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263508.
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Sheridan, Grainne E. C. "Molecular studies of watercress phylogeny and the crook-root pathogen." Thesis, University of Bath, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338381.
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Maher, Keri Renee. "A geographically constrained molecular phylogeny of Panamanian Aechmea species (Bromeliaceae, subfamily bromelioideae)." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3280.
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This study lends strong support to the idea that members of Bromeliaceae have undergone a recent adaptive radiation, and therefore show that, at least in part, diversity in the tropics is due to a fast speciation rate and that the tropics can be a "cradle" for new diversification and exploitation of varying ecological niches through the diversification of ecophysiological traits within a lineage.
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Tofts, Richard James. "On the assembly of a grassland plant community." Thesis, n.p, 1998. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19787/.
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Metali, Faizah Haji. "Factors controlling Al accumulation in plants : effects of phylogeny, soil conditions and external nutrient supply." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=165794.
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I used a data-set of 986 plant species (from 493 genera in 195 families) obtained from a literature search and a new data collection for 58 tropical tree species (from 31 genera in 18 families) growing in two contrasting forest types in Brunei Darussalam: mixed dipterocarp forest on moderately infertile ultisols and fluvisols, and heath forest on acidic and nutrient-poor spodosols. I provide statistical evidence for the existence of discreet groups of species representing Al accumulators and non-Al accumulator based on foliar Al concentrations. The threshold foliar Al concentration was higher for tropical plants (range 2.3-3.9 mg Al g-1) than temperate plant (1.1 mg Al g-1). Species’ mean log foliar Al concentration was also higher for tropical (0.73 ± 1.11 mg Al g-1) than temperate plants (0.16 ± 1.07 mg Al g-1). I used the tropical Al accumulating shrub Melastoma malabathricum L. as a study species to test the hypotheses that growth would be stimulated by Al addition. Growth of M. malabathricum seedlings was stimulated by Al addition when the external supply of macronutrients was very low, and this growth response was associated with an increase in net assimilation rate and specific leaf area. Foliar Al concentration was positively correlated with foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg across 16 Al accumulator species sampled in the field study in Brunei Darussalam, while foliar Al and K concentrations were correlated positively in M. malabathricum seedlings growing in the solution culture experiments. These positive correlations contradict the hypothesis that Al inhibits the uptake of nutrient cations and they may contribute to the positive growth response to Al addition in Al accumulator plants.
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Carvalho, Jose Augusto S. S. "Systematic studies of the genera Digitalis L. and Isoplexis (Lindl.) Loud. (Scrophulariaceae: Digitaleae) and conservation of Isoplexis species." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297600.
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Flicker, Benjamin J. "The Systematics of Afrohybanthus Flicker (Violaceae), A New Segregate Genus From The Old World Tropics." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1398875625.
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Reiter, Noushka Hedy, and noushka reiter@dse vic gov au. "Borya mirabilis steps in the recovery of a critically endangered Australian native plant." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20090227.160625.
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Borya mirabilis is one of the world's most critically endangered plants. The research in this thesis has illuminated key aspects of: its reproductive biology; interspecies and intraspecies molecular relationships, mycorrhizal status, tissue culture potential and disease threats. Each of these aspects has fundamental management implications for the active management of B. mirabilis. Floral observations of B. mirabilis and related species affirmed the uniqueness of the Boryaceae amongst the Asparagales. B. mirabilis had an unusually high number of floral abnormalities compared with other species of Borya observed. B. mirabilis is fly-pollinated. Pollen of Borya species showed little difference in the characteristics of mature pollen between species, with viable pollen being prolate and unicolpate with a single colpa-style aperture and a unique patterning of the pila. The structural immaturity of B. mirabilis pollen correlated with evidence from pollen growth experiments, where B. mirabilis pollen had extremely low germination rates, with those grains that did germinate being slow to do so and with slow-growing pollen tubes compared to those of fertile Borya species. Examination of the ovules of B. mirabilis showed that morphologically they were viable compared to viable Borya species. The field population of B. mirabilis was crossed, with one seed produced (the first recorded seed for th is species). Cross-pollination using the pollen of the closely related B. constricta and B. sphaerocephala with B. mirabilis ovules proved unsuccessful. Examination of the chromosome number of B. mirabilis showed that it had approximately 66 chromosomes and is probably hexaploid, relative to the diploid number of 26 in B. constricta. This may explain its low fertility. Interspecies and intraspecies relationships of the Boryaceae and Borya mirabilis were investigated using sequences of chloroplast and nuclear DNA. The closest similarities to B. mirabilis were B. constricta and B. sphaerocephala. B. mirabilis may have emerged from alloploidy of these species in the past. Because of the consistent similarities of B. mirabilis and B. constricta chloroplast sequences, it is proposed that both shared a common ancestor with a chromosome number of 2n=22. A malfunction n meiosis may have resulted in ovules with 2n=44. The high similarity of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region DNA suggests that the nuclear DNA was derived from B. sphaerocephela. B. mirabilis may be an allopolyploid, from fertilisation of a diploid ovule of B. constricta with haploid pollen of B. sphaerocephala, resulting in a reproductively isolated polyploidy of low fertility. The wild population of B. mirabilis was determined to have a small amount of genetic variation. The genetic variation in the field population w as not fully reflected in the ex-situ population. An effective means of micro-propagation of B. nitida for use in B. mirabilis has been established, providing an effective means of mass production of the species. The research has determined: a suitable explant (shoot tips) for regeneration; an effective means of reducing contamination in tissue culture (PPM); what medium is required to micro-propagate the species (LMHM); an appropriate gelling agent (Phytagel); and a practical method for inducing roots on the shoots grown in tissue culture. B. mirabilis has been established as mycorrhizal. The predominant mycorrhizal association is a nodular arbuscular mycorrhiza, present in the form of coils in root nodules over wetter months and as spores in these nodules over dryer months. A significant increase in the health of the ex-situ population of B. mirabilis was recorded after addition of soil containing fine roots of the wild population. Of the plants associated with the wild population, Callitris rhomboidea had the most morphologically similar vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal relationship. But molecular identification was not achieved due to recalcitrance of DNA in PCR attempts. Potential translocation sites for some of the ex-situ population of B. mirabilis were examined for Phytophthora infestation. Reid's Lookout and Mackey's Peak were infected with P. cinnamomi. Vegetation at Mackey's Peak displayed characteristic infection symptoms, resulted in isolates of P. cinnamomi from baiting and would directly receive runoff from both the walking track and the existing infested B .mirabilis site. At the Reid's Lookout site, both walking track and proposed translocation site were infested with P. cinnamomi, yet did not display the associated symptoms in the vegetation. The Pine Plantation translocation site was uninfected at the level of sampling undertaken. Its vegetation did not display any characteristic infection symptoms and was not isolated when soil samples were baited. It was therefore chosen for translocation and so far the plants are healthy and actively growing. This research has provided critical knowledge to aid the recovery team in its current and future endeavours to manage this species and bring it back from the brink of extinction.
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Papaefthimiou, Dimitra. "Phylogeny, diversity and toxin production related to cyanobacterial symbioses." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Botany, Stockholm university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6861.
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Tepe, Eric J. "Phylogeny, morphology, and the evolution of ant-plant associations in Piper section Macrostachys (Pipereceae)." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1133534289.
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Rolfsmeier, Susan J. "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Lappula Moench (Boraginaceae) in North America." Diss., Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15174.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDivision of Biology
Carolyn J. Ferguson
The genus Lappula Moench is a diverse group of herbaceous plants in the large, cosmopolitan family Boraginaceae. Over sixty species are recognized in Eurasia; many are found in cold deserts, steppes, and semi-deserts of Central Asia. Fewer species were described from western North America, and compared with the Asian species they are poorly known. Various North American taxa have been placed into synonomy under Eurasian species, and complex patterns of variation have made species circumscription challenging. The goal of this dissertation was to explore phylogenetic relationships between North American and Eurasian species and to revise the taxonomy of the North American species. A molecular phylogenetic study was initiated in order to infer patterns of relationships among the North American species relative to Eurasian diversity. Samples were collected from throughout the western United States and from Siberia. Additional samples of Eurasian species were taken from herbarium specimens. Sequences were generated for three DNA regions (the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, and chloroplast intergenic spacers trnS-trnG and rpl32-trnL) and phylogenies were generated using parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Results were in general agreement among all analyses. The genus Lappula was recovered as a monophyletic group, with the exception of the morphologically anomalous L. sessiliflora (Boiss.) Gürke, which was sister to the genus Rochelia Rchb. The native North American species of Lappula and L. redowskii (Hornem.) Greene formed a clade. Samples of L. squarrosa (Retz.) Dumort., a Eurasian steppe plant with a wide introduced range in North America, grouped with samples from Eurasia. Sampled species of Hackelia Opiz, a genus sometimes treated as part of Lappula, formed a clade separate from the Lappula species sampled here. Herbarium and field studies resulted in a revised taxonomy for the North American Lappula. Nomenclatural problems were resolved; nine native species and four varieties were recognized along with the introduced Eurasian species L. squarrosa.
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Rai, Hardeep Singh. "Molecular phylogenetic studies of the vascular plants." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3889.
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To investigate vascular-plant phylogeny at deep levels of relationship, I collected and analyzed a large set of plastid-DNA data comprising multiple protein-coding genes and associated noncoding regions. I addressed questions relating to overall tracheophyte phylogeny, including relationships among the five living lineages of seed plants, and within two of the largest living gymnosperm clades (conifers and cycads). I also examined relationships within and among the major lineages of monilophytes (ferns and relatives), including their relationship to the remaining vascular plants. Overall, I recovered three well-supported lineages of vascular plants: lycophytes, monilophytes, and seed plants. I inferred strong support for most of the phylogenetic backbones of cycads and conifers. My results suggest that the cycad family Stangeriaceae (Stangeria and Bowenia) is not monophyletic, and that Stangeria is instead more closely related to Zamia and Ceratozamia. Within the conifers, I found Pinaceae to be the sister-group of all other conifers, and I argue that two conifer genera, Cephalotaxus and Phyllocladus (often treated as monogeneric families) should be recognized under Taxaceae and Podocarpaceae, respectively. Systematic error likely affects inference of the placement of Gnetales within seed-plant phylogeny. As a result, the question of the relationships among the five living seed-plant groups still remains largely unresolved, even though removal of the most rapidly evolving characters appears to reduce systematic error. Phylogenetic analyses that included these rapidly evolving characters often led to the misinference of the “Gnetales-sister” hypothesis (Gnetales as the sister-group of all other seed plants), especially when maximum parsimony was the inference method. Filtering of rapidly evolving characters had little effect on inference of higher-order relationships within conifers and monilophytes, and generally resulted in reduced support for backbone relationships. Within the monilophytes, I found strong support for the majority of relationships along the backbone. These were generally congruent with other recent studies. Equisetaceae and Marattiaceae may be, respectively, the sister-groups of the remaining monilophytes and of the leptosporangiate ferns, but relationships among the major monilophyte lineages are sensitive to the outgroups used, and to long branches in lycophytes.
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Spetz, Carl. "Molecular studies on a complex of potyviruses infecting solanaceous crops, and some specific virus-host interactions /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a421.pdf.
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Howis, Seranne. "Phylogeography and comparative ecophysiology of Chrysanthemoides Turn. Ex Medik. (Tribe Calenduleae)." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1008189.
