Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant growth and development

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant growth and development'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 21 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant growth and development"

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Yaqubjonovich, Djuraev Muqimjon. "Effects of Geogummat Stimulator on Growth and Development of Soybean Plant." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 12, SP7 (July 25, 2020): 2177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v12sp7/20202340.

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Zuk-Golaszewska, K., M. K. Upadhyaya, and J. Golaszewski. "The effect of UV-B radiation on plant growth and development." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 3 (December 10, 2011): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4103-pse.

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In the experiment conducted in the greenhouse, the different doses of UV-B radiation applied to the two species Avena fatua and Setaria viridis induced changes in leaf and plant morphology. It was a decrease of plant height, fresh mass of leaves, shoots and roots as well as leaf area. Besides, it caused the leaf curling in both of the species. The significant differences between Avena fatua and Setaria viridis in the studied traits were mainly due to the tillering ability of the species. The content of chlorophyll varied considerably. The average values of leaf greenness (SPAD units) for oats were about 43 while for green foxtail 32, respectively. U-VB did not reduce leaf weight ratio, shoot dry matter, shoot to root ratio and leaf area ratio.
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Kosakivska, I. V. "GIBBERELLINS IN REGULATION OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT UNDER ABIOTIC STRESSES." Biotechnologia Acta 14, no. 2 (February 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005.

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Background. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid phytohormones, play an important role in regulation of plant growth and development. Among more than 130 different gibberellin molecules, only a few are bioactive. GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 regulate plant growth through promotion the degradation of the DELLA proteins, a family of nuclear growth repressors – negative regulator of GAs signaling. Recent studies on GAs biosynthesis, metabolism, transport, and signaling, as well as crosstalk with other phytohormones and environment have achieved great progress thanks to molecular genetics and functional genomics. Aim. In this review, we focused on the role of GAs in regulation of plant gtowth in abiotic stress conditions. Results. We represented a key information on GAs biosynthesis, signaling and functional activity; summarized current understanding of the crosstalk between GAs and auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid and other hormones and what is the role of GAs in regulation of adaptation to drought, salinization, high and low temperature conditions, and heavy metal pollution. We emphasize that the effects of GAs depend primarily on the strength and duration of stress and the phase of ontogenesis and tolerance of the plant. By changing the intensity of biosynthesis, the pattern of the distribution and signaling of GAs, plants are able to regulate resistance to abiotic stress, increase viability and even avoid stress. The issues of using retardants – inhibitors of GAs biosynthesis to study the functional activity of hormones under abiotic stresses were discussed. Special attention was focused on the use of exogenous GAs for pre-sowing priming of seeds and foliar treatment of plants. Conclusion. Further study of the role of gibberellins in the acquisition of stress resistance would contribute to the development of biotechnology of exogenous use of the hormone to improve growth and increase plant yields under adverse environmental conditions.
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Kutschera;, U. "Acid Growth and Plant Development." Science 311, no. 5763 (February 17, 2006): 952b—954b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.311.5763.952b.

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Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw. "Modeling plant growth and development." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, no. 1 (February 2004): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2003.11.007.

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Trewavas, A. J. "Plant growth substances and development." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 12 (January 1987): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(87)90127-7.

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Chauhan, Deepika, and Poonam Srivastava. "Growth and development inhibitory activities of medicinal plant oils against lemon butterfly." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2017): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2017.5(2).258.263.

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Schröder, F. "TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, PLANT GROWTH AND ROOT ENVIRONMENT OF THE PLANT PLANE HYDROPONIC SYSTEM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 361 (June 1994): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.361.18.

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Gendy, C., A. F. Tiburcio, and K. Tran Thanh Van. "CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 323 (February 1993): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.323.24.

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Maloof, Julin N. "Plant Development: Slowing Root Growth Naturally." Current Biology 14, no. 10 (May 2004): R395—R396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.016.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant growth and development"

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Wennersten, Fredrik. "STC-Plant Growth and Development, utvärdering av ett läromedel." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Educational Science (IUV), 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1496.

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Denna uppsats är skriven höstterminen 1997, då ett nytt läromedel började utvärderas i Linköping. Den svenska skolan har sedan en tid haft bristande natur- och teknikundervisning i de lägre årskurserna. Den Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien gav vissa av Linköpings skolor uppdraget att i lärarlag arbeta med ett nytt material, för att kunna se dess fördelar och brister. Materialet heter Science and Technology for Children (STC) och är framtaget av den amerikanska organisationen National Science Resource Center. Sedan utvärderingen av STC har läromedlet bytt namn till NTA (Natur och Teknik för Alla).

