Journal articles: 'Plant Operator'

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Mortenson, Torrey, Thomas Ulrich, Ronald Laurids Boring, and Roger Lew. "Balance-Of-Plant Computerized Operator Support System Implementation." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (December 2020): 1795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641433.

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A Computerized Operator Support System (COSS) is an operator assistive technology suite that aids operators in monitoring processes to detect off-normal conditions, diagnose plant faults, predict future plant states, recommend mitigation alternatives, and select appropriate mitigative actions. A COSS human-machine interface (HMI) was developed at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in collaboration with an advanced prognostics engine called PRO-AID, developed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The front-end HMI coupled with the back-end prognostics provide fault prediction to inform operators of plant faults before they occur. Historically, COSS has been focused within the control room, representing systems that are monitored and controlled solely from a centralized location. This project, however, is focused on applying the principles of previous COSS efforts to a system outside the control room, namely the boric acid concentrator and liquid radwaste (BAC/LRW) system. This effort demonstrates the applicability and usability of a COSS system in a balance-of-plant environment, and offers next steps in the development of operator support and advanced overview interfaces in existing nuclear power-generating stations, and the future advanced reactor systems.

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Lew, Roger, Ronald L. Boring, and Thomas A. Ulrich. "Computerized Operator Support System for Nuclear Power Plant Hybrid Main Control Room." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 1814–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631532.

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A Computerized Operator Support System (COSS) is an operator assistive technology that aids operators in monitoring processes to detect off-normal conditions, diagnose plant faults, predict future plant states, recommend mitigation alternatives, and select appropriate mitigation actions. The COSS works in collaboration with an advanced prognostics system called PROAID. The COSS provides a human-machine interface to help operators maintain situation awareness and detect faults earlier than would be possible using conventional control room technologies at nuclear power plants. Here we describe a third-iteration of efforts to develop and validate the COSS. The COSS has now been implemented as a prototype system for a full-scope nuclear power plant simulator. To date, two studies involving three licensed reactor crews were conducted to evaluate the COSS. Here we capture insights into the development of COSS as well as operator feedback and future development guidance derived from the operator-in-the-loop simulator studies.

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DOBRE Gérard, Dragoş, MOREL Jean-Francois, and PETIN Eddy BAJIC. "Improving Digital Interaction for Operator-Driven Process-Plant Operation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 41, no. 3 (2008): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20081205-2-cl-4009.00018.

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Lee, John D., and Neville Moray. "Operators' Monitoring Patterns and Fault Recovery in the Supervisory Control of a Semi-Automatic Process." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 15 (October 1992): 1143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/107118192786749775.

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Although technological innovations have changed the role of operators from active participants to supervisors of semiautomatic processes, an understanding of the cognitive demands of supervisory control has not kept pace. In particular, little is known about when, and how well, operators might intervene and switch control from automatic to manual. This research addresses this issue by monitoring the information use and control actions of operators of a simulated semiautomatic pasteurization plant. The results of this experiment shows that individual differences in operators” monitoring patterns during the normal operation of the plant correspond to differences in their ability to mitigate the effects of faults. Specifically, an operator who controls the plant well during both normal and fault conditions tends to observe the plant frequently, integrating control actions with other control actions, and does not fixate on narrow sub-systems of the plant. On the other hand, an operator who performs poorly when exposed to faults tends to observe the plant less often, fails to integrate control actions, and fixates attention on a narrow subset of plant variables. Although all operators interacted with the plant using the same interface and automation, large individual differences in the operators” monitoring patterns, and the associated differences in performance suggest that individuals” attitudes, motivation, and training may play a critical role in the successful implementation of automation.

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Suryono, T. J., S. Santoso, and R. Maerani. "Developing a measurement tool for assessing situation awareness of operator in the MCR of SMR." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2193, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2193/1/012042.

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Abstract Automated action is one of the main features in the modern main control room (MCR) of nuclear power plants including small and modular reactors (SMR). The automated systems can increase the safe operation of the plants and can make it easier for operators to monitor and control the plant. However, it can reduce the awareness of operators about the current status of the plant. This paper discusses a tool to measure the situation awareness of operators of MCR of Nuscale, one of SMR type reactor. The tool is developed based on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) that measures operator workload that affects the situation awareness based on the 6 subscales: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, frustration, effort, and performance. The types of workloads of the operator are investigated and some questioners related to the 6 subscales are made. The result shows that the tool is suitable for assessing the situation awareness of the operator of MCR of Nuscale.

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UJITA, Hiroshi, Mitsuko FUKUDA, and Ryuji KUBOTA. "Plant Operator Performance Evaluation System." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 26, no. 6 (June 1989): 591–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1989.9734354.

