Journal articles: 'Plant functional strategies'

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Yang, Yanzheng, Qiuan Zhu, Changhui Peng, Han Wang, and Huai Chen. "From plant functional types to plant functional traits." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 4 (May 7, 2015): 514–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315582018.

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Dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) typically track the material and energy cycles in ecosystems with finite plant functional types (PFTs). Increasingly, the community ecology and modelling studies recognize that current PFT scheme is not sufficient for simulating ecological processes. Recent advances in the study of plant functional traits (FTs) in community ecology provide a novel and feasible approach for the improvement of PFT-based DGVMs. This paper reviews the development of current DGVMs over recent decades. After characterizing the advantages and disadvantages of the PFT-based scheme, it summarizes trait-based theories and discusses the possibility of incorporating FTs into DGVMs. More importantly, this paper summarizes three strategies for constructing next-generation DGVMs with FTs. Finally, the method’s limitations, current challenges and future research directions for FT theory are discussed for FT theory. We strongly recommend the inclusion of several FTs, namely specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), carbon isotope composition of leaves (Leaf δ13C), the ratio between leaf-internal and ambient mole fractions of CO2 (Leaf Ci/Ca), seed mass and plant height. These are identified as the most important in constructing DGVMs based on FTs, which are also recognized as important ecological strategies for plants. The integration of FTs into dynamic vegetation models is a critical step towards improving the results of DGVM simulations; communication and cooperation among ecologists and modellers is equally important for the development of the next generation of DGVMs.

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Shen, Yaou, Guangtang Pan, and Thomas Lübberstedt. "Haploid Strategies for Functional Validation of Plant Genes." Trends in Biotechnology 33, no. 10 (October 2015): 611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.07.005.

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Golluscio, Rodolfo A., and Osvaldo E. Sala. "Plant functional types and ecological strategies in Patagonian forbs." Journal of Vegetation Science 4, no. 6 (December 1993): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235623.

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Raevel, Valérie, Cyrille Violle, and François Munoz. "Mechanisms of ecological succession: insights from plant functional strategies." Oikos 121, no. 11 (March 13, 2012): 1761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20261.x.

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Adler, P. B., R. Salguero-Gomez, A. Compagnoni, J. S. Hsu, J. Ray-Mukherjee, C. Mbeau-Ache, and M. Franco. "Functional traits explain variation in plant life history strategies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 2 (December 30, 2013): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315179111.

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Reich, P. B., I. J. Wright, J. Cavender‐Bares, J. M. Craine, J. Oleksyn, M. Westoby, and M. B. Walters. "The Evolution of Plant Functional Variation: Traits, Spectra, and Strategies." International Journal of Plant Sciences 164, S3 (May 2003): S143—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/374368.

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Butterfield, Bradley J., and John M. Briggs. "Regeneration niche differentiates functional strategies of desert woody plant species." Oecologia 165, no. 2 (August 5, 2010): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1741-y.

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Xian, Ling, Jiao Yang, Samuel Wamburu Muthui, Wyckliffe Ayoma Ochieng, Elive Limunga Linda, and Junshuang Yu. "Which Has a Greater Impact on Plant Functional Traits: Plant Source or Environment?" Plants 13, no. 6 (March 21, 2024): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13060903.

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The deterioration of water quality caused by human activities has triggered significant impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Submerged macrophytes play an important role in freshwater ecosystem restoration. Understanding the relative contributions of the sources and environment to the adaptive strategies of submerged macrophytes is crucial for freshwater restoration and protection. In this study, the perennial submerged macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum was chosen as the experimental material due to its high adaptability to a variable environment. Through conducting reciprocal transplant experiments in two different artificial environments (oligotrophic and eutrophic), combined with trait network and redundancy analysis, the characteristics of the plant functional traits were examined. Furthermore, the adaptive strategies of M. spicatum to the environment were analyzed. The results revealed that the plant source mainly influenced the operational pattern among the traits, and the phenotypic traits were significantly affected by environmental factors. The plants cultured in high-nutrient water exhibited a higher plant height, longer leaves, and more branches and leaves. However, their physiological functions were not significantly affected by the environment. Therefore, the adaptation strategy of M. spicatum to the environment mainly relies on its phenotypic plasticity to ensure the moderate acquisition of resources in the environment, thereby ensuring the stable and efficient operation of plant physiological traits. The results not only offered compelling evidence on the adaptation strategies of M. spicatum in variable environments but also provided theoretical support for the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development.

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Buotte, Polly C., Charles D. Koven, Chonggang Xu, Jacquelyn K. Shuman, Michael L. Goulden, Samuel Levis, Jessica Katz, et al. "Capturing functional strategies and compositional dynamics in vegetation demographic models." Biogeosciences 18, no. 14 (July 30, 2021): 4473–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-4473-2021.

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Abstract. Plant community composition influences carbon, water, and energy fluxes at regional to global scales. Vegetation demographic models (VDMs) allow investigation of the effects of changing climate and disturbance regimes on vegetation composition and fluxes. Such investigation requires that the models can accurately resolve these feedbacks to simulate realistic composition. Vegetation in VDMs is composed of plant functional types (PFTs), which are specified according to plant traits. Defining PFTs is challenging due to large variability in trait observations within and between plant types and a lack of understanding of model sensitivity to these traits. Here we present an approach for developing PFT parameterizations that are connected to the underlying ecological processes determining forest composition in the mixed-conifer forest of the Sierra Nevada of California, USA. We constrain multiple relative trait values between PFTs, as opposed to randomly sampling within the range of observations. An ensemble of PFT parameterizations are then filtered based on emergent forest properties meeting observation-based ecological criteria under alternate disturbance scenarios. A small ensemble of alternate PFT parameterizations is identified that produces plausible forest composition and demonstrates variability in response to disturbance frequency and regional environmental variation. Retaining multiple PFT parameterizations allows us to quantify the uncertainty in forest responses due to variability in trait observations. Vegetation composition is a key emergent outcome from VDMs and our methodology provides a foundation for robust PFT parameterization across ecosystems.

