Journal articles: 'Plant mitochondria'

1

Bertrand, Helmut. "Senescence is coupled to induction of an oxidative phosphorylation stress response by mitochondrial DNA mutations in Neurospora." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-246.

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In Neurospora and other genera of filamentous fungi, the occurrence of a mutation affecting one or several genes on the chromosome of a single mitochondrion can trigger the gradual displacement of wild-type mitochondrial DNA by mutant molecules in asexually propagated cultures. As this displacement progresses, the cultures senesce gradually and die if the mitochondrial mutation is lethal, or develop respiratory deficiencies if the mutation is nonlethal. Mitochondrial mutations that elicit the displacement of wild-type mitochondrial DNAs are said to be "suppressive." In the strictly aerobic fungi, suppressiveness appears to be associated exclusively with mutations that diminish cytochrome-mediated mitochondrial redox functions and, thus, curtail oxidative phosphorylation. In Neurospora, suppressiveness is connected to a regulatory system through which cells respond to chemical or genetic insults to the mitochondrial electron-transport system by increasing the number of mitochondria approximately threefold. Mutant alleles of two nuclear genes, osr-1 and osr-2, affect this stress response and abrogate the suppressiveness of mitochondrial mutations. Therefore, we propose that mitochondrial mutations are suppressive because their phenotypic effect is limited to the organelles within which the mutant DNA is located. Consequently, mitochondria that are "homozygous" for a mutant allele are functionally crippled and are induced to proliferate more rapidly than the normal mitochondria with which they coexist in a common protoplasm. While this model provides a plausible explanation for the suppressiveness of mitochondrial mutations in the strictly aerobic fungi, it may not account for the biased transmission of mutant mitochondrial DNAs in the facultatively anaerobic yeasts. Key words: mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, mutations, suppressiveness, oxidative phosphorylation, stress response.

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Van Aken, Olivier. "Mitochondrial redox systems as central hubs in plant metabolism and signaling." Plant Physiology 186, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab101.

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Abstract Plant mitochondria are indispensable for plant metabolism and are tightly integrated into cellular homeostasis. This review provides an update on the latest research concerning the organization and operation of plant mitochondrial redox systems, and how they affect cellular metabolism and signaling, plant development, and stress responses. New insights into the organization and operation of mitochondrial energy systems such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) are discussed. The mtETC produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can act as signals or lead to cellular damage, and are thus efficiently removed by mitochondrial antioxidant systems, including Mn-superoxide dismutase, ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases. Plant mitochondria are tightly connected with photosynthesis, photorespiration, and cytosolic metabolism, thereby providing redox-balancing. Mitochondrial proteins are targets of extensive post-translational modifications, but their functional significance and how they are added or removed remains unclear. To operate in sync with the whole cell, mitochondria can communicate their functional status via mitochondrial retrograde signaling to change nuclear gene expression, and several recent breakthroughs here are discussed. At a whole organism level, plant mitochondria thus play crucial roles from the first minutes after seed imbibition, supporting meristem activity, growth, and fertility, until senescence of darkened and aged tissue. Finally, plant mitochondria are tightly integrated with cellular and organismal responses to environmental challenges such as drought, salinity, heat, and submergence, but also threats posed by pathogens. Both the major recent advances and outstanding questions are reviewed, which may help future research efforts on plant mitochondria.

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Møller, Ian Max, R. Shyama Prasad Rao, Yuexu Jiang, Jay J. Thelen, and Dong Xu. "Proteomic and Bioinformatic Profiling of Transporters in Higher Plant Mitochondria." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081190.

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To function as a metabolic hub, plant mitochondria have to exchange a wide variety of metabolic intermediates as well as inorganic ions with the cytosol. As identified by proteomic profiling or as predicted by MU-LOC, a newly developed bioinformatics tool, Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondria contain 128 or 143 different transporters, respectively. The largest group is the mitochondrial carrier family, which consists of symporters and antiporters catalyzing secondary active transport of organic acids, amino acids, and nucleotides across the inner mitochondrial membrane. An impressive 97% (58 out of 60) of all the known mitochondrial carrier family members in Arabidopsis have been experimentally identified in isolated mitochondria. In addition to many other secondary transporters, Arabidopsis mitochondria contain the ATP synthase transporters, the mitochondria protein translocase complexes (responsible for protein uptake across the outer and inner membrane), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and a number of transporters and channels responsible for allowing water and inorganic ions to move across the inner membrane driven by their transmembrane electrochemical gradient. A few mitochondrial transporters are tissue-specific, development-specific, or stress-response specific, but this is a relatively unexplored area in proteomics that merits much more attention.

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Rose, Ray J. "Contribution of Massive Mitochondrial Fusion and Subsequent Fission in the Plant Life Cycle to the Integrity of the Mitochondrion and Its Genome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115429.

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Plant mitochondria have large genomes to house a small number of key genes. Most mitochondria do not contain a whole genome. Despite these latter characteristics, the mitochondrial genome is faithfully maternally inherited. To maintain the mitochondrial genes—so important for energy production—the fusion and fission of mitochondria are critical. Fission in plants is better understood than fusion, with the dynamin-related proteins (DRP 3A and 3B) driving the constriction of the mitochondrion. How the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytoskeleton are linked to the fission process is not yet fully understood. The fusion mechanism is less well understood, as obvious orthologues are not present. However, there is a recently described gene, MIRO2, that appears to have a significant role, as does the ER and cytoskeleton. Massive mitochondrial fusion (MMF or hyperfusion) plays a significant role in plants. MMF occurs at critical times of the life cycle, prior to flowering, in the enlarging zygote and at germination, mixing the cells’ mitochondrial population—the so-called “discontinuous whole”. MMF in particular aids genome repair, the conservation of critical genes and possibly gives an energy boost to important stages of the life cycle. MMF is also important in plant regeneration, an important component of plant biotechnology.

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Tang, Hui, and Hongliang Zhu. "Specific Changes in Morphology and Dynamics of Plant Mitochondria under Abiotic Stress." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010011.

