Academic literature on the topic 'Plant P status'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plant P status"
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Khan, Musharaf, and Shahana Musharaf. "Ethnomedicinal and Conservation Status of Plant Species in Tehsil Takht Bhai, District Mardan, Pakistan." International Letters of Natural Sciences 37 (April 3, 2015): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-qzyv33.
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The study was design to draw attention to correlation of locals with plants and their conservation status. The research work was carried out in tehsil Takht Bhai, district Mardan during 2008-2010. Fieldwork was conducted using an arrangement of interviews, questioners and personal observation. The IUCN 2001, Red Data List Categories and Criteria was used to determine the conservation status of plants. The present study documents the ethno medicinal and conservation status of 34 plant species belonging to 20 families. Among these 12 species were found to be rare, vulnerable (11 species), endangered (9 species) and Infrequent (2 species). From this study we have concluded that most plant species are going to become endangered and no one plant specie was found dominant because the natural vegetation area was change into urbanization and agricultural reason
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Henningsen, Jon Niklas, Bruno Maximilian Görlach, Victoria Fernández, Jasper Lauritz Dölger, Andreas Buhk, and Karl Hermann Mühling. "Foliar P Application Cannot Fully Restore Photosynthetic Capacity, P Nutrient Status, and Growth of P Deficient Maize (Zea mays L.)." Plants 11, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 2986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212986.
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The essential plant nutrient phosphorus (P) is key for numerous structures and processes in crops and its deficiency can severely restrict yield and quality. As soil P availability for plant uptake is often limited, foliar P application can be an alternative means of supplying P to the plants during the growth period. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of foliar P application on photosynthetic parameters, P nutritional status, and growth of P deficient maize over time. Plants of Zea mays L. cv. Keops were grown with deficient and sufficient amounts of P in hydroponics. Foliar P treatments were applied to P deficient plants and several physiological parameters were monitored for 21 days. The variables measured were leaf gas exchange parameters, SPAD values, foliar P absorption, re-translocation rates, and plant biomass production. Foliar P application significantly increased CO2-assimilation and SPAD values and additionally enhanced biomass production in all plant components. Elemental analysis revealed increased tissue P concentrations following foliar P application compared to P deficient plants. While increased growth of P-deficient plants was steadily promoted by foliar P spraying for the entire experimental period, the positive effect on CO2 assimilation and P concentration was transient and vanished some days after the foliar treatment. P deficiency markedly impaired the efficiency of physiological processes of maize plants. As a conclusion, foliar P fertilisation improved physiological and agronomical plant parameters over time, but failed to restore plant functionality of P deficient maize plants during a prolonged experimental period.
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Rossi, Raffaella, Telma Tucci, Alessia Giordano, Pierangelo Moretti, and Carlo Corino. "Dietary brown seaweed and plant polyphenols in hyperprolific sows: Productive performance, blood parameters and antioxidant status." Czech Journal of Animal Science 67, No. 12 (December 20, 2022): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/98/2022-cjas.
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This study evaluated the productive performance, blood parameters and antioxidant status of hyperprolific sows fed control diet or diet supplemented with brown seaweed and polyphenol mixture (SPM). Ninety-six farrowing highly prolific sows (Topigs 20) were assigned to two dietary treatments from day 107 ± 2 days of gestation until weaning: control diet and the same diet containing 15 g/day of SPM. Sows fed SPM diet tended to have lower backfat losses (P = 0.06) than control sows. No difference was observed in daily feed intake. No difference in litter birth weight or number of piglets per litter was observed. In sows fed SPM, average daily gain and weaning body weight of piglets were increased (P < 0.05). Haematochemical parameters, haptoglobin and blood total antiradical activity were not affected (P > 0.05) by dietary treatment. The paraoxonase-1 activity was higher (P < 0.05) in SPM sows than in the control. At the subsequent farrowing, the total number of piglets born was higher (P < 0.05) in sows fed SPM than in the control. Overall, these data suggest that dietary plant polyphenols and brown seaweeds improved the weaning weight of piglets and the total number of piglets born at the subsequent farrowing, modulating oxidative stress in lactating highly prolific sows.
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Siemer, B. L., and P. M. Pedersen. "The taxonomic status of Pilayella littoralis, P. varia and P. macrocarpa (Pilayellaceae, Fucophyceae)." Phycologia 34, no. 4 (July 1995): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-34-4-257.1.
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Hernita, Desi, Rhoedy Poerwanto, Anas D. Susila, and S. Anwar. "Penetapan Rekomendasi Pemupukan N, P, dan K Tanaman Duku Berdasarkan Analisis Daun." Jurnal Hortikultura 22, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v22n4.2012.p376-384.
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<p>Duku mempunyai perakaran yang dalam, sehingga sulit untuk memperoleh sampel tanah yang representatif pada daerah tersebut, sehingga lebih tepat menggunakan analisis daun. Status hara daun merupakan gambaran status hara aktual dalam tanah. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan kategori status hara N, P, dan K, serta rekomendasi pemupukan optimum berdasarkan status hara tersebut pada tanaman duku. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Kumpeh Ulu, Kabupaten Muaro, Jambi pada Bulan Desember 2008 sampai dengan April 2012. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan acak kelompok dengan lima ulangan. Perlakuan dosis pupuk N (0, 400, 800, 1.200, dan 1.600 g N) , P (0, 500, 1.000, 1.500, dan 2.000 g P2O5), K (0,600, 1.200, 1.800, dan 2.400 g K2O/tanaman/tahun). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa status hara N sangat rendah (< 1,81%), rendah (1,81 ≤ N < 2,82%), dan sedang (≥ 2,82%), status hara P sangat rendah (< 0,09%), rendah (0,09 ≤ P < 0,17%), dan sedang (≥ 0,17%), serta status hara K sangat rendah (< 1,16%), rendah (1,16 ≤ K < 2,19%), dan sedang (≥ 2,19%). Rekomendasi pemupukan pada tanaman duku untuk status hara sangat rendah yaitu 858 g N, 1.770 g P2O5, dan 1.900 g K2O/tanaman/tahun, untuk status hara rendah, 588 g N, 1.335 g P2O5, dan 1.107 g K2O/tanaman/tahun, sedangkan berdasarkan pendekatan multinutrien 920 g N, 1.565 g P2O5, dan 1.488 g K2O/tanaman/tahun (biaya produksi terendah). Rekomendasi pemupukan N, P, dan K berdasarkan analisis daun dapat diterapkan pada pertanaman duku di Indonesia dan meningkatkan produksi serta kualitas buah duku.</p><p> </p><p>Duku has been deep roots making it difficult to obtain a representative sample of soil at the root zone, so the more appropriate used of leaf analysis. Leaf nutrient status was picture of the actual nutrient status of the soil. The aimed of this study was to determine leaf N, P, K level category and recommendation study determine the optimum fertilizer rate for each nutrient level category on duku plant. The experiment was conducted at Kumpeh Ulu District, Muaro Jambi Regency, in Jambi Province, from December 2008 to April 2012. Each treatments were arranged in randomized block design with five replications. The treatments were N (0, 400, 800, 1,200, 1,600 g N/plant/year), P (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 g P2O5/plant/year), and K (0, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,400 g K2O/plant/year). The results showed that leaf nutrient status of N was very low (< 1.81%), low (1.81 ≤ N < 2.82%), and medium (≥ 2.82%), status of P was very low (< 0.09%), low (0.09 ≤ P < 0.17%), and medium (≥ 0.17%); status of K was very low (< 1.16%), low (1.16 ≤ K < 2.19%), and medium (≥ 2.19%). Fertilizer recommendation rate on duku plant for very low nutrient status were 858 g N, 1,770 g P2O5, and 1,900 g K2O/plant/year, low nutrient status were 588 g N, 1,335 g P2O5, and 1,107 g K2O/plant/year, multinutrient approach were 920 g N, 1,565 g P2O5, dan 1,488 g K2O/plant/year (lower production cost). Recommendation of fertilizer N, P, and K based on leaves analysis can be applied on duku in Indonesia and increase production and fruit quality of duku.</p>
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Reid, Jeff B., Stephen N. Trolove, Yong Tan, and Denis Curtin. "Does soil anion storage capacity affect plant response to Olsen P status?" New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 48, no. 3 (March 30, 2020): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2020.1741401.
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Pournourmohammadi, S., P. Khazaeli, S. Eslamizad, A. Tajvar, A. Mohammadirad, and M. Abdollahi. "Study on the oxidative stress status among cement plant workers." Human & Experimental Toxicology 27, no. 6 (June 2008): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327108094956.