Den Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien bad också ett antal lärarkandidater på Linköpings lärarhögskola att hjälpa till med utvärderingen. I denna uppsats behandlas ett av de tre teman som utvärderas i Linköping, nämligen Plant growth and Development, ett tema där man får följa en växts hela livscykel.

Uppsatsen är en studie av de utvärderande lärarlagens arbete. En enkät har delats ut för att kartlägga lärarnas attityder till läromedlet. Vissa åsikter har registrerats vid personliga samtal. Syftet är att se om lärarna tycker att STC är något för den svenska skolan, och om användandet av STC kan motiveras av läroplanen, Lpo94.

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Hay, Elizabeth Irene. "Somatic embryo development and phenotypic variation in an abscisic acid-independent line of Larix x eurolepis." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0028/NQ32748.pdf.

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Knecht, Billberger Magnus F. "Plant growth - stoichiometry and competition : theory development in ecosystem ecology /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200624.pdf.

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Miller, Paul Robert. "Non photosynthetic interactions of bentazone with plant growth and development." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327849.

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Khattak, Abdul Mateen. "Development of spectral filters for the regulation of plant growth." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287598.

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Chatham, Catherine J. "The growth, development and modification of barley seed crops." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13745/.

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A series of field and growth room experiments on winter barley (Hordeum vulgare) L. syn. H. sativum Jessen) were undertaken between 1980 and 1983 at the University of Nottingham School of Agriculture, Sutton Bonington. The aim of this study was to attempt to elucidate those factors which influence the suitability of harvested grain for use as seed. Density, nitrogen fertilizer (both rate and timing) and plant growth regulator applications were used to modify crop growth and development with a view to enhancing the suitability of the grain for seed purposes. It has been shown that the final grain yield and yield components could be manipulated by the judicious use of the inputs examined. However yield component modification was dependent upon the variety used. Consistent increases in seed yield as a result of the husbandry inputs were not always detectable but where alterations to crop growth and development did occur this occasionally resulted in a reduction in total grain yield. None of the PGRs applied significantly or consistently influenced the suitability of the grain for seed purposes. All nitrogen trials were conducted on Index 0 nitrogen sites. However the residual nitrogen may have differed between sites and seasons so confounding the effects of nitrogen treatments. Alterations of both nitrogen rate and timing can be used to modify crop growth patterns. Alteration of sowing density resulted in a change in the grain yield components. Increased sowing density resulted in an increase in total ear number with a concomitant reduction in mean grain number per year. As grain yield was shown to be correlated with grain number per unit area the modification of these two components by sowing density did not necessarily influence final grain yield because of yield component compensation. The seed industry is still divided in its attitude to the desirability or necessity of size graded seeds. However if more emphasis is placed on the production of cereal seed crops the work reported here will help to clarify the possible outcome of desirable modifications to the growth and development of the winter barley crop for seed.
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Bhattacharya, Anjanabha. "Genetic manipulation of plant growth and development by regulating gibberellin biosynethesis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491006.

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Gibberellins (GAs) are endogenous plant hormones that control key aspects of growth and development such as seed germination, shoot growth, flower induction and development, and fruit expansion. Chemical growth regulators that modify GA biosynthesis are used extensively in horticulture to modify plant stature, increasing production costs, manpower and associated environmental risks. An alternative strategy is genetic manipulation of GA metabolism in plants to induce similar phenotypic changes.
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Dudley, Penelope. "The role of the mitochondrial HSP70 in plant growth and development." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340855.

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Smith, Hayley L. "Optimisation of light spectral quality to improve plant growth and development." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/44338/.

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The many advantages of light-emitting diode (LED) grow lamps in terms of programmability and energy efficiency make them an attractive replacement for old lighting systems. However, when replacing conventional broad-waveband ‘white’ lighting with narrow-waveband LED lighting it is important to ensure that the system is able to produce plants of an equal or higher quality and yield. In order to choose suitable light ‘recipes’, i.e. combinations of wavelengths for optimal plant growth, we must first understand how light quality affects plant growth and development. The following work explores the role of each part of the light spectrum, both in natural sunlight in canopy environments in the field and glasshouse, and in an artificial light environment in controlled environment growth rooms. It was determined that, blue, green, red and far-red wavebands are all instrumental in the provision of positional signals to the leaf which enable optimisation of plant physiology to light conditions, especially in the canopy environment. A new hypothesis for the role of the blue:green light ratio in whole-canopy water use efficiency is presented. Wavelength-specific effects were observed in hypocotyl elongation, leaf expansion, photosynthetic stoichiometry and absorption of different wavelengths, root architecture, photosynthetic capacity, whole-plant morphology (in terms of biomass partitioning between leaves, stems and roots) and fresh weight yield of stems and leaves. In the glasshouse, it was determined that monochromatic red LED lighting is a suitable alternative for conventional high-pressure sodium light, as it boosted leaf photosynthetic capacity as well as leaf area, fresh and dry weight yield, and was the most efficient light source in terms of ‘crop per watt’. Finally, further applications of the work such as those for commercial horticulture and farming in closed plant production systems are presented, and it is concluded that LED lighting is likely to have a crucial role in the future of global food security.
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Blancaflor, Elison B., Aruna Kilaru, Jantana Keereetaweep, Bibi Rafeiza Khan, Lionel Faure, and Kent D. Chapman. "N-Acylethanolamines: Lipid Metabolites with Functions in Plant Growth and Development." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12427.

