Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant mitochondria

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant mitochondria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant mitochondria"

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Bertrand, Helmut. "Senescence is coupled to induction of an oxidative phosphorylation stress response by mitochondrial DNA mutations in Neurospora." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-246.

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In Neurospora and other genera of filamentous fungi, the occurrence of a mutation affecting one or several genes on the chromosome of a single mitochondrion can trigger the gradual displacement of wild-type mitochondrial DNA by mutant molecules in asexually propagated cultures. As this displacement progresses, the cultures senesce gradually and die if the mitochondrial mutation is lethal, or develop respiratory deficiencies if the mutation is nonlethal. Mitochondrial mutations that elicit the displacement of wild-type mitochondrial DNAs are said to be "suppressive." In the strictly aerobic fungi, suppressiveness appears to be associated exclusively with mutations that diminish cytochrome-mediated mitochondrial redox functions and, thus, curtail oxidative phosphorylation. In Neurospora, suppressiveness is connected to a regulatory system through which cells respond to chemical or genetic insults to the mitochondrial electron-transport system by increasing the number of mitochondria approximately threefold. Mutant alleles of two nuclear genes, osr-1 and osr-2, affect this stress response and abrogate the suppressiveness of mitochondrial mutations. Therefore, we propose that mitochondrial mutations are suppressive because their phenotypic effect is limited to the organelles within which the mutant DNA is located. Consequently, mitochondria that are "homozygous" for a mutant allele are functionally crippled and are induced to proliferate more rapidly than the normal mitochondria with which they coexist in a common protoplasm. While this model provides a plausible explanation for the suppressiveness of mitochondrial mutations in the strictly aerobic fungi, it may not account for the biased transmission of mutant mitochondrial DNAs in the facultatively anaerobic yeasts. Key words: mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, mutations, suppressiveness, oxidative phosphorylation, stress response.
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Van Aken, Olivier. "Mitochondrial redox systems as central hubs in plant metabolism and signaling." Plant Physiology 186, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab101.

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Abstract Plant mitochondria are indispensable for plant metabolism and are tightly integrated into cellular homeostasis. This review provides an update on the latest research concerning the organization and operation of plant mitochondrial redox systems, and how they affect cellular metabolism and signaling, plant development, and stress responses. New insights into the organization and operation of mitochondrial energy systems such as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) are discussed. The mtETC produces reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which can act as signals or lead to cellular damage, and are thus efficiently removed by mitochondrial antioxidant systems, including Mn-superoxide dismutase, ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidases. Plant mitochondria are tightly connected with photosynthesis, photorespiration, and cytosolic metabolism, thereby providing redox-balancing. Mitochondrial proteins are targets of extensive post-translational modifications, but their functional significance and how they are added or removed remains unclear. To operate in sync with the whole cell, mitochondria can communicate their functional status via mitochondrial retrograde signaling to change nuclear gene expression, and several recent breakthroughs here are discussed. At a whole organism level, plant mitochondria thus play crucial roles from the first minutes after seed imbibition, supporting meristem activity, growth, and fertility, until senescence of darkened and aged tissue. Finally, plant mitochondria are tightly integrated with cellular and organismal responses to environmental challenges such as drought, salinity, heat, and submergence, but also threats posed by pathogens. Both the major recent advances and outstanding questions are reviewed, which may help future research efforts on plant mitochondria.
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Møller, Ian Max, R. Shyama Prasad Rao, Yuexu Jiang, Jay J. Thelen, and Dong Xu. "Proteomic and Bioinformatic Profiling of Transporters in Higher Plant Mitochondria." Biomolecules 10, no. 8 (August 16, 2020): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10081190.

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To function as a metabolic hub, plant mitochondria have to exchange a wide variety of metabolic intermediates as well as inorganic ions with the cytosol. As identified by proteomic profiling or as predicted by MU-LOC, a newly developed bioinformatics tool, Arabidopsis thaliana mitochondria contain 128 or 143 different transporters, respectively. The largest group is the mitochondrial carrier family, which consists of symporters and antiporters catalyzing secondary active transport of organic acids, amino acids, and nucleotides across the inner mitochondrial membrane. An impressive 97% (58 out of 60) of all the known mitochondrial carrier family members in Arabidopsis have been experimentally identified in isolated mitochondria. In addition to many other secondary transporters, Arabidopsis mitochondria contain the ATP synthase transporters, the mitochondria protein translocase complexes (responsible for protein uptake across the outer and inner membrane), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and a number of transporters and channels responsible for allowing water and inorganic ions to move across the inner membrane driven by their transmembrane electrochemical gradient. A few mitochondrial transporters are tissue-specific, development-specific, or stress-response specific, but this is a relatively unexplored area in proteomics that merits much more attention.
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Rose, Ray J. "Contribution of Massive Mitochondrial Fusion and Subsequent Fission in the Plant Life Cycle to the Integrity of the Mitochondrion and Its Genome." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 21, 2021): 5429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115429.