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The cement industry is considered as a major pollution problem because of dust and particulate matter emitted at various steps of cement production. In the present study, volunteer male workers from a cement factory were studied for oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers in relation to their serum levels of aluminum (Al) and chromium (Cr). The subjects were divided into two groups of direct and indirect exposure. Subject who worked in production steps were considered as direct exposure group, and those who worked in administration building were considered as indirect exposure group. For comparison, healthy subjects at the same age and socioeconomic status were tested as a control group. Serum levels of lipid peroxidation (LP), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total thiol molecules (TTM), and nitric oxide (NO) as well as Al and Cr were measured. The results indicated a significant increase in Al ( P = 0.001) and Cr ( P = 0.009) levels in direct-exposed workers in comparison to healthy control group. Further, a significant increase in Al ( P = 0.002) and Cr ( P = 0.009) levels was observed in direct-exposed workers as compared to indirect-exposed one. Serum levels of TTM and TAC were significantly lower in both direct- and indirect-exposed groups in comparison to healthy control group ( P = 0.00). Serum TTM and TAC were significantly lower in direct-exposed workers as compared to indirect-exposed ones ( P = 0.00 and P = 0.024, respectively). There was no significant difference on the level of LP and NO among groups. A correlation was found between serum level of Cr, TAC, and platelets between direct- and indirect-exposed groups ( P < 0.05). Further correlation was found among serum level of Cr and those of TTM, platelets, and chronic disease ( P < 0.05). Chronic disease had a significant influence adjusted to other predictor variables on the post-shift values of Al ( P < 0.05). Although plasma levels of Al and Cr were found in normal ranges, analyses confirm their role in impairment of TMM and TAC.
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Assimiou, Adou Rahim Alimi, and Léon E. Parent. "Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis of the P Status in Potato Crops." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 863D—863. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.863d.
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In Quebec, potato crops are largely grown on light acid soils altered by podzolization. In the plow layer, abundance of sesquioxides, low pH and low organic matter content produce high P-fixing capacity. Liming to pH not exceeding 5.6, organic matter additions and banding of P fertilizers are practices to improve the P status in the soil–plant system. Plant response to treatments could be diagnosed by yield evaluation and foliar analysis. Agricultural lime, dolomitic limestone and basalt were applied to an acid soil (pH 4.6). Ordinary superphosphate, biosuperphosphate, triple superphosphate, and diammonium phosphate impregnated with humic peat were banded at two rates. Highest tuber yield was 40 t·ha–1. There was no response to liming materials as pH did not exceed 4.9. There was a significant response to P fertilizers. Nutrient balance assessment of the foliage by Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis indicated a critical “d” value of 1.5 and a critical P index of 0.8.
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Pinkerton, A., K. Spencer, and AG Govaars. "Assessment of the phosphorus status of oilseed rape by plant analysis." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890861.
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Phosphorus (P) concentrations in young plants of rapeseed (Brassica napus cv. Wesway) were related to seed and oil yields to develop a tissue test for the diagnosis of P deficiency. Critical P concentrations were defined as those concentrations required to sustain 90% of maximum yield. In 2 field experiments in successive seasons on a P-deficient soil, rates of triple superphosphate from 2.5 to 120 kg/ha were banded with the seed. The lowest P concentration in young shoots (17-19 weeks from sowing) associated with a P supply that was adequate for plant growth was approximately 0.31%. The youngest fully-expanded leaf was a reliable plant part to sample, its P concentration being about 0.05% lower than the concentration of the whole shoot. Critical P concentrations in young plants for sustaining 90% of maximum seed and oil yields were higher, namely 0.33 and 0.28% for whole shoots and youngest fully-expanded leaves respectively. The critical P concentration in seeds was about 0.35%.
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Crase, Beth, Angus Duguid, Raymond Nelson Pengart, Paddy Willis Jakamarra, Laurie Price Angal, Margaret Scobie Pengart, and Aggie Woods Kemarr. "Distribution and Conservation Status of the Giant Sweet Potato, a Rare Aboriginal Food Plant from Central Australia." Northern Territory Naturalist 22 (November 2010): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.295482.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant P status"
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Potgieter, Gardia Purchase. "N and P limitation of fynbos plants and the nutritional status of legume habitats in the Cape Floristic Region." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6630.
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In general, terrestrial ecosystems are limited by both N and P, but, as legumes fix atmospheric nitrogen, I hypothesized that fynbos legumes would be P limited and nonlegumes would be N limited, and that the degree to which these plants respond to N and P would depend on the levels of each of these two nutrients in the growth media. To test these hypotheses, three legumes and three non-legumes native to the fynbos were grown in a complete factorial arrangement of four levels of N and P in a glass house. Nitrogen was supplied at 20, 40, 80 and 150 mg kg-¹ soil and P at 0.8, 5, 15, and 31 mg kg-¹. Overall, the results showed that the responses of the legume and nonlegume species to N and P supply were species specific, but that the legume species seemed to be more limited by N supply than the non-legumes. There was no N x P interaction in this study, which implied that the plant response to N and P, did not depend on the levels of each other. Given the nitrogen fixing capabilities of legumes and high nutrient demanding lifestyle, I made the hypothesis that, on a given landscape, the soils on which the fynbos legumes occur were more nutrient rich than the bulk non-legume soils. Related to this hypothesis is the question of whether the more nutrient rich soils within the legume populations would be mirrored by leaves with both a higher specific leaf area and higher nutrient concentration, than the leaves of the non-legumes. To test these hypotheses, I determined the nutrient levels of both the soils and plants within both the legume- and non-legumes stands at eight different sites in the CFR. The data were subjected to multifactorial discriminant function analysis and Nested ANOVA analyses. The results of the analyses led to the conclusion that the soil on which legume stands occurred were rarely more fertile than the non-legumes on the landscape in the CFR, and, except for leaf N, there seemed to be no differences between leaf nutrient concentrations and the SLA of the legume and non-legume plants.
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Goertz, Steven Harvey. "Salt tolerance of tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius Gray) and navy (P. vulgaris L.) beans at several developmental stages." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184646.
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Two accessions of tepary (phaseolus acutifolius Gray var. latifolius) and navy (P. vulgaris L. 'Fleetwood') beans were studied for salt tolerance at several• developmental stages. Genotypes were germinated at 0.0 through -2.5 MPa NaCl at 25°C and 35°C for nine days. Tepary accessions had higher germination percentages and rates than navy for ≤ - 2.0 MPa at 250C and ≤ - 1.5 MPa at 35°C. Fresh weights of root plus hypocotyl decreased severely with the first increment of NaCl (-0.5 MPa) for all genotypes. Fresh weight of navy was reduced more at 35°C than at 25°C. Genotypes were stressed in vermiculite-filled trays with 0.0 through -1.5 MPa NaCl for 14 days. Final growth stage and rates of emergence were reduced at salinities ~ -0.6 MPa NaCl, and were higher in tepary than navy at -1.2 MPa. Tepary beans tended to maintain higher water and osmotic potentials, and at -0.9 MPa had less reduction in leaf area than navy beans. Fresh weights, dry weights and root:shoot ratios declined in all genotypes with increasing salinities. Plants grown hydroponically were stressed with -0.10, -0.25, and -0.50 MPa NaCl during either vegetative or reproductive stages. Navy had equal or greater fresh and dry weights of leaf, stem, and pods at -0.10 MPa, but tepary beans had equal or greater weights at the highest salinity relative to navy. Tepary had the greatest pod weight with -0.50 MPa NaCl applied during the reproductive stage. Carbon exchange rates (CER) were lower in navy than one or both tepary beans at some sampling times. Tepary beans tended to have higher leaf water and osmotic potentials than did navy. Transpiration and stomatal resistance values were similar in all genotypes, while leaf temperatures were different in white tepary versus navy. Tepary beans yielded higher than navy when grown in low and high salinity fields. Transpiration rates, leaf water and osmotic potentials, and CERs were similar or higher, while stomatal resistance and leaf temperatures were similar or lower in tepary than in navy. Plant height and stand count also were measured. Tepary was more salt tolerant than navy, exhibiting greater tolerance to NaCl at every growth stage.
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Barry, John C., and Paul L. Gillikin. "Comparative analysis of Navy and Marine Corps planning, programming, budgeting and execution systems from a manpower perspective." Thesis, Monterey, California; Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2322.
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"S. Dooley: Tertiary Reader"Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
This study provides analysis, conclusions and recommendations to assist the Deputy Commandant (DC), Manpower and Reserve Affairs Department (M&RA) and DC, Programs and Resources Department (P&R) in structure and process decisions concerning Marine Corps Manpower budget execution. DC, M&RA is the owner of the Marine Human Resource Development Process (HRDP) and the Military Personnel Marine Corps (MPMC) appropriation sponsor, while the DC, P&R has budgetary (1517) authority for MPMC budget execution. In contrast, the Navy has both sponsorship and 1517 authority within one cell at N1. By comparing these two services' organizational factors and Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution Systems (PPBES), relevant differences surface, conclusions are drawn, and recommendations offered for improvements. Recommendations include realignment of 1517 authority within MPMC execution, and the melding of the Programs and Budget Branch of Manpower Plans Division, M&RA with the Military Personnel Branch, Fiscal Division, P&R (RFM). This new office will be responsible for all facets of MPMC programming, budgeting, and execution.
Captain, United States Marine Corps
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Noack, Sarah Ruth. "Crop residue phosphorus: speciation and release in cropping soils." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/87851.