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Twenty years ago, N‐acylethanolamines (NAEs) were considered by many lipid chemists to be biological ‘artifacts’ of tissue damage, and were, at best, thought to be minor lipohilic constituents of various organisms. However, that changed dramatically in 1993, when anandamide, an NAE of arachidonic acid (N‐arachidonylethanolamine), was shown to bind to the human cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and activate intracellular signal cascades in mammalian neurons. Now NAEs of various types have been identified in diverse multicellular organisms, in which they display profound biological effects. Although targets of NAEs are still being uncovered, and probably vary among eukaryotic species, there appears to be remarkable conservation of the machinery that metabolizes these bioactive fatty acid conjugates of ethanolamine. This review focuses on the metabolism and functions of NAEs in higher plants, with specific reference to the formation, hydrolysis and oxidation of these potent lipid mediators. The discussion centers mostly on early seedling growth and development, for which NAE metabolism has received the most attention, but also considers other areas of plant development in which NAE metabolism has been implicated. Where appropriate, we indicate cross‐kingdom conservation in NAE metabolic pathways and metabolites, and suggest areas where opportunities for further investigation appear most pressing.
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Books on the topic "Plant growth and development"

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Plant development. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

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David, Doley, and Rimmington Glynn M, eds. Modelling plant growth and development. Sydney: Academic Press, 1986.

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Hayat, Shamsul, Mohammad Yusuf, Renu Bhardwaj, and Andrzej Bajguz, eds. Brassinosteroids: Plant Growth and Development. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6058-9.

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Spilsbury, Richard. Plant growth. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Steeves, Taylor A. Patterns in plant development. 2nd ed. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

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1953-, Marshall Bruce, and Roberts J. A, eds. Leaf development and canopy growth. Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press, 2000.

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McGlashan, Patricia. Plant growth and development: Teacher's guide. Burlington, NC: Carolina Biological Supply Co., 1991.

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1940-, Davies Peter J., ed. Plant hormones and their role in plant growth and development. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.

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Plant growth and development: A molecular approach. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

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Beck, Erwin, and Miroslav Strnad. Advances in regulation of plant growth and development. Prague, Czech Rep: Peres Publishers, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant growth and development"

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Körner, Christian. "Growth and development." In Alpine Plant Life, 335–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59538-8_13.

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Duca, Maria. "Plant Growth and Development." In Plant Physiology, 187–229. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17909-4_7.

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Lyndon, R. F. "Shape, growth directions, and surface structure." In Plant Development, 61–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7979-9_4.

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Lyndon, R. F. "Shape, growth directions, and surface structure." In Plant Development, 61–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6844-1_4.

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Roberts, Jeremy A., and Richard Hooley. "Root and Shoot Development." In Plant Growth Regulators, 93–113. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7592-4_7.

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Lyndon, R. F. "Root and shoot meristems: structure and growth." In Plant Development, 19–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7979-9_2.

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Lyndon, R. F. "Root and shoot meristems: structure and growth." In Plant Development, 19–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6844-1_2.

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Roberts, Jeremy A., and Richard Hooley. "Seed Development, Dormancy and Germination." In Plant Growth Regulators, 80–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7592-4_6.

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Roberts, Jeremy A., and Richard Hooley. "Leaf, Flower and Fruit Development." In Plant Growth Regulators, 114–33. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7592-4_8.

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Peterson, Bryan J., and Renae E. Moran. "Plant Growth and Development." In Stress Physiology of Woody Plants, 15–47. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429190476-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant growth and development"

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KARLOVSKA, Amanda, Inga GRĪNFELDE, Ina ALSIŅA, Gints PRIEDĪTIS, and Daina ROZE. "PLANT REFLECTED SPECTRA DEPENDING ON BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND GROWTH CONDITIONS." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.045.