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Xiang, Fang, Zhou Yangping, and Li Fu. "Nuclear Power Plant Operator Reliability Research Based on Fuzzy Math." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/262585.

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This paper makes use of the concept and theory of fuzzy number in fuzzy mathematics, to research for the response time of operator in accident of Chinese nuclear power plant. Through the quantitative analysis for the performance shape factors (PSFs) which influence the response time of operators, the formula of the operator response time is obtained based on the possibilistic fuzzy linear regression model which is used for the first time in this kind of research. The research result shows that the correct research method can be achieved through the analysis of the information from a small sample. This method breaks through the traditional research method and can be used not only for the reference to the safe operation of nuclear power plant, but also in other areas.

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Liu, Jin Fei, Ming Chen, and Xiang Long Qi. "Analysis and Simulation of One Worker with Multi-Machine Mode." Advanced Materials Research 889-890 (February 2014): 1227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.889-890.1227.

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One operator with multi-machine operating mode is an important part of the analysis of operator-machine work, because it takes it into consideration that the utilization of both machines and operators. It is necessary to study its classification, application and analysis process, besides, a mathematical model is constructed to analyze the differences in efficiency for operators and machines, which are caused by the difference of machine assignment amount. Finally, The process simulation and verification is based on the platform of Plant simulation.

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Choi, Jae-Young, and Sang-Hoon Byeon. "Risk Assessment and Deployment for Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations in the Process Plant Industry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 8707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168707.

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Safety showers and eyewash stations are equipment used for primary washing if their operator is exposed to hazardous chemicals. Therefore, safety showers and eyewash stations should be installed to ensure operator safety in process plants with excessive hazardous chemicals. International guidelines related to safety showers and eyewash stations are introduced in ANSI Z358.1, BS EN 15154, and German DIN 12899-3:2009, but only mechanical specifications regarding safety showers and eyewash stations are suggested. As such, there are currently no engineering guidelines, books, or technical journal papers requiring safety showers or eyewash stations and their efficient deployment. Thus, this study conducted risk assessment from an industrial hygiene perspective, suggesting which process equipment requires a safety shower and eyewash, including their economical and efficient deployment for operator safety. In industry, safety showers and eyewash stations are considered part of the process safety field; this study attempted to contribute to the safety improvement of operators by applying risk assessment of the industrial hygiene field. More studies are needed that contribute to operators’ safety by incorporating industrial hygiene fields for other process safety fields, including safety showers and eyewash stations.

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Melander, Lari, and Risto Ritala. "Separating the impact of work environment and machine operation on harvester performance." European Journal of Forest Research 139, no. 6 (July 4, 2020): 1029–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10342-020-01304-5.

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Abstract In mechanized logging operations, interactions between the forest machines and their operators, forest resources and environmental conditions are multifold and not easily detected. However, increased computational resources and sensing capabilities of the forest machines together with extensive forest inventory data enable modeling of such relationships, leading eventually to better planning of the operations, better assistance for the forest machine operators, and increased efficiency of timber harvesting. In this study, both forest machine fieldbus data and forest inventory data were acquired extensively. The forest inventory data, acquired nationwide, was clustered to categorize general tree and soil types in Finland. The found forest categories were applied when the harvester fieldbus data, collected from the forest operations in the North Karelia region with two similar harvesters, was analyzed. When the performance of the machine and the operator, namely the fuel consumption and log production, is studied individually for each forest cluster, the impact of working environment no longer masks the causes based on the machine or the operator, thus making the observations from separate forest locations comparable. The study observed statistically significant differences in fuel consumption between the most general tree and soil clusters as well as between the harvester-operator units. The modeling approach applied, based on multivariate linear regression, finds such reasons for the differences that have clear interpretation from machine setup or operator working style perspective, and thus offers a feasible method for assisting the operators in improving their working practices and thus the overall performance specifically at forest of given type.

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Fonseca, Anabela D., Maureen O'Shaughnessy, John B. Copp, Karen Pallansch, Jim Sizemore, and George Floyd. "CUSTOMIZED PLANT MODEL AS OPERATOR TOOL." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2003, no. 5 (January 1, 2003): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864703784606701.

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Mjaavatten, A., and S. Saelid. "Operator Support System for Fertilizer Plant." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 25, no. 4 (April 1992): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)50252-9.

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LePage, Wilfred L. "A Treatment Plant Operator Assesses Ozonation." Journal - American Water Works Association 77, no. 8 (August 1985): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1985.tb05586.x.

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Evans, David L., Ronald W. Carraway, and George T. Simmons. "Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) for Forest Plot Location." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/16.2.67.