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As the global climate continues to warm and the greenhouse effect intensifies, plants are facing various abiotic stresses during their growth and development. In response to changes in natural environment, plant mitochondria regulate their functions through morphological and dynamic changes. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles with the ability to continuously cleavage and fuse, regulating dynamic homeostatic processes in response to the needs of organism growth and the changes in external environmental conditions. In this review, we introduced the structure of the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane and discussed the relevant factors that influence the morphological changes in mitochondria, including proteins and lipids. The morphological and dynamic changes in mitochondria under various abiotic stresses were also revisited. This study aims to discuss a series of changes in plant mitochondrial ultrastructure under abiotic stress. It is very important that we analyze the association between plant mitochondrial functions and morphological and dynamic changes under stress to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and improve plant stress resistance. It also provides a new idea for plant modification and genetic breeding under the dramatic change in global natural environment.

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Dai, Dawei, Lifang Jin, Zhenzhen Huo, Shumei Yan, Zeyang Ma, Weiwei Qi, and Rentao Song. "Maize pentatricopeptide repeat protein DEK53 is required for mitochondrial RNA editing at multiple sites and seed development." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 20 (July 25, 2020): 6246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa348.

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Abstract Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins were identified as site-specific recognition factors for RNA editing in plant mitochondria and plastids. In this study, we characterized maize (Zea mays) kernel mutant defective kernel 53 (dek53), which has an embryo lethal and collapsed endosperm phenotype. Dek53 encodes an E-subgroup PPR protein, which possesses a short PLS repeat region of only seven repeats. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that DEK53 is localized in the mitochondrion. Strand- and transcript-specific RNA-seq analysis showed that the dek53 mutation affected C-to-U RNA editing at more than 60 mitochondrial C targets. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial protein complexes revealed a significant reduction in the assembly of mitochondrial complex III in dek53. Transmission electron microscopic examination showed severe morphological defects of mitochondria in dek53 endosperm cells. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging assays indicated that DEK53 can interact with the mitochondrion-targeted non-PPR RNA editing factor ZmMORF1, suggesting that DEK53 might be a functional component of the organellar RNA editosome.

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Butsanets, P. A., N. A. Shugaeva, and A. G. Shugaev. "Nonspecific permeability time (mPTP) in plant mitochondria and its role in cell death." Физиология растений 70, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0015330323600341.

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Current concepts are reviewed concerning the structure, regulatory mechanisms, and the functional role of nonspecific permeability pore (also referred to as mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mPTP) located in the inner membrane of animal and plant mitochondria. Some features characterizing the functioning of mPTP in plant mitochondria and its regulation under the influence of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species are presented. Evidence available in the literature indicates that plant mitochondria are involved in programmed cell death, and this function is due to mPTP induction among other causes. Directions for further studies of mPTP in plant mitochondria are outlined.

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Logan, David C. "Mitochondrial fusion, division and positioning in plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 3 (May 24, 2010): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380789.

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Mitochondria are involved in many fundamental processes underpinning plant growth, development and death. Owing to their multiple roles, as the sites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, as harbourers of their own genomes and as sensors of cell redox status, amongst others, mitochondria are in a unique position to act as sentinels of cell physiology. The plant chondriome is typically organized as a population of physically discrete organelles, but visualization of mitochondria in living tissues has shown that the mitochondrial population is highly interactive. Mitochondria are highly motile and movement on the cytoskeleton ensures that the physically discrete organelles come into contact with one another, which allows transient fusion, followed by division of the mitochondrial membranes. This article serves to review our current knowledge of mitochondrial fusion and division, and link this to recent discoveries regarding a putative mitochondrial ‘health-check’ and repair process, whereby non-repairable dysfunctional mitochondria can be removed from the chondriome. It is proposed that the unequal distribution of the multipartite plant mitochondrial genome between discrete organelles provides the driver for transient mitochondrial fusion that, in turn, is dependent on mitochondrial motility, and that both fusion and motility are necessary to maintain a healthy functional chondriome.

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9

Ahmad, Niaz, and Brent L. Nielsen. "Plant Organelle DNA Maintenance." Plants 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060683.

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Plant cells contain two double membrane bound organelles, plastids and mitochondria, that contain their own genomes. There is a very large variation in the sizes of mitochondrial genomes in higher plants, while the plastid genome remains relatively uniform across different species. One of the curious features of the organelle DNA is that it exists in a high copy number per mitochondria or chloroplast, which varies greatly in different tissues during plant development. The variations in copy number, morphology and genomic content reflect the diversity in organelle functions. The link between the metabolic needs of a cell and the capacity of mitochondria and chloroplasts to fulfill this demand is thought to act as a selective force on the number of organelles and genome copies per organelle. However, it is not yet clear how the activities of mitochondria and chloroplasts are coordinated in response to cellular and environmental cues. The relationship between genome copy number variation and the mechanism(s) by which the genomes are maintained through different developmental stages are yet to be fully understood. This Special Issue has several contributions that address current knowledge of higher plant organelle DNA. Here we briefly introduce these articles that discuss the importance of different aspects of the organelle genome in higher plants.

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10

Li, Xiulan, and Yueshui Jiang. "Research Progress of Group II Intron Splicing Factors in Land Plant Mitochondria." Genes 15, no. 2 (January 28, 2024): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15020176.

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Mitochondria are important organelles that provide energy for the life of cells. Group II introns are usually found in the mitochondrial genes of land plants. Correct splicing of group II introns is critical to mitochondrial gene expression, mitochondrial biological function, and plant growth and development. Ancestral group II introns are self-splicing ribozymes that can catalyze their own removal from pre-RNAs, while group II introns in land plant mitochondria went through degenerations in RNA structures, and thus they lost the ability to self-splice. Instead, splicing of these introns in the mitochondria of land plants is promoted by nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Many proteins involved in mitochondrial group II intron splicing have been characterized in land plants to date. Here, we present a summary of research progress on mitochondrial group II intron splicing in land plants, with a major focus on protein splicing factors and their probable functions on the splicing of mitochondrial group II introns.

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11

Zhang, Xiaoyue, Longqin Wang, Bowen Li, Jiayan Shi, Jia Xu, and Minlan Yuan. "Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Expanding the Therapeutic Approaches by Plant-Derived Natural Products." Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16020277.

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Mitochondria are the primary source of energy production in neurons, supporting the high energy consumption of the nervous system. Inefficient and dysfunctional mitochondria in the central nervous system have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, targeting mitochondria offers a new therapeutic opportunity for neurodegenerative diseases. Many recent studies have proposed that plant-derived natural products, as pleiotropic, safe, and readily obtainable sources of new drugs, potentially treat neurodegenerative diseases by targeting mitochondria. In this review, we summarize recent advances in targeting mitochondria in neurotherapeutics by employing plant-derived natural products. We discuss the mechanism of plant-derived natural products according to their mechanism of action on mitochondria in terms of regulating biogenesis, fusion, fission, bioenergetics, oxidative stress, calcium homeostasis, membrane potential, and mitochondrial DNA stability, as well as repairing damaged mitochondria. In addition, we discuss the potential perspectives and challenges in developing plant-derived natural products to target mitochondria, highlighting the clinical value of phytochemicals as feasible candidates for future neurotherapeutics.