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Sustainable and economically based forestry needs modern inventory and monitoring techniques. One of the most common technologies for identification of forest tree species and monitoring of forest growth conditions is the hyperspectral remote sensing. This technology gives an opportunity to economize human resources and time for data collecting and processing. The spectral behaviour of plant leaves depends on number of factors, including environmental background. The aim of this study was to assess the tree reflectance spectra in relation to the growth conditions to take into account potential differences for increasing precision of species identification in Latvian forests and for estimating of forest growth conditions. Remote sensing data were obtained using a specialized aircraft (Pilatus PC-6), which is equipped with a high-performance airborne VNIR pushbroom hyperspectral system (AisaEAGLE). The study area was flown at 1000 m altitude. Data was recorded in the 400–970 nm spectral range, spectral resolution was 3.3 nm, ground resolution 0.5 m. Data processing consisted of manually selecting trees with a recognizable tree crowns in the airborne images. Tree centres were adjusted by putting them in the accurate position according to the situation in aerial photography. All trees with a diameter at breast height DBH of more than 5 cm were measured and for each tree coordinates, its species, height, DBH, crown width and length were recorded. Differentially corrected Global Positioning System measurements were used to determine the position of each plot centre. Data from different hyperspectral bands were compared using ANOVA at confidence level 95 %. Four species: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst), silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) – were examined in distinct forest site types. The spectral response of studied species was 1) different between species and 2) different between site types within each species, correlating with soil fertility gradient and soil moisture gradient. Differences between species occurred most in the intensity of reflected electromagnetic radiation rather than distinctive locations of maximums or minimums in spectrum curve, and near infrared (NIR) region of spectrum showed more differences between species than visible light zone. Most informative wavebands for distinguishing differences between site types were 805 nm and 644 nm.
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Arias Gaguancela, Omar. "Fatty acid amide hydrolases (FAAHs) regulate growth and development in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1332306.

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Heuvelink, J. "Concepts to Model Growth and Development of Plants." In 2006 International Symposium on Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (PMA). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pma.2006.17.

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"Hormonal control of root growth and development in ABA deficient barley mutant." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-213.

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Kang, Mengzhen, Jing Hua, Philippe de Reffye, and Marc Jaeger. "Parameter identification of plant growth models with stochastic development." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Functional-Structural Plant Growth Modeling, Simulation, Visualization and Applications (FSPMA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fspma.2016.7818294.

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Takashima, Yas. "Development of Plant Growth Guide and Light Distribution System." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-2458.

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Burtness, Kevin A., Kelly L. L. Norwood, and Howard G. Levine. "Development of a Porous Tube Based Plant Growth Apparatus." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2389.

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Christophersen, Eric. "Impact of accelerated plant growth on seed variety development." In Space technology and applications international forum - 1998. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.54937.

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Muraviev, V. S., and L. V. Dyaduchenko. "THIENO[2,3-B]PYRIDINES DERIVATIVES AS SOYBEAN PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.683-686.

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We have carried out the synthesis and screening of soybean growth regulators in a series of substituted thieno[2,3-b]pyridines. The compounds, which have a high growth-regulating effect, were detected. According to the field tests, the substances have a positive effect in formation of the yield structure and provide seed quality.
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KLIMAS, Evaldas, Jolanta LELIŪNIENĖ, and Ligita BALEŽENTIENĖ. "VERNALISATION IMPACT ON BIOMETRICAL PARAMETERS OF FESTULOLIUM VARIETIES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.002.

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Many plants, including Festulolium, grown in temperate climates require vernalization and must experience a period of low winter temperature to initiate or accelerate the flowering process. The aim of research was to investigate impact of vernalisation thermoinduction on growth and development parameters of Festulolium varieties ‘Vėtra’ and ‘Punia DS’. Investigations were carried out in Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Institute of Horticulture, Plant Physiology Laboratory of phytotron complex in 2011–2012. Some peculiarities of growth and development of. Festulolium varieties ’Vėtra’ and ‘Punia DS’ were investigated. 5 plants were sown in each 5 litre pot in neutral peat substrate (pH 6–6.5). The plants were grown in greenhouse till the tillering phase at the temperature of 20±2 °C at daytime and 16±2 °C at night. Later plants were moved to low temperature chambers for 90, 110 and 130 days for passing of vernalisation processes, where the 8 and 16 hour photoperiod were maintained at 4 °C temperature. After vernalisation periods plants were removed to a greenhouse for additional 20 days. Biometric parameters, namely plant height, shoot number and dry mass were measured after each period in greenhouse and climatic chambers. The data revealed different response of Festulolium varieties ‘Vėtra’ and ‘Punia DS’ to vernalisation conditions. According to our data ‘Vėtra’ plant height was 6 % higher than the ‘Punia DS’ after 130+20 days of vernalisation. Nonetheless, vernalisation temperature conditions have no significant impact on shoot number. 110 and 130 long-day photoperiod significantly impacted on shoot number of Festulolium ʽVėtraʼ. Otherwise, 90 days vernalisation of both photoperiod induced significantly the highest length of ‘Punia DSʼ shoots. ‘Vėtraʼ accumulated significantly the maximum dry matter after 110 days vernalisation period, than that after 90 and 130 days.
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Reports on the topic "Plant growth and development"

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William J. Lucas. FUNCTION OF PHLOEM-BORNE INFORMATION MACROMOLECULES IN INTEGRATING PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1054689.

