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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant hormones'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Vashi, Jal D. "Plant Hormones- Natural Growth Regulators." Journal of Experimental Agriculture International 45, no. 11 (October 28, 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jeai/2023/v45i112232.

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Plant hormones are compounds that can regulate the overall growth and development of plants and have a great influence throughout the lifecycle of plants. Various hormones act on the plant at different points of time depending on the vegetative or reproductive state of the plant. The effects of hormones on plants are quite complex to understand and a single plant hormone can have multiple effects on the growth and development of plants. They can help to regulate the homeostasis of plants under stress from both biotic and abiotic factors. Plant hormones have a very complex mode of interaction among themselves and how they influence plant development. There has always been more research done on understanding the individual plant hormone and their mechanism. More recent work focuses on complex problems like how different hormones work together to regulate the growth of plants. This mini-review article will focus on the five main hormones, their role in the growth and development of plants and their commercial uses in modern agriculture.

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2

Blázquez, Miguel A., David C. Nelson, and Dolf Weijers. "Evolution of Plant Hormone Response Pathways." Annual Review of Plant Biology 71, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 327–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-100309.

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This review focuses on the evolution of plant hormone signaling pathways. Like the chemical nature of the hormones themselves, the signaling pathways are diverse. Therefore, we focus on a group of hormones whose primary perception mechanism involves an Skp1/Cullin/F-box-type ubiquitin ligase: auxin, jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid, and strigolactone. We begin with a comparison of the core signaling pathways of these four hormones, which have been established through studies conducted in model organisms in the Angiosperms. With the advent of next-generation sequencing and advanced tools for genetic manipulation, the door to understanding the origins of hormone signaling mechanisms in plants beyond these few model systems has opened. For example, in-depth phylogenetic analyses of hormone signaling components are now being complemented by genetic studies in early diverging land plants. Here we discuss recent investigations of how basal land plants make and sense hormones. Finally, we propose connections between the emergence of hormone signaling complexity and major developmental transitions in plant evolution.

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3

TAKAHASHI, Nobutaka, and Hisakazu YAMANE. "Plant hormones." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 46, no. 5 (1988): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.46.436.

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4

Leyser, H. M. Ottoline. "Plant hormones." Current Biology 8, no. 1 (January 1998): R5—R7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70006-5.

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5

Chern, L. L., and W. H. Ko. "Effect of light on hormonal regulation of sexual reproduction in Phytophthora parasitica." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-203.

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A1 and A2 isolates of Phytophthora parasitica were exposed to light at different stages of sexual development to study the mode of action of light on sexual reproduction. Exposure to light during the process of sexual reproduction reduced the number of oospores produced to about 7% of that produced in darkness. Light was inhibitory to production of α hormones but not receptors of these hormones by both A1 and A2 isolates of P. parasitica. However, after being produced, α hormones were stable under light. The number of oospores produced was greatly reduced when A1 and A2 cultures were exposed to light during hormone induction of sexual reproduction but was not affected when the cultures were exposed to light during oospore formation after hormone induction. The results suggest that the effect of light on sexual reproduction in P. parasitica was mainly through inhibition of hormone production and hormone induction of sexual reproduction. Key words: Phytophthora parasitica, light effect, hormonal regulation.

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6

Ross, John J., and James B. Reid. "Evolution of growth-promoting plant hormones." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 9 (2010): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10063.

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The plant growth hormones auxin, gibberellins (GAs) and brassinosteroids (BRs) are major determinants of plant growth and development. Recently, key signalling components for these hormones have been identified in vascular plants and, at least for the GAs and BRs, biosynthetic pathways have been clarified. The genome sequencing of a range of species, including a few non-flowering plants, has allowed insight into the evolution of the hormone systems. It appears that the moss Physcomitrella patens can respond to auxin and contains key elements of the auxin signalling pathway, although there is some doubt as to whether it shows a fully developed rapid auxin response. On the other hand, P. patens does not show a GA response, even though it contains genes for components of GA signalling. The GA response system appears to be more advanced in the lycophyte Selaginella moellendorffii than in P. patens. Signalling systems for BRs probably arose after the evolutionary divergence of the mosses and vascular plants, although detailed information is limited. Certainly, the processes affected by the growth hormones (e.g. GAs) can differ in the different plant groups, and there is evidence that with the evolution of the angiosperms, the hormone systems have become more complex at the gene level. The intermediate nature of mosses in terms of overall hormone biology allows us to speculate about the possible relationship between the evolution of plant growth hormones and the evolution of terrestrial vascular plants in general.