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Chrysanthem Oides is a common Southern African shrub that grows in a variety of habitats. From coastal shrubland and fynbos to mountainous areas as far north as Kenya. The genus has two species and 8 subspecies. The diagnoses and delimitation of which have been based almost exclusively on morphological characteristics. This project aims to investigate, with the use of phylogenetic species concepts. The validity of these subspecies. Unlike biological species concepts that rely on reproductive isolation as a defining character of a species. Phylogenetic species concepts (PSC) are concerned with delimiting evolutionary significant units (ESUs). ESUs are evolutionarily isolated lineages, and under the PSC a species is an aggregation of organisms consistently diagnosable by a fixed character or combination of characters. This project therefore searched for genetic and physiological characters by which to delimit ESUs within the Cill), samhemoides genus. DNA sequencing was used to investigate the genetic characters, while gas exchange studies were used to investigate the ecophysiological characters. DNA sequence analysis indicated that the ESUs can be diagnosed by genetic means and that one species may be of hybrid origin. Field studies of three disparate genetically identifiable ESUs from three disparate climates found that there are noticeable differences in ecophysiological responses of these ESUs in the field. Plants from each ESU were transferred to a greenhouse and grown under identical conditions for several months and compared to determine if these traits are inherent, or elastic in relation to environmental conditions. Under simulated high rainfall conditions. There does not appear to be a significant difference in the photosynthetic traits.
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Kassa, Mulualem Tamiru. "Molecular analysis of genetic diversity in dometicated pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) and wild relatives." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003773.
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Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeonpea) belongs to the Leguminosae genus Cajanus which is composed of 34 species. Pigeonpea is the only cultivated member of the genus, while the remaining species are wild relatives belonging mainly to the secondary gene pool. DNA sequence data from the nuclear ITS region and the chloroplast trnL-F spacer were utilized to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between Cajanus and five other allied genera in the subtribe Cajaninae. This study revealed the non-monophyly of Cajanus and Rhynchosia and supported the monophyly of Eriosema and Flemingia, but more sampling ,especially from the large genera of Rhynchosia and Eriosema, is recommend to adequately test the hypothesis of generic monophyly. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cajanus resolved Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars as the most basal species in the Cajanus clade. The study also utilized Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers derived from low copy orthologous genes and genotyped using the high throughput SNP-OPA Illumina golden gate assay. The aim was to understand phylogenetic and domestication history, genetic structure, patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow and historical hybridization between Cajanus cajan (pigeonpea) and wild relatives. The neighbor-joining tree resolved well-supported clusters, which reflect the distinctiveness of species and congruence with their geographical origin. It supported the ITS based phylogeny and resolved C. scarabaeoides as basal to the Cajanus clade. The phylogenetic signal and genetic signatures revealed insights into the domestication history of pigeonpea. Our results supported Cajanus cajanifolius as the presumed progenitor of pigeonpea and we speculate that for pigeonpea there was a single major domestication event in India. Genetic admixture and historical hybridization were evident between pigeonpea and wild relatives. Abundant allelic variation and genetic diversity was found in the wild relatives, with the exception of wild species from Australia, as compared to the domesticated pigeonpea. There was a reduction of about 75% in genetic polymorphism in domesticated pigeonpea as compared to the wild relatives, indicating a severe “domestication bottleneck” during pigeonpea domestication. We discovered SNP markers associated with disease resistance (NBS-LRR) loci. The SNPs were mined in a comparison of BAC-end sequences (BES) of C. cajan and amplicons of the wild species, C. scarabaeoides. A total of ~3000 SNPs were identified from 304 BES. These SNPs could potentially be used in constructing a genetic map and for marker assisted breeding.
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Snyder, Robert Lee Cocroft Reginald B. "Diversification in plant feeding insects patterns of host-plant specialization and mating signal evolution inferred from species-level phylogeny and population genetics /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6770.
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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 29, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Reginald B. Cocroft. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hacker, Caroline Victoria. "The molecular characterisation and phylogeny of double-stranded RNA viruses in plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412503.
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Jensen, Jennifer. "The largest subunit of RNA polymerase II as a molecular marker for inferring land plant phylogeny." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6333.
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This is an initial study using the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) to elucidate evolutionary relationships among ten land plants. This is the first study to use a single nuclear protein-coding gene to examine seed plant evolution. Results show RPB1 to contain no base compositional bias and to evolve at a conservative rate that is similar in most species studied here. This gene also exists as a single copy in most species and contains enough phylogenetically informative sites to resolve all relationships among the seed plants in this study. Maximum parsimony, neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood analyses all generate identical tree topologies with similar support values at each node. The angiosperms are a monophyletic clade comprised of Nymphaea as the most basal angiosperm, followed by Magnolia, then Arabidopsis and a monophyletic monocot clade containing maize and Oryza . The gymnosperms also form a monophyletic clade with Welwitschia and pine grouped together and sister to a Cycad and Zamia clade. These findings concur with recent studies that refute the Anthophyte theory and place Nymphaea near the root of the angiosperm tree. The RPB1 sequence shows great promise to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among plants.
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Cajigas, Christina K. "Intraspecific genetic differences in Linum usitatissimum and interspecific genetic differences in the genus Linum." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1307550569.
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Carlsbecker, Annelie. "MADS-Box Gene Phylogeny and the Evolution of Plant Form : Characterisation of a Family of Regulators of Reproductive Development from the Conifer Norway Spruce, Picea abies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5326-0/.
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Costa, Itayguara Ribeiro. "Estudos evolutivos em Myrtaceae : aspectos citotaxonomicos e filogeneticos em Myrteae, enfatizando Psidium e generos relacionados." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314943.
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Orientador: Eliana Regina Forni-MartinsTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Myrtaceae é considerada uma das mais importantes famílias em diversidade de espécies nos neotrópicos, principalmente ao longo da Mata Atlântica e do Cerrado, representando de 10 a 15% da diversidade destes biomas. Myrteae é a mais diversificada tribo (73 gêneros e 2375 espécies) da família. Em termos gerais, os representantes sul-americanos de Myrtaceae são considerados táxons complexos e estudos biossistemáticos são fundamentais para uma melhor delimitação taxonômica de suas espécies. Provavelmente, a dificuldade de identificação das mirtáceas brasileiras possa ser atribuída à especiação decorrente de hibridação e poliploidia, com aparecimento de tipos recombinantes com características intermediárias entre os taxa originais, sendo o fluxo gênico interrompido por diferenciação cromossômica, especialmente pela duplicação do número cromossômico. Este trabalho teve como objetivos principais contribuir para o conhecimento citotaxonômico / citogenético da família, bem como aprimorar a filogenia da tribo Myrteae, onde as relações entre os gêneros ainda são incertas, enfatizando Psidium e gêneros relacionados (grupo Pimenta). Em termos gerais, a poliploidia surgiu de maneira independente ao longo da diversificação das diferentes linhagens na família, ocorrendo em 16% das espécies com número cromossômico conhecido, além de ser observada uma redução drástica de números cromossômicos em relação à x = 11, chegando a x = 5 e x = 6 na tribo Chamelaucieae, clado que concentra metade dos registros poliplóides. Na tribo Myrteae, a ocorrência do número cromossômico x = 11 é quase constante, com exceção de 26% das espécies analisadas que são poliplóides. Eugenia e Psidium, dois dos principais gêneros de Myrteae nos neotrópicos e Decaspermum, essencialmente australasiano, registram a maioria das variações poliplóides da tribo, o que possivelmente tenha favorecido a colonização de novos habitats e ampliado a distribuição geográfica em relação aos demais gêneros da tribo. Do ponto de vista cariotípico, os cromossomos em Myrteae são pequenos (<2mm), porém é observado certo grau de assimetria nos cariótipos de espécies com de frutos carnosos quando comparadas com as de frutos secos, nas quais os cariótipos são altamente simétricos. Do ponto de vista molecular, a variação no número de sítios DNAr 45S forneceu subsídios para a diferenciação de espécies em alguns complexos de Psidium, bem como indicou a possível origem alopoliplóide em um par de citótipos de P. cattleianum, sendo este o primeiro trabalho desta natureza em Myrtaceae. O tamanho do genoma em Myrteae é pequeno e correspondeu diretamente ao nível de ploidia das espécies. Em Psidium, esta variação foi da ordem de 9x e os resultados obtidos para espécies do complexo P. grandifolium podem ser utilizados em discussões taxonômicas, além de fornecer indícios adicionais sobre a evolução alopoliplóide entre algumas populações de P. cattleianum. Estas abordagens são inéditas para representantes de Myrteae. A análise filogenética (94 espécies de 38 gêneros) confirmou o monofiletismo de Myrteae, bem como do gênero Psidium e suas relações de parentesco dentro do grupo Pimenta. O gênero-irmão de Psidium é Myrrhinium. São reconhecidos sete grupos informais: grupo Eugenia, grupo Myrceugenia, grupo Myrcia, grupo Myrteola, grupo Pimenta, grupo Plinia e grupo Australasiano. Futuramente, serão explorados os caracteres macromorfológicos e biogeográficos que sustentem uma nova proposta de classificação para os gêneros de Myrteae.
Abstract: Myrtaceae is one of the most diverse families in Neotropical region; principally belong to Mata Atlântica and Cerrado, reaching 10 to 15% of biodiversity of these biomes. Myrteae is the most generically tribe (73 genera and 2375 species) in this family. Generally, South-American taxa are considered a complex group and biosystematic studies are necessary to understand the taxonomic delimitation of their species. Probably, the identification difficulties of Brazilian Myrtaceae would be due to speciation by hybridization and polyploidy, appearing species with intermediate characters between parental taxa and the genetic flow blocked by chromosomal differentiation, principally by chromosome duplication. This work aims to contribute to Cytotaxonomical/Cytogenetical knowledge in Myrtaceae and to update the Myrteae phylogeny, where the relationships between some genera are unclear, emphasizing Psidium and related genera (Pimenta group). Polyploidy evolves independently belong to diverse lineages belong Myrtaceae, reaching 16% of species that the chromosome numbers are know, besides is observed a drastic reduction of chromosome numbers in relation to x = 11, reaching to x = 5 or x = 6 in the Chamelaucieae tribe, this tribe concentrates half of polyploid records in Myrtaceae. In Myrteae, the occurrence of chromosome number x = 11 is practically constant, exception to 26% of polyploid species. Eugenia and Psidium are two of the principal Neotropical genera of Myrteae and Decaspermum, an Australasian genus, presents the majority of polyploidy variations in Myrteae, that would explicate the widespread distribution and the new habitat colonization in relation to the others genera in Myrteae. The chromosome length are small (<2mm), wherever was observed asymmetric karyotypes in fleshy-fruited taxa against dry-fruited taxa whit higher symmetric karyotypes. The variation of DNAr 45S loci supplied additional parameters to species differentiation in some Psidium complexes and supplied indications about the possible allopolyploid origin in cytotypes of P. cattleianum, being this the first approach with molecular cytogenetic in Myrtaceae. The species of Myrteae presents a very small genome, and was observed a positive correlation with ploidy levels. In Psidium, the variation of genome size was 9x and the obtained results for P. grandifolium complex would be useful in taxonomic discussions besides supply additional characters about the allopolyploid origin in some populations of P. cattleainum. This approach also represents new records in Myrteae. The phylogenetic study (94 species and 38 genera) confirm that the tribe Myrteae and the genus Psidium are monophyletic. The sister group of Psidium is Myrrhinium. Seven informal clades are recognized: Eugenia group, Myrceugenia group, Myrcia group, Myrteola group, Pimenta group, Plinia group e Australasian group. In the future, we will to explore morphological and biogeographical characters that would be support a new classification of Myrteae.
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Morris, Ashley Brigham. "Multi-pronged approach to eastern North American biogeography : phylogeny, phylogeography, and predictive modeling of temperate woody plant species /." View online, 2006. http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0017365/morris_a.pdf.
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Aona, Lidyanne Yuriko Saleme. "Revisão taxonomica e analise cladistica do genero Dichorisandra J.C. Mikan (Commelinaceae)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/330318.