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Abstract A portable global positioning system (GPS) unit was tested against conventional field techniques for forest plot location. GPS accuracy tested against five benchmarks indicated that for open areas, the largest average displacement from true position was 17.7 ft. Three operators were instructed in the use of GPS for waypoint navigation. Nine plots were then located by each of the operators using either GPS or conventional field navigation. Mean speed and distance offset were determined for all plots as located by each navigation technique. Results indicated that the operator with the least amount of plot-location experience was able to locate plots faster with GPS than by conventional techniques. System portability, satellite availability, canopy interference with signals, and operator biases are cited as moderate encumbrances. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):67-70.

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Kim, Man Cheol. "Insights on Accident Information and System Operations during Fukushima Events." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2014 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/123240.

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As part of the development of an integrated perspective on lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, this paper highlights lessons learned and implications relating to the accident information and system operational aspects during the events. Our analysis clearly indicates that the plant was neither designed nor prepared to withstand such an unexpected event, which included a complete loss of electrical power sources for a long period. The author focused on the accident information and system operational aspects of the Fukushima event, including lack of information, provision of wrong information, operator performance in life-threatening environments, and improvisation given lack of procedures and training. Suggestions for further improvement of the nuclear plant safety are then made with respect to preparation for beyond design basis events, provision of reliable essential information to operators, development of guidelines/procedures, training of operators, and development of operator support systems with consideration of severe accidents caused by unexpected events. It is hoped that the lessons learned from the accident will significantly contribute to the enhancement of nuclear plant safety.

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Reising, Dal Vernon C., Penelope M. Sanderson, Barclay G. Jones, Neville Moray, and Jens Rasmussen. "A Direct Perception Display for Rule-Based Behavior: Supporting Power Plant Startup with a “Lattice” Display." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 42, no. 3 (October 1998): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129804200309.

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Research over the last decade on interface design has suggested that “configural” or “direct perception” displays provide better support for complex operator tasks than single-sensor single-indicator displays. In this paper we focus on the development of displays to support the human operator role in nuclear power plant start-up procedures, which involve rule-based behavior. During start-up operators construct a functioning plant. This process can be characterized as climbing an “abstraction/aggregation hierarchy” from initiating low-level physical functions, combining them into generalized and abstract functions until the plant fulfills its functional purpose (Rasmussen, Pejtersen, & Goodstein, 1994). We introduce a graphical interface based on a visual lattice representation of the abstraction/aggregation hierarchy for nuclear power plant startup which (1) provides constant feedback through the lattice display about the level of abstraction/aggregation achieved, (2) provides feedback about system state through direct perception displays, and (3) promotes the correct sequence of actions.

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Roth, Emilie M., Randall J. Mumaw, Kim J. Vicente, and Catherine M. Burns. "Operator Monitoring during Normal Operations: Vigilance or Problem-Solving?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100137.

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Monitoring during emergencies in dynamic environments is widely recognized to be an active, selective attention, process. In contrast monitoring during normal operations is often thought to more closely resemble a vigilance task. This paper describes a field study of power plant operator monitor during normal operations. We observed and interviewed 27 operators at two different plants for a total of over 200 hours. Despite differences in control room technology, we found that in both cases operators devised active strategies to remove or reduce meaningless changes from the interface, create information different from that intended by the designers, and make important information more salient. These findings were integrated into a model of operator monitoring, that emphasizes operators' use of strategies for knowledge-driven monitoring and proactive adaptation of the control room interface. The model is equally applicable for normal and emergency operations and underscores the commonality in cognitive demands in both environments.

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Kerri, Kenneth D., K. Kumarasivam, and Lily Hor. "Development of privatized operator training and certification programs for Malaysia." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0324.

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Wastewater operator training and certification programs are needed to protect public health and the environment. These training and certification programs are also needed to protect the capital investment in the facilities and to ensure that the facilities are in compliance with government regulations. The Government of Malaysia has passed an Act requiring the certification of municipal wastewater (sewage) treatment plant operators. ENSEARCH (a Malaysian professional organization) has prepared a program to develop municipal and industrial wastewater operator training and certification programs. The procedures developed begin with separate advisory committees for both the operator training and certification programs. The committees work together throughout the entire development and implementation process. The first step is to develop “Need-to-Know” criteria which identify the knowledge and skills needed to safely operate and maintain a wastewater treatment facility. These criteria are used to develop both the training and certification programs and also the training materials and the certification examinations. After development of the training materials and certification examinations, both are reviewed, tested and the results are evaluated. The nex t step is to determine the effectiveness of the training and certification program by evaluating operator and plant performance. Recommendations for implementation include four levels of operator training and certification: (1) Basic, (2) Middle, (3) Advanced and (4) Administration/Management/Supervision.

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UJITA, Hiroshi, Ryuji KUBOTA, and Minako FUJI-IE. "Experimental analysis of plant operator crew communication." Japanese journal of ergonomics 29, no. 4 (1993): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5100/jje.29.249.