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12

Mackenzie, Sally, and Lee McIntosh. "Higher Plant Mitochondria." Plant Cell 11, no. 4 (April 1999): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870885.

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Mackenzie, Sally, and Lee McIntosh. "Higher Plant Mitochondria." Plant Cell 11, no. 4 (April 1999): 571–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.11.4.571.

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14

Butsanets, P. A., A. S. Baik, A. G. Shugaev, and Vl V. Kuznetsov. "Melatonin inhibits peroxide production in plant mitochondria." Доклады Академии наук 489, no. 2 (November 20, 2019): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524892205-208.

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The effect of melatonin on respiration and production (release) of hydrogen peroxide during succinate oxidation in mitochondria isolated from lupine cotyledons and epicotyls of pea seedlings was studied. It has been shown for the first time that melatonin (10-7-10-3 M) had a significant inhibitory effect on the production of peroxide by plant mitochondria, which was characterized by concentration dependence and species specificity. At the same time, melatonin (at a concentration of up to 100 microns) had virtually no effect on mitochondrial respiration rate and respiratory control coefficient. The results confirm the antioxidant function of melatonin and indicate that it is involved in the regulation of ROS levels and maintenance of redox balance in plant mitochondria.

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Xu, Guojuan, Xionghui Zhong, Yanlong Shi, Zhuo Liu, Nan Jiang, Jing Liu, Bo Ding, et al. "A fungal effector targets a heat shock–dynamin protein complex to modulate mitochondrial dynamics and reduce plant immunity." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabb7719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb7719.

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Mitochondria are essential for animal and plant immunity. Here, we report that the effector MoCDIP4 of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae targets the mitochondria-associated OsDjA9-OsDRP1E protein complex to reduce rice immunity. The DnaJ protein OsDjA9 interacts with the dynamin-related protein OsDRP1E and promotes the degradation of OsDRP1E, which functions in mitochondrial fission. By contrast, MoCDIP4 binds OsDjA9 to compete with OsDRP1E, resulting in OsDRP1E accumulation. Knockout of OsDjA9 or overexpression of OsDRP1E or MoCDIP4 in transgenic rice results in shortened mitochondria and enhanced susceptibility to M. oryzae. Overexpression of OsDjA9 or knockout of OsDRP1E in transgenic rice, in contrast, leads to elongated mitochondria and enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. Our study therefore reveals a previously unidentified pathogen-infection strategy in which the pathogen delivers an effector into plant cells to target an HSP40-DRP complex; the targeting leads to the perturbation of mitochondrial dynamics, thereby inhibiting mitochondria-mediated plant immunity.

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Jiang, Deyuan, Jian Chen, Zhihong Zhang, and Xin Hou. "Mitochondrial Transcription Termination Factor 27 Is Required for Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031466.

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In plants, mTERF proteins are primarily found in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Studies have identified several mTERF proteins that affect plant development, respond to abiotic stresses, and regulate organellar gene expression, but the functions and underlying mechanisms of plant mTERF proteins remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the function of Arabidopsis mTERF27 using molecular genetic, cytological, and biochemical approaches. Arabidopsis mTERF27 had four mTERF motifs and was evolutionarily conserved from moss to higher plants. The phenotype of the mTERF27-knockout mutant mterf27 did not differ obviously from that of the wild-type under normal growth conditions but was hypersensitive to salt stress. mTERF27 was localized to the mitochondria, and the transcript levels of some mitochondrion-encoded genes were reduced in the mterf27 mutant. Importantly, loss of mTERF27 function led to developmental defects in the mitochondria under salt stress. Furthermore, mTERF27 formed homomers and directly interacted with multiple organellar RNA editing factor 8 (MORF8). Thus, our results indicated that mTERF27 is likely crucial for mitochondrial development under salt stress, and that this protein may be a member of the protein interaction network regulating mitochondrial gene expression.

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Fratianni, Alessandra, Donato Pastore, Maria Luigia Pallotta, Donato Chiatante, and Salvatore Passarella. "Increase of Membrane Permeability of Mitochondria Isolated from Water Stress Adapted Potato Cells." Bioscience Reports 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010490219357.

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In order to gain some insight into mitochondria permeability under water stress, intact coupled mitochondria were isolated from water stress adapted potato cells and investigations were made of certain transport processes including the succinate/malate and ADP/ATP exchanges, the plant mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel (PmitoKATP) and the plant uncoupling mitochondrial protein (PUMP). The VmaxL values measured for succinate/malate and ADP/ATP carriers, as photometrically investigated, as well as the same values for the PmitoATP and the PUMP were found to increase; this suggested that mitochondria adaptation to water stress can cause an increase in the membrane permeability.

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JOHANSSON, Fredrik I., Agnieszka M. MICHALECKA, Ian M. MØLLER, and Allan G. RASMUSSON. "Oxidation and reduction of pyridine nucleotides in alamethicin-permeabilized plant mitochondria." Biochemical Journal 380, no. 1 (May 15, 2004): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20031969.

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is selectively permeable, which limits the transport of solutes and metabolites across the membrane. This constitutes a problem when intramitochondrial enzymes are studied. The channel-forming antibiotic AlaM (alamethicin) was used as a potentially less invasive method to permeabilize mitochondria and study the highly branched electron-transport chain in potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum) and pea leaf (Pisum sativum) mitochondria. We show that AlaM permeabilized the inner membrane of plant mitochondria to NAD(P)H, allowing the quantification of internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenases as well as matrix enzymes in situ. AlaM was found to inhibit the electron-transport chain at the external Ca2+-dependent rotenone-insensitive NADH dehydrogenase and around complexes III and IV. Nevertheless, under optimal conditions, especially complex I-mediated NADH oxidation in AlaM-treated mitochondria was much higher than what has been previously measured by other techniques. Our results also show a difference in substrate specificities for complex I in mitochondria as compared with inside-out submitochondrial particles. AlaM facilitated the passage of cofactors to and from the mitochondrial matrix and allowed the determination of NAD+ requirements of malate oxidation in situ. In summary, we conclude that AlaM provides the best method for quantifying NADH dehydrogenase activities and that AlaM will prove to be an important method to study enzymes under conditions that resemble their native environment not only in plant mitochondria but also in other membrane-enclosed compartments, such as intact cells, chloroplasts and peroxisomes.