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Orientador: Maria do Carmo Estanislau do AmaralTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Dichorisandra é o maior gênero da subtribo Dichorisandrinae, essencialmente neotropical e caracterizado pelas anteras de deiscência poricida ou rimosa e funcionalmente poricida e sementes ariladas. São ervas perenes, eretas ou escandentes, às vezes com folhas em rosetas próximas ao solo, ocupando, principalmente, o interior de matas. A última revisão de Dichorisandra tem mais de 110 anos e o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi elaborar a revisão taxonômica do gênero, avaliando novas coletas e espécies que foram descritas desde então. O estudo taxonômico foi realizado a partir de material depositado em herbários nacionais e internacionais e provenientes de coletas principalmente dos Estados de Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo e Bahia. Os 63 binômios até então publicados foram reduzidos a 30 espécies. São propostas 24 sinonimizações novas e uma nova combinação. Também estão sendo propostas 24 espécies provenientes do Brasil (a maioria delas da Bahia), Panamá, Equador, Peru e Guiana Francesa. Além da revisão taxonômica, foi realizada a análise cladística do gênero Dichorisandra a partir de caracteres morfológicos e macromoleculares (trnL-F, rsp 16 e rpl 16) visando investigar as relações de parentesco entre as espécies e reavaliar o potencial de caracteres morfológicos na identificação de espécies. As matrizes foram analisadas sob o critério de parcimônia. Os clados não são fortemente sustentados na análise de 'bootstrap¿ e a extrema variação de caracteres morfológicos encontrada dentro do gênero demonstra a dificuldade na definição de grupos monofiléticos
Abstract: The neotropical genus Dichorisandra is the largest within the subtribe Dichorisandrinae, being characterized by its poricidal anthers (sometimes opening by slits but functionally poricidal) and its arillated seeds. The plants are perennial, herbaceous, sometimes with a leaf rosette close to the ground, and live mostly within forests. The last revision of the genus dates from over 110 years ago, and the present work aims to present an up-to-date revision for the genus, evaluating a large volume of new records, including the taxa described after fhe first revision was published. The taxonomic studies were based on material held in national and international herbaria and field work focussing the particularly species rich Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and Bahia. The 63 published names were reduced to 30 accepted species, and 24 synonymies and a new combination are proposed. Twenty four new species from Brasil (mostly from Bahia), Panama, Ecuador, Peru and French Guiana were discovered. Apart from the taxonomic revision, a cladistic analysis of the genus was performed with basis on morphologic and macromolecular characters (trnL-F intergenic spacer, rsp 16 and rpl 16 introns) aiming to investigate the species relationships and the re-evaluation of the morphological characters used to determine the species. The matrixes obtained were analyzed under the criterium of parcimony. The clades within the genus are not strongly supported in the 'bootstrap¿ analysis, as the extreme morphological variation found amongst and within species has made it very difficult to define monophyletic groups
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
25
Bolmgren, Kjell. "Adaptation and Constraint in the Plant Reproductive Phase." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Botaniska institutionen, Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-99.
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Sakamoto, Tetsu. "The tomato RLK superfamily: phylogeny and functional predictions about the role of the LRRII- RLK subfamily in antiviral defense." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4804.
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Previous issue date: 2012-08-03Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Receptores cinases (RLKs) compõem uma grande famíla de proteínas transmembrânicas que possuem funções importantes na propagação e percepção de sinais celulares nas plantas. Em Arabidopsis thaliana, a superfamília de RLK é composta de mais de 600 membros e vários destes, principalmente aqueles que possuem repetições ricas em leucina (LRR), são considerados excelentes alvos para manipulação molecular em cultivares superiores no intuito de aumentar a produtividade e a resistência contra estresses bióticos e abióticos. A subfamília LRRII é particularmente relevante neste aspecto uma vez que seus membros apresentam funções duplas tanto no desenvolvimento quanto na resposta de defesa da planta. Apesar da relevância desta superfamília e da recente finalização do sequenciamento do genoma de tomateiro, a superfamília de RLK de tomate ainda não se encontra caracterizada e são poucos os trabalhos que analisaram a função biológica de seus membros. Neste trabalho, foi construído um inventário completo dos membros da superfamília de RLK de tomate. Para identificar os membros da superfamília RLK em tomate, foi realizado uma análise filogenética utilizando a superfamília de RLK de Arabidopsis como modelo. Um total de 647 RLKs foram recuperados do genoma de tomate e estes encontravam- se organizados no mesmo clado das subfamílias de RLKs de Arabidopsis. Apenas oito das 58 subfamílias exibiram expansão/redução específica no número de menbros comparado com Arabidopsis e apenas seis RLKs foram específicos em tomate, indicando que os RLKs de tomate compartilham aspectos funcionais e estruturais com os RLKs de Arabidopsis. Também foi caracterizado a subfamília LRRII através de análises filogenéticos, genômico, expressão gênica e interação com o fator de virulência de begomovírus, o nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). Os membros da subfamília LRRII de tomate e Arabidopsis demonstraram-se altamente conservados tanto em sequência quanto em estrutura. No entanto, a maioria dos pares ortólogos não mostraram conservados em relação à expressão gênica, indicando que estes ortólogos tenham se divergido na função após a especiação do ancestral comum entre o tomate e Arabidopsis. Baseado no fato de que membros de RLKs de Arabidopsis (NIK1, NIK2, NIK3 e NsAK) interagem com o NSP de begomovirus, foi verificado se ortólogos de NIKs, BAK1 e NsAK interagem com o NSP de Tomato Yellow Spot Virus (ToYSV). Os ortólogos dos genes que interagem com o NSP em tomate, SlNIKs e SlNsAK, interagiram especificamente com NSP na levedura e demonstraram um padrão de expressão consistente com o padrão de infecção de geminivírus. Além de sugerir uma analogia funcional entre estes ortólogos, estes resultados confirmam a observação anterior de que as interações NSP-NIK não são específicos para um vírus ou para um hospedeiro. Portanto, a sinalização antiviral mediado por NIK provavelmente ocorre em tomate, sugerindo que NIKs de tomate sejam alvos potenciais para manipular a resistência contra begomovírus que infectam esta planta.
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that play important roles in cellular signaling perception and propagation in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RLK superfamily is made-up of over 600 proteins and many of these RLKs, mainly those bearing leucine-rich repeats (LRR), have been considered as excellent targets for engineering superior crops with enhancement of yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The LRRII-RLK subfamily is particularly relevant due to the dual function of its members in both development and defense. In spite of the relevance of the RLK family and the completion of the tomato genome sequencing, the tomato RLK family has not been characterized and a framework for functional predictions of the members of the family is lacking. In this investigation we disclosed a complete inventory of the members of the tomato RLK family. To generate a complete list of all members of the tomato RLK superfamily, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using the Arabidopsis RLKs as a template. A total of 647 RLKs were identified in the tomato genome, which were organized into the same RLK subfamily clades as Arabidopsis. Only eight of 58 RLK subfamilies exhibited specific expansion/reduction compared to their Arabidopsis counterparts and only six proteins were lineage-specific in tomato, indicating that the tomato RLKs share functional and structural conservation with Arabidopsis. We also characterized the LRRII-RLK family by phylogeny, genomic analysis, expression profile and interaction with the virulence factor from begomoviruses, the nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The LRRII subfamily members from tomato and Arabidopsis were highly conserved in both sequence and structure. Nevertheless, the majority of the orthologous pairs did not display similar conservation in the gene expression profile, indicating that these orthologs may have diverged in function after speciation of tomato and Arabidopsis common ancestor. Based on the fact that members of the Arabidopsis RLK superfamily (NIK1, NIK2, NIK3 and NsAK) interact with the begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), we examined whether the tomato orthologs of NIK, BAK1 and NsAK genes interacted with NSP of Tomato Yellow Spot Virus (ToYSV). The tomato orthologs of NSP interactors, SlNIKs and SlNsAK, interacted specifically with NSP in yeast and displayed an expression pattern consistent with the pattern of geminivirus infection. In addition to suggesting a functional analogy between these phylogenetically classified orthologs, these results expand our previous observation that NSP-NIK interactions are neither virus-specific nor host-specific. Therefore, NIK-mediated antiviral signalling is also likely to operate in tomato, suggesting that tomato NIKs may be good targets for engineering resistance against tomato-infecting begomoviruses.
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Morokawa, Rosemeri 1980. "Biogeography of ViWiTa clade and phylogeny of Willughbeieae (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) = Biogeografia do clado ViWiTa e filogenia de Willughbeieae." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315277.
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Orientadores: Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita, André Olmos SimõesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Apocynaceae é a segunda maior família de Gentianales com 366 gêneros e cerca de 5000 espécies, está dividida em cinco subfamílias. Um interessante grupo para estudar aspectos evolutivos e biogeográficos é o clado ViWiTa, que compreende as três maiores tribos (Vinceae, Willughbeieae, Tabernaemontaneae) de Rauvolfioideae, com 42 gêneros e 470 espécies distribuídas principalmente na região tropical do mundo, com exceção de Vinca em região temperada. Os objetivos do presente estudo são: reconstruir a hipótese filogenética de Willughbeieae, testar a monofilia das subtribos, elucidar as relações filogenéticas entre os gêneros e identificar sinapomorfias morfológicas para os clados maiores (Capítulo 1); realizar a datação molecular do clado ViWita, testar hipóteses biogeográficas acerca da disjunção pantropical e testar possíveis padrões vicariantes e rotas de dispersão (Capítulo 2). As análises filogenéticas foram realizadas usando cinco marcadores plastidiais (rpl16, rps16, trnK, trnS-G, matK) para 97 espécimens pertencentes aos 18 gêneros reconhecidos em Willughbeieae. A porcentagem dos representantes amostrados para cada gênero foram acima de 60% em doze gêneros, 50-59% em três gêneros e 30-49% em três gêneros. As idades moleculares do clado ViWiTa foram estimadas a partir da hipótese filogenética de Willughbeieae, aliada as hipóteses filogenéticas existentes de Vinceae e Tabernaemontaneae, usando uma abordagem Bayesiana. A abordagem usada para reconstrução de áreas ancestrais foi a de Máxima Verossimilhança, que implementa o modelo de dispersão-extinção-cladogênise. Nossos resultados corroboram a monofilia da tribo e das subtribos: Lacmelleinae, Leuconotidinae, Landolphiinae, Willughbeiinae. Seis sinapomorfias morfológicas para Willughbeieae são sugeridas: (1) hábito liana; (2) apice da cabeça do estilete indiferenciado; (3) base da cabeça do estilete indiferenciado; (4) ovário sincárpico; (5) placentação parietal; e (6) fruto baga. Os gêneros Ancylobotris, Chamaeclitandra, Clitandra, Cylindropsis, Dyctiophleba, Orthopichonia, Pacouria, Saba e Vahadenia foram sinonimizados em Landolphia. Análises de datação combinados com as análises de reconstrução de área ancestral sugerem uma provável origem do clado no início do Paleoceno na Australásia, seguida de migração via Boreotrópicos e subsequentes eventos de colonização para os neotrópicos, África e Madagascar. Multiplos eventos de dispersão à longa distância foram inferidos, como por exemplo da África para a região Neotropical em Willughbeieae, dos neotrópicos para o Havaí em Vinceae e de Madagascar para Australásia em Tabernaemontaneae
Abstract: Apocynaceae is the second largest family of Gentianles, comprises 366 genera and ca. 5000 species and is divided in five subfamilies. An interesting group to study evolution and biogeography is ViWiTa clade, that comprises representatives of the three largest tribes (Vinceae, Willughbeieae, Tabernaemontaneae) within Rauvolfioideae. ViWiTa comprises 42 genera and 470 species distributed mainly in tropical regions of the world, with only one genus, Vinca, in temperate zone. The aims of the presente study are: to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis of Willughbeieae, to test the monophyly of subtribes, to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among its constituent genera, to identify morphological synapomorphies to the major clades (Chapter 1); to present a molecular dating to ViWiTa clade, to test biogeographical hypothesis about pantropical disjunction and test possible vicariant patterns and dispersal routes (Chapter 2). We performed phylogenetic analyses using chloroplast (rpl16, rps16, trnK, trnS-G and matK) data from 97 specimens that belongs to 18 genera recognized to Willughbeieae. The percentagen of species sampled of each genus were above 60% in twelve genera, 50-59% in three genera and 30-49% in three genera. Molecular age estimates were calculated using a Bayesian approach based on 281 specimens belonging to 42 genera recognized in ViWiTa and five chloroplast markers. Ancestral areas were reconstructed using a maximum likelihood approach that implements the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model. Our study supports the monophyly of Willughbeieae and subtribes. We identified six possible synapomorphies to the tribe: (1) liana habit; 2) style-head body apex undifferentiated; (3) style-head body base undifferentiated; (4) syncarpous ovary; and (5) parietal placentation; and (6) baccate fruits. The genera Ancylobotris, Chamaeclitandra, Clitandra, Cylindropsis, Dyctiophleba, Orthopichonia, Pacouria, Saba and Vahadenia were reduced to Landolphia. Necessary new combinations resulting from merging Landolphiinae genera into Landolphia were made. Dating and ancestral area analyses indicate that ViWiTa clade probably originated on early Paleocene in Australasia followed by migration via the Boretropics and subsequent colonizations to the Neotropics, Africa and Madagascar. Multiple long-distance dispersal events were inferred, such as from Africa to the Neotropics in Willughbeieae, from the Neotropics to Hawaii in Vinceae, and from Madagascar to Australasia in Tabernaemontaneae
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutora em Biologia Vegetal
28
Scatigna, André Vito 1989. "Molecular phylogeny and conservation genetics of Philcoxia P.Taylor & V.C.Souza (Plantaginaceae) = Filogenia molecular e genética da conservação de Philcoxia P.Taylor & V.C.Souza (Plantaginaceae)." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314829.