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Eshed, Yuval, and John Bowman. Harnessing Fine Scale Tuning of Endogenous Plant Regulatory Processes for Manipulation of Organ Growth. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696519.bard.

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Background and objectives: Manipulation of plant organ growth is one of the primary reasons for the success of mankind allowing increasing amounts of food for human and livestock consumption. In contrast with the successful selection for desirable growth characteristics using plant breeding, transgenic manipulations with single genes has met limited success. While breeding is based on accumulation of many small alterations of growth, usually arise from slight changes in expression patterns, transgenic manipulations are primarily based on drastic, non-specific up-regulation or knock down of genes that can exert different effects during different stages of development. To successfully harness transgenic manipulation to attain desirable plant growth traits we require the tools to subtly regulate the temporal and spatial activity of plant growth genes. Polar morphology along the adaxial/abaxial axis characterizes lateral organs of all plants. Juxtaposition of two cell types along this axis is a prerequisite of laminar growth induction. In the study summarized here, we addressed the following questions: Can we identify and harness components of the organ polarity establishment pathway for prolonged growth? Can we identify specific regulatory sequences allowing spatial and temporal manipulation in various stages of organ development? Can we identify genes associated with YABBY-induced growth alterations? Major conclusions and implications: We showed that regulated expression, both spatially and temporally of either organ polarity factors such as the YABBY genes, or the organ maturation program such as the CIN-TCPs can stimulate substantial growth of leaves and floral organs. Promoters for such fine manipulation could be identified by comparison of non-coding sequences of KAN1, where a highly conserved domain was found within the second intron, or by examination of multiple 5” regions of genes showing transient expression along leaf ontogeny. These promoters illustrate the context dependent action of any gene we examined thus far, and facilitate fine tuning of the complex growth process. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. The present study was carried out on the model organism Arabidopsis, and the broad application of its findings were tested in the tomato crop. We learned that all central regulators of organ polarity are functionally conserved, probably in all flowering plants. Thus, with minor modifications, the rules and mechanisms outlined in this work are likely to be general.
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Granot, David, Richard Amasino, and Avner Silber. Mutual effects of hexose phosphorylation enzymes and phosphorous on plant development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587223.bard.