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Plant mitochondria have large genomes to house a small number of key genes. Most mitochondria do not contain a whole genome. Despite these latter characteristics, the mitochondrial genome is faithfully maternally inherited. To maintain the mitochondrial genes—so important for energy production—the fusion and fission of mitochondria are critical. Fission in plants is better understood than fusion, with the dynamin-related proteins (DRP 3A and 3B) driving the constriction of the mitochondrion. How the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytoskeleton are linked to the fission process is not yet fully understood. The fusion mechanism is less well understood, as obvious orthologues are not present. However, there is a recently described gene, MIRO2, that appears to have a significant role, as does the ER and cytoskeleton. Massive mitochondrial fusion (MMF or hyperfusion) plays a significant role in plants. MMF occurs at critical times of the life cycle, prior to flowering, in the enlarging zygote and at germination, mixing the cells’ mitochondrial population—the so-called “discontinuous whole”. MMF in particular aids genome repair, the conservation of critical genes and possibly gives an energy boost to important stages of the life cycle. MMF is also important in plant regeneration, an important component of plant biotechnology.
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Tang, Hui, and Hongliang Zhu. "Specific Changes in Morphology and Dynamics of Plant Mitochondria under Abiotic Stress." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010011.

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As the global climate continues to warm and the greenhouse effect intensifies, plants are facing various abiotic stresses during their growth and development. In response to changes in natural environment, plant mitochondria regulate their functions through morphological and dynamic changes. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles with the ability to continuously cleavage and fuse, regulating dynamic homeostatic processes in response to the needs of organism growth and the changes in external environmental conditions. In this review, we introduced the structure of the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane and discussed the relevant factors that influence the morphological changes in mitochondria, including proteins and lipids. The morphological and dynamic changes in mitochondria under various abiotic stresses were also revisited. This study aims to discuss a series of changes in plant mitochondrial ultrastructure under abiotic stress. It is very important that we analyze the association between plant mitochondrial functions and morphological and dynamic changes under stress to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and improve plant stress resistance. It also provides a new idea for plant modification and genetic breeding under the dramatic change in global natural environment.
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Dai, Dawei, Lifang Jin, Zhenzhen Huo, Shumei Yan, Zeyang Ma, Weiwei Qi, and Rentao Song. "Maize pentatricopeptide repeat protein DEK53 is required for mitochondrial RNA editing at multiple sites and seed development." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 20 (July 25, 2020): 6246–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa348.

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Abstract Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins were identified as site-specific recognition factors for RNA editing in plant mitochondria and plastids. In this study, we characterized maize (Zea mays) kernel mutant defective kernel 53 (dek53), which has an embryo lethal and collapsed endosperm phenotype. Dek53 encodes an E-subgroup PPR protein, which possesses a short PLS repeat region of only seven repeats. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that DEK53 is localized in the mitochondrion. Strand- and transcript-specific RNA-seq analysis showed that the dek53 mutation affected C-to-U RNA editing at more than 60 mitochondrial C targets. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial protein complexes revealed a significant reduction in the assembly of mitochondrial complex III in dek53. Transmission electron microscopic examination showed severe morphological defects of mitochondria in dek53 endosperm cells. In addition, yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging assays indicated that DEK53 can interact with the mitochondrion-targeted non-PPR RNA editing factor ZmMORF1, suggesting that DEK53 might be a functional component of the organellar RNA editosome.
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Butsanets, P. A., N. A. Shugaeva, and A. G. Shugaev. "Nonspecific permeability time (mPTP) in plant mitochondria and its role in cell death." Физиология растений 70, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 563–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0015330323600341.

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Current concepts are reviewed concerning the structure, regulatory mechanisms, and the functional role of nonspecific permeability pore (also referred to as mitochondrial permeability transition pore, mPTP) located in the inner membrane of animal and plant mitochondria. Some features characterizing the functioning of mPTP in plant mitochondria and its regulation under the influence of Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species are presented. Evidence available in the literature indicates that plant mitochondria are involved in programmed cell death, and this function is due to mPTP induction among other causes. Directions for further studies of mPTP in plant mitochondria are outlined.
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Logan, David C. "Mitochondrial fusion, division and positioning in plants." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 3 (May 24, 2010): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380789.

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Mitochondria are involved in many fundamental processes underpinning plant growth, development and death. Owing to their multiple roles, as the sites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, as harbourers of their own genomes and as sensors of cell redox status, amongst others, mitochondria are in a unique position to act as sentinels of cell physiology. The plant chondriome is typically organized as a population of physically discrete organelles, but visualization of mitochondria in living tissues has shown that the mitochondrial population is highly interactive. Mitochondria are highly motile and movement on the cytoskeleton ensures that the physically discrete organelles come into contact with one another, which allows transient fusion, followed by division of the mitochondrial membranes. This article serves to review our current knowledge of mitochondrial fusion and division, and link this to recent discoveries regarding a putative mitochondrial ‘health-check’ and repair process, whereby non-repairable dysfunctional mitochondria can be removed from the chondriome. It is proposed that the unequal distribution of the multipartite plant mitochondrial genome between discrete organelles provides the driver for transient mitochondrial fusion that, in turn, is dependent on mitochondrial motility, and that both fusion and motility are necessary to maintain a healthy functional chondriome.
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Ahmad, Niaz, and Brent L. Nielsen. "Plant Organelle DNA Maintenance." Plants 9, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9060683.