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Fang, Xiang, and Limin Wang. "Nuclear Power Plant Operator Auxiliary Robot System." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 768 (March 31, 2020): 022055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/768/2/022055.

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Kola, Vani, Anjan Bose, and Paul M. Anderson. "Power Plant Models for Operator Training Simulators." IEEE Power Engineering Review 9, no. 5 (May 1989): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1989.4310697.

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Kitajima, Teiji, Yoshihiko Nakayama, and Hirokazu Nishitani. "Plant Operator Model for Human Interface Evaluation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 26 (September 1998): 467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)40137-6.

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Villanueva, Hernan, and Harmeet Lamba. "Operator guidance system for industrial plant supervision." Expert Systems with Applications 12, no. 4 (May 1997): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0957-4174(97)00004-3.

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Kola, V., A. Bose, and P. M. Anderson. "Power plant models for operator training simulators." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 4, no. 2 (May 1989): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.193830.

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Boring, Ronald L., Thomas A. Ulrich, and Roger Lew. "Findings From an Operator-In-The-Loop Study on System Overview Displays in a Modernized Nuclear Power Plant." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1658–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621376.

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The second Operator Study of System Overviews (OSSO-2) was conducted with a three-person reactor operator crew in the Human Systems Simulation Laboratory (HSSL) at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) in August, 2017. The study supported control room modernization at a nuclear power plant and featured a benchmark comparison of three variants of a turbine control system (TCS): the existing analog TCS, a proposed standalone digital TCS with two displays, and the digital TCS with the addition of a third display depicting a system overview screen. TCS prototypes were developed at INL to allow evaluation of operator performance and preferences during realistic turbine scenarios in the full-scope simulator. The study revealed that completion of turbine startup was several minutes faster with the digital TCS variants than with the conventional analog TCS. Eye tracking revealed visual fixations were more widely distributed in the overview vs. standalone TCS condition, suggesting the overview screen may have cued reactor operators to verify values across the boards. Reviewing key plant parameters showed smoother transitions during load following for the digital vs. analog TCS. The study provides evidence that the new digital TCS could be used successfully by operators without extensive training or rewriting of the operating procedures, suggesting high usability for the digital TCS design. Further advantages were realized through the addition of the system overview screen to provide crews with at-a-glance indicators of key turbine parameters.

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Jang, Gwi-sook, Seung-min Lee, and Gee-yong Park. "Suggestion of Design Evaluation Plan based on Star Life Cycle to introduce the Information Minimalism Concept of KOREA Nuclear Plant." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817003003.

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The design of Korea Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) main control rooms (MCR) has been changed to be fully digitalized. Five or six display devices are assigned to each operator in NPP MCR to provide the information of safety parameter and plant status, and various control functions by connecting computerized control devices. Under this circumstance, the distributed displays can induce a dispersion of the operators’ attention and increase the workload while conducting monitoring and control tasks efficiently. In addition, to support human operators to reduce their workload and increase the performance, the concepts of the ecological interface design (EID) and the operator-centered design were applied to the design HMI display. However these designs are applied to a limited set of screens and did not differ largely from the traditional HMI design in that the layout of the information is somewhere similar to P&IDs. In this paper, we propose a design evaluation plan based on star life cycle to introduce the information minimalism concept for designing an HMI display.

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Kerri, Kenneth D. "Measurement of Operator Training Benefits." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 10-12 (May 1, 1991): 1811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0636.

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Benefits from operator training programs need to be measured to justify training budgets. Training benefits can be measured by both quantitative and qualitative procedures. Actual benefits from operator training programs are measured in terms of money saved on plant operation and maintenance, improved operator performance on certification examinations, better quality plant effluents, achievement of optimum chemical dose and favorable impressions on regulatory agency personnel. Benefits from training are also described on the basis of public satisfaction, public image, protection of capital investment, compliance with regulations, safety, staff selection and promotion and operator self-esteem.

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Hassler, Curt C., Shawn T. Grushecky, and Chris B. LeDoux. "The Effects of Group Selection Harvest Size on Logging Productivity." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/17.2.51.

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Abstract Because increasing demands are being placed on industry to harvest timber by aesthetically, economically, and ecologically acceptable means, we investigated the effects of a ground-based group selection harvest on logging productivity. Results show that size of opening had little or no effect on skidding productivity. However, significant skidder operator differences existed. Some skidder operators consistently, in shorter periods of time, loaded their machine with larger payloads resulting in larger turn volumes. Group selection unit size, skidder operator, and utilization level had no statistically significant impact on delay times. Results also suggest that additional time spent training skidder operators to hook larger payloads faster could pay dividends in increased daily production and improvements in logging profitability. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):51-56.