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Su, Xin, Mingyang Zhou, Yingjian Li, Na An, Fan Yang, Guoxia Zhang, Lianjiang Xu, Hengwen Chen, Hongjin Wu, and Yanwei Xing. "Mitochondrial Damage in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Application of Natural Plant Products." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2022 (May 16, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8726564.

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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is currently one of the leading causes of death among cardiovascular diseases worldwide. In addition, blood reflow and reperfusion paradoxically also lead to further death of cardiomyocytes and increase the infarct size. Multiple evidences indicated that mitochondrial function and structural disorders were the basic driving force of IHD. We summed up the latest evidence of the basic associations and underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial damage in the event of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. This review then reviewed natural plant products (NPPs) which have been demonstrated to mitochondria-targeted therapeutic effects during I/R injury and the potential pathways involved. We realized that NPPs mainly maintained the integrality of mitochondria membrane and ameliorated dysfunction, such as improving abnormal mitochondrial calcium handling and inhibiting oxidative stress, so as to protect cardiomyocytes during I/R injury. This information will improve our knowledge of mitochondrial biology and I/R-induced injury’s pathogenesis and exhibit that NPPs hold promise for translation into potential therapies that target mitochondria.

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Hirayama, Takashi. "PARN-like Proteins Regulate Gene Expression in Land Plant Mitochondria by Modulating mRNA Polyadenylation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (October 5, 2021): 10776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910776.

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Mitochondria have their own double-stranded DNA genomes and systems to regulate transcription, mRNA processing, and translation. These systems differ from those operating in the host cell, and among eukaryotes. In recent decades, studies have revealed several plant-specific features of mitochondrial gene regulation. The polyadenylation status of mRNA is critical for its stability and translation in mitochondria. In this short review, I focus on recent advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating mRNA polyadenylation in plant mitochondria, including the role of poly(A)-specific ribonuclease-like proteins (PARNs). Accumulating evidence suggests that plant mitochondria have unique regulatory systems for mRNA poly(A) status and that PARNs play pivotal roles in these systems.

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SIEDOW, J. N. "Plant Mitochondria: Higher Plant Cell Respiration." Science 230, no. 4723 (October 18, 1985): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.230.4723.313.

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Sutton, C. A., O. V. Zoubenko, M. R. Hanson, and P. Maliga. "A plant mitochondrial sequence transcribed in transgenic tobacco chloroplasts is not edited." Molecular and Cellular Biology 15, no. 3 (March 1995): 1377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.15.3.1377.

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RNA editing occurs in two higher-plant organelles, chloroplasts and mitochondria. Because chloroplasts and mitochondria exhibit some similarity in editing site selection, we investigated whether mitochondrial RNA sequences could be edited in chloroplasts. We produced transgenic tobacco plants that contained chimeric genes in which the second exon of a Petunia hybrida mitochondrial coxII gene was under the control of chloroplast gene regulatory sequences. coxII transcripts accumulated to low or high levels in transgenic chloroplasts containing chimeric genes with the plastid ribosomal protein gene rps16 or the rRNA operon promoter, respectively. Exon 2 of coxII was chosen because it carries seven editing sites and is edited in petunia mitochondria even when located in an abnormal context in an aberrant recombined gene. When editing of the coxII transcripts in transgenic chloroplasts was examined, no RNA editing at any of the usual sites was detected, nor was there any novel editing at any other sites. These results indicate that the RNA editing mechanisms of chloroplasts and mitochondria are not identical but must have at least some organelle-specific components.

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Gao, Kuo, Meiying Niu, Xing Zhai, Youliang Huang, Xin Tian, and Tiangang Li. "Genetic and non-genetic factors responsible for mitochondrial failure and Alzheimer’s disease." Genetika 46, no. 2 (2014): 631–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1402631g.

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The objective of this review article is to explain the factors responsible for damaged mitochondria and its association with Alzheimer?s disease. Alzheimer?s disease (AD) is fairly produced by dysfunctional mitochondria that are alternatively caused by excessive reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dynamic imbalance. In the pathogenesis of AD, there is important role of many factors including amyloid-beta peptide (A ), tau-proteins, and mutations in presenilin-1. Additionally, mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants have also been explained because of their significance to mitochondrial alterations in AD. Moreover, alteration in mitochondrial dynamics is responsible for the generation of segregated, damaged mitochondria that are, later on, destroyed through mitochondrial autophagy in AD. Finally, various novel models used for studying Alzheimer?s disease, have been discussed.

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Lu, B., R. K. Wilson, C. G. Phreaner, R. M. Mulligan, and M. R. Hanson. "Protein polymorphism generated by differential RNA editing of a plant mitochondrial rps12 gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 4 (April 1996): 1543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.4.1543.

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The rps12 gene transcripts encoding mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12 are partially edited in petunia mitochondria. Different petunia lines were found vary in the extent of rps12 transcript editing. To test whether multiple forms of RPS12 proteins are produced in petunia mitochondria as a result of partial editing, we probed mitochondrial proteins with specific antibodies against edited and unedited forms of a 13-amino-acid RPS12 peptide spanning two amino acids affected by RNA editing. Both antibodies reacted with mitochondrial proteins at the expected size for RPS12 proteins. The amounts of unedited RPS12 protein in different petunia lines correlate with the abundance of unedited transcripts in these plants. Unedited rps12 translation products are also detected in other plant species, indicating that polymorphism in mitochondrial rps12 expression is widespread. Moreover, we show that RPS12 proteins recognized by both edited-specific and unedited-specific antibodies are present in a petunia mitochondrial ribosome fraction. These results demonstrate that partially edited transcripts can be translated and that the protein product can accumulate to detectable levels. Therefore, genes exhibiting incompletely edited transcripts can encode more than one gene product in plant mitochondria.

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Barreto, Pedro, Alessandra Koltun, Juliana Nonato, Juliana Yassitepe, Ivan de Godoy Maia, and Paulo Arruda. "Metabolism and Signaling of Plant Mitochondria in Adaptation to Environmental Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 11176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911176.