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Orientador: André Olmos SimõesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Philcoxia é um gênero recentemente descrito, composto por quatro espécies reconhecidas e uma nova espécie, endêmicas das formações arenosas do Cerrado e Caatinga. Por conta de sua raridade e da vulnerabilidade de seu habitat, o gênero pode ser considerado criticamente ameaçado de extinção. Recentes evidências filogenéticas sustentam a inclusão do gênero na tribo Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae). Entretanto, as relações de Philcoxia dentro da tribo continuam controversas desde sua descrição. Apresentamos, aqui, estudos filogenéticos de Gratioleae, focados no teste do monofiletismo de Philcoxia, suas relações interespecíficas e seu posicionamento. As análises filogenéticas foram feitas pelos métodos de Máxima Parcimônia e inferência Bayesiana. Sequências dos íntrons rpl16, rps16 e trnL e do espaçador trnL-trnF, todas do DNA cloroplastidial, foram analisadas, incluindo 31 amostras, entre as quais quatro espécies de Philcoxia, 23 outras espécies de Gratioleae e mais quatro táxons (grupo externo) de Plantaginaceae. As espécies de Philcoxia formam um clado fortemente sustentado, irmão de Stemodia stellata. Philcoxia minensis é mais próxima de P. rhizomatosa e P. bahiensis é mais próxima de P. tuberosa. O clado que inlcui Philcoxia e S. stellata é relacionado aos clados formados por Achetaria, Scoparia e alguns representantes de Stemodia. Realizamos, também, o desenvolvimento e caracterização de marcadores microssatélites inéditos para estudos em genética de populações voltados para conservação de P. minensis. Pares de iniciadores foram desenhados para 27 locos de microssatélites e testados em 30 indivíduos de uma população de P. minensis e em quatro indivíduos de P. bahiensis. Dezessete locos foram amplificados com sucesso, doze dos quais se mostraram polimórficos. Os 12 marcadores polimórficos serão usados em futuros estudos relacionados ao sistema de reprodução e à diversidade genética de P. minensis e são potenciais ferramentas para esses estudos com P. bahiensis. Além disso, a nova espécie Philcoxia rhizomatosa é descrita e ilustrada. Ela apresenta folhas maiores que outras espécies do gênero e também possui um rizoma bastante conspícuo e ramificado. Esta nova espécie é aparentemente endêmica de um areal em Botumirim, Minas Gerais, em vegetação de transição entre Cerrado e Caatinga. Testes de carnivoria positivos sugerem que P. rhizomatosa é uma planta carnívora
Abstract: Philcoxia is a recently described genus, composed of four currently recognized species and one additional new species, endemic to the Brazilian sandy formations of the Cerrado and Caatinga. Due to its rarity and the vulnerability of the formation where it occurs, this genus could be treated as critically endangered. Recent evidences from molecular phylogenetics support the inclusion of the genus within the tribe Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae). The affinities of Philcoxia within the tribe, however, have been controversial since it was first described. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of Gratioleae, focusing on the test of the monophyly of Philcoxia, its interspecific relationships and its placement. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian approaches. Sequence data from rpl16, rps16 and trnL introns and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer were analysed, including 31 samples representing four species of Philcoxia, 23 additional Gratioleae species and four outgroup taxa from Plantaginaceae. Philcoxia species form a strongly supported clade, sister of Stemodia stellata. Philcoxia minensis is closely related to P. rhizomatosa and P. bahiensis is closer to P. tuberosa. The clade Philcoxia plus S. stellata is related to clades formed by Achetaria, Scoparia and Stemodia representatives. We also developed and characterized new microsatellite markers as tools for further studies in population genetics aiming the conservation of P. minensis. Primer pairs were developed for 27 microsatellite loci and validated in 30 individuals of P. minensis from a natural population and tested in four idivividuals from a natural population of P. bahiensis. Seventeen loci successfully amplified, twelve of which were polymorphic. The 12 polymorphic markers are suitable for studies concerning mating system and genetic diversity of P. minensis and also may be usefull tools to study similar issues regarding its related species, P. bahiensis. In addition, the new species Philcoxia rhizomatosa is described and illustrated. It has bigger leaves than other species in the genus and presents a conspicuous and branched rhizome. This new taxa is possibly endemic to a sand patch in the transition vegetation between the Cerrado and the Caatinga in Botumirim, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Tests for carnivory were performed and showed activity of phosphatase, suggesting that P. rhizomatosa is a carnivorous plant
Mestrado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
29
Markey, Adrienne Selina, and n/a. "The evolution of fruit traits in Coprosma and the subtribe Coprosminae." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20061206.160155.
Full textAbstract:
The flora of New Zealand has evolved largely in the absence of terrestrial mammals, the predominant frugivore guilds being birds and reptiles. The evolution of divergent fruit traits in New Zealand may be a consequence of different selection pressure by these two guilds, and two contrasting putative dispersal syndromes have been proposed for New Zealand fleshy fruited plants. Coprosma (Rubiaceae: subtribe Coprosminae) is a speciose and morphologically diverse genus, which is distributed throughout the South Pacific and which also produces variably coloured drupes. It was selected as a model genus to investigate the evolution of fruit traits within this context. For this purpose, a molecular phylogeny for the subtribe Coprosminae and Coprosma was inferred using parsimony, likelihood and split decomposition analysis on sequences from the 16rps intron of cpDNA and ETS and ITS region of nrDNA. Up to 32 species were included in the subtribal analyses, whilst 53 species of Coprosma were used in subgeneric studies. The basis for the variety of fruit colours seen in New Zealand was determined using histology and pigment extractions. To test the assumption that fruit traits among species evolved in concert under selection from frugivore guilds, fruit shape, size and nutrient composition were determined in order to test predictions that these would co-vary with fruit colour.
In the Coprosminae, fleshy drupes have arisen from dry fruited schizocarps and with two possible reversals to semi-dry drupes. Within Coprosma, fruit colour was found to be evolutionarily labile and varied both among and within lineages, particularly within two main groups where fruit colour had shifted from orange to blue and white, or red, pink and black colours respectively. The evolution of novel (non-orange) fruit colours was restricted to New Zealand, as was the small-leaved, divaricate growth form, the combination of which has been associated with a putative reptile dispersal syndrome. Several trans-oceanic dispersals out of New Zealand were also inferred from the phylogeny, these extending into Australia, New Guinea and Hawai�i. In these instances, fruit colour did not appear change markedly after establishment in a new country. Within New Zealand, fruit sizes were found to vary with colour as predicted, although the majority of species produced small (< 8 mm), elliptical fruits. There was no clear association between fruit colour and fruit nutrient composition. It would appear that these small, succulent, carbohydrate-rich and lipid-poor fruits cater to a wide range of generalist frugivores.
The variety of fruit colours in Coprosma stemmed from qualitative and quantitative differences in carotenoid and anthocyanin composition. The genetic basis for the control of these pathways is currently unknown, but it is assumed that a few regulatory genes can control a substantial amount of phenotypic variation. Considering the evolutionary history of Coprosma, it would appear that a history of recent and rapid speciation, hybridisation and reticulate evolution may have increased the tempo of fruit colour evolution in the genus.
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Calió, Maria Fernanda Aguiar. "Sistemática de Helieae Gilg (Gentianaceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-22022010-165818/.