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MAKAROVA, Oksana A., Albina Z. MINAKHMETOVA, Ekaterina N. PYANOVA, Alexey N. PANFILOV, and Guzalia R. SHAGIVALEEVA. "INTERRELATION OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STABILITY AND STRENGTH OR WEAKNESS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM IN THE ASPECT OF PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATION OF GLASS FIBER CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OPERATORS." Periódico Tchê Química 16, no. 31 (January 20, 2019): 823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n31.2019.833_periodico31_pgs_823_830.pdf.

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Theoretical aspects of psychoemotional stability studies and types of nervous system and their manifestation in the aspect of operator occupation are described in the present article. The analysis of the professiographic study results was performed. The study included the employees (glass fiber continuous production operators) of the glass fiber manufacturing plant “P-D Tatneft-Alabuga Steklovolokno, Llc”. The criteria of operator professional success were described. They included strong type of nervous system and were associated high psychoemotional stability levels during technological production process. Special attention was paid to the results of empirical studies on interconnection of psychoemotional stability and nervous system types in “more successful” and “less successful” glass fiber continuous production operators. Statistical differences in the studied parameters, depending on the degree of respondents professional success, were obtained during correlation analysis that revealed stronger nervous system type and high level of psychoemotional stability in “more successful” operators and significantly weaker nervous system type and lower stability in “less successful” operators.

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Andreiana, Doru Stefan, Luis Enrique Acevedo Galicia, Seppo Ollila, Carlos Leyva Guerrero, Álvaro Ojeda Roldán, Fernando Dorado Navas, and Alejandro del Real Torres. "Steelmaking Process Optimised through a Decision Support System Aided by Self-Learning Machine Learning." Processes 10, no. 3 (February 22, 2022): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030434.

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This paper presents the application of a reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm, concretely Q-Learning, as the core of a decision support system (DSS) for a steelmaking subprocess, the Composition Adjustment by Sealed Argon-bubbling with Oxygen Blowing (CAS-OB) from the SSAB Raahe steel plant. Since many CAS-OB actions are selected based on operator experience, this research aims to develop a DSS to assist the operator in taking the proper decisions during the process, especially less experienced operators. The DSS is intended to supports the operators in real-time during the process to facilitate their work and optimise the process, improving material and energy efficiency, thus increasing the operation’s sustainability. The objective is that the algorithm learns the process based only on raw data from the CAS-OB historical database, and on rewards set according to the objectives. Finally, the DSS was tested and validated by a developer engineer from the CAS-OB steelmaking plant. The results show that the algorithm successfully learns the process, recommending the same actions as those taken by the operator 69.23% of the time. The algorithm also suggests a better option in 30.76% of the remaining cases. Thanks to the DSS, the heat rejection due to wrong composition is reduced by 4%, and temperature accuracy is increased to 83.33%. These improvements resulted in an estimated reduction of 2% in CO2 emissions, 0.5% in energy consumption and 1.5% in costs. Additionally, actions taken based on the operator’s experience are incorporated into the DSS knowledge, facilitating the integration of operators with lower experience in the process.

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Kerri, K. D. "A Training Program for Operators of Small Wastewater Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0203.

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Operators of small wastewater treatment plants frequently live in remote areas where operator training is not readily available. A training program has been prepared using the techniques of self-instruction, wherein an operator reads a short section of the training material, writes the answers to questions in a notebook, and compares the written answers with suggested answers. The training materials were developed by experienced operators following extensive field studies. First, operators (subject matter experts) for each treatment process prepared an outline of what knowledge and skills (need-to-know criteria) they expected their operators to possess to safely operate and maintain each treatment process in the training manual. Draft chapters were then field tested using operators with varying levels of education and experience to determine the effectiveness of the training materials. Studies conducted on the performance of operators who had participated in the training program and those who had not received the training revealed that trained operators produced a better quality effluent at the same treatment plant over a one-year period. Effective training materials and programs can help operators safely and efficiently operate and maintain small wastewater treatment plants.

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Roth, Emilie M. "Operator Performance in Cognitively Complex Simulated Emergencies; Implications for Computer-Based Support Systems." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 4 (October 1994): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403800403.

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An empirical study was conducted examining operator performance in cognitively demanding simulated nuclear power plant emergencies. During emergencies operators follow highly prescriptive written procedures. The objectives of the study were to understand and document what role higher-level cognitive activities such as diagnosis, or more generally ‘situation assessment,’ play in guiding operator performance, given that operators utilize procedures in responding to the events. The study examined crew performance in two simulated emergencies. Up to 11 crews from each of two plants participated in two simulated emergencies for a total of 38 cases analyzed. Crew performance was videotaped and partial transcripts were produced and analyzed. The results revealed a number of instances where higher-level cognitive activities such as situation assessment and response planning enabled operators to handle aspects of the situation that were not fully addressed by the procedures. This paper describes these cases and discusses their implications for the design of computer-based support systems.