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7

BORMAN, STU. "Relation found between plant, animal hormones plant, animal hormones." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 17 (April 22, 1996): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n017.p009.

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8

Jang, Geupil, Youngdae Yoon, and Yang Do Choi. "Crosstalk with Jasmonic Acid Integrates Multiple Responses in Plant Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010305.

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To date, extensive studies have identified many classes of hormones in plants and revealed the specific, nonredundant signaling pathways for each hormone. However, plant hormone functions largely overlap in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses, suggesting that studying the crosstalk among plant hormones is key to understanding hormonal responses in plants. The phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) is deeply involved in the regulation of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that JA plays an essential role in the modulation of plant growth and development under stress conditions, and crosstalk between JA and other phytohormones involved in growth and development, such as gibberellic acid (GA), cytokinin, and auxin modulate various developmental processes. This review summarizes recent findings of JA crosstalk in the modulation of plant growth and development, focusing on JA–GA, JA–cytokinin, and JA–auxin crosstalk. The molecular mechanisms underlying this crosstalk are also discussed.

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9

Végvári, György, and Edina Vidéki. "Plant hormones, plant growth regulators." Orvosi Hetilap 155, no. 26 (June 2014): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/oh.2014.29939.

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Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

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10

Martínez-Medina, Ainhoa, Jose Antonio Pascual, Francisco Pérez-Alfocea, Alfonso Albacete, and Antonio Roldán. "Trichoderma harzianum and Glomus intraradices Modify the Hormone Disruption Induced by Fusarium oxysporum Infection in Melon Plants." Phytopathology® 100, no. 7 (July 2010): 682–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-7-0682.

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The plant hormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) are known to play crucial roles in plant disease and pest resistance. Changes in the concentrations of these plant hormones in melon plant shoots, as a consequence of the interaction between the plant, the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, the antagonistic microorganism Trichoderma harzianum, and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices were investigated. Attack by F. oxysporum activated a defensive response in the plant, mediated by the plant hormones SA, JA, ET, and ABA, similar to the one produced by T. harzianum. When inoculated with the pathogen, both T. harzianum and G. intraradices attenuated the plant response mediated by the hormones ABA and ET elicited by the pathogen attack. T. harzianum was also able to attenuate the SA-mediated response. In the three-way interaction (F. oxysporum–T. harzianum–G. intraradices), although a synergistic effect in reducing disease incidence was found, no synergistic effect on the modulation of the hormone disruption induced by the pathogen was observed. These results suggest that the induction of plant basal resistance and the attenuation of the hormonal disruption caused by F. oxysporum are both mechanisms by which T. harzianum can control Fusarium wilt in melon plants; while the mechanisms involving G. intraradices seem to be independent of SA and JA signaling.

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11

Gancheva, M. S., Yu V. Malovichko, L. O. Poliushkevich, I. E. Dodueva, and L. A. Lutova. "Plant Peptide Hormones." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 66, no. 2 (March 2019): 171–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443719010072.

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12

Ward, Jane L., and Michael H. Beale. "Caged plant hormones." Phytochemistry 38, no. 4 (March 1995): 811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00662-d.

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13

Motomitsu, Ayane, Shinichiro Sawa, and Takashi Ishida. "Plant peptide hormone signalling." Essays in Biochemistry 58 (September 15, 2015): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580115.

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The ligand–receptor-based cell-to-cell communication system is one of the most important molecular bases for the establishment of complex multicellular organisms. Plants have evolved highly complex intercellular communication systems. Historical studies have identified several molecules, designated phytohormones, that function in these processes. Recent advances in molecular biological analyses have identified phytohormone receptors and signalling mediators, and have led to the discovery of numerous peptide-based signalling molecules. Subsequent analyses have revealed the involvement in and contribution of these peptides to multiple aspects of the plant life cycle, including development and environmental responses, similar to the functions of canonical phytohormones. On the basis of this knowledge, the view that these peptide hormones are pivotal regulators in plants is becoming increasingly accepted. Peptide hormones are transcribed from the genome and translated into peptides. However, these peptides generally undergo further post-translational modifications to enable them to exert their function. Peptide hormones are expressed in and secreted from specific cells or tissues. Apoplastic peptides are perceived by specialized receptors that are located at the surface of target cells. Peptide hormone–receptor complexes activate intracellular signalling through downstream molecules, including kinases and transcription factors, which then trigger cellular events. In this chapter we provide a comprehensive summary of the biological functions of peptide hormones, focusing on how they mature and the ways in which they modulate plant functions.