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Gong, Qi, Bin Wang, Xubiao Lu, Jiantao Tan, Yuke Hou, Taoli Liu, Yao-Guang Liu, and Qinlong Zhu. "Nicking Endonuclease-Mediated Vector Construction Strategies for Plant Gene Functional Research." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091090.

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Plant genetic engineering vectors, such as RNA interference (RNAi) and CRISPR/Cas9 vectors, are important tools for plant functional genomics. Efficient construction of these functional vectors can facilitate the study of gene function. Although some methods for vector construction have been reported, their operations are still complicated and costly. Here, we describe a simpler and low-cost vector construction method by nicking endonucleases-mediated DNA assembly (NEMDA), which uses nicking endonucleases to generate single-strand overhanging complementary ends for rapid assembly of DNA fragments into plasmids. Using this approach, we rapidly completed the construction of four RNAi vectors and a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout vector with five single-guide RNA (sgRNA)-expression cassettes for multiplex genome editing, and successfully achieved the goal of decreasing the expression of the target genes and knocking out the target genes at the same time in rice. These results indicate the great potential of NEMDA in assembling DNA fragments and constructing plasmids for molecular biology and functional genomics.

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Baraloto, Christopher, C. E. Timothy Paine, Sandra PatiÃ±o, Damien Bonal, Bruno HÃ©rault, and Jerome Chave. "Functional trait variation and sampling strategies in species-rich plant communities." Functional Ecology 24, no. 1 (February 2010): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01600.x.

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Roucou, Agathe, Cyrille Violle, Florian Fort, Pierre Roumet, Martin Ecarnot, and Denis Vile. "Shifts in plant functional strategies over the course of wheat domestication." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13029.

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Ricotta, Carlo, Michele Dalle Fratte, Simon Pierce, Marta Carboni, Bruno E. L. Cerabolini, and Sandrine Pavoine. "Quantifying the extent of plant functional specialization using Grime’s CSR strategies." Ecological Indicators 148 (April 2023): 110066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110066.

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Bol, Roland, Nick J. Ostle, and Klaus J. Petzke. "Compound specific plant amino acid δ15N values differ with functional plant strategies in temperate grassland." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165, no. 6 (December 2002): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200290000.

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Salgotra, Romesh K., and C. Neal Stewart. "Functional Markers for Precision Plant Breeding." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 6, 2020): 4792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134792.

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Advances in molecular biology including genomics, high-throughput sequencing, and genome editing enable increasingly faster and more precise cultivar development. Identifying genes and functional markers (FMs) that are highly associated with plant phenotypic variation is a grand challenge. Functional genomics approaches such as transcriptomics, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING), homologous recombinant (HR), association mapping, and allele mining are all strategies to identify FMs for breeding goals, such as agronomic traits and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. The advantage of FMs over other markers used in plant breeding is the close genomic association of an FM with a phenotype. Thereby, FMs may facilitate the direct selection of genes associated with phenotypic traits, which serves to increase selection efficiencies to develop varieties. Herein, we review the latest methods in FM development and how FMs are being used in precision breeding for agronomic and quality traits as well as in breeding for biotic and abiotic stress resistance using marker assisted selection (MAS) methods. In summary, this article describes the use of FMs in breeding for development of elite crop cultivars to enhance global food security goals.

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Zheng, S. X., W. H. Li, Z. C. Lan, H. Y. Ren, K. B. Wang, and Y. F. Bai. "Testing functional trait-based mechanisms underpinning plant responses to grazing and linkages to ecosystem functioning in grasslands." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2014): 13157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-13157-2014.

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Abstract. Abundant evidence has shown that grazing alters plant functional traits, ecological strategies, community structure, and ecosystem functioning of grasslands. Few studies, however, have examined how plant responses to grazing are mediated by resource availability and functional group identity. We test functional trait-based mechanisms underlying the responses of different life forms to grazing and linkages to ecosystem functioning along a soil moisture gradient in the Inner Mongolia grassland. A principal component analysis (PCA) based on 9 traits × 276 species matrix showed that the plant size spectrum (i.e., individual biomass), leaf economics spectrum (leaf N content and leaf density), and light competition spectrum (height and stem-leaf biomass ratio) distinguished plant species responses to grazing. The three life forms exhibited differential strategies as indicated by trait responses to grazing. The annuals and biennials adopted grazing-tolerant strategies associated with high growth rate, reflected by high leaf N content and specific leaf area. The perennial grasses exhibited grazing-tolerant strategies associated with great regrowth capacity and high palatability scores, whereas perennial forbs showed grazing-avoidant strategies with short stature and low palatability scores. In addition, the dominant perennial bunchgrasses exhibited mixed tolerance–resistance strategies to grazing and mixed acquisitive–conservative strategies in resource utilization. Grazing increased the relative abundance of perennial forbs with low palatability in the wet and fertile meadow, but it promoted perennial grasses with high palatability in the dry and infertile typical steppe. Our findings suggest that the effects of grazing on plant functional traits are dependent on both the abiotic (e.g., soil moisture) and biotic (e.g., plant functional group identity and composition) factors. Grazing-induced shifts in functional group composition are largely dependent on resource availability, particularly water availability.

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Ceriani, Alex, Michele Dalle Fratte, Gustavo Agosto, Antonio Montagnoli, and Bruno Enrico Leone Cerabolini. "Using Plant Functional Traits to Define the Biomass Energy Potential of Invasive Alien Plant Species." Plants 12, no. 18 (September 7, 2023): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12183198.