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Gerlach, Inga, Sören Tholin, Volker Hass, and Carl-Fredrik Mandenius. "Operator Training Simulator for an Industrial Bioethanol Plant." Processes 4, no. 4 (September 22, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr4040034.

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HATAKEYAMA, Naoki, and Kazuo FURUTA. "Modeling of State Recognition Process of Plant Operator." Proceedings of the National Symposium on Power and Energy Systems 2000.7 (2000): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmepes.2000.7.394.

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Cabahug, Ruel R., David J. Edwards, and John Nicholas. "Classifying plant operator maintenance proficiency: Examining personal variables." Building Research & Information 32, no. 2 (March 2004): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0961321032000105403.

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Alpeev, A. S. "Classification of nuclear power plant operator support systems." Atomic Energy 75, no. 6 (December 1993): 915–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00760571.

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Cooper, David L., and Alvan Plymire. "REMOTE CONTINUOUS OPERATOR MONITORING OF PLANT PROCESS EQUIPMENT." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 15 (January 1, 2005): 1612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783869998.

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Atzmueller, Martin, Benjamin Klöpper, Hassan Al Mawla, Benjamin Jäschke, Martin Hollender, Markus Graube, David Arnu, et al. "Big data analytics for proactive industrial decision support." atp edition 58, no. 09 (September 1, 2016): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17560/atp.v58i09.580.

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Big data technologies offer new opportunities for analyzing historical data generated by process plants. The development of new types of operator support systems (OSS) which help the plant operators during operations and in dealing with critical situations is one of these possibilities. The project FEE has the objective to develop such support functions based on big data analytics of historical plant data. In this contribution, we share our first insights and lessons learned in the development of big data applications and outline the approaches and tools that we developed in the course of the project.

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Atzmueller, Martin, Benjamin Klöpper, Hassan Al Mawla, Benjamin Jäschke, Martin Hollender, Markus Graube, David Arnu, et al. "Big data analytics for proactive industrial decision support." atp magazin 58, no. 09 (August 30, 2016): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17560/atp.v58i09.2315.

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Big data technologies offer new opportunities for analyzing historical data generated by process plants. The development of new types of operator support systems (OSS) which help the plant operators during operations and in dealing with critical situations is one of these possibilities. The project FEE has the objective to develop such support functions based on big data analytics of historical plant data. In this contribution, we share our first insights and lessons learned in the development of big data applications and outline the approaches and tools that we developed in the course of the project.

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Kowalewski, Tomasz, Antoni Podsiadło, and Wiesław Tarełko. "Application of fuzzy inference to assessment of degree of hazard to ship power plant operator." Polish Maritime Research 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-007-0012-2.

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Application of fuzzy inference to assessment of degree of hazard to ship power plant operator This paper presents application of fuzzy logic to assessment of degree of hazard to ship power plant operator. For the assessment a system of computer-aided identification of hazardous zone within ship power plant, was used. The system's variables representing the subject-matter knowledge in safety design area were transformed into fuzzy sets by means of appropriate linguistic variables and membership functions. The assessing of safety level of operator with the use of fuzzy inference was performed by means of an expert system programmed in the PROLOG LPA language.

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Ameye, Evelyne. "Channelling of Nuclear Third Party Liability towards the Operator: Is it Sustainable in a Developing Nuclear World or is there a Need for Liability of Nuclear Architects and Engineers?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 19, Issue 1 (February 1, 2010): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2010003.