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Plant cells contain two double membrane bound organelles, plastids and mitochondria, that contain their own genomes. There is a very large variation in the sizes of mitochondrial genomes in higher plants, while the plastid genome remains relatively uniform across different species. One of the curious features of the organelle DNA is that it exists in a high copy number per mitochondria or chloroplast, which varies greatly in different tissues during plant development. The variations in copy number, morphology and genomic content reflect the diversity in organelle functions. The link between the metabolic needs of a cell and the capacity of mitochondria and chloroplasts to fulfill this demand is thought to act as a selective force on the number of organelles and genome copies per organelle. However, it is not yet clear how the activities of mitochondria and chloroplasts are coordinated in response to cellular and environmental cues. The relationship between genome copy number variation and the mechanism(s) by which the genomes are maintained through different developmental stages are yet to be fully understood. This Special Issue has several contributions that address current knowledge of higher plant organelle DNA. Here we briefly introduce these articles that discuss the importance of different aspects of the organelle genome in higher plants.
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Li, Xiulan, and Yueshui Jiang. "Research Progress of Group II Intron Splicing Factors in Land Plant Mitochondria." Genes 15, no. 2 (January 28, 2024): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15020176.

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Mitochondria are important organelles that provide energy for the life of cells. Group II introns are usually found in the mitochondrial genes of land plants. Correct splicing of group II introns is critical to mitochondrial gene expression, mitochondrial biological function, and plant growth and development. Ancestral group II introns are self-splicing ribozymes that can catalyze their own removal from pre-RNAs, while group II introns in land plant mitochondria went through degenerations in RNA structures, and thus they lost the ability to self-splice. Instead, splicing of these introns in the mitochondria of land plants is promoted by nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded proteins. Many proteins involved in mitochondrial group II intron splicing have been characterized in land plants to date. Here, we present a summary of research progress on mitochondrial group II intron splicing in land plants, with a major focus on protein splicing factors and their probable functions on the splicing of mitochondrial group II introns.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant mitochondria"

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Cartalas, Jérémy. "Characterization of the RNA maturation-degradation machinery in plant mitochondria." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ003.

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Les mitochondries sont le lieu de production de l'énergie des cellules eucaryotes. La mitochondrie possède son propre transcriptome. Ainsi pour générer un transcriptome mature et efficient, tout un ensemble de RNases permettent la maturation et la dégradation de l'ARN. Parmi elles la protéine MNU2 a été caractérisé comme ayant un rôle dans la maturation. Mais elle pourrait également jouer un rôle dans la dégradation. Au cours de mon doctorat, j'ai montré que MNU2 pourrait être un hub pour un degradosome, en interagissant avec la mtPNPase et une polyA polymérase J'ai généré des mutants mnu2, et afin de caractérisé sa fonction j'ai adapté des méthodes de Séquençages nouvelles générations et les appliquer dans des approches de génétiques inverse. Mes recherches ont montré un rôle déterminant de MNU2 dans la définition des extrémités 5' des ARNs mitochondriaux. Il a également permis de mettre en lumière une potentiel voie de dégradation 5'-3'
Mitochondria are the site of energy production in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria have their own transcriptome. In order to generate a mature and efficient transcriptome, a whole range of RNases are required for RNA maturation and degradation. Among these, the MNU2 protein has been characterized as having a role in maturation. But it could also play a role in degradation. During my PhD, I showed that MNU2 could be a hub for a degradosome, interacting with mtPNPase and a polyA polymerase. I generated mnu2 mutants, and in order to characterize its function I adapted new generation sequencing methods and applied them in reverse genetics approaches. My research has shown a decisive role for MNU2 in the definition of 5' monoP ends. It has also shed light on a potential 5'-3' degradation pathway
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Winger, Alison Marie. "Impact of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in Arabidopsis mitochondria /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0121.

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Tan, Yew-Foon. "Metal-protein interactome in plant mitochondria." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0162.

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[Truncated abstract] Transition metals in the plant mitochondrion have dual roles in regulating the function of the organelle. While metals participate in mitochondrial respiratory metabolism as ligands in bioenergetic, detoxifying, and various other metabolic enzymes, a breakdown in metal homeostasis during oxidative stress can perpetuate the cycling of ROS by redox active metal ions. Large-scale studies into the duplicitous roles of metal ions in biological systems has been lacking and in this thesis, a combination of metallomics, database annotations, membrane proteomics, metal-protein interactomics, structural biology, functional assays and mass spectrometry were all used to gain a clearer insight into the involvement of metal ions in affecting plant mitochondrial function. The Arabidopsis mitochondrion was shown to contain the transition metals cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. Interestingly, the redox active copper and iron represented 75% of the mitochondrial metallome and these metal species were revealed to be highly labile during oxidative stress suggesting a possible contribution of metal-catalysed oxidation (MCO) in the damage of biological macromolecules. Bioinformatic analysis of metalloproteins predicted and experimentally determined to be mitochondrially localised revealed that metal ion transporters are poorly characterised. An in-depth proteomic analysis of the membrane proteome was conducted on mitochondria isolated from unstressed and stressed cell cultures resulted in the identification of stress-responsive as well as potential metal ion transporters. Also, many of the annotated metalloproteins predicted to be mitochondrial lack experimental evidence for subcellular localisation. ... However, based on evidence in the literature, it was hypothesised that metal-interacting sites may be the targets for MCO due to their affinity for metal ions. Attempts were made to identify the site specificity of MCO on mitochondrial proteins but no carbonyl sites could be found owing to technical problems associated with non-specific binding of proteins to the enrichment resin and low abundance of the labelled protein carbonyls. The use of the model protein BSA showed that protein oxidation occurs in clusters and the use of model peptides demonstrated that the ability of amino acid residues to complex metal ions is important in dictating susceptibility to MCO. Further experimental verification for the site specificity of MCO is required to determine the consequences of MCO on mitochondrial protein function. Overall, this thesis provided a large-scale analysis of the contributions of metal ions to mitochondrial respiratory metabolism with an emphasis on metal ion induced toxicity. Using multi-facetted approaches, an insight into the dynamic nature of mitochondrial metal homeostasis, stress responsive transporters, the interactions of metal ions with mitochondrial proteins and the possible mechanism in which proteins are specifically oxidised by MCO has been uncovered paving the way for future focused studies characterising the consequences of oxidative stress on specific proteins and their function.
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Lee, Alex Chun Pong. "Dynamics of the plant mitochondrial proteome : towards the understanding of metabolic networks." University of Western Australia. School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0181.