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Crop residues remaining after grain harvest are an important potential source of nutrients, including phosphorus (P), to the cropping system. Crop residues contain both inorganic and organic forms of P and these forms may take different pathways into soil P pools. The rate and quantity of residue P released depends partly on the specific P compounds in the residues. The most commonly used measure of P in crop residues is total P, followed by separate measurement of inorganic P and organic P. These measures do not speciate residue P into specific compounds and consequently, residue P dynamics in soils remains poorly understood. This thesis characterises P contained in crop residues using solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and compares this technique with conventional chemical fractionation methods. These initial analytical studies provided the basis for subsequent investigations of the effect of plant P status and residue management on release of residue P in a soil-plant system, leading to a better understanding of the potential bioavailability of residue P in soil. Inorganic and organic P forms were quantified using ³¹P NMR spectroscopy in different plant components (stem, chaff and seed) collected from field grown cereal and legume crops. The main forms of P detected in stem and chaff were orthophosphate (35-75%) and the easily degradable organic P forms, phospholipids (10-40%) and RNA (5-30%). The majority (65-90%) of P in stems was water-extractable, and most of this was detected as orthophosphate. This indicated that the majority of residue P in aboveground plant residues has the potential to be delivered to soil in a form readily available to plants and soil microorganisms. An integrated approach combining spectroscopic techniques with chemical extraction assisted with verifying assumptions made when using chemical fractionation methods. The main assumptions investigated were; the selectivity of chemical extractants for a single P species, the ability of the extractant to bring all of the P form into solution, and to examine if other P species were released into solution or if the P speciation was changed with extraction. The results showed that the orthophosphate concentration in water/acid extracts was increased due to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate and organic P species, but decreased due to incomplete recovery of orthophosphate from the crop residues. These effects largely cancelled each other out. Treatments widely used to extract phospholipid (extraction with ethanol:ether and ethanol:ether:chloroform), were found to be selective for phospholipid P, but were quite ineffective, with only ~10% of the phospholipid P determined by solution ³¹P NMR extracted in each case. These results strongly suggest that speciation of crop residue P using chemical fractionation can be compromised by the incomplete recovery of a given P species and the transformation of other P species during extraction. As plants approach maturity and start to senesce, the primary sink for phosphorus is the seed but it is unclear how plant P status affects the resulting P concentration and speciation in the seed and remaining plant parts, i.e. the residues. Wheat and canola grown in the glasshouse were supplied three different P rates (5, 30 and 60 kg P ha⁻¹ equivalent) designed to represent deficient, adequate and luxury levels of P. The speciation of P in roots, stem, leaves, chaff/pod and grain was examined. Stems and leaves, which contribute the bulk of post-harvest residue P, were dominated by orthophosphate, regardless of plant P status. Minor differences were observed in P speciation across the three P application rates and plant parts. The effect of this on P cycling is likely to be relatively minor in comparison to the overall contribution of these residues to soil P pools. Release of nutrients, including P from crop residues remaining post-harvest is an important potential source of nutrients for subsequent crops. The effect of residue size and placement of field-collected pea residue on subsequent P uptake by wheat, soil hexanol-released P and resin-extractable P was measured in a glasshouse experiment. On average, > 50% of residue P was detected in plant, microbial and resin P pools when incorporated in soil compared to 20% for the two surface-placed residue treatments. When considering how residue management strategies may influence P supply to crops, incorporating residues will increase the rate of release and decomposition and therefore the potential for plant roots (if present) to access this P. The results also indicate that even though residue P takes longer to break down under no-till management, this system will still provide small but agronomically significant amounts of P to subsequent crops.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2014
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Shaw, Scott Robert. "Phosphate rock fertilisers to enhance soil P status and P nutrition on organic cropping farms : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Plant Science at Massey University." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1335.
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The soils used by the East Coast Organic Producers Trust (ECOPT; the grower group that this study is targeted towards) have exceptionally low soil Olsen P concentrations (ca. 6 mg/L). These and other limitations (e.g. poor weed and pest and disease control) result in many ECOPT growers being unable to produce economic yields on anything other than small scale gardens. Fertilisers and manures are seldom used by these growers, which exacerbates the problem. Thus, the object of this research was to provide information to ECOPT on which fertilisers and application strategies would provide the best returns on their phosphorus (P) fertiliser investment. The experimental work was carried out in two parts. A laboratory study tested a range of phosphate rock (PR) based fertilisers and application rates; Ben Guerir reactive phosphate rock (RPR; 67, 133, 267, 533 and 1,333 mg P/kg soil), BioPhos and BioSuper (267 and 1,333 mg P/kg soil) and a no fertiliser Control. Soil fertiliser mixtures were incubated for 155 days and periodic measurements of PR dissolution, soil pH and Bic-P (analogous to Olsen P but expressed in µg/g) were undertaken. The field study used fewer application rates and two application methods; banded and broadcast. Broadcast plots were applied at 678 mg P/kg soil (488 kg P/ha); banded RPR was applied at 236, 678 and 1475 mg P/kg soil (40, 115 and 250 kg P/ha respectively) and banded BioPhos and BioSuper at 678 mg P/kg soil (115 kg P/ha). A Control was also included. Fertilisers were applied in October 2004 and changes in soil pH and Bic-P were measured in the broadcast plots only over a 344 day period. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) was the test crop. Regression analysis was used to generate exponential equations to describe the changes in Bic-P over time (∆Bic-P). Differences between fertilisers in the amount of P dissolved and pH fluxes were used to explain the differences in ∆Bic-P. BioSuper dissolved quicker and generated greater ∆Bic-P than RPR and BioPhos, which were similar. Higher application rates produced greater increases in Bic-P than lower rates but decreased the % of P applied that dissolved. The increase in Bic-P over time from fertiliser application was much slower in the field compared with the laboratory. This was put down to differences in experimental conditions; mainly soil pH and soil aggregate surface area. Potato tuber yield (mean = 35 t/ha) did not respond to any of the fertiliser treatments despite a significant increase in P concentration of the shoots mid-way through the season in all broadcast treatments (shoot P concentration was not analysed in the banded plots). Water and N availability were the main limiting factors in this season as the crop was not irrigated and soil N supply was insufficient to produce a full canopy. Phosphorus response curves generated using the fertiliser response model PARJIB (Reid, 2002), and an economic analysis, indicated that for RPR and BioPhos the optimum economic application rate was 200 kg P/ha and for BioSuper it was 100 kg P/ha (applied every third and second year respectively).
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Aslam, Tehseen. "Investigations on growth and P uptake characteristics of maize and sweet corn as influenced by soil P status : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) (Plant & soil science), Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1587.
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Despite being different cultivars of the same plant species (Zea mays L.), maize and sweet corn have contrasting P fertiliser recommendations in New Zealand, that are reflected in different target Olsen P values of 10-15 mg P/kg soil for optimum maize growth and 26-35 mg P/kg soil for optimum sweet corn growth. Three key hypotheses were developed in this study to explain why these differences may exist: i) maize and sweet corn differ in their responsiveness to P fertiliser i.e. maize is more internally P efficient and requires less P than sweet corn to grow, ii) both cultivars differ in external P efficiency i.e. their ability to take P up from soil iii) both cultivars differ in external P efficiency because they have different root system structure. Two field experiments evaluated the growth and yield responses of maize and sweet to different rates of P fertiliser application. The first experiment was conducted in Hawke's Bay (2001-02) and second in the Manawatu (2002-03) with P application rates of 0, 100 and 200 kg P/ha in the Hawke's Bay and 0, 15 and 70 kg P/ha in the Manawatu. Both experiments were conducted on soils of low available P status. The Olsen P test values of 13 mg P/kg soil in the Hawke's Bay and 11 mg P/kg soil in the Manawatu were far below the recommended values for sweet corn (25-35 mg P/kg soil). In both experiments and across all P treatments maize produced significantly higher dry matter yields than sweet corn during all sampling stages. In the Hawke's Bay experiment at 100 days after sowing (DAS), the maize (87719 plants/ha, 20.9 t/ha) produced 43% more dry matter than sweet corn (71124 plants/ha, 14.6 t/ha), whereas, in the Manawatu experiment (140 DAS), maize (71124 plants/ha, 15.2 t/ha) had a 39% higher dry matter yield than sweet corn (71124 plants/ha, 10.9 t/ha). In both the field experiments, the sweet corn fresh cob yield of 27 and 28 t/ha in the Hawke's Bay and the Manawatu regions and maize grain yields of 16 and 10 t/ha, respectively, were within the range of the reported commercial yields for each region. In both experiments, the P fertiliser application raised the soil P status (Olsen P test values) but caused no significant increases in either maize or sweet corn yields (total dry matter, sweet corn fresh cob or maize grain). Commercially viable yields of both cultivars were able to be achieved without P fertiliser application with Olsen P soil test in the range of 10-15 mg P/kg soil. Sweet corn reached harvestable maturity at 115 DAS in the Hawke's Bay and 140 DAS in the Manawatu experiments. By this time maize had produced 4-6 t/ha more total dry matter yield than sweet corn, yet maize and sweet corn had achieved similar total P uptake (32-37 kg P/ha at 100 DAS in the Hawke's Bay and 18-19 kg P/ha at 140 DAS in the Manawatu). At silking (after 75 DAS in the Hawke's Bay and approximately 110 DAS in the Manawatu), both cultivar's total leaf P concentrations (0.21-0.25%) were within the sufficiency range values for maize crops in New Zealand (0.18-0.33 %). Maize, however was more internally P efficient growing more dry matter per unit P taken up, which was more noticeable in the drier season. Fertiliser P application increased P uptake with both cultivars under moist conditions in the Hawke's Bay experiment (2001-02). However, the dry conditions in the Manawatu (2002-03) limited P uptake as well as restricted dry matter yields with both cultivars. Further, there were no significant differences between maize and sweet corn P uptake efficiency (kg P/kg root) despite significant differences in the root system structure (biomass) for both cultivars at all stages, which lead to different temporal patterns of P uptake. The lack of maize yield response to fertiliser P in both field experiments is consistent with the New Zealand recommendations for growing a maize grain crop (because soil Olsen P was in the range of 10-15 mg P/kg). However, the lack of sweet corn yield response in both field experiments does not support the New Zealand recommendations for growing sweet corn (which assume optimal Olsen P values are 26-35 mg P/kg).