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The interaction of mitochondria with cellular components evolved differently in plants and mammals; in plants, the organelle contains proteins such as ALTERNATIVE OXIDASES (AOXs), which, in conjunction with internal and external ALTERNATIVE NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASES, allow canonical oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to be bypassed. Plant mitochondria also contain UNCOUPLING PROTEINS (UCPs) that bypass OXPHOS. Recent work revealed that OXPHOS bypass performed by AOXs and UCPs is linked with new mechanisms of mitochondrial retrograde signaling. AOX is functionally associated with the NO APICAL MERISTEM transcription factors, which mediate mitochondrial retrograde signaling, while UCP1 can regulate the plant oxygen-sensing mechanism via the PRT6 N-Degron. Here, we discuss the crosstalk or the independent action of AOXs and UCPs on mitochondrial retrograde signaling associated with abiotic stress responses. We also discuss how mitochondrial function and retrograde signaling mechanisms affect chloroplast function. Additionally, we discuss how mitochondrial inner membrane transporters can mediate mitochondrial communication with other organelles. Lastly, we review how mitochondrial metabolism can be used to improve crop resilience to environmental stresses. In this respect, we particularly focus on the contribution of Brazilian research groups to advances in the topic of mitochondrial metabolism and signaling.

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Brieba. "Structure–Function Analysis Reveals the Singularity of Plant Mitochondrial DNA Replication Components: A Mosaic and Redundant System." Plants 8, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120533.

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Plants are sessile organisms, and their DNA is particularly exposed to damaging agents. The integrity of plant mitochondrial and plastid genomes is necessary for cell survival. During evolution, plants have evolved mechanisms to replicate their mitochondrial genomes while minimizing the effects of DNA damaging agents. The recombinogenic character of plant mitochondrial DNA, absence of defined origins of replication, and its linear structure suggest that mitochondrial DNA replication is achieved by a recombination-dependent replication mechanism. Here, I review the mitochondrial proteins possibly involved in mitochondrial DNA replication from a structural point of view. A revision of these proteins supports the idea that mitochondrial DNA replication could be replicated by several processes. The analysis indicates that DNA replication in plant mitochondria could be achieved by a recombination-dependent replication mechanism, but also by a replisome in which primers are synthesized by three different enzymes: Mitochondrial RNA polymerase, Primase-Helicase, and Primase-Polymerase. The recombination-dependent replication model and primers synthesized by the Primase-Polymerase may be responsible for the presence of genomic rearrangements in plant mitochondria.

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Chelstowska, Anna, Yankai Jia, Beverly Rothermel, and Ronald A. Butow. "Retrograde regulation: a novel path of communication between mitochondria, the nucleus, and peroxisomes in yeast." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 205–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-247.

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Alterations in mitochondrial function result in changes in nuclear gene expression, a process we have called retrograde regulation. Here we summarize studies on the effects of the mitochondrial state on expression of the C1T2 gene, which encodes citrate synthase 2, an enzyme that functions in the glyoxylate cycle and is located in peroxisomes. Various defective mitochondria result in up to a 30-fold transcriptional activation of the gene, a process which could provide additional citrate to mitochondria when the TCA cycle is limiting. We have identified three new genes, RTG1, RTG2, and RTG3, that are required for C1T2 expression. RTG1 and RTG3 encode basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors that bind to the 5′ flanking region of C1T2. RTG2 is a protein of unknown function. Both RTG1 and RTG2 are also required for oleic acid induction of peroxisomes. These studies reveal a complex pattern of interorganelle communication among mitochondria, the nucleus and peroxisomes. Key words: yeast, mitochondria, peroxisomes, organelle communication.

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Farré, Jean-Claude, Gabriel Leon, Xavier Jordana, and Alejandro Araya. "cis Recognition Elements in Plant Mitochondrion RNA Editing." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 20 (October 15, 2001): 6731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.20.6731-6737.2001.

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ABSTRACT RNA editing in higher plant mitochondria modifies mRNA sequences by means of C-to-U conversions at highly specific sites. To determine thecis elements involved in recognition of an editing site in plant mitochondria, deletion and site-directed mutation constructs containing the cognate cox II mitochondrial gene were introduced into purified mitochondria by electroporation. The RNA editing status was analyzed for precursor and spliced transcripts from the test construct. We found that only a restricted number of nucleotides in the vicinity of the target C residue were necessary for recognition by the editing machinery and that the nearest neighbor 3′ residues were crucial for the editing process. We provide evidence that two functionally distinguishable sequences can be defined: the 16-nucleotide 5′ region, which can be replaced with the same region from another editing site, and a 6-nucleotide 3′ region specific to the editing site. The latter region may play a role in positioning the actual editing residue.

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Gray, Michael W. "Organelle origins and ribosomal RNA." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 325–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o88-042.

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As the detailed molecular biology of organelle genomes has unfolded, there has been a general acceptance of the view that plastids and mitochondria are of endosymbiotic, eubacterial origin. Plastid genes are strikingly similar to their eubacterial (particularly cyanobacterial) counterparts in sequence, organization, and mode of expression, and such features strongly support the hypothesis that the plastid and its genome were derived in evolution from a blue-green alga-like endosymbiont. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are problematic: mitochondrial genes are organized and expressed in remarkably diverse ways in the different major groups of eukaryotes, and in no case are these features particularly characteristic of either bacterial or nuclear genomes. There is, however, clear evidence derived from gene sequence supporting the eubacterial ancestry of mitochondria, and some of the most compelling data have come from analyses of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Plant mitochondrial rRNA genes diverge in sequence at a particularly slow rate, and these genes have proven to be especially supportive of the endosymbiont hypothesis, pointing to an origin of mitochondria from within the α subdivision of the purple bacteria. Ribosomal RNA sequences provide a basis for the construction of global phylogenetic trees that probe the evolutionary history of organelles, and that address the question of whether mitochondria and plastids are monophyletic or polyphyletic in origin. Such studies raise the possibility that the rRNA genes of plant mitochondria originated separately from the mitochondrial rRNA genes of other eukaryotes.

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Robles, Pedro, and Víctor Quesada. "Organelle Genetics in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22042104.