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14

Petti, Carloalberto. "Phloroglucinol Mediated Plant Regeneration of Ornithogalum dubium as the Sole “Hormone-Like Supplement” in Plant Tissue Culture Long-Term Experiments." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080929.

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Tissue culture is an essential requirement in plant science to preserve genetic resources and to expand naturally occurring germplasm. A variety of naturally occurring and synthetic hormones are available to induce the processes of dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. Not all plant material is susceptible to tissue culture, and often complex media and hormone requirements are needed to achieve successful plant propagations. The availability of new hormones or chemicals acting as hormones are critical to the expansion of tissue culture potentials. Phloroglucinol has been shown to have certain hormone-like properties in a variety of studies. Ornithogalum dubium, an important geophyte species, was used to characterise the potential of phloroglucinol as the sole plant-like hormone in a tissue culture experiment. Tissue culture, plant regeneration, total phenolic and genetic variability were established by applying a variety of methods throughout long-term experiments. Phloroglucinol did induce callus formation and plant regeneration when used as the sole supplement in the media at a rate of 37%, thus demonstrating auxin/cytokines-like properties. Callus formation was of 3 types, friable and cellular, hard and compact, and a mixture of the two. The important finding was that direct somatogenesis did occur albeit more frequently on younger tissue, whereby rates of induction were up to 52%. It is concluded that phloroglucinol acts as a “hormone-like” molecule and can trigger direct embryogenesis without callus formation.

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15

Ostrowski, Maciej, and Anna Jakubowska. "Udp-Glycosyltransferases of Plant Hormones." Advances in Cell Biology 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acb-2014-0003.

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Summary UDP-glycosyltransferases (GTases, UGT) catalyze the transfer of the sugar moiety from the uridine-diphosphate-activated monosaccharide (e.g. uridine-diphosphate-5’-glucose, UDPG) molecule to the specific acceptor. Glycosides contain aglycons attached by a β-glycosidic bond to C1 of the saccharide moiety. Glycosylation is one of the mechanisms maintaining cellular homeostasis through the regulation of the level, biological activity, and subcellular distribution of the glycosylated compounds. The glycosides play various functions in plant cells, such as high-energy donors, or signalling molecules, and are involved in biosynthesis of cell walls. Plant cells exhibit structural and functional diversity of UGT proteins. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome contains more than 100 genes encoding GTases, which belong to 91 families, and are deposited in the CAZY (Carbohydrate Active enzyme) database (www. cazy.org/GlycosylTransferases.html). The largest UGT1 class is divided into 14 subfamilies (A-N), and includes proteins containing highly conserved 44-amino acid PSPG (Plant Secondary Product Glycosyltransferase) motif at the C-terminus. The PSPG motif is involved in the binding of UDP-sugar donors to the enzyme. UGT1’s catalyze the biosynthesis of both ester-type and ether-type conjugates of plant hormones (phytohormones). Conjugation of the phytohormones is an important mechanism that regulates the concentration of physiological active hormone levels during growth and development of plants. Glycoconjugation of phytohormones is widespread in the plant kingdom and all known phytohormones are able to form these conjugates. Most plant hormone conjugates do not indicate physiological activity, but rather are involved in transport, storage and degradation of the phytohormones. UDPG-dependent glycosyltransferases possess high substrate specificity, even within a given class of phytohormones. In many cases, the phenotype of plants is strongly affected by loss-of-function mutations in UGT genes. In this paper, advances in the isolation and characterization of glycosyltransferases of all plant hormones: auxin, brassinosteroids, cytokinin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonates, and salicylate is described

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16

Wang, Lu, and Steven M. Smith. "Strigolactones redefine plant hormones." Science China Life Sciences 59, no. 10 (September 23, 2016): 1083–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11427-016-0259-5.

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17

Kaufmann, Christine, and Margret Sauter. "Sulfated plant peptide hormones." Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 16 (June 20, 2019): 4267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz292.

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Abstract Sulfated peptides are plant hormones that are active at nanomolar concentrations. The sulfation at one or more tyrosine residues is catalysed by tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase (TPST), which is encoded by a single-copy gene. The sulfate group is provided by the co-substrate 3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS), which links synthesis of sulfated signaling peptides to sulfur metabolism. The precursor proteins share a conserved DY-motif that is implicated in specifying tyrosine sulfation. Several sulfated peptides undergo additional modification such as hydroxylation of proline and glycosylation of hydroxyproline. The modifications render the secreted signaling molecules active and stable. Several sulfated signaling peptides have been shown to be perceived by leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) but have signaling pathways that, for the most part, are yet to be elucidated. Sulfated peptide hormones regulate growth and a wide variety of developmental processes, and intricately modulate immunity to pathogens. While basic research on sulfated peptides has made steady progress, their potential in agricultural and pharmaceutical applications has yet to be explored.