Books on the topic "Plant P status"
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Fighter bases of World War II: 8th Air Force USAAF, 1943-45 : P-47 Lightning, P-38 Thunderbolt & P-51 Mustang squadrons in East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2009.
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McLaren, David R. Lockheed P-80/F-80 Shooting Star: A photo chronicle. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 1996.
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Freeman, Roger Anthony. Thunderbolt: A documentary history of the Republic P-47. Osceola, WI, USA: Motorbooks International, 1992.
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Miller, Kent D. The 356th Fighter Group in World War II: In action over Europe with the P-47 and P-51. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2003.
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Merical, Kelly J. Potential dilution at America's leading companies: Total potential dilution from stock plans at S&P 500 companies. Washington, DC: Investor Responsibility Research Center, 1995.
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1953-, Patterson Dan, ed. Mustang: North American P-51. Charlottesville, VA: Howell Press, 1995.
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The 370th Fighter Group in World War II: In action over Europe with the P-38 and P-51. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Military History, 2003.
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Vrilakas, Robert. LOOK, MOM--I CAN FLY!: Memoirs of a World War II P-38 Fighter Pilot. Tucson, AZ: AMEHYST MOON PUBLISHING, 2011.
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Mauritz, Michael. The secret of Anzio Bay. Tarentum, Pa: Word Association Publishers, 2002.
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Miller, Kent D. The 363rd Fighter Group in World War II: In action over Europe with the P-51 Mustang. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Pub., 2002.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plant P status"
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Webb, M. J., P. Reddell, S. Nath, and R. J. Srivastava. "Determining P and N status of a tropical timber species (teak): Assessment of ‘quick’ chemical tests and a root phosphatase assay." In Plant Nutrition, 706–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_342.
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Peeters, A., and V. Van Bol. "Relationship between aboveground dry weight and N, P and K concentrations in grassland species: A guide for the diagnosis of plant nutrient status." In Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 49–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2496-8_9.
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Lei, Yuping, Toshiaki Tadano, Kuixian Tian, Nobumasa Ichizen, Jingyu Sun, and Sunao Yamazaki. "Effect of soil salinity on the growth and nutritional status of crop plants and that of N and P application." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 419–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_128.
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McCowan, Douglas W., and Henry Brysk. "Cartesian and Cylindrical Slant Stacks." In Tau-p: a plane wave approach to the analysis of seismic data, 1–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0881-9_1.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Macronutrients—Phosphorus and Potassium." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0014.
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Plants have a P concentration between 0.03 and 0.70%, but the usual amount is between 0.1 and 0.4%. Phosphorus is found in every living cell of a plant and is involved in genetic transfer and energy relationships. The actively growing parts, that is, stem tips, new leaves, and new roots, need much P. Seeds, especially at maturity, also have a rich supply of P acting as reserve food. Phosphorus is used in plants for (a) root development—especially the lateral and fibrous roots; (b) cell division—energy for metabolism; (c) reproduction—flowering, fruiting, seed formation all controlled by nucleic acids; (d) maturation—counteracts the ill effects of excessive N fertilization; arid (e) disease resistance— especially important in root rots of seedlings. Plant P is a major constituent of chromosomes present as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) used in reproduction and RNA (ribonucleic acid) used in growth processes. Plant P is also a constituent of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that stores energy for plant use, along with many other phosphate compounds, such as phytin (inositol hexaphosphate) stored in seeds, phospholipids in the chloroplasts, and complexes of sugars, sugar amines, aldehydes, amides, and acids—all involved in plant metabolism. Deficiency of P is not striking or characteristic and is difficult to diagnose. The older leaves may be dark bluish-green, bronze, or purple. The stalks are thin, leaves small, limited lateral growth, delayed maturity, and defoliate prematurely. Probably the most obvious symptom would be the purple coloration, but this is exhibited by only a limited number of plants. The best way to determine if a plant is deficient in P would be to conduct a plant tissue test. If the P level is lower than 0.2% P, then P probably is deficient and the soil in which the plant is growing would benefit from P fertilization. . . . Phosphorus Toxicity? . . . Phosphorus toxicity has not been observed in the field and has only been evident in greenhouse culture solutions when P was present at extremely high concentrations.
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Höfte, Monica. "The use of Pseudomonas spp. as bacterial biocontrol agents to control plant disease." In Microbial bioprotectants for plant disease management. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0093.11.
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Most Pseudomonas biocontrol strains are associated with the rhizosphere of plants, where they control soil pathogens by antibiosis or competition, and leaf pathogens via induced systemic resistance. Genome mining and the division of the vastly heterogeneous genus Pseudomonas in phylogenomic (sub)groups has clarified the relation between biocontrol characteristics and phylogeny. Based on their activity, Pseudomonas biocontrol strains come in three types. A first type, represented by P. chlororaphis, P. protegens, P. corrugata and P. aeruginosa (sub)group strains, produces an arsenal of secondary metabolites with broad antimicrobial activity. The second type is found in the P. putida, P. fluorescens, P. koreensis, P. mandelii, and P. gessardii (sub)group. The spectrum of biocontrol properties of these strains is less diverse and involves siderophores and cyclic lipopeptides. The third type colonizes above-ground plant parts. Strains from this type mainly belong to the P. syringae group and are used to control postharvest pathogens. This chapter starts with recent advances in Pseudomonas taxonomy and a summary of its most important biocontrol traits. It then provides an overview of the most important Pseudomonas groups and subgroups harboring biocontrol strains. Examples of well-characterized and representative biocontrol strains show the links between phylogeny, ecology and biocontrol traits. The chapter concludes by reviewing commercially-available biocontrol strains.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Parts of a Soil (Soil Constituents) Air, Water, Minerals, and Organic Matter." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0005.
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Soils physically consist of soil solids and pore space. Soil solids are composed of (a) mineral matter such as sand (coarse particles), silt (fine particles), and clay (very fine particles), and (b) soil organic matter, like decaying plant, animal, and microbial remains, along with microbial synthates. The pore space is occupied by soil air and soil water, each of which has a different makeup than atmospheric air and rainwater. Soil air often has more carbon dioxide and gases of nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Soil water has much more dissolved substances in it than rainwater. Soil solids occupy about 50% of a soil. They are made up of about 45% mineral matter and about 5% organic matter, but these proportions vary greatly. Soil mineral matter consists of very coarse rocks (primary minerals) and the three main soil parts: . . . 1. Coarse—Sand (a primary mineral, silicon dioxide) 2. Fine—Silts (both primary or secondary minerals) 3. Very Fine—Clays (secondary minerals) . . . Soil organic matter consists of plant and animal remains (in various stages of decomposition), microorganisms, and compounds synthesized by microorganisms. Soil pore space occupies about 50% of a soil and consists of the open space occupied by either air or water. The proportions of air and water that are present can greatly influence plant growth. Soil air is necessary for plants to grow, but if this component dominates, drought occurs and plant growth suffers. Soil water is also necessary for plant growth, but if this component dominates, flooding occurs and plant growth also suffers as most plants require a supply of oxygen. Soil consists of natural elements, for example, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Ti, P, and others. Often the elements are present in oxides, sulfides, silicates, and other combinations. These elements or their combined form are present as rocks (primary minerals), clays (secondary minerals), and available nutrients for plants. Soil contains many life forms.
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Shiferaw, Wakshum, and Sebsebe Demissew. "Effects of the Invasive Alien Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC and Its Management Options in Ethiopia: A Review." In Tropical Plant Species and Technological Interventions for Improvement [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108947.