Full textAbstract:
Helieae, uma das seis tribos de Gentianaceae, compreende 23 gêneros e mais de 200 espécies encontradas exclusivamente nos Neotrópicos. Trata-se de um grupo de plantas bastante diversificado e de complicada história taxonômica. Diversos gêneros de Helieae eram pouco conhecidos e as relações filogenéticas dentro da tribo careciam de resolução. Nesse contexto, a presente Tese, organizada em sete capítulos, teve como objetivo principal prover hipóteses sólidas quanto às relações filogenéticas da tribo, focando principalmente no estudo de quatro desses gêneros pouco conhecidos: Calolisianthus Gilg, Helia Mart., Prepusa Mart. e Senaea Taub., todos com distribuição centrada principalmente no Brasil. No primeiro capítulo são apresentadas a filogenia morfológica e as revisões taxonômicas de Prepusa e Senaea. Com base no estudo de coleções de herbários, cinco espécies de Prepusa e duas de Senaea foram reconhecidas. Todas são endêmicas a habitats montanos dos estados brasileiros da Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro. São apresentadas descrições morfológicas, chaves de identificação, ilustrações e mapas da distribuição de cada espécie. Prepusa e Senaea são morfológica, geográfica e filogeneticamente isolados entre as Helieae e a presença de flores 6-meras sustenta sua proximidade filogenética. Análises filogenéticas de 33 caracteres morfológicos usando parcimônia e métodos Bayesianos apresentaram um quadro consistente das relações de Prepusa e Senaea; os gêneros são monofiléticos e irmãos entre si. No segundo capítulo desta Tese, são apresentadas análises filogenéticas de parcimônia incluindo 22 gêneros e 60 espécies de Helieae. Esse estudo baseou-se em dados de morfologia, palinologia e sementes (127 caracteres estruturais), bem como em seqüências de DNA (matK, trnL intron, ITS). As reconstruções filogenéticas baseadas em ITS e morfologia proveram maior resolução nas relações entre os gêneros da tribo. Celiantha, Prepusa e Senaea emergiram juntos como clado-irmão das demais Helieae, as quais se apresentaram subdivididas em dois grandes subclados: \"Macrocarpaea\" e \"Symbolanthus\". O primeiro subclado inclui Macrocarpaea, irmão de Chorisepalum, Tachia e Zonanthus. Irlbachia e Neblinantha emergiram como grupos-irmãos do subclado \"Symbolanthus\", o qual inclui Aripuana, Calolisianthus, Chelonanthus, Helia, Lagenanthus, Lehmanniella, Purdieanthus, Rogersonanthus, Roraimaea, Sipapoantha e Symbolanthus. No nível genérico foi evidenciado que Chelonanthus e Irlbachia são polifiléticos. Discute-se a evolução de alguns atributos morfológicos, sendo que novos caracteres polínicos e de sementes são avaliados pela primeira vez em uma análise filogenética combinada. No terceiro capítulo, as relações filogenéticas de Helieae foram investigadas com base em novos dados moleculares e maior amostragem de alguns clados. Seqüências de DNA de duas regiões nucleares (ITS e 5S-NTS) e dados morfológicos foram analisados separadamente e em conjunto por meio de inferências de parcimônia e Bayesiana. Foram incluídos 86 espécimes representantes de 17 gêneros e 51 espécies de Helieae. Desse total, 47 espécimes possuíam seqüências das duas regiões e oito possuíam apenas dados morfológicos. O conjunto de dados completo gerou topologias largamente congruentes com aquelas obtidas com a análise de dois subconjuntos, um sem \"dados ausentes\" e outro incluindo táxons sem dados para uma das partições moleculares. A inclusão de maior número de táxons e de um novo conjunto de dados gerou um resultado consistente quanto ao posicionamento relativo de alguns clados, permitindo a definição de novas circunscrições genéricas para Calolisianthus, Chelonanthus, Helia e, em menor grau, para Symbolanthus. O gênero Calolisianthus constituía-se de 610 espécies, mas como resultado desses estudos filogenéticos moleculares e morfológicos, no quarto capítulo desta Tese uma nova circunscrição é apresentada e a atual lectotipificação questionada com base em conflito com o protólogo. O gênero recircunscrito, revisado no quinto capítulo, contém 4 espécies (uma delas nova para a ciência) endêmicas dos campos rupestres e cerrados do Brasil. O gênero é caracterizado pelo hábito herbáceo a subarbustivo, pelas flores de cor rosa, vermelha, roxo-azulada ou lilás e por tétrades polínicas com exina reticulada, apresentando ilhas de retículo mais espessado. São fornecidas chave de identificação, descrições morfológicas, ilustrações, mapas de distribuição e comentários sobre o status de conservação de cada espécie. Também como resultado dos estudos filogenéticos desta Tese, duas espécies que pertenciam ao gênero Calolisianthus são transferidas para Chelonanthus. No sexto capítulo, são apresentadas descrições morfológicas, ilustrações e mapas de distribuição geográfica dessas espécies. Por fim, propõe-se que Adenolisianthus e os \"Chelonanthus de flores verdes\", os quais não são proximamente relacionados à espécie tipo do gênero, sejam incluídos em um gênero Helia mais amplamente circunscrito. No último capítulo, a lectotipificação de Helia é questionada com base na dificuldade de reconhecimento da identidade do atual lectótipo. Propõe-se que esse lectótipo seja rejeitado e substituído pela designação de um novo. Helia sensu stricto compreende 2 espécies que ocorrem em brejos e campos úmidos do Brasil e Paraguai. Caracteriza-se pelo hábito herbáceo e pelas corolas salverformes de coloração amarelo-esverdeada, creme ou alva. São apresentadas suas descrições morfológicas, chave de identificação e mapas de distribuição.Helieae, one of the six Gentianaceae tribes, comprises about 23 genera and over 200 species found exclusively in the Neotropics. It is a highly diverse assemblage of plants, which have traditionally been problematic regarding generic circumscriptions. Several Helieae genera were understudied and phylogenetic relationships within the tribe were unclear. On these grounds, the present seven-chapter Thesis aimed to provide solid hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of the tribe, focusing primarily on the study of four of these poorly known genera, specifically, Calolisianthus Gilg, Helia Mart., Prepusa Mart. and Senaea Taub., which occur mainly in Brazil. In the first chapter, a morphologybased phylogeny and taxonomic revision of Prepusa and Senaea are presented. Based on studies of herbarium collections, five species of Prepusa and two species of Senaea are recognized. All are endemic to montane habitats in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Morphological descriptions, identification keys, illustrations and distribution maps for each species are provided. Prepusa and Senaea are morphologically, geographically, and phylogenetically isolated within Helieae, and their close relationship is supported by 6-merous flowers. Phylogenetic analyses of 33 morphological characters using both parsimony and Bayesian methods provide a consistent picture of the relationships of Prepusa and Senaea. The two genera are monophyletic and sister to one another. Parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses including 22 genera and 60 species of the tribe Helieae are presented in the second chapter. This study is based on data from morphology, palynology, and seed micromorphology (127 structural characters), and DNA sequences (matK, trnL intron, ITS). Phylogenetic reconstructions based on ITS and morphology provided the greatest resolution. Celiantha, Prepusa and Senaea together appear as the sister clade to the rest of Helieae. The remainder of Helieae is largely divided into two large subclades, the \"Macrocarpaea\" subclade and the \"Symbolanthus\" subclade. The first subclade includes Macrocarpaea, sister to Chorisepalum, Tachia, and Zonanthus. Irlbachia and Neblinantha are placed as sisters to the \"Symbolanthus\" subclade, which includes Aripuana, Calolisianthus, Chelonanthus, Helia, Lagenanthus, Lehmanniella, Purdieanthus, Rogersonanthus, Roraimaea, Sipapoantha, and Symbolanthus. Generic-level polyphyly is detected in Chelonanthus and Irlbachia. Evolution of morphological characters is discussed, and new pollen and seed characters are evaluated for the first time in a combined morphological-molecular phylogenetic analysis. In the third chapter, phylogenetic relationships in Helieae were studied based on new data and larger sampling in particular clades. DNA sequences from two nuclear regions (ITS and 5S-NTS) and morphological data were analyzed separately and in combination using parsimony and Bayesian inference. A 184 total of 86 specimens representing 17 and 51 Helieae genera and species, respectively, were included in the phylogenetic analyses; 47 specimens are sequenced for both regions, and eight have only morphological data. The complete data set produced topologies largely congruent with the ones obtained from two subsets, one without missing data, and another including taxa without data for one molecular partition. The use of new information led to a consistent result in the relative position of some clades and allowed defining new generic circumscriptions for Calolisianthus, Chelonanthus, Helia, and, to a lesser extent, Symbolanthus. The genus Calolisianthus formerly encompassed 610 species. As a result of these molecular and morphological phylogenetic studies, in the fourth chapter a new circumscription is presented and the existing lectotypification of Calolisianthus is questioned. It is proposed that this lectotype is rejected and superseded by the designation of a new lectotype, based chiefly on the conflict with the protologue. The genus Calolisianthus in its new circumscription, revised in the fifth chapter, comprises 4 species (one new to science) endemic to campos rupestres and cerrados in Brazil. The genus is characterized by herbaceous to subshrubby habit, by pink, red, purple-blue or lilac flowers, and by shedding pollen in reticulate tetrads with islands of coarse reticulum. Taxonomic key, morphological descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and comments about conservation status are provided. Moreover, two former Calolisianthus species are transferred to Chelonanthus. Morphological descriptions, illustrations and geographic distribution maps of these species are presented in the sixth chapter. Finally, it is proposed that Adenolisianthus and the \"green-flowered Chelonathus\", which are not closely related to the type species, be included in a largely circumscribed Helia. In the final chapter, the existing lectotypification of Helia is questioned based on the difficulties in recognizing the material identity. It is proposed that this lectotype is rejected and superseded by the designation of a new lectotype. Helia sensu stricto comprises 2 species that occur in swamps and wet fields in Brazil and Paraguay. They are characterized by their herbaceous habit and greenish-yellow, cream or white, salverform corollas. Morphological descriptions, identification keys, illustrations, and distribution maps are provided for both of them.
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Do, Kimberly Fearn. "A Determination of Phylogeny and Hybridization History Within Clematis L. (Ranunculaceae) Using Actin and Nitrate Reductase Intron Sequences." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3753.
Full textAbstract:
The phylogeny of Clematis, section Viorna, was characterized in this study using molecular data. Two nuclear introns were sequenced for a variety of taxa: actin and nitrate reductase. Actin intron sequence data yielded very little phylogenetic information. Some basal clades were resolved, but there were very few well supported relationships between species of the Viorna section in both the neighbor joining and maximum parsimony analyses. Nitrate reductase intron sequence data was slightly more variable. The number of well supported relationships in both the neighbor joining and maximum parsimony analyses for nitrate reductase was greater, but still not sufficient to yield an informative tree. Two possible explanations for the lack of variation are that these species have not evolved many differences in these intron sequences or that common alleles are flowing between the species. Hybrid analysis using the actin intron was inconclusive because the experimentally generated hybrid possessed an allele that neither parents tested had. More sampling from multiple individuals from both parent and multiple hybrid individuals is necessary to answer this question. The hybrid specimen tested was homozygous for the nitrate reductase intron marker, and both parents also possessed the allele. This did not directly support or refute the use of these markers for tracking the hybridization history within Clematis.
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Wright, Bethany Ann. "Systematic studies in the genus Phlox (polemoniaceae): cytotypic variation in Phlox nana nutt. and utility of a low copy nuclear gene region (IDHB) for phylogeny development." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18242.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Biology
Carolyn J. Ferguson
The genus Phlox L. presents intriguing opportunities for systematics research, and P. nana is of particular interest. Phlox nana occurs chiefly in mountains of the Chihuahuan desert to northern New Mexico, and it exhibits much morphological variation across its range. Historically, this taxon has been recognized as a single species (sometimes with infraspecific taxa), or as several species. Perhaps most interesting, variation in ploidy level (cytotypic variation) has been evidenced for P. nana. This research employed flow cytometry methods in conjunction with chromosome counts to document patterns of cytotypic variation. Intensive fieldwork in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas enabled excellent sampling, and evaluation of ploidy level for 76 populations was achieved. Diploid and tetraploid chromosome counts were made (four diploid counts; five tetraploid counts), and flow cytometry was conducted on all populations, providing evidence for diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid populations. Polyploids were found to occur in many geographical areas, and in some regions, diploids and polyploids occur in close geographical proximity (e.g., within both the Davis Mountains and the Chisos Mountains of west Texas). Genome size data are presented (with discussion of unusual populations), and geographic patterns of cytotypic variation are presented and discussed. Patterns are also briefly considered with respect to morphology and taxonomy: cytotypic variation does not readily align with historical recognition of taxonomic variation, and this work sets the stage for ongoing, detailed morphometric study. Research on particular species of Phlox benefits from an understanding of a broad phylogenetic context, and low copy nuclear DNA regions are an important resource for phylogeny development. This research further evaluated part of the NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (idhB) for its usefulness in inferring relationships in Phlox. Samples were PCR amplified for idhB and cloned, and resulting sequences were added to a larger set of idhB sequence data previously developed in the lab. A total of 163 samples were included, and Bayesian Inference and Maximum Parsimony analyses were conducted for complete data sets. Phylogenetic findings are discussed in light of previous work based on chloroplast and high copy nuclear DNA regions, and challenges and utility of using idhB are discussed.
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Lin, Qianshi. "Using a low-copy nuclear gene (phosphoglycerate kinase; PGK) to explore the phylogeny of the aquatic plant family Hydatellaceae (Nymphaeales)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50564.
Full textAbstract:
Hydatellaceae are a small aquatic family of 12 species related to water lilies, part of the ANITA grade of angiosperms. Our current understanding of phylogenetic relationships in the family comes from several plastid genes and nuclear ITS data. These data sets are generally highly congruent, and lend support to the monophyly of multiple species. However, the published nuclear ITS tree was unrooted (outgroups were too distant to align), and there were several minor phylogenetic conflicts between plastid and ITS gene trees for three closely related species, Trithuria bibracteata, T. occidentalis, and T. submersa; two of these species were also not reciprocally monophyletic in individual gene trees. The position of T. occidentalis was also based on very limited plastid data, and there was no molecular evidence to link staminate and pistillate individuals in this species. To further clarify phylogenetic relationships and species boundaries, I recovered two copies of nuclear-encoded phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene from taxa in Hydatellaceae and several water lilies. I reconstructed the history of the PGK duplication in angiosperms as a whole. I also added plastid data from additional populations of several species, and estimated the dated species tree using a Bayesian multispecies coalescent approach to reconcile different gene trees. The angiosperm-level PGK gene tree indicated that the duplication of PGK gene may have happened around the origin of angiosperms. The root of Hydatellaceae implied by concatenated nuclear PGK matches that inferred from plastid data. Trithuria occidentalis is clearly placed in sect. Trithuria, and staminate and pistillate individuals of this species are linked together using new evidence from the plastid and PGK genes. Phylogenetic relationships inferred using each PGK copy are consistent with the sectional relationships inferred using plastid and ITS data, with less sharply defined species boundaries. I also explore the possibility here that some of the incongruence that I observed between individual genes trees and in inferred species trees is a consequence of additional minor gene duplications or polyploidization/introgression events.Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate
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Pouryahya, Fatemeh. "Small Peripheral Structures in Unlabelled Trees and the Evolution of Polyploids." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42413.