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The eradication of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) is mandatory worldwide, but the resulting biomass is still considered waste. The energy use of biomasses obtained from IAPS eradication may represent ecological and economic benefits, creating synergies with restoration projects. We evaluated whether the growth forms and functional types identified using the functional space of 63 IAPS corresponded to a possible bioenergy use through multivariate analysis techniques. We extracted leaf and nutrient traits and Grime’s CSR plant strategies from an existing database. We calculated the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) and gross heating value (GHV) as indicators of biochemical or thermal processes, respectively. For 10 species, we measured the above-ground biomass C:N and GHV (including leaves, stems and branches) and correlated them with those of leaves and with plant adaptive strategies. We identified four groups of IAPS indicative of the main trade-offs between plant economics and size variation, which respectively correlated with C:N and GHV. Herbaceous IAPS were better suited to biochemical processes, and woody IAPS to thermal ones. Overall, Grime’s CSR strategies were the best tool to define the IAPS bioenergy potential. In the long term, competitive and ruderal IAPSs can represent a reusable feedstock until their complete eradication.

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Balachowski, Jennifer A., and Florence A. Volaire. "Implications of plant functional traits and drought survival strategies for ecological restoration." Journal of Applied Ecology 55, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12979.

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Anderson, Jan M., and W. S. Chow. "Structural and functional dynamics of plant photosystem II." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1426 (October 29, 2002): 1421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1138.

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Given the unique problem of the extremely high potential of the oxidant P + 680 that is required to oxidize water to oxygen, the photoinactivation of photosystem II in vivo is inevitable, despite many photoprotective strategies. There is, however, a robustness of photosystem II, which depends partly on the highly dynamic compositional and structural heterogeneity of the cycle between functional and non–functional photosystem II complexes in response to light level. This coordinated regulation involves photon usage (energy utilization in photochemistry) and excess energy dissipation as heat, photoprotection by many molecular strategies, photoinactivation followed by photon damage and ultimately the D1 protein dynamics involved in the photosystem II repair cycle. Compelling, though indirect evidence suggests that the radical pair P + 680 Pheo – in functional PSII should be protected from oxygen. By analogy to the tentative oxygen channel of cytochrome c oxidase, oxygen may be liberated from the two water molecules bound to the catalytic site of the Mn cluster, via a specific pathway to the membrane surface. The function of the proposed oxygen pathway is to prevent O 2 from having direct access to P + 680 Pheo – and prevent the generation of singlet oxygen via the triplet–P 680 state in functional photosytem IIs. Only when the, as yet unidentified, potential trigger with a fateful first oxidative step destroys oxygen evolution, will the ensuing cascade of structural perturbations of photosystem II destroy the proposed oxygen, water and proton pathways. Then oxygen has direct access to P + 680 Pheo – , singlet oxygen will be produced and may successively oxidize specific amino acids of the phosphorylated D1 protein of photosystem II dimers that are confined to appressed granal domains, thereby targeting D1 protein for eventual degradation and replacement in non–appressed thylakoid domains.

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Jakob, Aljaž, Mateja Breg Valjavec, and Andraž Čarni. "Turnover of Plant Species on an Ecological Gradient in Karst Dolines Is Reflected in Plant Traits: Chorotypes, Life Forms, Plant Architecture and Strategies." Diversity 14, no. 8 (July 27, 2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14080597.

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We analyzed plants and their traits in dolines, which are characteristic enclosed terrain depressions on carbonate (karst) plateaus. These landforms range from a few meters to over 100 m in diameter, their depth generally varying from a few meters to a few tens of meters. A pronounced ecological gradient can be found from the bottom to the top, starting from humid, cool and shaded bottoms to sunny, dry and warm slopes and tops. We sampled dolines of various depths and analyzed the distribution of plant species on the gradient and how this distribution is reflected in plant traits: chorotypes, life forms, plant architecture and strategies. We used the transect method and sampled the floristic composition from the doline bottom to the top. We collected information about plant traits from various literature sources. The results show life forms and plant architecture explain this gradient well and, to a lesser extent, also chorotypes, but functional strategies have a low explanatory power. Life forms and plant architecture are the result of adaptation of species to the environment, and chorotypes are defined as species with an overlapping geographical distribution pattern due to their distribution and environmental histories. Functional strategies, which have evolved to enable plants to succeed in various environments, unexpectedly have a low explanatory power.

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Ma, Yingying, and Fusheng Chen. "Plant Protein Heat-Induced Gels: Formation Mechanisms and Regulatory Strategies." Coatings 13, no. 11 (November 6, 2023): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111899.

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With increasing awareness of human health, proteins from plant sources are being considered as alternatives to those from animal sources. The market for plant-based meat substitutes is expanding to satisfy the growing consumer demand. However, the functional properties of natural proteins frequently do not satisfy the needs of the modern food industry, which requires high-quality properties. Research on improving the functional properties of proteins is currently a popular topic. Based on the gel properties of proteins, this study focused on the formation mechanism of heat-induced protein gels, which will be helpful in expanding the market for plant protein gel products. Regulatory strategies for heat-induced gels were reviewed, including protein composition, pH, ionic strength, other food components, and processing techniques. The effects of other food components (such as polysaccharides, proteins, polyphenols, and liposomes) are discussed to provide insights into the properties of plant protein gels. Studies have shown that these factors can effectively improve the properties of plant protein gels. In addition, the development and application potential of emerging processing technologies that can contribute to safe and effective applications in actual food production are discussed. For the future, plant protein gels are playing an irreplaceable role in the new direction of future food.

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Flo, Victor, Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta, Maurizio Mencuccini, Victor Granda, William R. L. Anderegg, and Rafael Poyatos. "Climate and functional traits jointly mediate tree water‐use strategies." New Phytologist 231, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 617–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17404.

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Teixeira, Erika Maria Gomes Ferreira, Danilo Oliveira, and Raquel Elisa Silva-Lopez. "Plant protease inhibitors as specific strategies against cancer cells." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 7, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2020.07.00230.