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This paper aimed to review the effects of P. juliflora (hereafter P. juliflora is represented by P. juliflora) on environmental factors in Ethiopia, management options and take up lessons learned elsewhere, and discuss about utilization and management of P. juliflora. It addresses relevant scientific information based on the evaluation of data collected from different journals, books, manuals, and various reports using the systematic review method. Invasion of P. juliflora had positive effects on soil properties, negative effects on plant diversity, human health, livestock health, and other economic losses. Its negative effects are outweighing its positive effects. The main negative effects of P. juliflora are its biotic factors such as allopathic chemicals and active ingredients such as phenolic compounds that are impairing animals and human beings. Mechanical, chemical, management by utilization, fire, disruption of its phenological stages, and biological control methods are among control methods of the species. However, these control methods have their pros and cons for its management. The review was based on limited research findings and sources because there are limitations in research works regarding P. juliflora and its management. This review is used to know the invasion of P. juliflora and its management options in Ethiopia and other similar tropical countries across the world.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Soil Organic Matter." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0018.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) is probably the most important constituent of soils. The effect of SOM on soil properties far exceeds the relative percentage of this material in soils. The small amount of organic matter in soils, usually from 1 to 5%, is very important in providing a reserve food source for microorganisms and higher plants. Almost all properties of SOM are beneficial for plant growth. Soil organic matter can be defined as a complex, heterogeneous mixture of plant and animal remains in various stages of decay, microbial cells—both living and dead—microbially synthesized compounds, and derivatives of all of the above through microbial activity. Soil organic matter is probably the most complex of all naturally occurring substances. Some compounds in SOM are distinctive to soil and are not present in plants or animals. By examining the composition of SOM, one can see why it is such a complex material. The following compounds have been isolated from chemical SOM extracts: . . . 1. Carbohydrates (sugars, polysaccharides)—about 75% of dry weight 2. Lignin (a plant polymer of phenyl propane units) 3. Proteins (combinations of amino acids) 4. Hydrocarbons—fats, waxes, resins, and oils 5. Tannins (phenolic substances) 6. Pigments (chlorophyll) 7. Organic acids (many in the biochemical Krebs cycle) 8. Miscellaneous compounds—includes organic P, organic S, polynuclear hydrocarbons, nucleic acid derivatives, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, etc. . . . Whenever organic materials are added to a soil the physical properties of soil structure, water-holding capacity, and soil color are changed. The extent of change in these properties depends on the amount and type of organic material added, the soil microorganisms present in the soil, and the speed at which decomposition occurs. Aggregation and granulation (crumb formation) is increased by polysaccharides produced by microorganisms during decomposition. This improves soil tilth (ability to work the soil) and helps stabilize the soil crumbs. The ability of a soil to hold water is greatly increased by addition of SOM. This results in greater infiltration (water moving into the soil) and adsorption of water by the SOM, with consequently less erosion and loss of soil particles and fertility.
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Morrow, Gary W. "The Shikimate Pathway: Biosynthesis of Phenolic Products from Shikimic Acid." In Bioorganic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199860531.003.0009.
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Like other amino acids, the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are vitally important for protein synthesis in all organisms. However, while animals can synthesize tyrosine via oxidation of phenylalanine, they can synthesize neither phenylalanine itself nor tryptophan and so these essential amino acids must be obtained in the diet, usually from plant material. Though many other investigators made significant contributions in this area over the years, it was Bernhard Davis in the early 1950s whose use of mutant stains of Escherichia coli led to a full understanding of the so-called shikimic acid pathway that is used by plants and also by some microorganisms for the biosynthesis of these essential amino acids. The pathway is almost completely devoted to their synthesis for protein production in bacteria, while in plants the pathway extends their use to the construction of a wide array of secondary metabolites, many of which are valuable medicinal agents. These secondary metabolites range from simple and familiar compounds such as vanillin (vanilla flavor and fragrance) and eugenol (oil of clove, a useful dental anesthetic) to more complex structures such as pinoresinol, a common plant biochemical, and podophyllotoxin, a powerful cancer chemotherapy agent. Earlier in Chapter 3, we encountered two important intermediates, erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), each of which was derived from a different pathway utilized in carbohydrate metabolism. Erythrose-4-P was an intermediate in one of the steps of the pentose phosphate pathway while hydrolysis of PEP to pyruvic acid was the final step in glycolysis. These two simple intermediates provide the seven carbon atoms required for construction of shikimic acid itself. The two are linked to one another via a sequence of enzyme-mediated aldol-type reactions, the first being a bimolecular reaction and the second an intramolecular variant that ultimately leads to a cyclic precursor of shikimic acid known as 3-dehydroquinic acid as shown in Fig. 6.3. Subsequent dehydration of 3-dehydroquinic acid leads to 3-dehydroshikimic acid which then leads directly to shikimic acid via NADPH reduction.
Conference papers on the topic "Plant P status"
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Waidyasekara, K. G. A. S., K. I. Ridmika, N. M. G. H. Sandagomika, and A. N. Konara. "INVESTIGATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT OPERATORS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SRI LANKA." In Beyond sustainability reflections across spaces. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2021.21.
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The construction industry, which is a labour intensive and skill development of the industry would yield both economic and social returns to the national economy. Among other occupational categories, there is a significant demand for the plant and equipment (P&E) operators in the construction industry. Nevertheless, limited numbers of research are available on the said area. Hence, the aim of this paper is to investigate the status of P&E operators in Sri Lankan building construction projects. Accordingly, this study encompassed a qualitative research approach, and six semi-structured expert interviews were conducted as the data collection tool. The study revealed that mainly two categories of P&E as moveable and immovable and further identified subcategories under each. Based on the results, occupational map was developed for the P&E operators in building construction projects in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the study revealed that technical and mechanical skills as an essential input for an efficient P& E operator. Moreover, the paper discussed issues with P & E operators. Accordingly, inconsistency, taking long leave, poor health conditions, less experience, and less motivation were identified as prominent issues.
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Chao, Chun-Chang, Jyh-Der Lin, Tsu-Jen Lin, and Shih-Hsun Huang. "A Regulatory Inspection Tool in SDP Context." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49229.
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The Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) is now developing a tool to help the inspectors to perform the Phase 2 SDP (Significance Determination Process) assessment. The purpose of this tool is to simplify the process of the assessment and help the inspectors to obtain the results quickly. Risk models for the calculation of core damage frequency (CDF) of internal initiating events will be used to determine the risk increase of specific inspection findings. The risk model used for the SDP tool was converted from the original Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) model of the individual plant. The risk engine, INERISKEN, is adopted to perform the calculation. After input of the inspection findings are setup, all calculations can be done in less than one minute by INERISKEN. To perform the Phase 2 assessment, the inspector has to decide the affected components/systems and the impact to initiating events for his inspection findings. When changes of plant configuration are specified, the ΔCDF can be obtained by solving the risk model with new plant configuration. Simplified P&IDs for most of the safety systems are also available for user’s reference. If any inspector cannot make sure the response of the inspection findings to the affected systems or the initiating events, experiences and examples are also provided on user’s click. The ΔCCDP (Conditional Core Damage Probability) obtained can be related to one of the color (green, white, yellow or red) by the methodology defined in the counting rule worksheet of NRC inspection manual. Meanwhile, the status of the critical safety functions is also displayed according to the new plant configuration. These additional results will help the inspector to further understand the risk insight of inspection findings.
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"INSOMNIA PREVALENCE AND TOBACCO SMOKING ASSOCIATION AMONG JORDANIAN MEDICAL STUDENTS." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/ntuz9578.
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Background: Insomnia is the most common sleep complaint; no doubt it is on the rise among medical students throughout their overwhelming long journey. Smoking is defined as burning plant material, mostly tobacco, which is known to contain nicotine. Previous studies found that nicotine had a negative impact on sleep architecture. Accordingly, Smokers are more likely to report clinical insomnia than nonsmokers. The current study aimed to determine the impact of smoking on insomnia among medical students at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). Objective: Both Insomnia and smoking tobacco are currently two major issues in our society. This study aims to see if there’s any possible association between the two so we be could be able to overcome them. Method: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study, medical students (n=140) filled an online questionnaire including demographic data, BMI, the 7-item insomnia severity index scale questions accredited by the American Psychological Association that was used to assess Insomnia and categorized as none, subthreshold, moderate and severe, and 6 self-designed questions about smoking (status, types, behavior). Statistical analysis was performed by means of descriptive tables and Chi-square test using IBM SPSS software. Results: There were 140 responses (F=52.1%, M=47.9%). The prevalence of insomnia among participants regardless of their smoking status showed that (44.3%) had subthreshold insomnia whereas (21.4%) had moderate-to-severe insomnia. About (20.7%) of all participants are current smokers; (24.1%) of them had moderate to severe clinical insomnia while (75.9%) have no clinically significant and subthreshold insomnia. The chi-square test results had shown no statistically significant association between prevalence of insomnia and smoking status (p=0.432). Conclusion: This study suggests there is no association between smoking and insomnia prevalence among Jordanian medical students. Considering the small sample size, prospective cohort studies of larger sample sizes are needed to explore details of this association. Keywords: Insomnia, Smoking, Sleep Disturbance.
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Zamorzaeva, Irina, and Aighiuni Bahşiev. "Lack of stolbur transmission by seeds in some moldavian tomato and pepper varieties." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.86.