Full textAbstract:
Many angiosperms have undergone some series of polyploidization events over the course of their evolutionary history. In these genomes, especially those resulting from
multiple autopolyploidization, it may be relatively easy to recognize all the sets
of n homeologous chromosomes, but it is much harder, if not impossible, to partition
these chromosomes into n subgenomes, each representing one distinct genomic
component of chromosomes making up the original polyploid. Thus, if we wish to
infer the polyploidization history of the genome, we could make use of all the gene
trees inferred from the genes in one set of homeologous chromosomes to construct a
consensus tree, but there is no evident way of combining the trees from the different
sets because we have no labelling of the chromosomes that is known to be consistent
across these sets. We suggest here that lacking a consistent leaf-labelling, the topological structure of the trees may display sufficient resemblance so that a higher level consensus could be revealing of evolutionary history. This would be especially true of the peripheral structures of the tree, likely representing events that occurred more recently and have thus been less obscured by subsequent evolutionary processes. Here, we present a statistical test to assess whether the subgenomes in a polyploid genome could have been added one at a time. The null hypothesis is that the accumulation of chromosomes follows a stochastic process in which transition from one generation to the next is through randomly choosing an edge, and then subdividing this edge in order to link the new internal vertex to a new external vertex. We analyze the probability distributions of a number of peripheral tree substructures, namely leaf- or terminal-pairs, triples and quadruples, arising from this stochastic process, in terms of some exact recurrences. We propose some conjectures regarding the asymptotic behaviours of these distributions. Applying our analysis to a sugarcane genome, we demonstrate that it is unlikely that the accumulation of subgenomes has occurred one at a time in this genome.
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Imada, Yume. "Diversity and evolution of the bryophyte-feeding insects in two early-diverging clades of Lepidoptera and Diptera." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225683.
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Malusa, James Rudolph. "The phylogeny and water relations of pinyon pines in relation to the vicariance biogeography of the American southwest." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191149.
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Axelrod (1958) suggested that the late Tertiary shift in regional climate -- the elimination of summer rains -- had a profound influence on the evolution of biotic provinces in the American southwest. In particular, the taxa endemic to biotic provinces characterized by summer drought, e.g., the Mojave Desert, should be derived from ancestors that likely inhabited regions of summer rain, e.g., the Chihuahuan Desert. Further, the derived features of summer-drought taxa should be related to water stress. I examined Axelrod's thesis, using a combination of phylogenetic systematics, physiological ecology, and vicariance biogeography. The first chapter is a cladistic study of the pinyon pines, 13 taxa of small trees that range from the summer-wet regions of Mexico to the summer drought regions of Nevada and California. A parsimony analysis using twenty morphological characters showed that the most recently derived pinyons are from regions of summer drought. The "summer-drought" taxa are characterized by relatively few needles per fascicle. Because fewer needles per fascicle results in a reduction in the needle surface-to-volume ratio, Haller (1965) hypothesized that fewer needles in pines is an adaptation to reduce transpirational water loss. The second chapter reports on a two year study of the xylem pressure potentials of single- and double-needled fascicles of hybrid pinyons in central Arizona. The results showed no significant differences between single- and double-needles. I concluded that either needle morphology does not effect water relations, or that the relatively high precipitation during the study did not allow significant water stress to occur. The third chapter uses the methods of vicariance biogeography to search for a common pattern of relationship between southwestern biotic provinces, as indicated by the relationships of their endemic taxa. Using a biogeographic parsimony analysis, I compared the area cladograms of six taxa -- junipers, pinyon pines, the composite Palafoxia, hedgehog cactus, desert tortoises, and gecko lizards. The most parsimonious area cladogram supports Axelrod's (1958) hypothesis, but also shows that some taxa, notably the junipers, support other patterns of area relationships, e.g., summer-drought primitive. I suggest that there is no single pattern of area relationships because of the effects of the Pleistocene (including dispersal and extinction) and vicariance events other than the Tertiary climatic change, e.g., the separation of the Baja peninsula from mainland Mexico during the Miocene.
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Wang, Yinu. "Relationships among Rubus (Rosaceae) Species used in Traditional Chinese Medicine." TopSCHOLAR®, 2011. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1073.
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Traditional Chinese medicine has a long history of using plants therapeutically including multiple species of the genus Rubus (Rosaceae). Fruits and other parts of Rubus plants have had a significant effect on human health and nutrition in both ancient and modern times. The pharmacological effects of Rubus include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-stress, anti-cancer and anti-aging properties. One of the current challenges limiting further development of Rubus resources in traditional Chinese medicine is a poor understanding of phylogenetic relationships among Rubus species in general and especially among Asian species, and also the need for additional studies of phytochemicals. Several confounding factors are frequent hybridization, polyploidy, and highly variable morphology due in part to diverse ecological conditions across species’ distributions. The goal of this study was to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among Rubus species in the predominantly Asian subgenera Idaeobatus and Malachobatus emphasizing species valued in traditional Chinese medicine. Sequences of six noncoding (plus matK) chloroplast DNA regions totaling 8,276 aligned characters were analyzed for 35 Rubus species using maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML). Both analytical approaches yielded topologically identical phylogenies except for one additional grouping in the ML tree. The phylogeny has nearly complete resolution and divides the species into two primary clades; one comprises R. geoides (representing the Southern Trans-Pacific clade), R. nivalis (subg. Chamaebatus) and R. trivialis (representing subg. Rubus) and the other is composed largely of R. arcticus and R.saxatilis (subg. Cylactis), and the large subgenera Idaeobatus (raspberries) and Malachobatus. Within the latter, principally Asian clade, three unresolved lineages exist (four using MP) precluding an improved understanding of the relationships among them. However, three major subclades containing Asian species have good support. Two contain subg. Idaeobatus species only, and the third comprises members of the exclusively polyploid subgenera Malachobatus and Dalibardastrum. Examination of the presence of biochemically active terpenes reveal that triterpenes are common among subg. Idaeobatus species with diterpenes reported only in R. pungens and R. chingii (not sampled). Subg. Malachobatus species have not been as thoroughly investigated so triterpenes may also be common in these species. From these results, multiple subg. Idaeobatus and subg. Malachobatus species may be good candidates for terpene analysis as members of their respective clades possess triterpenes. Moreover, five species not currently used in traditional Chinese medicine should be evaluated as they also occur in China, and may possess medicinal value.
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Lee, Sangmi. "SYSTEMATICS OF HOLARCTIC TELEIODINI (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE)." MSSTATE, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-05232007-092441/.
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Phylogenetic relationships of 25 genera of Holarctic Teleiodini (Gelechiidae) are postulated based on morphology and molecular characters, including CO?I, CO?II, and 28S genes. The phylogenetic analysis of the morphology matrix yielded six equal most parsimonious trees (length 329 steps, CI = 0.38, RI = 0.53) and a strict consensus tree (length 342 steps, CI = 0.36, RI = 0.50) with two polytomies and two trichotomies. The phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphology matrix and the CO?I + CO?II + 28S matrix yielded two equally most parsimonious trees (length 1184 steps, CI = 0.50, RI = 0.41) and a strict consensus tree (length 1187 steps, CI = 0.50, RI = 0.40) that reinforced results from the morphological analysis and resolved the two polytomies and one of the two trichotomies present in the morphology consensus tree. Teleiodini are defined as a monophyletic clade with a Bremer support value greater than 5 in the consensus tree based on morphology and molecular data. Twenty?three clades of genera are defined with Bremer support values provided. An analyses of larval host plant preferences based on the consensus tree for combined data indicates derivation of feeding on woody hosts from genera feeding on herbaceous hosts and a single origin of feeding on coniferous hosts. An area cladogram indicates five independent origins of Nearctic genera from Holarctic ancestors and one origin from a Palearctic genus. The review of genera includes descriptions of imagos, genitalia, larvae, and pupae with illustrations of selected species. A new genus and a new species from Alabama and Mississippi, United States are described with illustrations of imago, wing venation, and male and female genitalia.
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Silva, Juliana Santos 1983. "Filogenia, estudos micromorfológicos e revisão taxonômica de Mimosa ser. Leiocarpae Benth. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) = Phylogeny, micromorphological studies and taxonomic revision of Mimosa ser. Leiocarpae Benth. (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae)." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314821.