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Cancer is a disease that cause important mortality in the world and investigations in order to understand the mechanisms of tumor development and new treatments are crucial and are carried out in many laboratories worldwide. One of the mechanism of growth and progression of tumors is the secretion of proteases which are responsible for many processes during the cancer progression and metastasis. In this context, molecules that can inhibit these proteases are important strategies for cancer treatment. Plants are important sources of many molecules with a great diversity of functional, structural and pharmacology properties, such as, the protease inhibitors. This review addresses some aspects about molecular mechanisms of cancer proteases and some effects of plant protease inhibitors on cancer cells

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Liu, Qi, Frank J. Sterck, Jiao-Lin Zhang, Arne Scheire, Evelien Konings, Min Cao, Li-Qing Sha, and Lourens Poorter. "Traits, strategies, and niches of liana species in a tropical seasonal rainforest." Oecologia 196, no. 2 (May 23, 2021): 499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04937-4.

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AbstractPlant functional traits and strategies hold the promise to explain species distribution, but few studies have linked multiple traits to multiple niche dimensions (i.e., light, water, and nutrients). Here, we analyzed for 29 liana species in a Chinese tropical seasonal rainforest how: (1) trait associations and trade-offs lead to different plant strategies; and (2) how these traits shape species’ niche dimensions. Eighteen functional traits related to light, water, and nutrient use were measured and species niche dimensions were quantified using species distribution in a 20-ha plot combined with data on canopy gaps, topographic water availability, and soil nutrients. We found a tissue toughness spectrum ranging from soft to hard tissues along which species also varied from acquisitive to conservative water use, and a resource acquisition spectrum ranging from low to high light capture and nutrient use. Intriguingly, each spectrum partly reflected the conservative–acquisitive paradigm, but at the same time, the tissue toughness and the resource acquisition spectrum were uncoupled. Resource niche dimensions were better predicted by individual traits than by multivariate plant strategies. This suggests that trait components that underlie multivariate strategy axes, rather than the plant strategies themselves determine species distributions. Different traits were important for different niche dimensions. In conclusion, plant functional traits and strategies can indeed explain species distributions, but not in a simple and straight forward way. Although the identification of global plant strategies has significantly advanced the field, this research shows that global, multivariate generalizations are difficult to translate to local conditions, as different components of these strategies are important under different local conditions.

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Zhou, Anqi, Kang Zhou, and Yanran Li. "Rational design strategies for functional reconstitution of plant cytochrome P450s in microbial systems." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 60 (April 2021): 102005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102005.

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Menezes, Tatiane Gomes Calaça, Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal, André Luiz Alves de Lima, Lucivania Rodrigues Lima, Monalisa Alves Diniz S. C. Pinto, and André Laurênio de Melo. "Do seedling functional groups reflect ecological strategies of woody plant species in Caatinga?" Acta Botanica Brasilica 32, no. 1 (November 6, 2017): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062017abb0198.

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May, Rose-Lucy, Stuart Warner, and Astrid Wingler. "Classification of intra-specific variation in plant functional strategies reveals adaptation to climate." Annals of Botany 119, no. 8 (March 28, 2017): 1343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcx031.

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Carmona, Carlos P., Cristina Rota, Francisco M. Azcárate, and Begoña Peco. "More for less: sampling strategies of plant functional traits across local environmental gradients." Functional Ecology 29, no. 4 (November 25, 2014): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12366.

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Silva, Maria Amanda Menezes, Andréa de Vasconcelos Freitas Pinto, Ladivania Medeiros do Nascimento, Ana Carolina Borges Lins-e-Silva, André Luiz Alves de Lima, Everardo Valadares de Sá Barretto Sampaio, and Maria Jesus Nogueira Rodal. "Traits and functional strategies as predictors of demographic variations over a chronosequence." Brazilian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (April 24, 2017): 761–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40415-017-0389-9.

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Fratte, Michele Dalle, Simon Pierce, Magda Zanzottera, and Bruno E. L. Cerabolini. "The association of leaf sulfur content with the leaf economics spectrum and plant adaptive strategies." Functional Plant Biology 48, no. 9 (2021): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp20396.

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Sulfur is an essential macronutrient for plant primary metabolism. Its availability can modulate plant growth in most terrestrial ecosystems. However, its relationship with other leaf and nutrient traits, and hence its contribution to plant functioning, remains unclear. We analysed leaf and nutrient traits for 740 vascular plant species growing in a wide range of environmental conditions in Northern Italy. We determined whether leaf sulfur content per unit leaf dry mass (LSC) is associated with leaf economics spectrum, and whether its distribution among functional types (growth forms, leaf life span categories, and Grime’s CSR (Competitive, Stress-tolerant, Ruderal strategies) could help to elucidate adaptive differences within plant taxa. High LSC values were mainly associated with fast-growing species representative of R- and C- strategy selection, thus the acquisitive extreme of plant economics, reflecting strong potential connections with ecosystem properties such as biomass production or litter decomposability. In general, LSC was significantly and positively correlated with leaf nitrogen content, and nitrogen to sulfur ratio was constant throughout growth forms, leaf life span and CSR strategies, and phylogenetic effects were evident. Our findings highlight that LSC variation is strongly associated with the leaf economics spectrum, suggesting that additional nutrients seldom included in functional analyses may also be embroiled within the context of plant economics. However, different ratios among nitrogen and sulfur may be expected across different plant families, suggesting that deeper insight from functional groups can provide a bridge between plant stoichiometry and ecology, useful for the evaluation of ecological responses to global change.

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Skelton, Robert Paul, Adam G. West, and Todd E. Dawson. "Predicting plant vulnerability to drought in biodiverse regions using functional traits." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 18 (April 20, 2015): 5744–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503376112.