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18

YAMAGUCHI, ISOMA. "Immunoassay of plant hormones." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 61, no. 3 (1987): 378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.61.378.

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19

Padmaja, R., P. Rao, K. Venkaiah, and V. Satyanarayana. "Macro-propagation of Spilanthes acmella - A medicinal plant." Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products 8, no. 1/2 (June 1, 2001): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2001-73do8j.

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20

Mornya Philip, M. P., Cheng Fangyun, and Li Hongyan. "Chronological changes in plant hormone and sugar contents in cv. Ao-Shuang autumn flowering tree peony." Horticultural Science 38, No. 3 (August 22, 2011): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11/2011-hortsci.

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Successive secondary flowering is critical for tree peony industry. Varying the levels of hormones and sugars are reported to influence plant flowering. This study analyses quantitative changes in the levels of endogenous hormones [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA<sub>3</sub>)] and carbohydrates (sucrose, reducing sugar and starch) in the buds of cv. Ao-Shuang tree peony during autumn and spring flowering seasons. The study shows different levels of hormones (ABA, IAA and GA<sub>3</sub>) and carbohydrates (sucrose, reducing sugar and starch) in spring (SFB) and autumn (AFB) flowering buds. Not only is there increase in IAA, GA<sub>3</sub>, sucrose and reducing sugar, but also decrease in ABA and starch during AFB developmental stages. This probably contributes to induced flowering in AFB. Compared with SFB, IAA could be a vital AFB flowering hormone because it peaks at three critical bud developmental stages of bud swelling, shoot elongation and flower bud opening. Whereas sucrose and reducing sugar contents increase in AFB, that of starch decreases. SFB shows similar trends for sucrose, reducing sugar and starch. The findings suggest that cv. Ao-Shuang tree peony blooms in autumn probably due to lack of dormancy, a phenomenon induced by low ABA. Thus flowering of tree peonies in SFB and AFB could be regulated by different combinations of hormonal and sugar signals.

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21

Müller, Maren. "Foes or Friends: ABA and Ethylene Interaction under Abiotic Stress." Plants 10, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030448.

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Due to their sessile nature, plants constantly adapt to their environment by modulating various internal plant hormone signals and distributions, as plants perceive environmental changes. Plant hormones include abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones, which collectively regulate plant growth, development, metabolism, and defense. Moreover, plant hormone crosstalk coordinates a sophisticated plant hormone network to achieve specific physiological functions, on both a spatial and temporal level. Thus, the study of hormone–hormone interactions is a competitive field of research for deciphering the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Among plant hormones, ABA and ethylene present a fascinating case of interaction. They are commonly recognized to act antagonistically in the control of plant growth, and development, as well as under stress conditions. However, several studies on ABA and ethylene suggest that they can operate in parallel or even interact positively. Here, an overview is provided of the current knowledge on ABA and ethylene interaction, focusing on abiotic stress conditions and a simplified hypothetical model describing stomatal closure / opening, regulated by ABA and ethylene.

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22

Zhabinskii, Vladimir N., Natalia B. Khripach, and Vladimir A. Khripach. "Steroid plant hormones: Effects outside plant kingdom." Steroids 97 (May 2015): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.025.

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23

R. Wadagave, Anuradha, R. P. Sateesh, and D. R. Jhanavi. "Role of GA in Commercial Flower Crops." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 10, 2024): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2024.1302.006.

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Plant hormones are a group of naturally occurring, organic substances which influence physiological processes at low concentrations. There are six classical groups of plant hormones includes auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid and brassinosteroids which occur naturally. The use of plant hormones in ornamental crops is more prevalent than in edible crops. The most common types of hormones used are gibberellins, ethylene and their antagonists. Gibberellic acids are one among them which are used to enhance stem elongation of many cut flowers and to promote bud break, thus producing more flowering shoots. They are commonly used to promote flowering of long day plants and of autonomous-flowering plants of the Araceae. The largest use of plant hormones in ornamental crops is GA antagonists, which are used in pot plant production to achieve more compact and attractive structure and to promote flowering in certain woody ornamentals (Halevy, 1995) Gibberellic acids are known to coordinate and control various phases of growth and development including flowering at optimum concentrations. Exogenously applied GAs act through the alteration in the levels of natural hormone thus modifying the growth and development of flower crops.