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The study of the possibility of stolbur transmission by seeds in some Moldavian tomato and pepper varieties was carried out using molecular diagnostic methods. The lack of the transmission of phytoplasma by seeds was evidenced analysing seedlings growing in the controlled laboratory conditions (thermostat) when the infection by insect vectors was impossible. Moreover, this lack was confirmed by results showing the absence of ‘Ca. P. solani’ infection in plants analyzed in mid-July of 2020 (stages of ‘flowering’ or, mainly, ‘green fruits’) grown in the field or greenhouse.
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Patricio, Hugo. "Risk based approach in maintenance planning in the context of road and railway infrastructure." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.1418.
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<p>ISO 55000 states that “Asset management translates the organization’s objectives into asset-related decisions, plans and activities, using a risk based approach”.</p><p>Decoding such high level statement into a specific organizational culture is an effort which many intense asset management companies are carrying out, however, the maturity level of this approach, is far from being uniform across organizations. While some exhibit signs of excellence pushing boundaries and develop new ideas and concepts, others are starting to learn, applying and embedding the concepts.</p><p>The paper will present and discuss the process of producing the company’s asset management maintenance plan, including scenario analysis to support decision-making process. It will also address infrastructure risk assessment, namely the operational risks concerning bridges, tunnels, pavements, track, signalling and power stations, in the context of both road and railway transportation networks.</p>
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Hang, Jiayi, Da Shi, James House, and Jason Neufeld. "Prediction of protein and amino acid contents in whole and ground lentils using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/pqtj3002.
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Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) is an important source of plant-based protein, and the protein and amino acid contents have a significant influence on its nutritional value and use. This study developed near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models to predict the protein and 18 amino acid contents of lentil seeds. The effects of sample status (whole and ground), type of spectrometer (DA 7250 and FT 9700), and amino acid/protein correlation on model performance were analyzed and evaluated. In total, 361 lentil samples grown in Saskatchewan, Canada, were selected as a calibration set. These samples were scanned by spectrometers and analyzed by reference wet chemistry methods to obtain spectral data and reference data, respectively. NIRS models developed by partial least squares (PLS) equation had a satisfactory performance for measuring protein and most amino acids (except for histidine, tyrosine, methionine, and cysteine) in lentils with high coefficients of determination for calibration (R2C = 0.652–0.927) and residual predictive deviation (RPD = 1.570 – 3.101). NIRS models from DA 7250 achieved similar accuracy for the determination of crude protein and amino acids in whole and ground lentils. DA 7250 models had a slightly better predictive ability with higher coefficients of determination for cross-validation (R2CV) and RPD values than FT 9700 models for all compositions except histidine. However, the predicted data of the two spectrometers did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) for every composition. For amino acids highly correlated to crude protein, NIRS generally predicted them with higher accuracy. Overall, NIRS combined with PLS regression yielded significant potential for rapid and simultaneous prediction of protein and most amino acid contents in lentils with satisfactory accuracy, and these models were usable for research purposes or sample screening.
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Agapova, V. D., O. F. Vaganova, M. S. Gvozdeva, and G. V. Volkova. "EFFECTIVENESS OF KNOWN WHEAT RESISTANCE GENES TO PUCCINIA TRITICINA IN THE ADULT PLANT PHASE IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.329-331.
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Winter wheat is one of the leading agricultural crops in Russia. The most common and epiphytotic pathogen is leaf rust (Puccinia triticina). The aim of the work was to evaluate the effectiveness of known wheat resistance genes to brown rust in the phase of adult plants in the South of Russia. For the study, route surveys were conducted in the conditions of the North Caucasus region, and herbarium material was collected to create an infectious background on the field site of the FSBI “All-Russian Research Institute of Biological Plant Protection”. As a result of the evaluation of 49 isogenic lines of winter wheat, the Lr9, Lr42, Lr43+24 and Lr50 genes with absolute resistance to P. triticina were identified in the South of Russia in 2019. Study of lines with known resistance genes on an infectious background in the field gives an idea of the change in the effectiveness of P. triticina Lr genes.
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Chuang, K. L., J. R. Chang, S. P. Chang, P. M. Tu, Y. C. Hsu, W. Y. Chen, H. W. Zan, T. C. Lu, H. C. Kuo, and C. Y. Chang. "Growth Mechanism of Nonpolar A-Plane GaN on Patterned M-Plane Sapphire." In 2010 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2010.p-8-2.
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Lee, Sanghoon, Youngho Son, Jaehoon Lee, Woosung Kim, and Seogchan Yoon. "A Suggestion of Improvement Plan for ASME Sec. III Requirements Through the Construction Experience of Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants: Hydrostatic Test Pressure and PWHT Temperature of P-No.4 Materials." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26433.
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The minimum hydrostatic test pressure for class 2 and 3 components has been reduced from 1.5 to 1.25 times the Design Pressure in ASME B&PV Sec. III, Division 1 since 1999 addenda. If these requirements are applied to the system hydrostatic test as they are, the minimum hydrostatic test pressure of components and system becomes identical. Therefore it may happen that the test pressure imposed on components installed at low locations in the system exceeds the maximum permissible pressure due to the static head during the system hydrostatic test. PWHT temperature requirements for P-No.4 materials in various Construction Codes, such as ASME B31.1, Sec. I and Sec. VIII, except Sec. III have been unified and the minimum PWHT temperature became 649°C (120°F) since 2004 edition. When considering the mechanical properties of the weld, the minimum PWHT temperature of 593°C or that of P No. 4 materials in Sec. III is too low to reduce hardness and to increase toughness. When PWHT is performed on dissimilar material joints (e.g., between P-No.1 or P-No. 3 and P-No. 4) at 649°C (1200°F) in accordance with Sec. VIII etc., it is possible that the strength of the lower P-No. materials is decreased below the design strength because the PWHT temperature will exceed the tempering temperature of the lower P-No. materials. In this study, the cases of system hydrostatic test in UC-3, 4 units and Steam Generator Nozzle to feedwater pipe joint in Korea Standard Nuclear Power Plants (e.g., UC-3, 4 units, YK-3, 4 units and YK-5, 6 units) were reviewed and analyzed. And then problems of two cases were presented. It is suggested that the minimum system hydrostatic test pressure in Sec. III NC, ND should be decreased by the reduction rate of test pressure for components and the minimum PWHT temperature for P No. 4 materials in Sec. III should be 630°C (1166°F).
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Olala, Stephen, and Njuki W. Mureithi. "Streamwise Fluidelastic Instability of Tube Arrays in Two-Phase Cross Flow." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39234.
Full textAbstract:
In-plane instability of tube arrays has not been a major concern to steam generator designers until recently following observations of streamwise tube failure in a nuclear power plant in U.S.A. However, modeling of fluidelastic instability in two-phase flows still remains a challenge. In the present work, detailed steady fluid force measurements for a kernel of an array of tubes in a rotated triangular tube array of P/D=1.5 subjected to air-water two-phase flows for a series of void fractions and a Reynolds number (based on the pitch velocity), Re = 7.2 × 104 has been conducted. The measured steady fluid force coefficients and their derivatives, with respect to streamwise static displacements of the central tube, are employed in the quasi-steady model [1, 2], originally developed for single phase flows, to analyze in-plane fluidelastic instability of multiple flexible arrays in two-phase flows. The results are consistent with dynamic stability tests [3].