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Attempts to understand mechanisms underlying plant mortality during drought have led to the emergence of a hydraulic framework describing distinct hydraulic strategies among coexisting species. This framework distinguishes species that rapidly decrease stomatal conductance (gs), thereby maintaining high water potential (Px; isohydric), from those species that maintain relatively high gs at low Px, thereby maintaining carbon assimilation, albeit at the cost of loss of hydraulic conductivity (anisohydric). This framework is yet to be tested in biodiverse communities, potentially due to a lack of standardized reference values upon which hydraulic strategies can be defined. We developed a system of quantifying hydraulic strategy using indices from vulnerability curves and stomatal dehydration response curves and tested it in a speciose community from South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. Degree of stomatal regulation over cavitation was defined as the margin between Px at stomatal closure (Pg12) and Px at 50% loss of conductivity. To assess relationships between hydraulic strategy and mortality mechanisms, we developed proxies for carbon limitation and hydraulic failure using time since Pg12 and loss of conductivity at minimum seasonal Px, respectively. Our approach captured continuous variation along an isohydry/anisohydry axis and showed that this variation was linearly related to xylem safety margin. Degree of isohydry/anisohydry was associated with contrasting predictions for mortality during drought. Merging stomatal regulation strategies that represent an index of water use behavior with xylem vulnerability facilitates a more comprehensive framework with which to characterize plant response to drought, thus opening up an avenue for predicting the response of diverse communities to future droughts.

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Mello, Felipe N. A., Sergio Estrada-Villegas, David M. DeFilippis, and Stefan A. Schnitzer. "Can Functional Traits Explain Plant Coexistence? A Case Study with Tropical Lianas and Trees." Diversity 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12100397.

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Organisms are adapted to their environment through a suite of anatomical, morphological, and physiological traits. These functional traits are commonly thought to determine an organism’s tolerance to environmental conditions. However, the differences in functional traits among co-occurring species, and whether trait differences mediate competition and coexistence is still poorly understood. Here we review studies comparing functional traits in two co-occurring tropical woody plant guilds, lianas and trees, to understand whether competing plant guilds differ in functional traits and how these differences may help to explain tropical woody plant coexistence. We examined 36 separate studies that compared a total of 140 different functional traits of co-occurring lianas and trees. We conducted a meta-analysis for ten of these functional traits, those that were present in at least five studies. We found that the mean trait value between lianas and trees differed significantly in four of the ten functional traits. Lianas differed from trees mainly in functional traits related to a faster resource acquisition life history strategy. However, the lack of difference in the remaining six functional traits indicates that lianas are not restricted to the fast end of the plant life–history continuum. Differences in functional traits between lianas and trees suggest these plant guilds may coexist in tropical forests by specializing in different life–history strategies, but there is still a significant overlap in the life–history strategies between these two competing guilds.

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Cao, Chenchen, Shufen Cui, Xinyu Guan, Yuanjian Chen, Yongqi Zhang, Xingwen Lin, Chaofan Wu, et al. "Plant Leaf Functional Adaptions along Urban–Rural Gradients of Jinhua City." Plants 13, no. 12 (June 7, 2024): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13121586.

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Environmental changes induced by urbanization may significantly alter plant survival strategies, thereby introducing uncertainties in their ability to withstand extreme heat. This study, centered on Jinhua City, distinguished urban, suburban, and rural areas to represent the various intensities of urbanization. It examined the leaf function properties of evergreen and deciduous trees common in these regions, focusing on leaf and branch characteristics. Employing an analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA), and path analysis (PA) of the plant functional traits and the climatic factors of each region, this study assessed the impact of urbanization on plant survival strategies. By tracking changes in plant functional traits from June to August, it explored the capacity of plants to acclimate to urban-warming-related heat stress across different urbanization gradients. The findings revealed that leaf thickness (LT) and stomatal size (SS) initially decreased and then increased, whereas specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf tissue density (LTD) first rose and then declined, from rural to urban regions. From June to August, branch wood density (WD), chlorophyll (Chl) content, LTD, and leaf dry matter content (LDMC) increased, whereas SLA and leaf water content (LWC) diminished, in all regions. PCA suggested that there was no significant change in the resource allocation strategy of plants (p > 0.05), with drought tolerance significantly reduced in the suburbs on the gradient of urbanization (p < 0.05). During the summer, with high temperature, plants were predominantly biased towards slow-return, conservative strategies, particularly among evergreen species. Compared to precipitation, PA revealed a significant urban warming effect. During summer, temperature was the main factor influencing resource investment strategy and drought resistance, with a notably stronger impact on the former. The high temperature in summer promoted a conservative survival strategy in plants, and the urbanization effect increased their tolerance to high temperatures.

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Balachowski, Jennifer A., Pauline M. Bristiel, and Florence A. Volaire. "Summer dormancy, drought survival and functional resource acquisition strategies in California perennial grasses." Annals of Botany 118, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw109.

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Yang, Yanzheng, Le Kang, Jun Zhao, Ning Qi, Ruonan Li, Zhongming Wen, Jalal Kassout, Changhui Peng, Guanghui Lin, and Hua Zheng. "Quantifying Leaf Trait Covariations and Their Relationships with Plant Adaptation Strategies along an Aridity Gradient." Biology 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10101066.

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A trait-based approach is an effective way to quantify plant adaptation strategies in response to changing environments. Single trait variations have been well depicted before; however, multi-trait covariations and their roles in shaping plant adaptation strategies along aridity gradients remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to reveal multi-trait covariation characteristics, their controls and their relevance to plant adaptation strategies. Using eight relevant plant functional traits and multivariate statistical approaches, we found the following: (1) the eight studied traits show evident covariation characteristics and could be grouped into four functional dimensions linked to plant strategies, namely energy balance, resource acquisition, resource investment and water use efficiency; (2) leaf area (LA) together with traits related to the leaf economic spectrum, including leaf nitrogen content per area (Narea), leaf nitrogen per mass (Nmass) and leaf dry mass per area (LMA), covaried along the aridity gradient (represented by the moisture index, MI) and dominated the trait–environmental change axis; (3) together, climate, soil and family can explain 50.4% of trait covariations; thus, vegetation succession along the aridity gradient cannot be neglected in trait covariations. Our findings provide novel perspectives toward a better understanding of plant adaptations to arid conditions and serve as a reference for vegetation restoration and management programs in arid regions.