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24

Omoarelojie, L. O., M. G. Kulkarni, J. F. Finnie, and J. Van Staden. "Strigolactones and their crosstalk with other phytohormones." Annals of Botany 124, no. 5 (June 12, 2019): 749–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz100.

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Abstract Background Strigolactones (SLs) are a diverse class of butenolide-bearing phytohormones derived from the catabolism of carotenoids. They are associated with an increasing number of emerging regulatory roles in plant growth and development, including seed germination, root and shoot architecture patterning, nutrient acquisition, symbiotic and parasitic interactions, as well as mediation of plant responses to abiotic and biotic cues. Scope Here, we provide a concise overview of SL biosynthesis, signal transduction pathways and SL-mediated plant responses with a detailed discourse on the crosstalk(s) that exist between SLs/components of SL signalling and other phytohormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates and salicylic acid. Conclusion SLs elicit their control on physiological and morphological processes via a direct or indirect influence on the activities of other hormones and/or integrants of signalling cascades of other growth regulators. These, among many others, include modulation of hormone content, transport and distribution within plant tissues, interference with or complete dependence on downstream signal components of other phytohormones, as well as acting synergistically or antagonistically with other hormones to elicit plant responses. Although much has been done to evince the effects of SL interactions with other hormones at the cell and whole plant levels, research attention must be channelled towards elucidating the precise molecular events that underlie these processes. More especially in the case of abscisic acid, cytokinins, gibberellin, jasmonates and salicylic acid for which very little has been reported about their hormonal crosstalk with SLs.

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Guérard, Florence, Linda de Bont, Bertrand Gakière, and Guillaume Tcherkez. "Evaluation and application of a targeted SPE-LC-MS method for quantifying plant hormones and phenolics in Arabidopsis." Functional Plant Biology 44, no. 6 (2017): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16300.

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Application of metabolomics techniques to plant physiology is now considerable, and LC-MS is often being used for non-targeted, semi-quantitative analysis of effects caused by mutations or environmental conditions. However, examination of signalling metabolites like hormones require absolute rather than semi-quantitative quantitation, since their effect in planta is strongly dependent upon concentration. Further, plant hormones belong to different chemical classes and thus simultaneous quantitation remains highly challenging. Here we present an LC-MS method that allows the simultaneous absolute quantitation of six hormone families as well as selected phenolics. The technique requires solid phase extraction with a sulfonated cation exchange phase before analysis, and use calibration curves instead of isotopically labelled standards, which are indeed not commercially available for many hormonal molecules. The use of the total signal (including adducts) rather than a single quantifying mass appears to be crucial to avoid quantification errors because the ion distribution between adducts is found to be concentration-dependent. The different hormones considered appear to have contrasted ionisation efficiency due to their physical properties. However, the relatively low variability and the satisfactory response to standard additions show that the technique is accurate and reproducible. It is applied to Arabidopsis plants subjected to water stress, using either the wild-type or lines with altered NAD biosynthesis causing changes in salicylate signalling and phenylpropanoid levels. As expected, analyses show an increase in abscisic acid upon water stress and a consistent modification of phenolic compounds (including salicylate) in mutants.

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Samsonová, Zuzana, Nagavalli S. Kiran, Ondřej Novák, Ioannis Spyroglou, Jan Skalák, Jan Hejátko, and Vít Gloser. "Steady-State Levels of Cytokinins and Their Derivatives May Serve as a Unique Classifier of Arabidopsis Ecotypes." Plants 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9010116.

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We determined steady-state (basal) endogenous levels of three plant hormones (abscisic acid, cytokinins and indole-3-acetic acid) in a collection of thirty different ecotypes of Arabidopsis that represent a broad genetic variability within this species. Hormone contents were analysed separately in plant shoots and roots after 21 days of cultivation on agar plates in a climate-controlled chamber. Using advanced statistical and machine learning methods, we tested if basal hormonal levels can be considered a unique ecotype-specific classifier. We also explored possible relationships between hormone levels and the prevalent environmental conditions in the site of origin for each ecotype. We found significant variations in basal hormonal levels and their ratios in both root and shoot among the ecotypes. We showed the prominent position of cytokinins (CK) among the other hormones. We found the content of CK and CK metabolites to be a reliable ecotype-specific identifier. Correlation with the mean temperature at the site of origin and the large variation in basal hormonal levels suggest that the high variability may potentially be in response to environmental factors. This study provides a starting point for ecotype-specific genetic maps of the CK metabolic and signalling network to explore its contribution to the adaptation of plants to local environmental conditions.

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Jagadeesan, Manjunathan, Saagarika Srinivasan, and Thenmozhi M. "In Vitro Propagation of Ruta Chalepensis Through and Callus Culture." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, no. 4 (November 26, 2023): 752–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44i4.1887.