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World-wide, almost all legal regimes transfer third party liability for nuclear accidents exclusively towards the operator of a nuclear plant. This is called “channelling” and implies that the operator of a nuclear installation is exclusively liable for damages, either legally or economically. Irrespective of their possible contribution, none of the other players – suppliers of nuclear material or fuel, transporters of nuclear material or fuel to and from the nuclear power plant, subcontractors, test operators, consultants, nuclear plant designers and constructors – bears any responsibility towards third parties in the event of a nuclear accident. Channelling is an oddity of nuclear liability law. It deviates from the nuts and bolts of ordinary tort law provided for by both civil law and common law systems. The present paper will not consider all above-listed players that are exempted from liability following the channelling principle, but will focus on designers and constructors.1 Indeed, the question will be examined whether, in this day and age, liability should still be exclusively channelled to the operator when a nuclear accident is partly or entirely due to design or construction faults or deficiencies. The paper will, firstly, analyse the origin and raison d’eÃtre of the principle of channelling liability towards the nuclear power plant operator, both as regards the so-called “legal” and “economic” channelling regimes. It will then proceed to review the sustainability of “lchannelling” in a “mature” nuclear sector, which currently faces massive technological challenges at the dawn of a nuclear renaissance. In doing so, this author will examine to which extent the most popular form of channelling – legal channelling – is sustainable in the light of recent developments in the nuclear sector or whether it would be advisable, on the contrary, to introduce liability of designers and constructors (architects-engineers) of nuclear power plants. Special attention will be paid to both the fact that nuclear energy is not an embryonic industry anymore, and that new reactor technologies are likely to alter the involvement of designers and constructors. To accurately assess the question from a pragmatic, industry-oriented perspective, the paper considers the outcome of a consultation held on the issue with, on the one hand, nuclear power plant operators and, on the other hand, nuclear designers and constructors. Due to the limited responses to the survey, it has not been possible to draw any statistically relevant conclusions. However, the opinions of the consulted stakeholders – who all requested anonymity – have been inserted, where appropriate, throughout the body of the present paper. One should keep in mind that these inputs are not of a representative, but merely indicative nature.

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Xie, Hongyun, Haixia Gu, Chao Lu, and Jialin Ping. "Online Simulation of Nuclear Power Plant Primary Systems." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2020 (December 15, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8819239.

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Real-time Simulation (RTS) has long been used in the nuclear power industry for operator training and engineering purposes. And, online simulation (OLS) is based on RTS and with connection to the plant information system to acquire the measurement data in real time for calibrating the simulation models and following plant operation, for the purpose of analyzing plant events and providing indicative signs of malfunctioning. OLS has been applied in certain industries to improve safety and efficiency. However, it is new to the nuclear power industry. A research project was initiated to implement OLS to assist operators in certain critical nuclear power plant (NPP) operations to avoid faulty conditions. OLS models were developed to simulate the reactor core physics and reactor/steam generator thermal hydraulics in real time, with boundary conditions acquired from plant information system, synchronized in real time. The OLS models then were running in parallel with recorded plant events to validate the models, and the results are presented.

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Ko, Rakkyung, and Sung-Kwan Joo. "Stochastic Mixed-Integer Programming (SMIP)-Based Distributed Energy Resource Allocation Method for Virtual Power Plants." Energies 13, no. 1 (December 21, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010067.

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Virtual power plants (VPPs) have been widely researched to handle the unpredictability and variable nature of renewable energy sources. The distributed energy resources are aggregated to form into a virtual power plant and operate as a single generator from the perspective of a system operator. Power system operators often utilize the incentives to operate virtual power plants in desired ways. To maximize the revenue of virtual power plant operators, including its incentives, an optimal portfolio needs to be identified, because each renewable energy source has a different generation pattern. This study proposes a stochastic mixed-integer programming based distributed energy resource allocation method. The proposed method attempts to maximize the revenue of VPP operators considering market incentives. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the generation pattern of renewable energy sources is considered by the stochastic approach. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Switzenbaum, M. S., T. R. Plante, and B. K. Woodworth. "Filamentous Bulking in Massachusetts: Extent of the Problem and Case Studies." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0504.

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A handbook has been written for control of activated sludge bulking for wastewater treatment plant operators in Massachusetts. In order to demonstrate the principles described in the handbook for filamentous organism identification and subsequent selective control, six Massachusetts activated sludge plants experiencing bulking problems were investigated. In addition, a survey was conducted to determine the extent of the filamentous bulking problem in Massachusetts. Dominant filamentous organisms in the aeration tank mixed liquor were identified to determine the probable cause of bulking problems. Plant data and operating conditions were also studied to verify the organism-cause relationship. Based on the sample and data analysis, selective control strategies were suggested to the plant operator to control or eliminate the bulking problem.

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Li, Shupeng, Xianxu Huo, Xiyuan Zhang, Guodong Li, Xiangyu Kong, and Siqiong Zhang. "A Multi-Agent Optimal Bidding Strategy in Multi-Operator VPPs Based on SGHSA." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (October 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7584424.

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As an individual plant participating in the power market, the virtual power plant (VPP) is regarded as the ultimate configuration of the energy Internet, and effective dispatching is a challenge. This paper proposes a multi-agent optimal bidding strategy based on a self-adaptive global optimal harmony search algorithm (SGHSA) to solve the problem of multi-operator participation in virtual power station scheduling. The method takes multiple agents to simulate the bidding process in the VPPs and distributes the profits for the operators based on the market mechanism to optimize the distributed energy resources (DERs). Case studies are provided and show that the proposed method realizes the optimal distribution of power generation and demand level, which improves the comprehensive advantage of the VPP in electricity market transactions.