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Eleven published articles (4 reviews, 7 research papers) are collected in the Special Issue entitled “Organelle Genetics in Plants.” This selection of papers covers a wide range of topics related to chloroplasts and plant mitochondria research: (i) organellar gene expression (OGE) and, more specifically, chloroplast RNA editing in soybean, mitochondria RNA editing, and intron splicing in soybean during nodulation, as well as the study of the roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of OGE in plant adaptation to environmental stress; (ii) analysis of the nuclear integrants of mitochondrial DNA (NUMTs) or plastid DNA (NUPTs); (iii) sequencing and characterization of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes; (iv) recent advances in plastid genome engineering. Here we summarize the main findings of these works, which represent the latest research on the genetics, genomics, and biotechnology of chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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Liu, Rui, Shi-Kai Cao, Aqib Sayyed, Huan-Huan Yang, Jiao Zhao, Xiaomin Wang, Ru-Xue Jia, Feng Sun, and Bao-Cai Tan. "The DYW-subgroup pentatricopeptide repeat protein PPR27 interacts with ZmMORF1 to facilitate mitochondrial RNA editing and seed development in maize." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 18 (June 12, 2020): 5495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa273.

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Abstract C-to-U RNA editing in plant mitochondria requires the participation of many nucleus-encoded factors, most of which are pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. There is a large number of PPR proteins and the functions many of them are unknown. Here, we report a mitochondrion-localized DYW-subgroup PPR protein, PPR27, which functions in the editing of multiple mitochondrial transcripts in maize. The ppr27 mutant is completely deficient in C-to-U editing at the ccmFN-1357 and rps3-707 sites, and editing at six other sites is substantially reduced. The lack of editing at ccmFN-1357 causes a deficiency of CcmFN protein. As CcmFN functions in the maturation pathway of cytochrome proteins that are subunits of mitochondrial complex III, its deficiency results in an absence of cytochrome c1 and cytochrome c proteins. Consequently, the assembly of mitochondrial complex III and super-complex I+III2 is decreased, which impairs the electron transport chain and respiration, leading to arrests in embryogenesis and endosperm development in ppr27. In addition, PPR27 was found to physically interact with ZmMORF1, which interacts with ZmMORF8, suggesting that these three proteins may facilitate C-to-U RNA editing via the formation of a complex in maize mitochondria. This RNA editing is essential for complex III assembly and seed development in maize.

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Staneva, Dessislava, Bela Vasileva, Petar Podlesniy, George Miloshev, and Milena Georgieva. "Yeast Chromatin Mutants Reveal Altered mtDNA Copy Number and Impaired Mitochondrial Membrane Potential." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 3 (March 7, 2023): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9030329.

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Mitochondria are multifunctional, dynamic organelles important for stress response, cell longevity, ageing and death. Although the mitochondrion has its genome, nuclear-encoded proteins are essential in regulating mitochondria biogenesis, morphology, dynamics and function. Moreover, chromatin structure and epigenetic mechanisms govern the accessibility to DNA and control gene transcription, indirectly influencing nucleo-mitochondrial communications. Thus, they exert crucial functions in maintaining proper chromatin structure, cell morphology, gene expression, stress resistance and ageing. Here, we present our studies on the mtDNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin mutants and investigate the mitochondrial membrane potential throughout their lifespan. The mutants are arp4 (with a point mutation in the ARP4 gene, coding for actin-related protein 4—Arp4p), hho1Δ (lacking the HHO1 gene, coding for the linker histone H1), and the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ cells with the two mutations. Our findings showed that the three chromatin mutants acquired strain-specific changes in the mtDNA copy number. Furthermore, we detected the disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential in their chronological lifespan. In addition, the expression of nuclear genes responsible for regulating mitochondria biogenesis and turnover was changed. The most pronounced were the alterations found in the double mutant arp4 hho1Δ strain, which appeared as the only petite colony-forming mutant, unable to grow on respiratory substrates and with partial depletion of the mitochondrial genome. The results suggest that in the studied chromatin mutants, hho1Δ, arp4 and arp4 hho1Δ, the nucleus-mitochondria communication was disrupted, leading to impaired mitochondrial function and premature ageing phenotype in these mutants, especially in the double mutant.

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Dörner, Marion, Markus Altmann, Svante Pääbo, and Mario Mörl. "Evidence for Import of a Lysyl-tRNA into Marsupial Mitochondria." Molecular Biology of the Cell 12, no. 9 (September 2001): 2688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.9.2688.

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The mitochondrial tRNA gene for lysine was analyzed in 11 different marsupial mammals. Whereas its location is conserved when compared with other vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, its primary sequence and inferred secondary structure are highly unusual and variable. For example, eight species lack the expected anticodon. Because the corresponding transcripts are not altered by any RNA-editing mechanism, the lysyl-tRNA gene seems to represent a mitochondrial pseudogene. Purification of marsupial mitochondria and in vitro aminoacylation of isolated tRNAs with lysine, followed by analysis of aminoacylated tRNAs, show that a nuclear-encoded tRNALys is associated with marsupial mitochondria. We conclude that a functional tRNALys encoded in the nuclear genome is imported into mitochondria in marsupials. Thus, tRNA import is not restricted to plant, yeast, and protozoan mitochondria but also occurs also in mammals.

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Shematorova, Elena K., Ivan Yu Slovokhotov, Vladimir N. Shmakov, Marat R. Khaliluev, Dmitry G. Shpakovski, Valery N. Klykov, Olga G. Babak, Svetlana G. Spivak, Yuri M. Konstantinov, and George V. Shpakovski. "Novel Interactions of Adrenodoxin-Related [2Fe-2S] Plant Ferredoxins MFDX1 and MFDX2 Indicate Their Involvement in a Wide Spectrum of Functions in Plant Mitochondria." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 73, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2019-0074.