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Research objectives 1) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in tomato and Arabidopsis plants 2) Analyze the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P level in pho1 and pho2 Arabidopsis mutants 3) Clone and analyze the PHO2 gene 4) Select Arabidopsis mutants resistant to high and low P 5) Analyze the Arabidopsis mutants and clone the corresponding genes 6) Survey wild tomato species for growth characteristics at various P levels Background to the topic Hexose phosphorylating enzymes, the first enzymes of sugar metabolism, regulate key processes in plants such as photosynthesis, growth, senescence and vascular transport. We have previously discovered that hexose phosphorylating enzymes might regulate these processes as a function of phosphorous (P) concentration, and might accelerate acquisition of P, one of the most limiting nutrients in the soil. These discoveries have opened new avenues to gain fundamental knowledge about the relationship between P, sugar phosphorylation and plant development. Since both hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P levels affect plant development, their interaction is of major importance for agriculture. Due to the acceleration of senescence caused by the combined effects of hexose phosphorylation and P concentration, traits affecting P uptake may have been lost in the course of cultivation in which fertilization with relatively high P (30 mg/L) are commonly used. We therefore intended to survey wild tomato species for high P-acquisition at low P soil levels. Genetic resources with high P-acquisition will serve not only to generate a segregating population to map the trait and clone the gene, but will also provide a means to follow the trait in classical breeding programs. This approach could potentially be applicable for other crops as well. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements Our results confirm the mutual effect of hexose phosphorylating enzymes and P level on plant development. Two major aspects of this mutual effect arose. One is related to P toxicity in which HXK seems to play a major role, and the second is related to the effect of HXK on P concentration in the plant. Using tomato plants we demonstrated that high HXK activity increased leaf P concentration, and induced P toxicity when leaf P concentration increases above a certain high level. These results further support our prediction that the desired trait of high-P acquisition might have been lost in the course of cultivation and might exist in wild species. Indeed, in a survey of wild species we identified tomato species that acquired P and performed better at low P (in the irrigation water) compared to the cultivated Lycopersicon esculentum species. The connection between hexose phosphorylation and P toxicity has also been shown with the P sensitive species VerticordiaplumosaL . in which P toxicity is manifested by accelerated senescence (Silber et al., 2003). In a previous work we uncovered the phenomenon of sugar induced cell death (SICD) in yeast cells. Subsequently we showed that SICD is dependent on the rate of hexose phosphorylation as determined by Arabidopsis thaliana hexokinase. In this study we have shown that hexokinase dependent SICD has many characteristics of programmed cell death (PCD) (Granot et al., 2003). High hexokinase activity accelerates senescence (a PCD process) of tomato plants, which is further enhanced by high P. Hence, hexokinase mediated PCD might be a general phenomena. Botrytis cinerea is a non-specific, necrotrophic pathogen that attacks many plant species, including tomato. Senescing leaves are particularly susceptible to B. cinerea infection and delaying leaf senescence might reduce this susceptibility. It has been suggested that B. cinerea’s mode of action may be based on induction of precocious senescence. Using tomato plants developed in the course of the preceding BARD grant (IS 2894-97) and characterized throughout this research (Swartzberg et al., 2006), we have shown that B. cinerea indeed induces senescence and is inhibited by autoregulated production of cytokinin (Swartzberg et al., submitted). To further determine how hexokinase mediates sugar effects we have analyzed tomato plants that express Arabidopsis HXK1 (AtHXK1) grown at different P levels in the irrigation water. We found that Arabidopsis hexokinase mediates sugar signalling in tomato plants independently of hexose phosphate (Kandel-Kfir et al., submitted). To study which hexokinase is involved in sugar sensing we searched and identified two additional HXK genes in tomato plants (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006). Tomato plants have two different hexose phosphorylating enzymes; hexokinases (HXKs) that can phosphorylate either glucose or fructose, and fructokinases (FRKs) that specifically phosphorylate fructose. To complete the search for genes encoding hexose phosphorylating enzymes we identified a forth fructokinase gene (FRK) (German et al., 2004). The intracellular localization of the four tomato HXK and four FRK enzymes has been determined using GFP fusion analysis in tobacco protoplasts (Kandel-Kfir et al., 2006; Hilla-Weissler et al., 2006). One of the HXK isozymes and one of the FRK isozymes are located within plastids. The other three HXK isozymes are associated with the mitochondria while the other three FRK isozymes are dispersed in the cytosol. We concluded that HXK and FRK are spatially separated in plant cytoplasm and accordingly might play different metabolic and perhaps signalling roles. We have started to analyze the role of the various HXK and FRK genes in plant development. So far we found that LeFRK2 is required for xylem development (German et al., 2003). Irrigation with different P levels had no effect on the phenotype of LeFRK2 antisense plants. In the course of this research we developed a rapid method for the analysis of zygosity in transgenic plants (German et al., 2003).
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TORII, Keiko U. Modes of Action and Functions of ERECTA-family Receptor-like Kinases in Plant Organ Growth and Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1041198.

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Chamovitz, A. Daniel, and Georg Jander. Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597917.bard.

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Genetic and biochemical analysis of glucosinolate breakdown: The effects of indole-3-carbinol on plant physiology and development Glucosinolates are a class of defense-related secondary metabolites found in all crucifers, including important oilseed and vegetable crops in the Brassica genus and the well-studied model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Upon tissue damage, such as that provided by insect feeding, glucosinolates are subjected to catalysis and spontaneous degradation to form a variety of breakdown products. These breakdown products typically have a deterrent effect on generalist herbivores. Glucosinolate breakdown products also contribute to the anti-carcinogenic effects of eating cabbage, broccoli and related cruciferous vegetables. Indole-3-carbinol, a breakdown product of indol-3-ylmethylglucosinolate, forms conjugates with several other plant metabolites. Although some indole-3-carbinol conjugates have known functions in defense against herbivores and pathogens, most play as yet unidentified roles in plant metabolism, and possibly also plant development. At the outset, our proposal had three main hypotheses: (1) There is a specific detoxification pathway for indole-3-carbinol; (2) Metabolites derived from indole-3-carbinol are phloem-mobile and serve as signaling molecules; and (3) Indole-3-carbinol affects plant cell cycle and cell-differentiation pathways. The experiments were designed to enable us to elucidate how indole-3-carbinol and related metabolites affect plants and their interactions with herbivorous insects. We discovered that indole-3- carbinol rapidly and reversibly inhibits root elongation in a dose-dependent manner, and that this inhibition is accompanied by a loss of auxin activity in the root meristem. A direct interaction between indole-3-carbinol and the auxin perception machinery was suggested, as application of indole-3-carbinol rescued auxin-induced root phenotypes. In vitro and yeast-based protein interaction studies showed that indole-3-carbinol perturbs the auxin-dependent interaction of TIR1 with Aux/IAA proteins, supporting the notion that indole-3-carbinol acts as an auxin antagonist. Furthermore, transcript profiling experiments revealed the influence of indole-3-carbinol on auxin signaling in root tips, and indole-3-carbinol also affected auxin transporters. Brief treatment with indole-3-carbinol led to a reduction in the amount of PIN1 and to mislocalization of PIN2. The results indicate that chemicals induced by herbivory, such as indole-3-carbinol, function not only to repel herbivores, but also as signaling molecules that directly compete with auxin to fine tune plant growth and development, which implies transport of indole-3- carbinol that we are as yet unsuccessful in detecting. Our results indicate that plant defensive metabolites also have secondary functions in regulating aspects of plant metabolism, thereby providing diversity in defense-related plant signaling pathways. Such diversity of of signaling by defensive metabolites would be beneficial for the plant, as herbivores and pathogens would be less likely to mount effective countermeasures. We propose that growth arrest can be mediated directly by the herbivory-induced chemicals, in our case, indole-3-carbinol. Thus, glucosinolate breakdown to I3C following herbivory would have two outcomes: (1) Indole-3-carbinaol would inhibit the herbivore, while (2) at the same time inducing growth arrest within the plant. Thus, our results indicate that I3C is a defensive phytohormone that modulates auxin signaling, leading to growth arrest.
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Phillips, Donald, and Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.