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Purwanto, Joko, Karya Suhada, Rukmanta Jayawiguna, Aprilia Hananto, and Aviv Yuniar Rahman. "Design and Development of Automation System for Measurement of Flow Nozzle Robot Spray Based on Programmable Logic Controller and Human Machine Interface at PT ADM Casting Plant." SYSTEMATICS 2, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35706/sys.v2i2.3771.

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The spray is one of the important processes in the metal smelting industry that uses die casting machines to make aluminium products. This spraying process serves to prevent the problem of stamps (products attached to the dies/mold) due to overheating (overheating) on the surface of the dies. The main device in this spraying process is the nozzle that is driven by a coil from the solenoid valve. To maintain the quality of the output spray to remain standard, routine maintenance is carried out manually by two operators. Operator one is outside the machine area to see the digital flow sensor display and the second operator is inside the machine area to operate the solenoid valve nozzle spray. Communication between operators plays an important role when carrying out the process of flow spray measurement. This treatment takes 7 hours. The problems found are the lack of security for operators inside the engine area due to the potential for accidents, inaccurate measurements because there is always a pause when communicating between operators inside and outside the engine area and inefficient maintenance time. The purpose of this study is to make a flow nozzle spray measurement system that is safe, accurate, and efficient. This research method uses literature and descriptive methods. The design of this system is done by creating a new display that contains a measurement menu and a record of flow spray measurement data through a Human Machine Interface (HMI) device in the form of an NS-8 Series Omron touch screen that is integrated with a Q-Series Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) type device. Mitsubishi as a controller. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the flow nozzle spray measurement system display is safer and displays accurate and efficient measurement results because the measurement process is carried out automatically and is operated by one operator outside the machine area.

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Cărbureanu, Mădălina, and Florin Ghinea. "Android application for the information of the wastewater pH neutralization process human operator." Romanian Journal of Petroleum & Gas Technology 3 (74), no. 1 (2022): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/jpgt.2022.01.02.

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The wastewater pH neutralization process from a wastewater treatment plant is one of the most important processes from a plant chemical step, having a strong nonlinearity and also a dynamic behavior. The multiple emergency situations that can occur in the pH neutralization process operating affects the biological processes with undesirable consequences on the plant emissary. So, the real-time information of a plant human operator regarding the problems that occur in the pH neutralization process is absolutely necessary for the optimal treatment process operating and problems prevention. The paper presents an Android application for real-time information of the wastewater pH human operator, application that uses React Native v.0.64 technology, PHP and MySQL languages. The developed application has a number of component modules (the authentication module, the process monitoring module and the module for real-time information (warning) of the process human operator), modules that works both on Android and iOS devices. The main advantage of the application is that it provides in real-time a detailed warning report for the process human operator, report that can be access by the operator on his Android device and used later in similar situations in order to take the best decisions. A set of simulation results related to the developed application is also presented, for different process disturbances.

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Collins, A. G., J. Searleman, and K. J. Collins. "Aspects of Intelligent Tutoring Systems Applied to Small Water Treatment Plant Expert Systems." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 6 (September 1, 1991): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0170.

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An expert system has been developed to aid the operators of small water treatment plants. A tutorial component of the expert system explains the possible reasons for common problems by focusing on the jar test analysis for chemical dosage control. The tutor provides an operator with the opportunity to run the jar test, receive feedback on the parameters selected, visualize the results on the actual water treatment processes, and be tutored in the topics related to understanding the processes involved and additional supplemental areas such as concentrations and conversions. A background of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, along with a justification of the approach, is provided. The development of the jar test tutor including knowledge representation is described.

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Azimi, S., and V. Rocher. "Energy consumption reduction in a waste water treatment plant." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.006.

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Against the background of energy transition, the operators of large municipal WWTPs have come to understand the importance of issues related to energy use. Since about 2000, one such operator in the Paris conurbation, Syndicat Interdépartemental pour l'Assainissement de l'Agglomération Parisienne, has set up actions enabling energy consumption optimization, to reduce both its costs and the associated environmental impacts. Using energy (electricity, gas, fuel, and biogas) meters for sectorial recording, consumption has been mapped at various scales (macroscopic, plant, process). Electric power has emerged as the leading energy source in WWTPs and biological treatment processes (aeration) as the main consumers. On this basis, energy use optimization paths have been described, needing action at three levels. First, operating cost optimization should involve the full treatment chain, including all costs (reagents, etc.), to make the best operating choices. Two further levels, comprising process and equipment, should then be considered to determine suitable action sets.

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Gajardo, Mallén, Ramón Hernández, and Kirk King. "DYNAMIC SIMULATION FOR ACID PLANT OPERATOR TRAINNING IN CHQUICAMATA." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 16 (2013): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20130825-4-us-2038.00113.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant Operator'

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