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Abstract Electron transfer chains of plant organelles (both chloroplasts and mitochondria) contain their own special set of ferredoxins. The relatively recently described adrenodoxin-like [2Fe-2S]-ferredoxins MFDX1 and MFDX2 of plant mitochondria are among the least studied of these. Until now, the only established function for them is participation in the final stage of biotin biosynthesis. In this work, using genetic and biochemical approaches, we searched for possible partners of these proteins in the genomes and proteomes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.) plants. MORF9 protein, one of the auxiliary components of the RNA editing complex of organelles (editosome), was found among the most prominent protein partners of adrenodoxin-like [2Fe-2S] tobacco ferredoxins. According to the results obtained from the yeast two-hybrid system, NtMFDX1 and NtMFDX2 of tobacco also bind and interact productively with the previously uncharacterised long non-coding polyadenylated RNA, which, based on its structural features, is capable of regulating the function of a number of components of complexes I (Nad1, Nad5) and III (protein of the cytochrome c synthesis system CcmF) and contributes to the formation of Fe/S-clusters in the corresponding protein complexes of the respiratory chain of plant mitochondria. We found one of the main components of the thiazol synthase complex (mitochondrial protein DpTHI1) to be the partner of ferredoxin DpMFDX2 of Digitalis purpurea. Finally, additional arguments were obtained in favour of the possible participation of MFDX1 and MFDX2 in the very ancient, but only recently described ‘progesterone’ steroid hormonal regulatory system: in leaves of the previously constructed CYP11A1-transgenic tomato plants, only the mature form of mitochondrial cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) of mammals is able to enter the mitochondria, where the above-mentioned components of the electron transport chain are localised. In summary, all of the newly revealed interactions of adrenodoxin-like [2Fe-2S] ferredoxins MFDX1 and MFDX2 indicate their participation in a wide range of functions in plant mitochondria.

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Levitan, Alexander, Avihai Danon, and Thomas Lisowsky. "Unique Features of Plant Mitochondrial Sulfhydryl Oxidase." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 19 (March 2, 2004): 20002–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m312877200.

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The yeast and human mitochondrial sulfhydryl oxidases of the Erv1/Alr family have been shown to be essential for the biogenesis of mitochondria and the cytosolic iron sulfur cluster assembly. In this study we identified a likely candidate for the first mitochondrial flavin-linked sulfhydryl oxidase of the Erv1-type from a photosynthetic organism. The central core of the plant enzyme (AtErv1) exhibits all of the characteristic features of the Erv1/Alr protein family, including a redox-active YPCXXC motif, noncovalently bound FAD, and sulfhydryl oxidase activity. Transient expression of fusion proteins of AtErv1 and the green fluorescence protein in plant protoplasts showed that the plant enzyme preferentially localizes to the mitochondria. Yet AtErv1 has several unique features, such as the presence of a CXXXXC motif in its carboxyl-terminal domain and the absence of an amino-terminally localized cysteine pair common to yeast and human Erv1/Alr proteins. In addition, the dimerization of AtErv1 is not mediated by its amino terminus but by its unique CXXXXC motif.In vitroassays with purified protein and artificial substrates demonstrate a preference of AtErv1 for dithiols with a defined space between the thiol groups, suggesting a thioredoxin-like substrate.

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Chevigny, Nicolas, Frédérique Weber-Lotfi, Anaïs Le Blevenec, Cédric Nadiras, Arnaud Fertet, Marc Bichara, Mathieu Erhardt, André Dietrich, Cécile Raynaud, and José M. Gualberto. "RADA-dependent branch migration has a predominant role in plant mitochondria and its defect leads to mtDNA instability and cell cycle arrest." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): e1010202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010202.

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Mitochondria of flowering plants have large genomes whose structure and segregation are modulated by recombination activities. The post-synaptic late steps of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) recombination are still poorly characterized. Here we show that RADA, a plant ortholog of bacterial RadA/Sms, is an organellar protein that drives the major branch-migration pathway of plant mitochondria. While RadA/Sms is dispensable in bacteria, RADA-deficient Arabidopsis plants are severely impacted in their development and fertility, correlating with increased mtDNA recombination across intermediate-size repeats and accumulation of recombination-generated mitochondrial subgenomes. The radA mutation is epistatic to recG1 that affects the additional branch migration activity. In contrast, the double mutation radA recA3 is lethal, underlining the importance of an alternative RECA3-dependent pathway. The physical interaction of RADA with RECA2 but not with RECA3 further indicated that RADA is required for the processing of recombination intermediates in the RECA2-depedent recombination pathway of plant mitochondria. Although RADA is dually targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts we found little to no effects of the radA mutation on the stability of the plastidial genome. Finally, we found that the deficient maintenance of the mtDNA in radA apparently triggers a retrograde signal that activates nuclear genes repressing cell cycle progression.

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Silvester, Warwick B., Birgit Langenstein, and R. Howard Berg. "Do mitochondria provide the oxygen diffusion barrier in root nodules of Coriaria and Datisca?" Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 9 (December 18, 1999): 1358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-062.

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Root nodules of Coriaria Lindsay and Datisca Baill. display a unique anatomy in which the symbiotic vesicles radiate inwards towards a central vacuole. Use of the confocal microscope and the redox dye cyano-tetrazolium chloride demonstrates that the vesicles are the sites of reducing potential and that there is a sharp cut-off in reducing potential at the base of the vesicles. The use of the lipophylic cationic dye rhodamine 123 revealed a continuous blanket of mitochondria in this zone. This was verified by transmission electron microscope views of nodule cells. Further studies reveal that the mitochondrial layer also forms a discontinuous layer around the intercellular air spaces. The nodules of plants grown with root systems at 5 and 40 kPa O2 did not show any differences in the thickness of the mitochondrial layer. Microtubules are also radially arranged in these cells and mitochondria are likely to reach their position by moving along this radial framework.Key words: actinorhiza, mitochondria, nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase, nodule, oxygen protection.

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Wang, Yen-Wen, Holly Elmore, and Anne Pringle. "Uniparental Inheritance and Recombination as Strategies to Avoid Competition and Combat Muller’s Ratchet among Mitochondria in Natural Populations of the Fungus Amanita phalloides." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9040476.

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Uniparental inheritance of mitochondria enables organisms to avoid the costs of intracellular competition among potentially selfish organelles. By preventing recombination, uniparental inheritance may also render a mitochondrial lineage effectively asexual and expose mitochondria to the deleterious effects of Muller’s ratchet. Even among animals and plants, the evolutionary dynamics of mitochondria remain obscure, and less is known about mitochondrial inheritance among fungi. To understand mitochondrial inheritance and test for mitochondrial recombination in one species of filamentous fungus, we took a population genomics approach. We assembled and analyzed 88 mitochondrial genomes from natural populations of the invasive death cap Amanita phalloides, sampling from both California (an invaded range) and Europe (its native range). The mitochondrial genomes clustered into two distinct groups made up of 57 and 31 mushrooms, but both mitochondrial types are geographically widespread. Multiple lines of evidence, including negative correlations between linkage disequilibrium and distances between sites and coalescent analysis, suggest low rates of recombination among the mitochondria (ρ = 3.54 × 10−4). Recombination requires genetically distinct mitochondria to inhabit a cell, and recombination among A. phalloides mitochondria provides evidence for heteroplasmy as a feature of the death cap life cycle. However, no mushroom houses more than one mitochondrial genome, suggesting that heteroplasmy is rare or transient. Uniparental inheritance emerges as the primary mode of mitochondrial inheritance, even as recombination appears as a strategy to alleviate Muller’s ratchet.