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[Truncated abstract] The mitochondrion is the energy powerhouse that provide energy to many metabolic functions in the form of ATP. Mitochondria in plants are also known to carry out a variety of other important biochemical processes within the cell, including the anaplerotic function of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, one-carbon metabolism and portions of photorespiration. Dynamics of the mitochondrial proteome in plants underlies fundamental differences in the roles of these organelles under different developmental and environmental conditions. A quantitative comparative proteomic approach was carried out to analyze mitochondria isolated from non-photosynthetic models, cell culture and root, and compared them to mitochondria isolated from photosynthetic shoots. The glycinedependent respiration rate and the protein abundance of the photorespiratory apparatus was found to be higher in shoot than cell culture and root mitochondria. Also, there were major differences in the abundance and/or activities of enzymes in the TCA cycle between the three systems examined. The metabolic pathways that relied on the supply of intermediates from TCA cycle and photorespiration were also altered, namely cysteine, formate and one-carbon metabolism, as well as amino acid metabolism focused on 2-oxoglutarate generation, and branched-chain amino acids degradation. To further provide insight into the extent of mitochondrial heterogeneity in plants, mitochondria isolated from six organ/cell types, leaf, root, cell culture, flower, stem and silique were analyzed. Of the 251 protein spots on a 2D-gel of the mitochondrial soluble/matrix fraction, the abundance of 213 spots were significantly varied between different samples. Identification of these spots revealed a non-redundant set of 79 proteins which were differentially expressed between organ/cell types. ... Importantly, posttranslational modifications played a significant role in the dynamics of the leaf mitochondrial proteome during the diurnal cycle. Overall, these findings indicated that the mitochondrial proteome is dynamic in order to fulfil different functional and physiological requirements in response to organspecific growth and changes in the external environments. These results also indicated that the majority of the changes in the mitochondrial proteome occurred in the matrix and suggested differences in substrate choice/availability in various plant organs and during the diurnal cycle. Further, these analyses demonstrate that, while mitochondrial proteins are regulated transcriptionally by the nucleus, post-transcriptional regulation and/or post-translational modifications play a vital role in modulating the activation state and/or regulation of proteins in key biochemical pathways in plant mitochondria. The integration of proteomics data with respiratory measurements, enzyme assays and transcript datasets will allow the identification of organ-enhanced and/or light/darkresponsive metabolic pathways as well as providing potential targets for reverse genetic approaches for further functional analysis of plant mitochondria.
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Winger, Alison Marie. "Impact of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in Arabidopsis mitochondria." University of Western Australia. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Discipline Group, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0121.

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[Truncated abstract] A range of biotic and abiotic stresses increase levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants due to perturbations of chloroplast and mitochondrial metabolism and the generation of ROS in defence responses. The polyunsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids are susceptible to ROS induced peroxidation yielding various aldehydes, alkenals and hydroxyalkenals including the cytotoxic compound 4-hydroxy- 2-nonenal (HNE). HNE has the potential to cause substantial oxidative damage in cells via its reactivity with sulfhydryl groups of cysteine (Cys) and lipoic acid, the imidazole group of histidine (His) and the ?-amino group of lysine (Lys) protein residues. Analysis of the components of the plant respiratory electron transport chain to HNE revealed a particular susceptibility to inhibition of activity of the alternative oxidase (Aox). Incubation with HNE prevented dimerisation of Aox protein, suggesting that one site of modification was the conserved cysteine residue involved in dimerisation and activation of this enzyme (Cys1). However, a naturally occurring isoform of Aox lacking Cys1 and unable to dimerise, LeAox1b from tomato, was equally sensitive to HNE inhibition, showing that other amino acid residues in Aox also interact with HNE and are likely responsible for inactivation of the enzyme. ... The broader impact of HNE on the whole Arabidopsis mitochondrial proteome was examined by use of various 2-dimensional gel separation techniques coupled with use of HNE-adduct antibodies. 32 proteins involved in a number of mitochondrial functions were found to be susceptible to modification by HNE, including components of the electron transport chain, the TCA cycle, as well as proteins involved amino acid metabolism and stress-responses. Implications of modification of these proteins by HNE are discussed. As HNE is produced in vivo during oxidative stress, the profile of mitochondrial targets of HNE was examined from Arabidopsis cell cultures exposed to various oxidative stress inducers. Menadione and hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative stress throughout the cell, while antimycin A initiated a mitochondrial targeted stress. A differential profile of mitochondrial proteins was observed to be modified by HNE in the various treatments. These results also showed that induction of stress within a whole cell can impact lipid peroxidation within the mitochondria. Overall, this work showed the presence and production of HNE in plant cells, and that HNE, both exogenous and endogenous, has the ability to modify a specific subset of mitochondrial proteins. In several cases this HNE modification was shown to have functional or structural consequences.
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Mahe, Laetitia. "Import of chimeric proteins into plant mitochondria." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33804.