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Qin, Kunrong, Hua Qin, Zizhuo Wang, Li Lin, Haoxiang Zhu, and Haiyang Wang. "Illuminating Plant Community Assembly on Karst Mountain Road Slopes through Plant Traits and Environmental Filters." Forests 14, no. 10 (October 3, 2023): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14101990.

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Understanding how assembly processes shape local plant assemblages from the potential species pool is crucial for biodiversity conservation and revegetation. Mountainous regions are global biodiversity hotspots with high levels of diversity, concentration, and vulnerability. Road construction in these areas poses ecological challenges, including habitat loss and reduced biodiversity. Feature-based ecology highlights non-biological filtering as a key driver of habitat-specific community formation. Analyzing trait structures and their association with the environment can reveal community assembly processes under specific environmental conditions. However, quantifying species-environment-traits interactions during community assembly on roadside slopes is still underexplored. In our study, 76 naturally recovered roadside slopes, 656 self-established plant communities and 113 plant species across ten functional traits, along with their environmental associations, in the karst mountain region of southwestern China, were examined. Our findings show that there are still abundant native plants with colonization potential settled on steep roadside slopes in karst mountain areas. Diffusion constraints stemming from distance to the core species pool, elevation, and differences in adjacent vegetation types emerged as key factors causing variations in species composition of self-established communities. The slope environment exerts strong selective pressures leading to a convergence pattern in traits related to dispersal and colonization while showing a divergence pattern in traits linked to competitive strategies and regeneration. These findings identify critical functional traits and environmental factors shaping roadside plant communities and illustrate the predictability of environmental filtering and fundamental community assembly. Overall, our study sheds light on the intricate interactions among assembly processes, functional traits, and environmental factors driving local plant assemblages in mountainous regions, providing insights for effective diversity conservation and revegetation strategies.

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Prado Júnior, J., I. Schiavini, V. Vale, S. Lopes, C. Arantes, and AP Oliveira. "Functional leaf traits of understory species: strategies to different disturbance severities." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 2 (May 2015): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12413.

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The specific leaf area (SLA) has been related to environmental disturbances, showing a positive correlation between the disturbances intensities and SLA in a plant community. These studies, however, assessed the responses of plant community as a whole, neglecting species attributes, such as the position in the vertical stratum of forests. Considering the importance of SLA to understand forest ecological processes, this study aimed to determine the influence of the disturbance regime on the SLA of understory species, considering that, unlike for communities as a whole, an increase in the disturbance intensity implies a decrease in SLA of understory species. This study was conducted in nine understories of seasonal forests in Brazil. The most abundant species were selected and their SLA were evaluated. The variability of SLA among populations in different forests was analyzed by Student’s t-tests. The SLA of the understories (SLAU) was also compared by an adaptation of the Community-weighted mean index. The comparison of species SLA showed significant differences among the populations of understories under different disturbance regime, showing a decrease in SLA with an increase in the disturbance intensity. Similar results were found for the SLA of understories communities (SLAU), corroborating our hypothesis. The correlation between a reduction in species SLA and in SLA of understory with an increase in disturbance intensity, contradicted the trend observed in the literature for the community as a whole. This study highlights the importance of the evaluation of SLA in understories, as an indicator of the successional stage of communities.

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Roth-Nebelsick, Anita, and Matthias Krause. "The Plant Leaf: A Biomimetic Resource for Multifunctional and Economic Design." Biomimetics 8, no. 2 (April 3, 2023): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8020145.

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As organs of photosynthesis, leaves are of vital importance for plants and a source of inspiration for biomimetic developments. Leaves are composed of interconnected functional elements that evolved in concert under high selective pressure, directed toward strategies for improving productivity with limited resources. In this paper, selected basic components of the leaf are described together with biomimetic examples derived from them. The epidermis (the “skin” of leaves) protects the leaf from uncontrolled desiccation and carries functional surface structures such as wax crystals and hairs. The epidermis is pierced by micropore apparatuses, stomata, which allow for regulated gas exchange. Photosynthesis takes place in the internal leaf tissue, while the venation system supplies the leaf with water and nutrients and exports the products of photosynthesis. Identifying the selective forces as well as functional limitations of the single components requires understanding the leaf as an integrated system that was shaped by evolution to maximize carbon gain from limited resource availability. These economic aspects of leaf function manifest themselves as trade-off solutions. Biomimetics is expected to benefit from a more holistic perspective on adaptive strategies and functional contexts of leaf structures.

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Gutiérrez-Girón, Alba, and Rosario Gavilán. "Plant functional strategies and environmental constraints in Mediterranean high mountain grasslands in central Spain." Plant Ecology & Diversity 6, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2013.783641.

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Cuello, William S., Jennifer R. Gremer, Pete C. Trimmer, Andrew Sih, and Sebastian J. Schreiber. "Predicting evolutionarily stable strategies from functional responses of Sonoran Desert annuals to precipitation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1894 (January 16, 2019): 20182613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2613.

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For many decades, researchers have studied how plants use bet-hedging strategies to insure against unpredictable, unfavourable conditions. We improve upon earlier analyses by explicitly accounting for how variable precipitation affects annual plant species’ bet-hedging strategies. We consider how the survival rates of dormant seeds (in a ‘seed bank’) interact with precipitation responses to influence optimal germination strategies. Specifically, we incorporate how response to resource availability (i.e. the amount of offspring (seeds) generated per plant in response to variation in desert rainfall) influences the evolution of germination fractions. Using data from 10 Sonoran Desert annual plants, we develop models that explicitly include these responses to model fitness as a function of precipitation. For each of the species, we identify the predicted evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) for the fraction of seeds germinating each year and then compare our estimated ESS values to the observed germination fractions. We also explore the relative importance of seed survival and precipitation responses in shaping germination strategies by regressing ESS values and observed germination fractions against these traits. We find that germination fractions are lower for species with higher seed survival, with lower reproductive success in dry years, and with better yield responses in wet years. These results illuminate the evolution of bet-hedging strategies in an iconic system, and provide a framework for predicting how current and future environmental conditions may reshape those strategies.