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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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Waisel, Yoav, Bobbie McMichael, and Amram Eshel. Decision Making within Plant Root Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613030.bard.

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Architecture of a root system is the expression of the potential of various root types to branch, to grow and to coordinate with other plant organs, under the specific limitations of the environmental conditions. The present investigation has proven the following points. 1) Genotypes with different types of root systems were identified. The growth patterns of their roots and the distribution of laterals along their main axes were recorded. 2) The patterns of development of the root systems of four cotton genotypes, throughout the entire life cycle of the plants, were described, even at such a late stage of development when the total length of the roots exceeded two kilometers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an analysis of this type is accomplished. 3) The development of root systems under restrictive soil conditions were compared with those that have developed under the non-restrictive conditions of aeroponics. Results indicate that in the absence of the mechanical impedance of the soil, cotton plants develop single roots that reach the length of 6 m, and have a total root length of 2000 m. Thus, root growth is strongly inhibited by the soil, with some root types being inhibited more than others. 4) One of the important decisions, in constructing an operational root system architecture of mature plants, is the shift of the balance between various root fractions in favor of the very fine roots. 5) Root system architecture is determined, in part, by the sites of initiation of the lateral roots. This is determined genetically by the number of xylem archs and by the totuosity of the stele. Selection for such traits should be sought.
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Popov, Oleksandr O., Anna V. Iatsyshyn, Andrii V. Iatsyshyn, Valeriia O. Kovach, Volodymyr O. Artemchuk, Viktor O. Gurieiev, Yulii G. Kutsan, et al. Immersive technology for training and professional development of nuclear power plants personnel. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4631.

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Training and professional development of nuclear power plant personnel are essential components of the atomic energy industry’s successful performance. The rapid growth of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies allowed to expand their scope and caused the need for various studies and experiments in terms of their application and effectiveness. Therefore, this publication studies the peculiarities of the application of VR and AR technologies for the training and professional development of personnel of nuclear power plants. The research and experiments on various aspects of VR and AR applications for specialists’ training in multiple fields have recently started. The analysis of international experience regarding the technologies application has shown that powerful companies and large companies have long used VR and AR in the industries they function. The paper analyzes the examples and trends of the application of VR technologies for nuclear power plants. It is determined that VR and AR’s economic efficiency for atomic power plants is achieved by eliminating design errors before starting the construction phase; reducing the cost and time expenditures for staff travel and staff training; increasing industrial safety, and increasing management efficiency. VR and AR technologies for nuclear power plants are successfully used in the following areas: modeling various atomic energy processes; construction of nuclear power plants; staff training and development; operation, repair, and maintenance of nuclear power plant equipment; presentation of activities and equipment. Peculiarities of application of VR and AR technologies for training of future specialists and advanced training of nuclear power plant personnel are analyzed. Staff training and professional development using VR and AR technologies take place in close to real-world conditions that are safe for participants and equipment. Applying VR and AR at nuclear power plants can increase efficiency: to work out the order of actions in the emergency mode; to optimize the temporary cost of urgent repairs; to test of dismantling/installation of elements of the equipment; to identify weaknesses in the work of individual pieces of equipment and the working complex as a whole. The trends in the application of VR and AR technologies for the popularization of professions in nuclear energy among children and youth are outlined. Due to VR and AR technologies, the issues of “nuclear energy safety” have gained new importance both for the personnel of nuclear power plants and for the training of future specialists in the energy sector. Using VR and AR to acquaint children and young people with atomic energy in a playful way, it becomes possible to inform about the peculiarities of the nuclear industry’s functioning and increase industry professions’ prestige.
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Mosquna, Assaf, and Sean Cutler. Systematic analyses of the roles of Solanum Lycopersicum ABA receptors in environmental stress and development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604266.bard.