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Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in plants is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. We have proposed in this study that the mitochondrial-encoded chimeric peptide thought to be responsible for cytoplasmic male sterility in Polima system could function as a dominant male sterility inducer when expressed in the nucleus and targeted to the mitochondria. Transgenic plants expressing such mitochondrial targeting constructs exhibited reduction of pollen production that was characterized in fertile Westar (nap ) and restored fertile Westar (pol) plants by homeotic transformation of floral organs and in male-sterile Westar (pol) plants by a reduction in pollen production with shortening of the stamens. Genetic and molecular analysis has shown that the phenotypic changes were correlated with the effective genetic transmission of the inserted transgene through female gametes. Most significantly, we have found that differences in floral morphology induced by transgene expression between pol CMS and fertile Westar plants might be related to differences in transcriptional activity of the APETALA3 MADS box gene. We suggest that the alterations in floral morphology that accompany CMS in several plant species might be due to effects of mitochondria on transcriptional activity of floral organ identity genes.
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Kay, Christopher John. "Reactions of ubiquinone in higher plant mitochondria." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37739.

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L'Homme, Yvan. "Molecular characterization of cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica napus." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28810.

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In order to identify organizational differences between sterile Polima (pol) and fertile Campestris (cam) mitochondrial genomes that could be linked to cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), the physical map of the pol mitochondrial genome was constructed and compared to the physical map of the cam mitochondrial genome. The only structural differences between the two genomes are confined to a region encompassed by a 4.5 kb segment, present in pol mtDNA but absent in cam mtDNA. This 4.5 kb CMS-associated pol segment contains a chimeric gene called orf224 that is cotranscribed with atpG and comprises the single mtDNA region expressed differently in fertile, sterile and fertility restored plants which makes it a good candidate for specifying the sterility trait. Sequence analysis of the pol 4.5 kb segment has shown that orf224 was the only significant open reading frame (ORF) within the segment that gives rise to abundant transcripts, strengthening the view that the orf224/atp6 gene region is conferring pol male sterility. The pol 4.5 kb segment is also present and similarly organized in the common Brassica napus nap mtDNA but the sequences flanking the two segments are unrelated. Thus, the 4.5 kb segment appears to have transposed during the evolution of the pol and nap mitochondrial genomes and appears to have been lost in the cam mitochondrial genome. Sequence analysis of the nap segment revealed the presence of an ORF related to but divergent from orf224. This open reading frame (orf222) potentially encodes a protein of 222 amino-acids with 79% homology to the predicted product of orf224. orf222 is co-transcribed with the third exon of the trans-spliced gene, nad5, and another ORF of unknown function. Expression of the orf222 gene region is tightly associated with nap CMS since the levels of orf222 transcripts are significantly reduced upon restoration while the expression of 22 other mitochondrial genes do not consistently correlate with nap CMS. Antibodies were rai
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Soole, Kathleen Lydia. "Characterisation of the NADH dehydrogenases associated with isolated plant mitochondria /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs711.pdf.

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Buckler, Carlyn Suzanne Keith. "Miniature plant phenotype and mitochondrial porins in maize /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9946248.

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Books on the topic "Plant mitochondria"

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Van Aken, Olivier, and Allan G. Rasmusson, eds. Plant Mitochondria. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1653-6.

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Whelan, James, and Monika W. Murcha, eds. Plant Mitochondria. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2639-8.

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Logan, David C., ed. Plant Mitochondria. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470986592.

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Kempken, Frank, ed. Plant Mitochondria. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89781-3.

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Moore, A. L., and R. B. Beechey, eds. Plant Mitochondria. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5.

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C, Logan David, ed. Plant mitochondria. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2007.

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Day, D. A. 1949 July 27-, Millar A. Harvey, and Whelan James, eds. Plant mitochondria: From genome to function. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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Bock, Ralph. Genomics of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012.

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Day, David A., A. Harvey Millar, and James Whelan, eds. Plant Mitochondria: From Genome to Function. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2400-9.

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Levings, Charles S., and Indra K. Vasil, eds. The molecular biology of plant mitochondria. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0163-9.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant mitochondria"

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Douce, Roland, and Michel Neuburger. "General Organization of the Respiratory Chain and Matrix-Associated Specific Dehydrogenases in Higher Plant Mitochondria." In Plant Mitochondria, 1–15. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_1.

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Fricaud, Anne-Catherine, and Jacques Dupont. "Kinetics of Electron Transport in Complex III of Plant Mitochondria During Ageing in vitro." In Plant Mitochondria, 81–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_10.

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Arrabaça, João Daniel, and Ana Maria Tenreiro. "The Effects of Inhibitors of the B-C1 Complex on the Respiration of Mitochondria from Aged Potato Discs." In Plant Mitochondria, 85–88. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_11.

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Rustin, Pierre, Michel Neuburger, Roland Douce, and Claude Lance. "The Redox State of Mitochondrial Pyridine Nucleotides Versus Rate of Substrate Oxidation." In Plant Mitochondria, 89–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_12.

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Moreland, Donald E., and William P. Novitzky. "Effects of Inhibitors on the Membrane Potential (Δψ) of Mung Bean Mitochondria." In Plant Mitochondria, 93–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_13.