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Hrmova, Maria, and Syed Sarfraz Hussain. "Plant Transcription Factors Involved in Drought and Associated Stresses." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 11 (May 26, 2021): 5662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115662.

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Transcription factors (TFs) play a significant role in signal transduction networks spanning the perception of a stress signal and the expression of corresponding stress-responsive genes. TFs are multi-functional proteins that may simultaneously control numerous pathways during stresses in plants—this makes them powerful tools for the manipulation of regulatory and stress-responsive pathways. In recent years, the structure-function relationships of numerous plant TFs involved in drought and associated stresses have been defined, which prompted devising practical strategies for engineering plants with enhanced stress tolerance. Vast data have emerged on purposely basic leucine zipper (bZIP), WRKY, homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip), myeloblastoma (MYB), drought-response elements binding proteins/C-repeat binding factor (DREB/CBF), shine (SHN), and wax production-like (WXPL) TFs that reflect the understanding of their 3D structure and how the structure relates to function. Consequently, this information is useful in the tailored design of variant TFs that enhances our understanding of their functional states, such as oligomerization, post-translational modification patterns, protein-protein interactions, and their abilities to recognize downstream target DNA sequences. Here, we report on the progress of TFs based on their interaction pathway participation in stress-responsive networks, and pinpoint strategies and applications for crops and the impact of these strategies for improving plant stress tolerance.

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Hodgson, John G., Gabriel Montserrat Marti, Bozena Šerá, Glynis Jones, Amy Bogaard, Mike Charles, Xavier Font, et al. "Seed size, number and strategies in annual plants: a comparative functional analysis and synthesis." Annals of Botany 126, no. 7 (August 19, 2020): 1109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa151.

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Abstract Background and Aims Plants depend fundamentally on establishment from seed. However, protocols in trait-based ecology currently estimate seed size but not seed number. This can be rectified. For annuals, seed number should simply be a positive function of vegetative biomass and a negative function of seed size. Methods Using published values of comparative seed number as the ‘gold standard’ and a large functional database, comparative seed yield and number per plant and per m2 were predicted by multiple regression. Subsequently, ecological variation in each was explored for English and Spanish habitats, newly calculated C-S-R strategies and changed abundance in the British flora. Key Results As predicted, comparative seed mass yield per plant was consistently a positive function of plant size and competitive ability, and largely independent of seed size. Regressions estimating comparative seed number included, additionally, seed size as a negative function. Relationships differed numerically between regions, habitats and C-S-R strategies. Moreover, some species differed in life history over their geographical range. Comparative seed yield per m2 was positively correlated with FAO crop yield, and increasing British annuals produced numerous seeds. Nevertheless, predicted values must be viewed as comparative rather than absolute: they varied according to the ‘gold standard’ predictor used. Moreover, regressions estimating comparative seed yield per m2 achieved low precision. Conclusions For the first time, estimates of comparative seed yield and number for >800 annuals and their predictor equations have been produced and the ecological importance of these regenerative traits has been illustrated. ‘Regenerative trait-based ecology’ remains in its infancy, with work needed on determinate vs. indeterminate flowering (‘bet-hedging’), C-S-R methodologies, phylogeny, comparative seed yield per m2 and changing life history. Nevertheless, this has been a positive start and readers are invited to use estimates for >800 annuals, in the Supplementary data, to help advance ‘regenerative trait-based ecology’ to the next level.

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Sun, Zhenhua, Nujaree Prachanun, Arunkamon Sonsuthi, Wirong Chanthorn, Warren Y. Brockelman, Anuttara Nathalang, Luxiang Lin, and Frans Bongers. "Whole-Plant Seedling Functional Traits Suggest Lianas Also Support “Fast-Slow” Plant Economics Spectrum." Forests 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13070990.

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Lianas are predicted to perform better than trees during seasonal drought among tropical forests, which has substantial implications for tree and forest dynamics. Here, we use whole-plant trait comparison to test whether lianas allocated on the resource acquisitive end of the continuum of woody plant strategies. We measured morphological and biomass allocation traits for seedlings of 153 species of trees and lianas occurring in a tropical forest in Thailand during the dry season. We first compared trait differences between lianas and trees directly, and then classified all species based on their trait similarities. We found that liana seedlings had significantly higher specific leaf areas and specific stem lengths than co-occurring tree seedlings. Trait similarity classification resulted in a liana-dominated cluster and a tree-dominated cluster. Compared to the tree-dominated cluster, species in the liana-dominated cluster were characterized by a consistent pattern of lower dry matter content and cheaper and more efficient per dry mass unit investment in both above- and below-ground organs. The consistency of all organs operating in tandem for dry matter content, together with optimized investment in them per mass unit, implied that the lianas and trees can be highly overlapped on the strategy gradient of the resource acquisition continuum.

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Abe, Natália, Raquel Carolina Miatto, and Marco Antonio Batalha. "Relationships among functional traits define primary strategies in woody species of the Brazilian “cerrado”." Brazilian Journal of Botany 41, no. 2 (March 5, 2018): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40415-018-0448-x.

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Karlin, Marcos Sebastián, Sebastián Abel Arnulphi, and Javier Rodolfo Bernasconi Salazar. "Mid-term changes in the physiognomy of plant communities and functional plant groups define successional pathways of mountain vegetation in the province of Córdoba (Argentina)." Folia Oecologica 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/foecol-2021-0002.