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Plant tissue culture is a field that that enables culturing of various plants and parts of plants usually treated under a nutrient medium and in highly sterile conditions. Out of them callus culture is one of the very interesting arenas of plant biotechnology that encompasses many pivotal benefits. The study focuses on such callus enrichment using different hormones that there by enhance its biological activities. The plant namely Ruta chalepensiswas chosen upon wherein the callus growth was noticed. Ruta chalepensis has multiple medicinal activities like anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic and many more pharmacological properties that yields in treating and curing of illness. Ruta chalepensis the leaf and internode were taken for the study and to analyse which of those at what concentration of plant growth regulators showed a better callus induction. The MS medium as well as Various hormone concentrations was used for the study like auxin and cytokinin from 0.5mg to 2 mg (2,4 – D, NAA, IAA, IBA). Increased concentration of 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) alone in the MS medium showed profused callus growth. Both the explants used such as leaf and Internode were also tested in the MS medium which was devoid of hormones/plant growth regulators which was treated as control for comparison. From the data obtained, MS medium supplemented with hormones showed better growth rate and callus induction when compared with that of MS medium without hormones/plant growth regulators. Among the plant growth regulators 2,4-D (1.0 mg/L) showed maximum callus initiation from both leaf and internode explants. Further work was carried out in single and combination of the plant growth regulators for callus proliferation and accumulation. Further analysis is being done to study the growth pattern on combination of hormones and fix the hormone concentrations for the mass propagation of callus from the explants.

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28

Tajti, Hamow, Majláth, Gierczik, Németh, Janda, and Pál. "Polyamine-Induced Hormonal Changes in eds5 and sid2 Mutant Arabidopsis Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 15, 2019): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225746.

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Polyamines are multifaceted compounds which play a role in regulating plant growth and stress tolerance in interactions with plant hormones. The aim of the present study was to reveal how exogenous polyamines influence the synthesis of salicylic acid, with a special emphasis on the effect of salicylic acid deficiency on the polyamine metabolism and polyamine-induced changes in other plant hormone contents. Our hypothesis was that the individual polyamines induced different changes in the polyamine and salicylic acid metabolism of the wild type and salicylic acid-deficient Arabidopsis mutants, which in turn influenced other hormones. To our knowledge, such a side-by-side comparison of the influence of eds5-1 and sid2-2 mutations on polyamines has not been reported yet. To achieve our goals, wild and mutant genotypes were tested after putrescine, spermidine or spermine treatments. Polyamine and plant hormone metabolism was investigated at metabolite and gene expression levels. Individual polyamines induced different changes in the Arabidopsis plants, and the responses were also genotype-dependent. Polyamines upregulated the polyamine synthesis and catabolism, and remarkable changes in hormone synthesis were found especially after spermidine or spermine treatments. The sid2-2 mutant showed pronounced differences compared to Col-0. Interactions between plant hormones may also be responsible for the observed differences.

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Mulyanti, Dewi Yana, and Lukman Martunis. "Jicama Seed Response After Administering Auxiliary Hormones and Gibberellins." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 1 (January 14, 2023): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i1.4656.

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Plant growth and development is influenced by hormones, which are chemical compounds that are synthesized in a part of the organs that are distributed to the organs, and play a special role at low doses or are slightly able to stimulate plant growth, development and metabolic processes. One of the plants that need growth regulators or hormones for growth and development is Jicama. The aim of the study was to see the response of jicama seeds after administration of auxin and gibberellin hormones. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD), namely the first factor of the Auxin hormone with levels A0 = 0 ml, A1 = 1 ml, A2 = 2 ml. The second factor is the Gibberellin hormone with a level of G0 = 0 ml, G1 = 1 ml, G2 = 2 ml. All treatments were repeated 5 (five) times to obtain 45 experimental units. The results of the study showed that the auxiliary hormone and gibberellins and the combination of the two hormones had a very significant effect on live sprouts and shoot height.

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Paponov, Martina, Aleksandr Arakelyan, Petre I. Dobrev, Michel J. Verheul, and Ivan A. Paponov. "Nitrogen Deficiency and Synergism between Continuous Light and Root Ammonium Supply Modulate Distinct but Overlapping Patterns of Phytohormone Composition in Xylem Sap of Tomato Plants." Plants 10, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030573.