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Holt, D. C., J. B. Hyndman, and R. Cammack. "Effect of the Antimalarial Quinone BW 58C on Cyanide-Sensitive and Cyanide-Insensitive Plant Respiration." In Plant Mitochondria, 97–100. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_14.

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Dupont, Jacques, and Pierre Rustin. "Redox Properties of Inhibitors of the Alternative Pathway of Plant Mitochondria." In Plant Mitochondria, 101–4. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_15.

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van der Plas, Linus H. W., Henk Gude, and Marijke Wagner. "Hydroxamate-Activated Peroxidases: Interference with Determination of Respiratory Pathway Activity ?" In Plant Mitochondria, 105–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_16.

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Hourmant, Annick, and Pierre Dizengremel. "Cytokinins and the Inducement of the Cyanide-Resistant Alternative Pathway." In Plant Mitochondria, 109–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_17.

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Berthold, Deborah A., Donald J. Fluke, and James N. Siedow. "A Determination of the Molecular Weight of the Aroid Alternative Oxidase by Radiation Inactivation Analysis." In Plant Mitochondria, 113–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3517-5_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant mitochondria"

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"Pollen parent transfer mitochondria to offspring." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-027.

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Tarasenko, V. I., M. V. Kulinchenko, E. S. Klimenko, T. I. Tarasenko, I. Yu Subota, V. N. Shmakov, and Yu M. Konstantinov. "Import of DNA into plant mitochondria: relationship with genetic and physiological processes." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-424.

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Altaee, Muddather, Samaraa Youns, Abdullah Al-Nuaymia, Sara Dabdob, and Muhammad Alkataan. "The Protective Effects of a Phenolic Clove Extract on Mitochondria: An Animal Study." In 5th International Conference on Biomedical and Health Sciences, 439–43. Cihan University-Erbil, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/biohs2024/paper.1201.

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Background: Plants represent a treasure chest with many unrevealed medical applications that have made them traditionally used for thousands of years to treat different diseases. One of these applications is the hypoglycemic and antioxidant roles of some plants. A pathological condition characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia known as metabolic syndrome. Objectives: This work focuses on examining the hypoglycemic effect of Syzygium aromaticum on a metabolic syndrome-induced animal model and studying the role of the extracted phenolic compounds on different mitochondrial function genomic parameters. Methods: Sánchez-Rangel et al. (2013) described the extraction and quantification of phenolic components from Syzygium aromaticum using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. In this work, forty albino rats were involved. They were split up into the following four groups, each consisting of five animals: Syzygium aromaticum treatment for metabolic syndrome, non-metabolic syndrome animals treated with Syzygium aromaticum, and negative control (normal), positive control (metabolic syndrome produced with fructose without treatment). Serum glucose, pyruvate, lactate, lipid profile, liver function tests, and molar lactate/pyruvate ratio. Green and red mitotrackers are used to measure the mass and action potential of mitochondria. Results: According to the study's findings, clove extract dramatically lowers blood sugar levels in rats with metabolic syndrome. The plants return serum lactate, pyruvate, and molar lactate: pyruvate ratio to normal control negative values. Mitochondrial mass and action potential significantly improve after treatment. In comparison to metabolic syndrome animals, the mitochondrial copy number of peripheral blood cells significantly increases after treatment with the plant extract. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome significantly reduces mitochondrial genome copies number. The application of the phenolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum.
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Konstantinov, Yu M., M. V. Koulintchenko, E. S. Klimenko, N. A. Bolotova, V. I. Tarasenko, and V. N. Shmakov. "STUDYING OF DNA IMPORT FACTORS IN PLANT MITOCHONDRIA." In The Second All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation "Regulation Mechanisms of Eukariotic Cell Organelle Functions". SIPPB SB RAS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31255/978-5-94797-318-1-55-57.

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Malone, Aygul. "Cellular energy production and lipid profile of mitochondria in two wheat varieties with differing heat tolerance." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1048270.

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Generozova, I. P. "The protective effect of resveratrol on the morphology of mitochondria of pea seedlings." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-116.

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Nevrova, O. V., N. Yu Gerasimov, I. V. Zhigacheva, I. P. Generozova, and A. N. Goloshchapov. "The effect of resveratrol on the microviscosity of pea mitochondria membranes in vitro." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-306.

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"DNA import into plant mitochondria: studying of the translocation pathways in organello and in vivo." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-189.

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Fassetti, Fabio, Claudia Giallombardo, Ofelia Leone, Luigi Palopoli, Simona E. Rombo, and Adolfo Saiardi. "Discovering New Proteins in Plant Mitochondria by RNA Editing Simulation." In 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics Models, Methods and Algorithms. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005664901820189.

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Gerasimov, N. Yu, O. V. Nevrova, I. V. Zhigacheva, I. P. Generozova, and A. N. Goloshchapov. "The effect of ultra-low doses of resveratrol on the microviscosity of pea mitochondria membranes." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-117.

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Reports on the topic "Plant mitochondria"

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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Alice Barkan. Nuclear Encoded RNA Splicing Factors in Plant Mitochondria. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592111.bard.