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Wissinger, Bernd, Rudolf Hiesel, Werner Schobel, Michael Unseld, Axel Brennicke, and Wolfgang Schuster. "Duplicated Sequence Elements and Their Function in Plant Mitochondria." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 46, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1991): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1991-9-1001.

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Abstract A considerable portion of the plant mitochondrial DNA is derived from genome internal duplications. Many of these amplified sequences determine functions of transcription and processing. Among these are promoter regions, sequences defining the 3′ ends of stable mRNAs, potential RNA processing sites and intron domains. Simultaneously, some of these repeated sequences can be active sites of recombination in plant mitochondria. Such duplicated control regions may simplify coordinate expression of different genes.

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Binder, Stefan, and Axel Brennicke. "Gene expression in plant mitochondria: transcriptional and post–transcriptional control." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1429 (January 29, 2003): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1179.

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The informational content of the mitochondrial genome in plants is, although small, essential for each cell. Gene expression in these organelles involves a number of distinct transcriptional and post–transcriptional steps. The complex post–transcriptional processes of plant mitochondria such as 5′ and 3′ RNA processing, intron splicing, RNA editing and controlled RNA stability extensively modify individual steady–state RNA levels and influence the mRNA quantities available for translation. In this overview of the processes in mitochondrial gene expression, we focus on confirmed and potential sites of regulatory interference and discuss the evolutionary origins of the transcriptional and post–transcriptional processes.

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Lee, Kwanuk, Su Jung Park, Youn-Il Park, and Hunseung Kang. "CFM9, a Mitochondrial CRM Protein, Is Crucial for Mitochondrial Intron Splicing, Mitochondria Function and Arabidopsis Growth and Stress Responses." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 11 (July 29, 2019): 2538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz147.

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Abstract Although the importance of chloroplast RNA splicing and ribosome maturation (CRM) domain-containing proteins has been established for chloroplast RNA metabolism and plant development, the functional role of CRM proteins in mitochondria remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of a mitochondria-targeted CRM protein (At3g27550), named CFM9, in Arabidopsis thaliana. Confocal analysis revealed that CFM9 is localized in mitochondria. The cfm9 mutant exhibited delayed seed germination, retarded growth and shorter height compared with the wild type under normal conditions. The growth-defect phenotypes were more manifested upon high salinity, dehydration or ABA application. Complementation lines expressing CFM9 in the mutant background fully recovered the wild-type phenotypes. Notably, the mutant had abnormal mitochondria, increased hydrogen peroxide and reduced respiration activity, implying that CFM9 is indispensable for normal mitochondrial function. More important, the splicing of many intron-containing genes in mitochondria was defective in the mutant, suggesting that CFM9 plays a crucial role in the splicing of mitochondrial introns. Collectively, our results provide clear evidence emphasizing that CFM9 is an essential factor in the splicing of mitochondrial introns, which is crucial for mitochondrial biogenesis and function and the growth and development of Arabidopsis.

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Niazi, Adnan Khan, Etienne Delannoy, Rana Khalid Iqbal, Daria Mileshina, Romain Val, Marta Gabryelska, Eliza Wyszko, et al. "Mitochondrial Transcriptome Control and Intercompartment Cross-Talk During Plant Development." Cells 8, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8060583.

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We address here organellar genetic regulation and intercompartment genome coordination. We developed earlier a strategy relying on a tRNA-like shuttle to mediate import of nuclear transgene-encoded custom RNAs into mitochondria in plants. In the present work, we used this strategy to drive trans-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes into the organelles, to knock down specific mitochondrial RNAs and analyze the regulatory impact. In a similar approach, the tRNA mimic was used to import into mitochondria in Arabidopsis thaliana the orf77, an RNA associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in maize and possessing sequence identities with the atp9 mitochondrial RNA. In both cases, inducible expression of the transgenes allowed to characterise early regulation and signaling responses triggered by these respective manipulations of the organellar transcriptome. The results imply that the mitochondrial transcriptome is tightly controlled by a “buffering” mechanism at the early and intermediate stages of plant development, a control that is released at later stages. On the other hand, high throughput analyses showed that knocking down a specific mitochondrial mRNA triggered a retrograde signaling and an anterograde nuclear transcriptome response involving a series of transcription factor genes and small RNAs. Our results strongly support transcriptome coordination mechanisms within the organelles and between the organelles and the nucleus.

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Moller, Ian M. "NADH dehydrogenases in plant mitochondria." Physiologia Plantarum 67, no. 3 (July 1986): 517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1986.tb05772.x.

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Oliver, David J., Michel Neuburger, Jacques Bourguignon, and Roland Douce. "Glycine metabolism by plant mitochondria." Physiologia Plantarum 80, no. 3 (November 1990): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb00072.x.

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Juszczuk, Izabela M., Natalia V. Bykova, and Ian M. Møller. "Protein phosphorylation in plant mitochondria." Physiologia Plantarum 129, no. 1 (January 2007): 90–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00793.x.

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Oliver, David J., Michel Neuburger, Jacques Bourguignon, and Roland Douce. "Glycine metabolism by plant mitochondria." Physiologia Plantarum 80, no. 3 (November 1990): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1990.800324.x.

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Douce, R., and M. Neuburger. "The Uniqueness of Plant Mitochondria." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 40, no. 1 (June 1989): 371–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.002103.

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Moore, A. L., C. K. Wood, and F. Z. Watts. "Protein Import into Plant Mitochondria." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 45, no. 1 (June 1994): 545–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.45.060194.002553.

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Danko, Stephen J., and John P. Markwell. "Protein Phosphorylation in Plant Mitochondria." Plant Physiology 79, no. 1 (September 1, 1985): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.79.1.311.

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Bonnard, Géraldine, José Manuel Gualberto, Lorenzo Lamattina, Jean Michel Grienenberger, and Axel Brennlcke. "RNA editing in plant mitochondria." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 10, no. 6 (January 1992): 503–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689209382325.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant mitochondria'

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