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Abstract To identify restoration strategies over degraded semi-natural plant communities, successional pathways and their local controls should be identified. The objective of this work is to quantify the changes in the physiognomy and functional groups of plant communities in the Sierras Chicas of Córdoba along seven years. Lyapunov coefficients were calculated and arranged in two-phase diagrams, identifying different successional pathways over two soil categories and six plant communities. Du Rietz`s life forms were identified defining several plant functional groups. Results showed two successional pathways in the field of azonal soils and three in the field of intrazonal soils. Rainfall, extent of human-caused disturbances, and plant interactions are the leading causes explaining the changes in the structure of the plant communities. Fire and overgrazing retract the successions by altering the cover of plant communities and their functional groups.

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Pavlick, R., D. T. Drewry, K. Bohn, B. Reu, and A. Kleidon. "The Jena Diversity-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (JeDi-DGVM): a diverse approach to representing terrestrial biogeography and biogeochemistry based on plant functional trade-offs." Biogeosciences 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2013): 4137–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-4137-2013.

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Abstract. Terrestrial biosphere models typically abstract the immense diversity of vegetation forms and functioning into a relatively small set of predefined semi-empirical plant functional types (PFTs). There is growing evidence, however, from the field ecology community as well as from modelling studies that current PFT schemes may not adequately represent the observed variations in plant functional traits and their effect on ecosystem functioning. In this paper, we introduce the Jena Diversity-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (JeDi-DGVM) as a new approach to terrestrial biosphere modelling with a richer representation of functional diversity than traditional modelling approaches based on a small number of fixed PFTs. JeDi-DGVM simulates the performance of a large number of randomly generated plant growth strategies, each defined by a set of 15 trait parameters which characterize various aspects of plant functioning including carbon allocation, ecophysiology and phenology. Each trait parameter is involved in one or more functional trade-offs. These trade-offs ultimately determine whether a strategy is able to survive under the climatic conditions in a given model grid cell and its performance relative to the other strategies. The biogeochemical fluxes and land surface properties of the individual strategies are aggregated to the grid-cell scale using a mass-based weighting scheme. We evaluate the simulated global biogeochemical patterns against a variety of field and satellite-based observations following a protocol established by the Carbon-Land Model Intercomparison Project. The land surface fluxes and vegetation structural properties are reasonably well simulated by JeDi-DGVM, and compare favourably with other state-of-the-art global vegetation models. We also evaluate the simulated patterns of functional diversity and the sensitivity of the JeDi-DGVM modelling approach to the number of sampled strategies. Altogether, the results demonstrate the parsimonious and flexible nature of a functional trade-off approach to global vegetation modelling, i.e. it can provide more types of testable outputs than standard PFT-based approaches and with fewer inputs. The approach implemented here in JeDi-DGVM sets the foundation for future applications that will explore the impacts of explicitly resolving diverse plant communities, allowing for a more flexible temporal and spatial representation of the structure and function of the terrestrial biosphere.

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Hammond-Kosack, Kim E., and Jonathan D. G. Jones. "Plant disease resistance genes: unravelling how they work." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-288.

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Resistance (R) genes confer on a plant the ability to defend itself following microbial attack. Each R gene exhibits an extreme specificity of action and is only effective against a microbe that has the corresponding functional avirulence (Avr) gene. This article reviews the strategies and experimental approaches deployed to understand the molecular events underlying the specificity of action of various tomato Cf resistance genes that results in incompatibility to the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Topics covered include the clustering of Cf genes, the biology of Cf-dependent incompatibility, the map-based and transposon tagging approaches used to clone the Cf-2 and Cf-9 genes, respectively, identification by mutagenesis of other plant loci required for full Cf-9 mediated resistance, the expression of a functional Avr9 gene in planta and its lethal consequences to Cf-9 containing plants, the physiological and molecular host responses to C. fulvum and AVR elicitor challenges and some genetic approaches to ascertain the crucial components of the defense response. Key words: Cladosporium fulvum, Lycopersicon esculentum, tomato leaf mold, Cf resistance genes, fungal avirulence genes, plant defense responses.

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Figueiredo, Laura, Rita B. Santos, and Andreia Figueiredo. "Defense and Offense Strategies: The Role of Aspartic Proteases in Plant–Pathogen Interactions." Biology 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020075.

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Plant aspartic proteases (APs; E.C.3.4.23) are a group of proteolytic enzymes widely distributed among different species characterized by the conserved sequence Asp-Gly-Thr at the active site. With a broad spectrum of biological roles, plant APs are suggested to undergo functional specialization and to be crucial in developmental processes, such as in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Over the last decade, an increasing number of publications highlighted the APs’ involvement in plant defense responses against a diversity of stresses. In contrast, few studies regarding pathogen-secreted APs and AP inhibitors have been published so far. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of aspartic proteases from plant and pathogenic origins, focusing on their relevance and participation in defense and offense strategies in plant–pathogen interactions.

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Rao, Xiaolan, and Richard A. Dixon. "Co-expression networks for plant biology: why and how." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 51, no. 10 (August 22, 2019): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmz080.

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Abstract Co-expression network analysis is one of the most powerful approaches for interpretation of large transcriptomic datasets. It enables characterization of modules of co-expressed genes that may share biological functional linkages. Such networks provide an initial way to explore functional associations from gene expression profiling and can be applied to various aspects of plant biology. This review presents the applications of co-expression network analysis in plant biology and addresses optimized strategies from the recent literature for performing co-expression analysis on plant biological systems. Additionally, we describe the combined interpretation of co-expression analysis with other genomic data to enhance the generation of biologically relevant information.

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Han, Taotao, Hai Ren, Dafeng Hui, Yanpeng Zhu, Hongfang Lu, Qinfeng Guo, and Jun Wang. "Dominant ecological processes and plant functional strategies change during the succession of a subtropical forest." Ecological Indicators 146 (February 2023): 109885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.109885.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant functional strategies'

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