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Continuous light (CL) or a predominant nitrogen supply as ammonium (NH4+) can induce leaf chlorosis and inhibit plant growth. The similarity in injuries caused by CL and NH4+ suggests involvement of overlapping mechanisms in plant responses to these conditions; however, these mechanisms are poorly understood. We addressed this topic by conducting full factorial experiments with tomato plants to investigate the effects of NO3− or NH4+ supply under diurnal light (DL) or CL. We used plants at ages of 26 and 15 days after sowing to initiate the treatments, and we modulated the intensity of the stress induced by CL and an exclusive NH4+ supply from mild to strong. Under DL, we also studied the effect of nitrogen (N) deficiency and mixed application of NO3− and NH4+. Under strong stress, CL and exclusive NH4+ supply synergistically inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content. Under mild stress, when no synergetic effect between CL and NH4+ was apparent on plant growth and chlorophyll content, we found a synergetic effect of CL and NH4+ on the accumulation of several plant stress hormones, with an especially strong effect for jasmonic acid (JA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, in xylem sap. This modulation of the hormonal composition suggests a potential role for these plant hormones in plant growth responses to the combined application of CL and NH4+. No synergetic effect was observed between CL and NH4+ for the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates or of mineral ions, indicating that these plant traits are less sensitive than the modulation of hormonal composition in xylem sap to the combined CL and NH4+ application. Under diurnal light, NH4+ did not affect the hormonal composition of xylem sap; however, N deficiency strongly increased the concentrations of phaseic acid (PA), JA, and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that decreased N concentration rather than the presence of NO3− or NH4+ in the nutrient solution drives the hormone composition of the xylem sap. In conclusion, N deficiency or a combined application of CL and NH4+ induced the accumulation of JA in xylem sap. This accumulation, in combination with other plant hormones, defines the specific plant response to stress conditions.

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Gazzarrini, Sonia, and Allen Yi-Lun Tsai. "Hormone cross-talk during seed germination." Essays in Biochemistry 58 (September 15, 2015): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bse0580151.

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Hormones are chemical substances that can affect many cellular and developmental processes at low concentrations. Plant hormones co-ordinate growth and development at almost all stages of the plant's life cycle by integrating endogenous signals and environmental cues. Much debate in hormone biology revolves around specificity and redundancy of hormone signalling. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that these small molecules can affect a given process through a signalling pathway that is specific for each hormone. However, classical physiological and genetic studies have also demonstrated that the same biological process can be regulated by many hormones through independent pathways (co-regulation) or shared pathways (cross-talk or cross-regulation). Interactions between hormone pathways are spatiotemporally controlled and thus can vary depending on the stage of development or the organ being considered. In this chapter we discuss interactions between abscisic acid, gibberellic acid and ethylene in the regulation of seed germination as an example of hormone cross-talk. We also consider hormone interactions in response to environmental signals, in particular light and temperature. We focus our discussion on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Rathod, Sachin G., Satej Bhushan, and Vaibhav A. Mantri. "Phytohormones and Pheromones in the Phycology Literature: Benchmarking of Data-Set and Developing Critical Tools of Biotechnological Implications for Commercial Aquaculture Industry." Phycology 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2023): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology4010001.

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Plant hormones and pheromones are natural compounds involved in the growth, development, and reproductive processes. There is a plethora of studies on hormones and pheromones in terrestrial plants, but such investigations are few in the phycological literature. There are striking similarities between the chemical diversity, biosynthetic processes, roles, and actions of hormones and pheromones in both higher angiospermic plants and algae. However, there are substantial knowledge gaps in understanding the genes responsible for hormone biosynthesis and regulation in algae. Efforts have focused on identifying the genes and proteins involved in these processes, shedding light on lateral gene transfer and evolutionary outcomes. This comprehensive review contributes to benchmarking data and essential biotechnological tools, particularly for the aquaculture industry where seaweed is economically crucial. Advanced techniques in plant hormones and pheromones can revolutionize commercial aquaculture by using synthetic analogs to enhance growth, yield, and reproductive control, thereby addressing seasonal limitations and enabling sustainable seedling production. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review that focuses on biosynthetic pathways and modes of action (of five plant hormones and five pheromones), roles (of 11 hormones and 29 pheromones), and extraction protocols (of four hormones and six pheromones) reported in the phycological domain.

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Garipova, M. I., V. V. Fedyaev, and O. I. Datsko. "Identification of iodothyronines in plant tissues." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (July 7, 2024): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/achb.917.