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Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for a small number of genes required in organellar genome expression and respiration. Yet, the vast majority of the organellar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, thus necessitating complex mechanisms to coordinate the expression and accumulation of proteins encoded by the two remote genomes. Many organellar genes are interrupted by intervening sequences (introns), which are removed from the primary presequences via splicing. According to conserved features of their sequences these introns are all classified as “group-II”. Their splicing is necessary for organellar activity and is dependent upon nuclear-encoded RNA-binding cofactors. However, to-date, only a tiny fraction of the proteins expected to be involved in these activities have been identified. Accordingly, this project aimed to identify nuclear-encoded proteins required for mitochondrial RNA splicing in plants, and to analyze their specific roles in the splicing of group-II intron RNAs. In non-plant systems, group-II intron splicing is mediated by proteins encoded within the introns themselves, known as maturases, which act specifically in the splicing of the introns in which they are encoded. Only one mitochondrial intron in plants has retained its maturaseORF (matR), but its roles in organellar intron splicing are unknown. Clues to other proteins required for organellar intron splicing are scarce, but these are likely encoded in the nucleus as there are no other obvious candidates among the remaining ORFs within the mtDNA. Through genetic screens in maize, the Barkan lab identified numerous nuclear genes that are required for the splicing of many of the introns within the plastid genome. Several of these genes are related to one another (i.e. crs1, caf1, caf2, and cfm2) in that they share a previously uncharacterized domain of archaeal origin, the CRM domain. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 CRM-related genes, which contain between one and four repeats of the domain. Several of these are predicted to the mitochondria and are thus postulated to act in the splicing of group-II introns in the organelle(s) to which they are localized. In addition, plant genomes also harbor several genes that are closely related to group-II intron-encoded maturases (nMats), which exist in the nucleus as 'self-standing' ORFs, out of the context of their cognate "host" group-II introns and are predicted to reside within the mitochondria. The similarity with known group-II intron splicing factors identified in other systems and their predicted localization to mitochondria in plants suggest that nuclear-encoded CRM and nMat related proteins may function in the splicing of mitochondrial-encoded introns. In this proposal we proposed to (i) establish the intracellular locations of several CRM and nMat proteins; (ii) to test whether mutations in their genes impairs the splicing of mitochondrial introns; and to (iii) determine whether these proteins are bound to the mitochondrial introns in vivo.
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.

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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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Siedow, J. N. Molecular studies of functional aspects of plant mitochondria. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7194216.

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Siedow, J. N. Molecular studies of functional aspects of plant mitochondria. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10184136.

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Schuster, Gadi, and David Stern. Integration of phosphorus and chloroplast mRNA metabolism through regulated ribonucleases. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695859.bard.

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New potential for engineering chloroplasts to express novel traits has stimulated research into relevant techniques and genetic processes, including plastid transformation and gene regulation. This proposal continued our long time BARD-funded collaboration research into mechanisms that influence chloroplast RNA accumulation, and thus gene expression. Previous work on cpRNA catabolism has elucidated a pathway initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage, followed by polyadenylation and exonucleolytic degradation. A major player in this process is the nucleus-encoded exoribonuclease/polymerasepolynucleotidephoshorylase (PNPase). Biochemical characterization of PNPase has revealed a modular structure that controls its RNA synthesis and degradation activities, which in turn are responsive to the phosphate (P) concentration. However, the in vivo roles and regulation of these opposing activities are poorly understood. The objectives of this project were to define how PNPase is controlled by P and nucleotides, using in vitro assays; To make use of both null and site-directed mutations in the PNPgene to study why PNPase appears to be required for photosynthesis; and to analyze plants defective in P sensing for effects on chloroplast gene expression, to address one aspect of how adaptation is integrated throughout the organism. Our new data show that P deprivation reduces cpRNA decay rates in vivo in a PNPasedependent manner, suggesting that PNPase is part of an organismal P limitation response chain that includes the chloroplast. As an essential component of macromolecules, P availability often limits plant growth, and particularly impacts photosynthesis. Although plants have evolved sophisticated scavenging mechanisms these have yet to be exploited, hence P is the most important fertilizer input for crop plants. cpRNA metabolism was found to be regulated by P concentrations through a global sensing pathway in which PNPase is a central player. In addition several additional discoveries were revealed during the course of this research program. The human mitochondria PNPase was explored and a possible role in maintaining mitochondria homeostasis was outlined. As polyadenylation was found to be a common mechanism that is present in almost all organisms, the few examples of organisms that metabolize RNA with no polyadenylation were analyzed and described. Our experiment shaded new insights into how nutrient stress signals affect yield by influencing photosynthesis and other chloroplast processes, suggesting strategies for improving agriculturally-important plants or plants with novel introduced traits. Our studies illuminated the poorly understood linkage of chloroplast gene expression to environmental influences other than light quality and quantity. Finely, our finding significantly advanced the knowledge about polyadenylation of RNA, the evolution of this process and its function in different organisms including bacteria, archaea, chloroplasts, mitochondria and the eukaryotic cell. These new insights into chloroplast gene regulation will ultimately support plant improvement for agriculture
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.

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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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Izhar, Shamay, Maureen Hanson, and Nurit Firon. Expression of the Mitochondrial Locus Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Petunia. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7604933.bard.