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Orientadores: Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo Tozzi, Marcelo Fragomeni SimonTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Mimosa L. é o segundo maior gênero de Mimosoideae, com distribuição pantropical e mais de 500 espécies. Entre as cinco seções do gênero, Mimosa sect. Batocaulon DC., com 190 espécies, é uma das seções mais diversificadas morfologicamente. Dentre as suas 25 séries, Mimosa ser. Leiocarpae Benth. é a maior, com 31 espécies distribuídas principalmente nos ambientes xéricos sulamericanos. Caracteriza-se pelos diferentes tipos de tricomas e pelas flores tetrâmeras, diplostêmones agrupadas em espigas. Muitas das suas espécies são mal definidas, o que é agravado pela ausência de ilustrações para maioria delas e pela escassez de coleta de alguns táxons. Estudos filogenéticos moleculares têm sustentado o monofiletismo de Mimosa, mas têm demonstrado que suas categorias infragenéricas, precisam de melhor esclarecimento, haja vista o seu para- ou polifiletismo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a realização de estudos filogenéticos, micromorfológicos e a revisão taxonômica de M. ser. Leiocarpae, visando contribuir com taxonomia e a delimitação desse grupo. O estudo filogenético baseou-se em marcadores moleculares derivados do DNA do nuclear (ITS) e do cloroplasto (matK/trnK, trnD-trnT e trnL-trnF), analisadas através dos métodos de máxima parcimônia e análise Bayesiana, enquanto que os estudos taxonômicos revisionais e micromorfológicos fundamentaram-se nos procedimentos taxonômicos e micromofológicos tradicionais, respectivamente. No capítulo 1, que trata da filogenia de M. ser. Leiocarpae, as análises cladísticas mostraram que a ser. Leiocarpae é polifilética, sendo representada por três distintas linhagens. Com estes resultados, houve a necessidade de se propor a sua re-circunscrição, aceitando cinco das 31 espécies incluídas na M. ser. Leiocarpae, juntamente com espécies de Mimosa ser. Bimucronatae Barneby e M. ser. Farinosae Barneby. O capítulo 2 traz o estudo micromorfológico dos diferentes tipos de tricomas de Mimosa, com enfâse nas espécies de M. ser. Leiocarpae, grupo que exibe uma grande diversidade de tricomas. A morfologia dos tricomas de 35 espécies foi estudada usando microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura com objetivo de esclarecer a terminologia tradicionalmente usada e testar hipóteses evolutivas. Dois tipos de tricomas foram reconhecidos: glandular e não glandular. Os tricomas glandulares podem ser sésseis ou estipitados, enquanto os não gladulares podem ser ramificados (barbados, estrelados, estrelado-lepidotos, lepidotos, plumosos e verruciformes) ou não. Tricomas glandulares e não glandulares evoluíram independentemente em diferentes linhagens em Mimosa, corroborando, em geral, as hipóteses sobre a evolução dos tricomas de Barneby (1991). O capítulo 3 trata do estudo palinológico das espéceis de M. ser. Leiocarpae e suas implicações na filogenia e taxonomia do grupo (Santos-Silva et al. 2013a). Os grãos de pólen são agrupados em tétrades ou ditétrades. A morfologia do pólen não sustenta a monofiletismo de M. ser. Leiocarpae, apoiando as evidências trazidas pelos estudos filogenéticos moleculares. No capítulo 4 é apresentada a revisão das espécies de M. ser. Leiocarpae sensu Barneby (1991). Foram propostas 11 novas sinonimizações, uma lectotipificação, um novo status, além disso, foram complementadas a descrição original de três espécies e registradas quatro novas ocorrências para a América do Sul. No anexo encontra-se a descrição uma nova espécie de Mimosa (Santos-Silva et al. 2013b)
Abstract: Mimosa L. is a pantropical genus with more than 500 species, making it the second largest genus of subfamily Mimosoideae. Of the five currently recognized sections of the genus, Mimosa sect. Batocaulon DC. is one of the largest and morphologically most diverse, comprising ca. 190 species. Among the 25 currently recognized series within sect. Batocaulon, Mimosa ser. Leiocarpae Benth. is the largest, comprising 31 species mainly distributed in xeric habitats of South America. It is characterized by the presence of specialized trichomes and by the spikes of tetramerous, diplostemonous flowers. Many of its species are poorly defined, and this was exacerbated by the lack of illustrations for the majority of the species and by the scarcity of collections of some taxa. Molecular phylogenetic studies have supported the monophyly of Mimosa, but they have demonstrated that its infrageneric groups are para- or polyphyletic. The objective of the present work was to conduct a phylogenetic, micromorphologic studies and taxonomic revision of M. ser. Leiocarpae, as a contribution towards its taxonomy and delimitation. The phylogenetic study was based on molecular markers obtained from nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (matK/trnK, trnD-trnT and trnL-trnF) DNA, analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian methods; the taxonomic and micromorphologic studies were based on traditional methods. In Chapter 1, concerning the phylogeny of M. ser. Leiocarpae, the analyses showed that the group is polyphyletic, and is represented by three distinct lineages. These results demanded a revised circumscription of M. ser. Leiocarpae that recognizes five of the 31 species traditionally included in the group and three more species from Mimosa ser. Bimucronatae Barneby and M. ser. Farinosae Barneby. Chapter 2 is a micromorphological study of the trichome types observed in Mimosa, with emphasis on the species of ser. Leiocarpae, which exhibits notable diversity of trichomes. The leaf trichomes of 35 species were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes, with the objective of clarifying the traditional terminology for describing these trichome types and for testing hypotheses regarding their evolution. Two basic types of trichomes were recognized, glandular and non-glandular. The glandular trichomes can be sessile or stipitate, while the non-glandular trichomes can be branched (barbate, stellate, lepidote-stellate, lepidote, plumose, and verruciform) or unbranched. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes evolved independently in different lineages of Mimosa, essentially corroborating current hypotheses on trichome evolution by Barneby (1991). Chapter 3 is a palynological study of the species of M. ser. Leiocarpae and of the implications for the taxonomy of the group (Santos-Silva, 2013a). Pollen grains are arranged in tetrads of ditetrads, the latter decussate, isopolar or heteropolar, compressed or not, the outline elliptic or ellipsoid. The results of the pollen morphology do not support the monophyly of M. ser. Leiocarpae s.l., corroborating evidences from molecular phylogenetic studies. Chapter 4 is a revision of M. ser. Leiocarpae s.l.. In this chapter proposed eleven new synonymies, one lectotypification, and one new status. Three species descriptions are emended, and four new geographic records are reported for South America. Annex consist of already published article that describe one new species in Mimosa (Santos-Silva et al. 2013b)
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutora em Biologia Vegetal
40
Bonhomme, Vincent. "Écologie, Évolution et Développement du genre des plantes carnivores à urnes du genre Nepenthes." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20110.
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Le genre de plantes carnivores à Nepenthes comporte au moins 120 espèces, réparties dans le sud est asiatique avec les iles de Bornéo et de Sumatra comme centres d'endémisme et de diversité. Ce sont des lianes, dont les feuilles modifiées en urnes comportent un faisceau d'adaptations physicochimiques et morphologiques qui concourent à l'attraction, la capture et la digestion d'arthropodes. La très grande diversité morphologique du genre est couplé e à une diversité fonctionnelle : les mécanismes de rétention sont variables d'une espèce à l'autre. A côté de cette diversité interspécifique, certaines espèces voient la morphologie et le fonctionnement de leurs urnes se modifier au cours de leur ontogénie. Cette thèse fait le lien entre les mécanismes du piégeage et l'écologie de quelques espèces et l'histoire évolutive et de la diversification du genreThe carnivorous genus encompasses at least 120 species mainly distributed in SE Asia with Borneo and Sumatra recognized as endemism and diversity centers. They are vines whose leaves modified as pitchers exhibit an array of morphological and physicochemical adaptations that compete to the attraction, the capture and the digestion of arthropods. Besides the great morphological diversity the genus comprises a functional diversity exists: retentive mechanisms vary between species and in some species pitcher morphologies and functioning can also change throughout ontogeny. This thesis attempts to describe the trapping mechanisms and the ecology of some species to the evolutionary history of the diversification of the genus
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Rojas, Aldo. "A complex of begomoviruses affecting tomato crops in Nicaragua /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a492.pdf.
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O'Rourke, Christina Margaret. "Cell wall polysaccharides in charophytic algae." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17868.
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Plants colonised land 460 million years ago and charophytes represent the closest living relatives of land plants. The ability to live on land may depend on the presence of certain cell wall polysaccharides such as xyloglucan, a hemicellulose exclusively found in land plants (Popper and Fry, 2003). The cell walls of charophytes are poorly characterised. The aim of this project was to use biochemical techniques to characterise the cell wall polysaccharides of charophytic algae in relation to early land plant phylogeny. Hydrolysis of Coleochaete scutata and Chara vulgaris cell walls in 2 M trifluoroacetic acid yielded predominantly GalA, Gal, Glc and Man residues and also some Ara, Xyl and traces of Fuc and Rha. In addition, hydrolysis of Chara pectin revealed an abundance of an unusual monosaccharide, 3-O-methyl-D-galactose, which was structurally identified by a series of 1-D and 2D NMR spectroscopy by COSY, TOCSY, NOESY and HSQC. 3-O-Methyl-D-galactose is more commonly found in lycophyte cell walls where its presence has been suggested to be related to lycophytes’ evolutionarily isolated position (Popper et al., 2001). The newly discovered presence of 3-O-methyl-D-galactose in charophyte pectin suggests that this polymer may be more complex than previously thought. Coleochaete and Chara hemicellulose extracts were fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography into five classes. A strongly anionic fraction from Chara hemicellulose was found to be rich in Glc, Xyl, Gal and Fuc suggestive of a xyloglucan-like polysaccharide. However, XEG was unable to produce diagnostic xyloglucan oligosaccharides in either Coleochaete or Chara hemicelluloses. Xylanase and mannanase digestion of Coleochaete and Chara hemicelluloses gave xylan- and mannan-oligosaccharides. Furthermore, lichenase digestion of Coleochaete hemicellulose yielded an unusual octasaccharide composed of approximately equimolar xylose and glucose. My work has shown that charophyte cell walls are a source of undiscovered monosaccharides and potentially novel pectic and hemicellulosic domains which may have important functions in enabling the successful colonisation of land by plants.
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Palumbo, Rose E. "Target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) analysis of Pelargonium." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1198159351.
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Palmé, Anna. "Evolutionary history and chloroplast DNA variation in three plant genera: Betula, Corylus and Salix. : The impact of post-glacial colonisation and hybridisation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Conservation Biology and Genetics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3281.
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The great difference in the level of chloroplast variation and its geographic structure among the three main species studied here demonstrates that forest species do not form a homogeneous group. Hazel shows a genetic structure similar to many other thermophilous species and this structure, in combination with fossil evidence, indicates that the post-glacial colonisation of most of Europe originated in a refugium in western France while the Balkan and Italy were colonised from a south-eastern refugium.
In sallow and silver birch the chloroplast DNA variation and its structure does not fit with a scenario of glacial restriction to southern refugia and survival at intermediate latitudes is suggested for both species. The chloroplast DNA variation in silver birch suggests the presence of one western and one eastern European post-glacial colonisation route and limited contribution of southern populations in the colonisation of the rest of Europe. Unique haplotypes by the Ural Mountains indicates the possibility of a separate glacial origin of these populations.
The study of chloroplast DNA in species closely related to sallow and silver birch indicate that extensive hybridisation and cytoplasmic gene flow occurs within both the Salix and Betula genera in Europe. The nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies of 14 Betula species were not in complete agreement with each other or with the classical division of the Betula genus into subgenera or sections. The phylogenetic structure implies that hybridisation has played a role in the evolution of the Betula genus.
This thesis focuses on the chloroplast DNA variation in three forest tree genera: Corylus, Betula and Salix. Chloroplast PCR-RFLP is used to evaluate the post-glacial history of hazel, Corylus avellana, silver birch, Betula pendula and sallow, Salix caprea and to explore the possibility of introgression in the Salix and Betula genera. In addition, the chloroplast matK gene, its flanking regions and the nuclear ADH gene were used to study the phylogenetic relationships within the Betula genus.
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Koehler, Samantha 1975. "Relações filogeneticas e diversificação no complexo 'Maxillaria Madida' (Maxillariinae:Orchidaceae)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315354.
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Orientador: Maria do Carmo Estanislau do AmaralTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Não informado
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Mestre em Biologia Vegetal
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Amani, Ya Igugu Aimé-Christian. "Vegetation patterns and role of edaphic heterogeneity on plant communities in semi-deciduous forests from the Congo Basin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209877.
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Contrary to the other forest ecosystems in the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R. Congo), semi-deciduous forests have so far attracted little attention and studies regarding their ecological aspects remain sketchy. Yet semi-deciduous forests are among the most important non-flooded ecosystems in the Congo Basin and their importance is high, both ecologically and economically. They are home to a variety of species, some of them being exploited for timber by forest companies acting in the region. There is a constant need to focus on their composition and diversity, and to understand factors shaping their communities.Using a sampling method broadly inspired from the synusial phytosociology approach, we examined plant communities within each of the forest layers composing the overstorey (canopy and emergent trees) and the understorey (shrub and herbaceous layers).
The role of edaphic heterogeneity on plant communities in the considered semi-deciduous forests was examined. We mainly focused on:
- Floristic parameters within these ecosystems;
- Spatial structure of edaphic variables;
- Species responses to edaphic heterogeneity;
- Distance decay in the considered ecosystems;
- Phylogenetic patterns within plant communities.
Some of the species found in the considered semi-deciduous forests are more related to a type of soil than another, defining some “edaphic specialists” species while many others can be considered “generalists”. Spatial distance effect in the considered plant communities is marked by a decrease of floristic similarity with the geographical distance and all the forest layers showed a pattern of spatial phylogenetic clustering meaning that species cohabiting within a same plot are more related than species from distant plots.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Martins, Milena Ventrichi 1982. "Filogenia do gênero Erythrina L. (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae, Phaseoleae) e revisão taxonômica das espécies ocorrentes no Brasil." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314802.