Reports on the topic "Plant P status"
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Shenker, Moshe, Paul R. Bloom, Abraham Shaviv, Adina Paytan, Barbara J. Cade-Menun, Yona Chen, and Jorge Tarchitzky. Fate of Phosphorus Originated from Treated Wastewater and Biosolids in Soils: Speciation, Transport, and Accumulation. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697103.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Beneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levelsBeneficial use of reclaimed wastewater (RW) and biosolids (BS) in soils is accompanied by large input of sewage-originated P. Prolonged application may result in P accumulation up to levels that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction that impair plant nutrition, increase P loss, and promote eutrophication in downstream waters. This study aims to shed light on the RW- and BS-P forms in soils and to follow the processes that determine P reactivity, solubility, availability, and loss in RW and BS treated soils. The Technion group used sequential P extraction combined with measuring stable oxygen isotopic composition in phosphate (δ18OP) and with 31P-NMR studies to probe P speciation and transformations in soils irrigated with RW or fresh water (FW). The application of the δ18OP method to probe inorganic P (Pi) speciation and transformations in soils was developed through collaboration between the Technion and the UCSC groups. The method was used to trace Pi in water-, NaHCO3-, NaOH-, and HCl- P fractions in a calcareous clay soil (Acre, Israel) irrigated with RW or FW. The δ18OP signature changes during a month of incubation indicated biogeochemical processes. The water soluble Pi (WSPi) was affected by enzymatic activity yielding isotopic equilibrium with the water molecules in the soil solution. Further it interacted rapidly with the NaHCO3-Pi. The more stable Pi pools also exhibited isotopic alterations in the first two weeks after P application, likely related to microbial activity. Isotopic depletion which could result from organic P (PO) mineralization was followed by enrichment which may result from biologic discrimination in the uptake. Similar transformations were observed in both soils although transformations related to biological activity were more pronounced in the soil treated with RW. Specific P compounds were identified by the Technion group, using solution-state 31P-NMR in wastewater and in soil P extracts from Acre soils irrigated by RW and FW. Few identified PO compounds (e.g., D-glucose-6-phosphate) indicated coupled transformations of P and C in the wastewater. The RW soil retained higher P content, mainly in the labile fractions, but lower labile PO, than the FW soil; this and the fact that P species in the various soil extracts of the RW soil appear independent of P species in the RW are attributed to enhanced biological activity and P recycling in the RW soil. Consistent with that, both soils retained very similar P species in the soil pools. The HUJ group tested P stabilization to maximize the environmental safe application rates and the agronomic beneficial use of BS. Sequential P extraction indicated that the most reactive BS-P forms: WSP, membrane-P, and NaHCO3-P, were effectively stabilized by ferrous sulfate (FeSul), calcium oxide (CaO), or aluminum sulfate (alum). After applying the stabilized BS, or fresh BS (FBS), FBS compost (BSC), or P fertilizer (KH2PO4) to an alluvial soil, P availability was probed during 100 days of incubation. A plant-based bioassay indicated that P availability followed the order KH2PO4 >> alum-BS > BSC ≥ FBS > CaO-BS >> FeSul-BS. The WSPi concentration in soil increased following FBS or BSC application, and P mineralization further increased it during incubation. In contrast, the chemically stabilized BS reduced WSPi concentrations relative to the untreated soil. It was concluded that the chemically stabilized BS effectively controlled WSPi in the soil while still supplying P to support plant growth. Using the sequential extraction procedure the persistence of P availability in BS treated soils was shown to be of a long-term nature. 15 years after the last BS application to MN soils that were annually amended for 20 years by heavy rates of BS, about 25% of the added BS-P was found in the labile fractions. The UMN group further probed soil-P speciation in these soils by bulk and micro X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES). This newly developed method was shown to be a powerful tool for P speciation in soils. In a control soil (no BS added), 54% of the total P was PO and it was mostly identified as phytic acid; 15% was identified as brushite and 26% as strengite. A corn crop BS amended soil included mostly P-Fe-peat complex, variscite and Al-P-peat complex but no Ca-P while in a BS-grass soil octacalcium phosphate was identified and o-phosphorylethanolamine or phytic acid was shown to dominate the PO fraction.
2
Coplin, David, Isaac Barash, and Shulamit Manulis. Role of Proteins Secreted by the Hrp-Pathways of Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae in Eliciting Water-Soaking Symptoms and Initiating Galls. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580675.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Many bacterial pathogens of plants can inject pathogenicity proteins into host cells using a specialized type III secretion system encoded by hrpgenes. This system deliver effector proteins, into plant cells that function in both susceptible and resistant interactions. We have found that the virulence of Erwinia stewartii(Es; syn. Pantoea stewartii) and Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae (Ehg, syn. Pantoea agglomerans), which cause Stewart's wilt of corn and galls on Gypsophila, respectively, depends on hrpgenes. The major objectives of this project were: To increase expression of hrpgenes in order to identify secreted proteins; to identify genes for proteins secreted by the type-III systems and determine if they are required for pathogenicity; and to determine if the secreted proteins can function within eukaryotic cells. We found that transcription of the hrp and effector genes in Es and Ehg is controlled by at least four genes that constitute a regulatory cascade. Environmental and/or physiological signaling appears to be mediated by the HrpX/HrpY two component system, with HrpX functioning as a sensor-kinase and HrpY as a response regulator. HrpYupregulateshrpS, which encodes a transcriptional enhancer. HrpS then activates hrpL, which encodes an alternate sigma factor that recognizes "hrp boxes". All of the regulatory genes are essential for pathogenicity, except HrpX, which appears only to be required for induction of the HR in tobacco by Es. In elucidating this regulatory pathway in both species, we made a number of significant new discoveries. HrpX is unusual for a sensor-kinase because it is cytoplasmic and contains PAS domains, which may sense the redox state of the bacterium. In Es, a novel methyl-accepting protein may function upstream of hrpY and repress hrp gene expression in planta. The esaIR quorum sensing system in Es represses hrp gene expression in Es in response to cell-density. We have discovered six new type III effector proteins in these species, one of which (DspE in Ehg and WtsE in Es) is common to both pathogens. In addition, Es wtsG, which is a homolog of an avrPpiB from P. syringae pv. pisi, and an Ehg ORF, which is a homolog of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola AvrPphD, were both demonstrated to encode virulence proteins. Two plasmidborne, Ehg Hop proteins, HsvG and PthG, are required for infection of gypsophilia, but interestingly, PthG also acts as an Avr elicitor in beets. Using a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (cyaA) reporter gene, we were successful in demonstrating that an HsvG-CyaA fusion protein can be transferred into human HeLa cells by the type-III system of enteropathogenic E. coli. This is a highly significant accomplishment because it is the first direct demonstration that an effector protein from a plant pathogenic bacterium is capable of being translocated into a eukaryotic cell by a type-III secretion system. Ehg is considered a limiting factor in Gypsophila production in Israel and Stewart’s Wilt is a serious disease in the Eastern and North Central USA, especially on sweet corn in epidemic years. We believe that our basic research on the characterization of type III virulence effectors should enable future identification of their receptors in plant cells. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering resistant plants by modifying their receptors or inactivating effectors and thus blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, hrp gene regulation might also provide a target for plant produced compounds that interfere with recognition of the host by the pathogen. Such strategies would be broadly applicable to a wide range of serious bacterial diseases on many crops throughout the USA and Israel.
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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar, and Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Rowe, Randall C., Jaacov Katan, Talma Katan, and Leah Tsror. Sub-Specific Populations of Verticillium dahliae and their Roles in Vascular Wilt Pathogsystems. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7574343.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Verticillium dahliae is an economically important pathogen causing vascular wilt on over 160 plant species. In North America, potato early dying is a significant disease of potato, especially in the midwest and Pacific northwest states. This disease is caused by the fungus Verticillium dahliae and in some cases involves a synergistic interaction with root-lesion nematodes, primarily Pratylenchus penetrans. In Israel, Verticillium wilt occurs in many regions and inflicts serious losses in potato, cotton, and other crops. Objectives of this project were to establish a large collection of isolates of Verticillium dahliae from potato (USA) and several host plants (Israel) and to characterize and compare the isolates with regard to morphology, vegetative compatibility group (VCG), and pathogenic capabilities on several hosts. Isolations were made from 224 commercial lots of certified potato seed tubers from across N. America and 87 potato fields located in the Columbia Basin of Oregon and Washington. A large collection of isolates from central U.S. states already existed. In Israel, 47 field sites were sampled and isolates of Verticillium dahliae were recovered from 13 host plant species and from soil. Potato isolates from N. America were tested for vegetative compatibility and all found to be in VCG 4 with about 2/3 in VCG 4A and the rest in VCG 4B. VCG 4A isolates were significantly more aggressive on potato than VCG 4B isolates and were more likely to interact synergistically with P. penetrans. The Israeli isolates fell into three vegetative compatibility groups. Nearly all (> 90%) VCG2B and VCG 4B isolates were recovered from the northern and southern parts of Israel, respectively, with some overlap in central areas. Several pathotypes were defined in cotton, using cotton and eggplant together as differentials. All VCG 2B isolates from cotton caused severe disease in cotton, while VCG 2A and VCG 4B isolates from several crops were much less aggressive to cotton. When Israeli isolates of VCGs 2A, 2B and 4B were inoculated to potato and tomato, VCG 4B isolates caused much more severe disease on potato and VCG 2A isolates caused much more severe disease in tomato. Differential patterns of pathogenicity and aggressiveness of these VCGs on potato and tomato were consistent regardless of the host plant of origin. Isolates of the same VCG resembled one another more than isolates from different VCGs based on colony and microsclerotial morphology, temperature responses and, partially, in pathogenicity. Vegetative compatibility grouping of V. dahliae in Israel appears closely associated with specific pathogenicity and other phenotypic traits. The absence of VCG 4A in Israel is significant. VCG patterns among Verficillium populations are useful to predict relatedness and pathogenic potential in both countries.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587240.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Dick, Warren, Yona Chen, and Maurice Watson. Improving nutrient availability in alkaline coal combustion by-products amended with composted animal manures. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695883.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Hypothesis and Objectives: We hypothesized that coal combustion products (CCPs), including those created during scrubbing of sulfur dioxide from flue gases, can be used alone or mixed with composted animal manures as effective growth media for plants. Our specific objectives were, therefore, to (1) measure the chemical, physical and hydraulic properties of source materials and prepared mixes, (2) determine the optimum design mix of CCPs and composted animal manures for growth of plants, (3) evaluate the leachate water quality and plant uptake of selected elements from prepared mixes, (4) quantify the interaction between composted animal manures and B concentrations in the mixes, (5) study the availability of P to plants growing in the mixes, and (6) determine the microbial community and siderophores involved in the solubilization of Fe and its transfer to plants. Background: In recent years a major expansion of electricity production by coal combustion has taken place in Israel, the United States and the rest of the world. As a result, a large amount of CCPs are created that include bottom ash, fly ash, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and other combustion products. In Israel 100,000 tons of fly ash (10% of total CCPs) are produced each year and in the US a total of 123 million tons of CCPs are produced each year with 71 million tons of fly ash, 18 million tons of bottom ash and 12 million tons of FGD gypsum. Many new scrubbers are being installed and will come on-line in the next 2 to 10 years and this will greatly expand the amount of FGD gypsum. One of the main substrates used in Israel for growth media is volcanic ash (scoria; tuff). The resemblance of bottom coal ash to tuff led us to the assumption that it is possible to substitute tuff with bottom ash. Similarly, bottom ash and FGD gypsum were considered excellent materials for creating growth mixes for agricultural and nursery production uses. In the experiments conducted, bottom ash was studied in Israel and bottom ash, fly ash and FGD gypsum was studied in the US. Major Achievements: In the US, mixes were tested that combine bottom ash, organic amendments (i.e. composts) and FGD gypsum and the best mixes supported growth of tomato, wheat and marigolds that were equal to or better than two commercial mixes used as a positive control. Plants grown on bottom ash in Israel also performed very well and microelements and radionuclides analyses conducted on plants grown on bottom coal ash proved it is safe to ingest the edible organs of these plants. According to these findings, approval to use bottom coal ash for growing vegetables and fruits was issued by the Israeli Ministry of Health. Implications: Bottom coal ash is a suitable substitute for volcanic ash (scoria; tuff) obtained from the Golan Heights as a growth medium in Israel. Recycling of bottom coal ash is more environmentally sustainable than mining a nonrenewable resource. The use of mixes containing CCPs was shown feasible for growing plants in the United States and is now being evaluated at a commercial nursery where red sunset maple trees are being grown in a pot-in-pot production system. In addition, because of the large amount of FGD gypsum that will become available, its use for production of agronomic crops is being expanded due to success of this study.