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The main goal of the proposed research was to continue the mutual investigations into the molecular basis of CMS and male fertility restoration [MRF], with the ultimate goal of understanding these phenomena in higher plants. The experiments focused on: (1) dissecting apart the complex CMS - specific mitochondrial S-Pcf locus, in order to distinguish its essential parts which cause sterility from other parts and study its molecular evolution. (2) Studying the expression of the various regions of the S-Pcf locus in fertile and sterile lines and comparing the structure and ultrastructure of sterile and fertile tissues. (3) Determine whether alteration in respiration is genetically associated with CMS. Our mutual investigations further substantiated the association between the S-Pcf locus and CMS by the findings that the fertile phenotype of a population of unstable petunia somatic hybrids which contain the S-Pcf locus, is due to the presence of multiple muclear fertility restoration genes in this group of progenies. The information obtained by our studies indicate that homologous recombination played a major role in the molecular evolution of the S-Pcf locus and the CMS trait and in the generation of mitochondrial mutations in general. Our data suggest that the CMS cytoplasm evolved by introduction of a urs-s containing sublimon into the main mitochondrial genome via homologous recombination. We have also found that the first mutation detected so far in S-Pcf is a consequence of a homologous recombination mechanism involving part of the cox2 coding sequence. In all the cases studied by us, at the molecular level, we found that fusion of two different cells caused mitochondrial DNA recombination followed by sorting out of a specific mtDNA population or sequences. This sequence of events suggested as a mechanism for the generation of novel mitochondrial genomes and the creation of new traits. The present research also provides data concerning the expression of the recombined and complex CMS-specific S-Pcf locus as compared with the expression of additional mitochondrial proteins as well as comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of CMS and fertile Petunia. Evidence is provided for differential localization of mitochondrially encoded proteins in situ at the tissue level. The similar localization patterns of Pcf and atpA may indicate that Pcf product could interfere with the functioning of the mitochondrial ATPase in a tissue undergoing meiosis and microsporogenesis. Studies of respiration in CMS and fertile Petunia lines indicate that they differe in the partitioning of electron transport through the cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways. The data indicate that the electron flux through the two oxidase pathways differs between mitochondria from fertile and sterile Petunia lines at certain redox states of the ubiquinone pool. In summary, extensive data concerning the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus of Petunia at the DNA and protein levels as well as information concerning different biochemical activity in CMS as compared to male fertile lines have been accumulated during the three years of this project. In addition, the involvement of the homologous recombination mechanism in the evolution of mt encoded traits is emphasized.
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Wolstenhome, D. R. The plant mitochondrial mat-r gene/nad1 gene complex. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763987.

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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger, and Mohamad Abu-Abied. Studies of Novel Cytoskeletal Regulatory Proteins that are Involved in Abiotic Stress Signaling. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592652.bard.

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In the original proposal we planned to focus on two proteins related to the actin cytoskeleton: TCH2, a touch-induced calmodulin-like protein which was found by us to interact with the IQ domain of myosin VIII, ATM1; and ERD10, a dehydrin which was found to associate with actin filaments. As reported previously, no other dehydrins were found to interact with actin filaments. In addition so far we were unsuccessful in confirming the interaction of TCH2 with myosin VIII using other methods. In addition, no other myosin light chain candidates were found in a yeast two hybrid survey. Nevertheless we have made a significant progress in our studies of the role of myosins in plant cells. Plant myosins have been implicated in various cellular activities, such as cytoplasmic streaming (1, 2), plasmodesmata function (3-5), organelle movement (6-10), cytokinesis (4, 11, 12), endocytosis (4, 5, 13-15) and targeted RNA transport (16). Plant myosins belong to two main groups of unconventional myosins: myosin XI and myosin VIII, both closely related to myosin V (17-19). The Arabidopsis myosin family contains 17 members: 13 myosin XI and four myosin VIII (19, 20). The data obtained from our research of myosins was published in two papers acknowledging BARD funding. To address whether specific myosins are involved with the motility of specific organelles, we cloned the cDNAs from neck to tail of all 17 Arabidopsis myosins. These were fused to GFP and used as dominant negative mutants that interact with their cargo but are unable to walk along actin filaments. Therefore arrested organelle movement in the presence of such a construct shows that a particular myosin is involved with the movement of that particular organelle. While no mutually exclusive connections between specific myosins and organelles were found, based on overexpression of dominant negative tail constructs, a group of six myosins (XIC, XIE, XIK, XI-I, MYA1 and MYA2) were found to be more important for the motility of Golgi bodies and mitochondria in Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum (8). Further deep and thorough analysis of myosin XIK revealed a potential regulation by head and tail interaction (Avisar et al., 2011). A similar regulatory mechanism has been reported for animal myosin V and VIIa (21, 22). In was shown that myosin V in the inhibited state is in a folded conformation such that the tail domain interacts with the head domain, inhibiting its ATPase and actinbinding activities. Cargo binding, high Ca2+, and/or phosphorylation may reduce the interaction between the head and tail domains, thus restoring its activity (23). Our collaborative work focuses on the characterization of the head tail interaction of myosin XIK. For this purpose the Israeli group built yeast expression vectors encoding the myosin XIK head. In addition, GST fusions of the wild-type tail as well as a tail mutated in the amino acids that mediate head to tail interaction. These were sent to the US group who is working on the isolation of recombinant proteins and performing the in vitro assays. While stress signals involve changes in Ca2+ levels in plants cells, the cytoplasmic streaming is sensitive to Ca2+. Therefore plant myosin activity is possibly regulated by stress. This finding is directly related to the goal of the original proposal.
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Wolstenholme, D. R. The plant mitochondrial mat-r gene/nad1 gene complex. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10159855.

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