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Drought and other abiotic stresses have major negative effects on agricultural productivity. The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many responses to environmental stresses and can be used to improve crop performance under stress. ABA levels rise in response to diverse abiotic stresses to coordinate physiological and metabolic responses that help plants survive stressful environments. In all land plants, ABA receptors are responsible for initiating a signaling cascade that leads to stomata closure, growth arrest and large-scale changes in transcript levels required for stress tolerance. We wanted to test the meaning of root derived ABA signaling in drying soil on water balance. To this end we generated transgenic tomato lines in which ABA signaling is initiated by a synthetic agonist- mandipropamid. Initial study using a Series of grafting experiments indicate that that root ABA signaling has no effect on the immediate regulation of stomata aperture. Once concluded, these experiments will enable us to systematically dissect the physiological role of root-shoot interaction in maintaining the water balance in plants and provide new tools for targeted improvement of abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants.
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Handa, Avtar K., Yuval Eshdat, Avichai Perl, Bruce A. Watkins, Doron Holland, and David Levy. Enhancing Quality Attributes of Potato and Tomato by Modifying and Controlling their Oxidative Stress Outcome. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586532.bard.

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General The final goal and overall objective of the current research has been to modify lipid hydroperoxidation in order to create desirable phenotypes in two important crops, potato and tomato, which normally are exposed to abiotic stress associated with such oxidation. The specific original objectives were: (i) the roles of lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) in regulating endogenous levels of lipid peroxidation in plant tissues; (ii) the effect of modified lipid peroxidation on fruit ripening, tuber quality, crop productivity and abiotic stress tolerance; (iii) the effect of simultaneous reduction of LOX and increase of PHGPx activities on fruit ripening and tuber quality; and (iv) the role of lipid peroxidation on expression of specific genes. We proposed to accomplish the research goal by genetic engineering of the metabolic activities of LOX and PHGPx using regulatable and tissue specific promoters, and study of the relationships between these two consecutive enzymes in the metabolism and catabolism of phospholipids hydroperoxides. USA Significant progress was made in accomplishing all objectives of proposed research. Due to inability to regenerate tomato plants after transforming with 35S-PHGPx chimeric gene construct, the role of low catalase induced oxidative stress instead of PHGPx was evaluated on agronomical performance of tomato plant and fruit quality attributes. Effects of polyamine, that protects DNA from oxidative stress, were also evaluated. The transgenic plants under expressing lipoxygenase (LOX-sup) were crossed with catalase antisense (CAT-anti) plants or polyamine over producing plants (SAM-over) and the lines homozygous for the two transgenes were selected. Agronomical performance of these line showed that low catalase induced oxidative stress negatively affected growth and development of tomato plants and resulted in a massive change in fruit gene expression. These effects of low catalase activity induced oxidative stress, including the massive shift in gene expression, were greatly overcome by the low lipoxygenase activity. Collectively results show that oxidative stress plays significant role in plant growth including the fruit growth. These results also for the first time indicated that a crosstalk between oxidative stress and lipoxygenase regulated processes determine the outcome during plant growth and development. Israel Regarding PHGPx, most of the study has concentrated on the first and the last specific objectives, since it became evident that plant transformation with this gene is not obvious. Following inability to achieve efficient transformation of potato and tomato using a variety of promoters, model plant systems (tobacco and potato cell cultures, tobacco calli and plantlets, and Arabidopsis) were used to establish the factors and to study the obstacles which prohibited the regeneration of plants carrying the genetic machinery for overproduction of PHGPx. Our results clearly demonstrate that while genetic transformation and over-expression of PHGPx occurs in pre-developmental tissue stage (cell culture, calli clusters) or in completed plant (Arabidopsis), it is likely that over-expression of this enzyme before tissue differentiation is leading to a halt of the regeneration process. To support this assumption, experiments, in which genetic engineering of a point-mutated PHGPx gene enable transformation and over-expression in plants of PhSPY modified in its catalytic site and thus inactive enzymatically, were successfully carried out. These combined results strongly suggest, that if in fact, like in animals and as we established in vitro, the plant PHGPx exhibits PH peroxidase activity, these peroxides are vital for the organisms developmental process.
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