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It has become widespread knowledge that many signaling molecules are common to organisms of different groups. This is likely to be valid for such important metabolism regulators as iodothyronines. A number of studies have confirmed the presence of thyroid hormone activity in compounds of plant origin. However, these studies do not explain whether the compounds under consideration are iodine derivatives of thyronine, similar to animal and human thyroid hormones, or whether they are mimetics of thyroid hormones. In this work, we aim to verify the presence of iodothyronine analogs with different degrees of iodization in plant tissues. We also aim to determine iodine concentrations in plant tissue lysates and to compare them with the theoretically calculated values in order to test the assumption about the identity of their structure to human thyroid hormones. It was shown that tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) analogs are simultaneously present in potato tubers and wheat leaves. In potato tubers at dormancy, the concentration of T4 was 118 ± 16 nmol/L (n = 15), while the concentration of T3 in the same samples was 4.01 ± 0.96 nmol/L. T4 and T3 concentrations in wheat leaf lysates were 60.24 ± 79 and 6.76 nmol/L (n = 15), respectively. According to the results of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, the studied samples contain iodine in the amounts consistent with the assumption about the presence of tetraiodinated tyronine derivatives.

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MUROFUSHI, Noboru. "Plant hormones and bio-science." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 43, no. 11 (1985): 991–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.43.991.

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Anfang, Moran, and Eilon Shani. "Transport mechanisms of plant hormones." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 63 (October 2021): 102055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102055.

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Kapale, Vijay Pandurang, Dr Sanjeev Agrawal, Chenesh Patel, Kishor Prabhakar Panzade, and Dr Sonam S. Kale. "Small polypeptide hormones in plant." International Journal of Chemical Studies 8, no. 4 (July 1, 2020): 2415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4ab.9992.

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Oldroyd, G. E. D. "PLANT SCIENCE: Nodules and Hormones." Science 315, no. 5808 (January 5, 2007): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1137588.

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Coleman, William F. "Molecular Models of Plant Hormones." Journal of Chemical Education 84, no. 6 (June 2007): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed084p1003.

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Tracy, Preetanshika. "Plant hormones synthesized by microorganisms." International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 10, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 1084–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2019.09.03.

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Meyer, A., P. Müller, and G. Sembdner. "Air Pollution and Plant Hormones." Biochemie und Physiologie der Pflanzen 182, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0015-3796(87)80032-x.

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Lenton, John. "Plant hormones on the move!" Trends in Plant Science 3, no. 12 (December 1998): 457–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(98)01345-4.

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Rubio, Vicente, Regla Bustos, María Luisa Irigoyen, Ximena Cardona-López, Mónica Rojas-Triana, and Javier Paz-Ares. "Plant hormones and nutrient signaling." Plant Molecular Biology 69, no. 4 (August 9, 2008): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-008-9380-y.

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Miransari, Mohammad, and D. L. Smith. "Plant hormones and seed germination." Environmental and Experimental Botany 99 (March 2014): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.11.005.

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44

Arshad, Muhammad, and W. T. Frankenberger. "Microbial production of plant hormones." Plant and Soil 133, no. 1 (May 1991): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00011893.

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Shao, Zhengyao, Chia-Yang Chen, and Hong Qiao. "How chromatin senses plant hormones." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 81 (October 2024): 102592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2024.102592.

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Cleland, Robert E. "Plant Hormones The Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Plant Hormones Alan Crozier John R. Hillman." BioScience 36, no. 11 (December 1986): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310284.

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Lau, On Sun, and Xing Wang Deng. "Plant hormone signaling lightens up: integrators of light and hormones." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 13, no. 5 (October 2010): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2010.07.001.

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48

Nakamura, Hidemitsu. "New development of plant protection by plant hormones." Japanese Journal of Pesticide Science 47, no. 2 (August 20, 2022): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.w22-30.

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Bari, Rajendra, and Jonathan D. G. Jones. "Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses." Plant Molecular Biology 69, no. 4 (December 16, 2008): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-008-9435-0.

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Xie, Yinhuan, Ping Sun, Zhaoyang Li, Fujun Zhang, Chunxiang You, and Zhenlu Zhang. "FERONIA Receptor Kinase Integrates with Hormone Signaling to Regulate Plant Growth, Development, and Responses to Environmental Stimuli." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 3730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073730.

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Plant hormones are critical chemicals that participate in almost all aspects of plant life by triggering cellular response cascades. FERONIA is one of the most well studied members in the subfamily of Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase1-like (CrRLK1Ls) hormones. It has been proved to be involved in many different processes with the discovery of its ligands, interacting partners, and downstream signaling components. A growing body of evidence shows that FERONIA serves as a hub to integrate inter- and intracellular signals in response to internal and external cues. Here, we summarize the recent advances of FERONIA in regulating plant growth, development, and immunity through interactions with multiple plant hormone signaling pathways.

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