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Arifi, Besa. Education in Preventing & Countering Violent Extremism: Considerations for the Western Balkans. RESOLVE Network, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2022.1.wb.
Full textAbstract:
Violent extremism in the Western Balkans takes many forms, from Western Balkans foreign fighters recruited to participate in conflicts abroad, including in the Middle East and Ukraine; to ethno-nationalist organizations that spread inter-ethnic hatred, some emanating from and glorifying legacies of conflict spanning back to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia and regional conflicts in the 1990s; to chauvinism and anti-EU and anti-NATO ideas that emerge to become even more serious and with greater consequences for the region and socio-political cohesion and dynamics. As violent extremism continues to evolve and adapt in the Western Balkan countries, efforts to address it must also adjust to new threats from both internal and external sources. Recent research on violent extremism in the Western Balkans, and North Macedonia specifically, suggests that education may be an important tool in addressing violent extremism in the region. Some have suggested educational initiatives may assist in addressing online and offline disinformation and extremist narratives. Furthermore, addressing ongoing issues within ethnically divided educational systems may play an important role in working to address some of the ethnic-based divisions that can contribute to ”othering” dynamics. Others have further suggested that education and other support services can play a role in aiding the transition of those imprisoned on charges related to violent extremism and returning families back into society. As countries throughout the Western Balkans continue to update and revise their national action plans and policies to address violent extremism, greater consideration of the role of education and how it might be integrated into these policies is needed. This publication, based on findings from a large-scale literature review mapping the state of research on education in P/CVE in the Western Balkans and beyond,offers a series of considerations for policymakers and practitioners looking to incorporate education in future efforts to address drivers, both real and potential, of violent extremism in Western Balkan states. While findings from this paper are contextualized within the broader experiences of the Western Balkans, specific examples based on experiences in individual countries, North Macedonia most notably, are detailed to provide an in-depth example of considerations for policymakers interested in further incorporating education into P/CVE plans moving forward.
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Boyle, M., and Elizabeth Rico. Terrestrial vegetation monitoring at Cumberland Island National Seashore: 2020 data summary. National Park Service, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294287.
Full textAbstract:
The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) conducts long-term terrestrial vegetation monitoring as part of the nationwide Inventory and Monitoring Program of the National Park Service (NPS). The vegetation community vital sign is one of the primary-tier resources identified by SECN park managers, and it is currently conducted at 15 network parks (DeVivo et al. 2008). Monitoring plants and their associated communities over time allows for targeted understanding of ecosystems within the SECN geography, which provides managers information about the degree of change within their parks’ natural vegetation. 2020 marks the first year of conducting this monitoring effort at Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS). Fifty-six vegetation plots were established throughout the park from May through July. Data collected in each plot included species richness across multiple spatial scales, species-specific cover and constancy, species-specific woody stem seedling/sapling counts and adult tree (greater than 10 centimeters [3.9 inches {in}]) diameter at breast height (DBH), overall tree health, landform, soil, observed disturbance, and woody biomass (i.e., fuel load) estimates. This report summarizes the baseline (year 1) terrestrial vegetation data collected at Cumberland Island National Seashore in 2020. Data were stratified across three dominant broadly defined habitats within the park, including Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands, Maritime Open Upland Grasslands, and Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands. Noteworthy findings include: 213 vascular plant taxa (species or lower) were observed across 56 vegetation plots, including 12 species not previously documented within the park. The most frequently encountered species in each broadly defined habitat included: Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodlands: longleaf + pond pine (Pinus palustris; P. serotina), redbay (Persea borbonia), saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), wax-myrtle (Morella cerifera), deerberry (Vaccinium stamineum), variable panicgrass (Dichanthelium commutatum), and hemlock rosette grass (Dichanthelium portoricense). Maritime Open Upland Grasslands: wax-myrtle, saw greenbrier (Smilax auriculata), sea oats (Uniola paniculata), and other forbs and graminoids. Maritime Upland Forests and Shrublands: live oak (Quercus virginiana), redbay, saw palmetto, muscadine (Muscadinia rotundifolia), and Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) Two non-native species, Chinaberry (Melia azedarach) and bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), categorized as invasive by the Georgia Exotic Pest Plant Council (GA-EPPC 2018) were encountered in four different Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland plots during this monitoring effort. Six vascular plant species listed as rare and tracked by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR 2022) were observed in these monitoring plots, including the state listed “Rare” Florida swampprivet (Forestiera segregata var. segregata) and sandywoods sedge (Carex dasycarpa) and the “Unusual” green fly orchid (Epidendrum conopseum). Longleaf and pond pine were the most dominant species within the tree stratum of Coastal Plain Upland Open Woodland habitat types; live oak was the most dominant species of Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland types. Saw palmetto and rusty staggerbush (Lyonia ferruginea) dominated the sapling stratum within Maritime Upland Forest and Shrubland habitat types. Of the 20 tree-sized redbay trees measured during this monitoring effort only three were living and these were observed with severely declining vigor, indicating the prevalence and recent historical impact of laurel wilt disease (LWD) across the island’s maritime forest ecosystems. There was an unexpectedly low abundance of sweet grass (Muhlenbergia sericea) and saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) within interdune swale plots of Maritime Open Upland habitats on the island, which could be a result of grazing activity by feral horses. Live oak is the dominant tree-sized species across...
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Jones, Scott B., Shmuel P. Friedman, and Gregory Communar. Novel streaming potential and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7597910.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The “Novel streaming potential (SP) and thermal sensor techniques for monitoring water and nutrient fluxes in the vadose zone” project ended Oct. 30, 2015, after an extension to complete travel and intellectual exchange of ideas and sensors. A significant component of this project was the development and testing of the Penta-needle Heat Pulse Probe (PHPP) in addition to testing of the streaming potential concept, both aimed at soil water flux determination. The PHPP was successfully completed and shown to provide soil water flux estimates down to 1 cm day⁻¹ with altered heat input and timing as well as use of larger heater needles. The PHPP was developed by Scott B. Jones at Utah State University with a plan to share sensors with Shmulik P. Friedman, the ARO collaborator. Delays in completion of the PHPP resulted in limited testing at USU and a late delivery of sensors (Sept. 2015) to Dr. Friedman. Two key aspects of the subsurface water flux sensor development that delayed the availability of the PHPP sensors were the addition of integrated electrical conductivity measurements (available in February 2015) and resolution of bugs in the microcontroller firmware (problems resolved in April 2015). Furthermore, testing of the streaming potential method with a wide variety of non-polarizable electrodes at both institutions was not successful as a practical measurement tool for water flux due to numerous sources of interference and the M.S. student in Israel terminated his program prematurely for personal reasons. In spite of these challenges, the project funded several undergraduate students building sensors and several master’s students and postdocs participating in theory and sensor development and testing. Four peer-reviewed journal articles have been published or submitted to date and six oral/poster presentations were also delivered by various authors associated with this project. We intend to continue testing the "new generation" PHPP probes at both USU and at the ARO resulting in several additional publications coming from this follow-on research. Furthermore, Jones is presently awaiting word on an internal grant application for commercialization of the PHPP at USU.