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Orientador: Ana Maria Goulart de Azevedo TozziTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Erythrina L. é o terceiro maior gênero da tribo Phaseoleae, com 120 espécies, tradicionalmente subdivididas em cinco subgêneros e 27 seções. Possui distribuição pantropical, com 70 espécies na região neotropical, 38 espécies na África e Madagascar e 12 espécies na Ásia e Austrália. O gênero é caracterizado pelo hábito arbóreo a arbustivo, ramos e/ou caule armados, estipelas glandulares e tricomas ramificados, além da grande diversidade morfológica das flores. Muitas espécies de Erythrina apresentam importância econômica, sobretudo na indústria farmacêutica. No Brasil, a identidade das espécies utilizadas como medicamento nem sempre é confiável, devido ao uso do nome popular "mulungu" que pode se referir a qualquer das espécies do gênero. Estudos filogenéticos moleculares têm sustentado o monofiletismo de Erythrina, mas têm demonstrado que suas categorias infragenéricas precisam de maior esclarecimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi à realização de estudos filogenéticos e a revisão taxonômica das espécies que ocorrem no Brasil, visando contribuir com a taxonomia e filogenia do gênero. O estudo filogenético baseou-se em sequências do marcador molecular ITS do DNA nuclear, analisadas através dos métodos de análise de máxima parcimônia e de análise bayesiana; enquanto que os estudos taxonômicos revisionais e morfológicos fundamentaram-se nos procedimentos tradicionais. O capitulo 1 trata da filogenia do gênero Erythrina, foram amostradas 75 espécies, as quais representam expressiva diversidade morfológica e geográfica do gênero. As análises cladísticas confirmaram o monofiletismo do gênero e indicaram que os subgêneros Erythrina, Erythraster e Chirocalyx são parafiléticos. Não foi possível ter evidências concretas do monofilestismo do subgênero Micropteryx, devido ao baixo valor de sustentação em ambas as análises. No capítulo 2 é apresentada a revisão taxonômica das espécies do gênero que ocorrem no Brasil. Foram reconhecidos 11 espécies nativas e 26 sinônimos taxonômicos. Dois nomes específicos foram restabelecidos, Erythrina mulungu Mart. ex Benth. como nome válido para E. dominguezii Hassl. e E. martii Colla como nome válido para E. falcata Benth.. Foram propostos três novos sinônimos e 12 lectotipificações. As espécies nativas ocorrentes no Brasil e E. variegata L., espécie exótica amplamente cultivada no Brasil como ornamental, foram descritas, ilustradas e tiveram dados sobre distribuição geográfica, habitat, épocas de floração e frutificação e polinização e dispersão atualizados. Foi elaborada uma chave para a correta identificação das espécies revisadas, incluindo as usadas como medicamento fitoterápico
Abstract: Erythrina L. is the third largest genus of the Phaseoleae tribe, with 120 species traditionally subdivided into five subgenera and 27 sections. Species of Erythrina have Pantropical distribution, with 70 species in the Neotropics, 38 species in Africa and Madagascar and 12 species in Asia and Australia. It is mainly characterized by arboreal and shrubby habit, branches and/or armed stem, presence of glandular stipels and branched trichomes, besides the great diversity of the flowers. Many species of Erythrina are ornamental and some are of great economic importance, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry. In Brazil, the identity of the species used as medicine is not always reliable due to the use of the common name "mulungu" which can refer to any species of the genus. Molecular phylogenetic studies have supported the monophyletism of Erythrina but have shown that most infrageneric categories that need further clarification. The objective of this study was to perform phylogenetic studies and a taxonomic revision of the species occurring in Brazil, aiming to contribute to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus. The phylogenetic study was based on molecular marker obtained from nuclear (ITS) DNA, analyzed using parsimony and Bayesian methods; while the revisional morphological and taxonomic studies were based on traditional procedures. The Chapter 1, concerning the phylogeny of genus Erythrina, 75 species were sampled, which represent significant morphological and geographical diversity of the genus. Cladistic analyzes confirmed the monophyly of the genus and indicated that subgeneras Erythrina, Erythraster and Chirocalyx are paraphyletic. Could not have concrete evidence of the subgenus monofilestismo Micropteryx, due to the low amount of support in both analyzes. Chapter 2 is a taxonomic revision of the genus occurring in Brazil, resulted in the recognition of 11 native species and 26 taxonomic synonyms. Two specific names were reinstated. Erythrina mulungu Mart. ex Benth. as valid for E. dominguezii Hassl. and E. martii Colla as valid for E. falcata Benth.. Three new synonymizations and 12 lectotypifications were also proposed. The native species occurring in Brazil and E. variegata L., exotic species widely grown as an ornamental in Brazil, are described, illustrated and had data on geographic distribution, habitat, flowering and fruiting times, and pollination and dispersal updated. A key to the correct identification of revised species, including those used as herbal medicine was developed
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutora em Biologia Vegetal
48
Hochschartner, Gerald. "Revealing the past : the potential of a novel small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) marker system for studying plant evolution." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1695.
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Despite the existence of various molecular marker systems there are still limitations in distinguishing between closely related species based on molecular divergence, especially when hybridization events have occurred in the past. The characterisation of plant small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) genes and their organisation into multigene clusters provides a potential nuclear marker system which could help in resolving the phylogenetic history of plants and might be applicable in DNA barcoding. Using closely and distantly related Senecio species, I investigated a combination of fragment length and sequence variation of snoRNA genes/snoRNA gene clusters to assess the utility of this marker system for barcoding and resolving species relationships. SnoRNA gene and gene cluster sequences identified in Arabidopsis thaliana were used to find homologues in other species and subsequently used for the design of universal primers. Most of the universal primer pairs designed were successful in amplifying snoRNA fragments in most Senecio species and fragment length variation between and within species could be detected. Furthermore, the combination of some fragment length datasets produced by different primer pairs enabled the separation of species and the detection of reticulate evolution indicating a high potential of snoRNA gene/gene cluster fragment length polymorphisms (SRFLPs) for phylogenetic reconstructions in Senecio and other plant genera. Most of the examined gene clusters showed a similar gene order in Senecio and Arabidopsis. However, the majority of these clusters appeared to exhibit more copies in Senecio, some of which were distinguishable by a combined sequencing/fragment profiling approach, and shown to be putative single copy regions with the potential to be used as co-dominant markers. However, a high number of paralogues and possible differences in copy number between species excludes these regions from being used in DNA barcoding. This is because specific primers would have to be developed for specific copies which would preclude development of a universal application for barcoding. None of the regions showed enough sequence variation to delimit distinctly closely related Senecio species and were therefore also considered to be unsuitable for DNA barcoding. Although most snoRNA genes and gene clusters might be inapplicable for DNA barcoding, they are likely to be valuable for phylogenetic studies of species groups, genera and families. On this scale, specific primers might act universally and the number of paralogous copies is likely to be equal across the species group of interest.
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Machado, Alexandre Reis. "Phylogeny, identification and pathogenicity of the Botryosphaeriaceae associated with collar and root rot of the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas in Brazil, with a description of new species." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2012. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4425.
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Previous issue date: 2012-07-19Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A partir da iniciativa do Governo Federal em introduzir o biodiesel na matriz energética brasileira, surgiu a necessidade de se pesquisar plantas oleaginosas potenciais para produção de matéria-prima para este biocombustível. O pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) tem se destacado por ser uma planta perene, de fácil manejo, além de produzir sementes com alto teor de óleo. A grande expansão das áreas de cultivo tem sido acompanhada pelo surgimento de diversas enfermidades, do qual pouco se conhece sobre os reais agentes etiológicos. Atualmente, em diversas áreas do Brasil, tem-se relatado a ocorrência de uma nova doença que não apenas reduz a produtividade, como tem causado a morte das plantas. Esta doença está associada a uma podridão das raízes e do colo das plantas. Alguns patógenos já foram relatados para essa doença, sendo mais frequente a ocorrência de fungos da família Botryosphaeriaceae, grupo conhecido pela dificuldade de separação das espécies utilizando características morfológicas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os possíveis agentes etiológicos, investigar a diversidade de Botryosphaeriaceae associado a essa doença, utilizando características morfológicas aliadas às ferramentas moleculares, bem como provar a potogenicidade dos isolados. Foram realizadas coletas nos estados de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo. Em adição a estes, foram obtidas amostras dos estados do Piauí e São Paulo. Isolados monospóricos foram obtidos e armazenados. Estes tiveram o DNA extraído e as regiões ITS e TEF1-α sequenciadas. A partir dos resultados das análises filogenéticas, foram separados dois a três isolados de cada espécie para a caracterização morfológica. Nove espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae foram identificadas, sendo Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. iraniensis, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Macrophomina phaseolina e três a serem propostas como novas espécies (Lasiodiplodia sp.1, Lasiodiplodia sp.2 e Macrophomina sp.1). Todas as espécies distinguiram morfologicamente e filogeneticamente, com exceção de Macrophomina sp.1 que não esporulou em meio de cultura. Até o momento, apenas Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lasiodiplodia sp.1 e Neoscytalidium dimidiatum tiveram a patogenicidade comprovada. Pelos testes de Blotter foram encontrados associados às sementes: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina e Macrophomina sp.1. Espécies de Botryosphaeriaceae ocorrem em uma ampla gama de hospedeiros e ambientes, e são frequentemente referidos como endofíticos, patógenos latentes ou oportunistas, devido a manifestação da doença estar diretamente associada à ocorrência de estresse do hospedeiro. A expansão das áreas de pinhão manso no mundo tem contribuído para o surgimento de várias doenças que até o momento não tinham seus agentes etiológicos conhecidos. Este estudo fornece informações novas para futuros estudos de manejo da doença, programas de quarentena e especialmente para o desenvolvimento de variedades resistentes à podridão do colo e raiz do pinhão-manso.
The introduction of biodiesel in the Brazilian energy matrix by initiative of the Federal Government, encouraged the search for potential oleaginous crops to supply raw material for biofuel production. The physic nut (Jatropha curcas) has been highlighted since it is a perennial plant, easy to manage, and produces seeds with a high oil content. The expansion of areas of Jatropha in the world has contributed to the emergence of various diseases. Currently in Brazil, the occurrence of a new disease that not only reduces the productivity, since it causes death of the plants. This disease is associated with a collar and root rot of plants. A number of pathogens have been associates with this disease, the occurrence of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi being the most frequent, which is a group known to be difficult to delimit species based on morphological characters. Thus, the purposes of this work was to investigate the diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with collar and root rot of J. curcas, with the aid of morphology and molecular tools and to asses the pathogenicity of the species involved. Samples were colleted in states of Minas Gerais and the Espirito Santo. In addition, samples were obtained from Piauí and São Paulo states. Single spore cultures were obtained and stored. These had their DNA extracted and the ITS and TEF1-α regions were sequenced. From the results of the phylogenetic analyses, two to three isolates of each species were separated for the morphological characterization and pathogenicity tests. With the purpose of investigating the association of the pathogens in seeds, Blotter tests were performed. Nine Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified: Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. parva, L. pseudotheobromae, L. iraniensis, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Macrophomina phaseolina and three to be proposed as new species (Lasiodiplodia sp.1, Lasiodiplodia sp.2 and Macrophomina sp.1). All species were distinguished morphologically and phylogenetically, except Macrophomina sp.1 that failed sporulate in culture.Currently, only Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Lasiodiplodia sp.1 and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum have proven to be pathogenic. Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina phaseolina and Macrophomina sp.1 were associated with seeds. Botryosphaeriaceae species occur in a wide range of hosts and environments, and are often referred to as endophytes and latent or opportunistic pathogens, because manifestation of the disease is directly linked with host stress. The great expansion of Jatropha areas in the world have contributed to the emergence of several diseases, which so far, the etiological agent have remained unknown. This study will provide new information for future studies of disease management, quarantine programs and especially, the development of resistant varieties for collar and root rot of J. curcas.
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Baden, Christian Ulrich [Verfasser], and Susanne [Akademischer Betreuer] Dobler. "Phylogeny and sequestration of iridoid glycosides in selected genera of the Mecininae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) with particular focus on their host plant relationship / Christian Ulrich Baden. Betreuer: Susanne Dobler." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1097561739/34.
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