Journal articles on the topic 'Plant ecology Australia'
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1
Barrett, Russell L. "A review of Planchonia (Lecythidaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 19, no. 2 (2006): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb05008.
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The genus Planchonia Blume is reviewed for Australia with two species recognised. Planchonia rupestris R.L. Barrett is described as a new species apparently endemic to the sandstone plateaux of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Lectotypes are designated for Cumbia australis Britten, Planchonia crenata Miers and Planchonia arborea var. australis Benth., each of which are synonyms of Planchonia careya (F.Muell.) Kunth. Illustrations, distribution maps and a key to the Australian species are presented.
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Renner, Matthew. "Flower size variation in Danhatchia (Orchidaceae)." Telopea 23 (2020): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14437.
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Danhatchia novaehollandiae D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. and D. australis (Hatch) Garay & Christenson were separated at species rank due to differences in petal length and flower opening, with the Australian species having smaller, tardily opening flowers. From this, flower lengths for Australia and New Zealand are expected to be bi-modally distributed with peaks at c. 3 mm and c. 5 mm respectively. Flowers on all available herbarium specimens in AK, CANB, and NSW were measured, and flower length was found to be unimodal, with nearly identical ranges in Australian and New Zealand plants. Flower size variation in Australian and New Zealand Danhatchia specimens has two significant contributing components, inter-individual variation, and ontogenetic variation where flowers increase in size as they age. Dimensions previously recorded for the two species reflect upper and lower limits on the range of variation in flower size present in both New Zealand and Australia, respectively. Within herbarium material, 20% of flowers on New Zealand specimens, and 40% of flowers on Australian specimens exhibited signs of opening. There was no correlation between flower size and opening, as might be expected if the two species were both present in Australia and/or New Zealand. Neither the biogeographic context, pollination system, nor morphological evidence support Danhatchia australis and D. novaehollandiae as distinct species.
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Wannan, BS, and JT Waterhouse. "A taxonomic revision of the Australian species of Limnophila R. Br. (Scrophulariaceae." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850367.
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In Australia five species of Limnophila are here recognized: L. arornatica, L. chinensis, L. fragrans, L. gratioloides and L. australis. L. gratioloides is an Australian native which has previously been considered conspecific with L. indica. L. australis sp. nov, is an Australian endemic related to L. gratioloides and to the exotic species L. heterophylla and L. aquatica. It has been confused with L. gratioloides and fragmentary material of underwater parts alone may in fact be indeterminable; nonetheless the two species are quite distinct on character-states of seed morphology, types of trichomes on aerial parts, occurrence of submerged cleistogamous flowers, floral morphology and occurrence of aroma in aerial leaves. L. fragrans and L. arornatica have been confused on herbarium specimens in Australia; they are, however, distinct.
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Foster, Paul I. "A Taxonomic Revision of Melodinus (Apocynaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 5, no. 4 (1992): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9920387.
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A taxonomic revision of Melodinus Forster & G. Forster in Australia is presented with generic and specific descriptions, a key to species, illustrations, notes on typification with lectotypifications, distribution and ecology, conservation status and local names. Four species, M. acutiflorus F. Muell., M. australis (F. Muell.) Pierre, M. bacellianus (F. Muell.) S . T. Blake and M. forbesii Fawc., are recognised. M. forbesii is newly recorded from Australia.
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Panetta, FD. "Isozyme Variation in Australian and South-African Populations of Emex australis Steinh." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 2 (1990): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900161.
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Isozyme variation was surveyed at 25 loci in 65 Australian (colonial) and 21 South African (native) populations of Emex australis. Only one polymorphism, restricted in distribution to the eastern States, was observed in Australia. Three additional polymorphisms were detected in South African populations, but most (16) South African populations were indistinguishable from the Australian ones. Thus, the relative uniformity of colonial populations of E. australis reflects the low level of isozyme variation in many populations within its native range.
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Jacob, Helen Spafford, and Rod Randall. "An evaluation of National and State policy and procedures for the prevention of the importation of weeds into Australian rangelands." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 1 (2006): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06006.
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Australia’s rangelands are under pressure from many sources, not the least of which is exotic plants often intentionally introduced as pasture or fodder crops. Before being intentionally introduced into Australia, a plant must pass a weed risk assessment administered by Biosecurity Australia. In addition, there are checks by Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service of shipments and international mail before it is allowed entry into Australia, restricting the unintentional and illegal introduction of plants. However, there are many ways in which plants can bypass these procedures and once inside Australia there is little to prevent these plants moving from state to state. Closing these gaps at the international borders and developing effective policies to deal with interstate movement of plants is essential to reduce the impacts of weeds on biodiversity, pastoral activities and other uses of Australian rangelands. This paper highlights these issues and provides recommendations to correct the problems.
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Lebel, Teresa, and Michael A. Castellano. "Australasian truffle-like fungi. IX. History and current trends in the study of the taxonomy of sequestrate macrofungi from Australia and New Zealand." Australian Systematic Botany 12, no. 6 (1999): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97039.
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Australian sequestrate macrofungi have not been studied extensively until recently, even though their presence in Australia was recognised over 120 years ago by Baron Ferdinand von Mueller in connection with mycophagy by marsupials. The early mycological history in Australia is linked to the first expeditions and collections of plant material by naturalists from 1790 to 1830. These collections were sent to, and described by, foreign mycologists such as the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner and E. M. Fries. M. C. Cooke's (1892) Handbook of Australian Fungi was the first attempt at compiling an Australian mycoflora. D. McAlpine and L. Rodway were the first resident collectors to expand on the information collated by Cooke. Later, G. H. Cunningham (1944) wrote The Gasteromycetes of New Zealand and Australia, bringing together the taxonomy of all known sequestrate macrofungi in the region. By 1895 approximately 2000 species of fungi had been recorded from Australia, 32 of them sequestrate. Recent intensive efforts in limited habitats have expanded our knowledge considerably, with more than 600 new species of sequestrate fungi recorded over the past 7 years. Many more remain to be discovered in Australia and New Zealand and knowledge of their biology and ecology needs to be developed.
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Hill, Robert S., Yelarney K. Beer, Kathryn E. Hill, Elizabeth Maciunas, Myall A. Tarran, and Carmine C. Wainman. "Evolution of the eucalypts – an interpretation from the macrofossil record." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16117.
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Eucalypts have influenced the fire ecology of the Australian landscape more than any other plant group. They are the iconic plant taxon in the Australian vegetation today, but their origin, early evolution and migration remain poorly understood, mostly because of a remarkably sparse and underworked fossil record. However, a recent major macrofossil find in southern South America, coupled with increasing sophistication of molecular phylogenetic and palynological research allow for a more comprehensive summary of the likely early history of this group of genera. It is likely that the origin was close to the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, somewhere in the Weddellian Biogeographic Province (which includes southern South America, western Antarctica and south-eastern Australia), in an area with high natural fire frequency. Evidence for the early record of eucalypts in Australia and their eventual spread across the continent, leading to their current dominance of the Australian plant biomass is growing and is consistent with a drying climate and increasing fire frequency following a very wet period during the Paleogene. The causes of the extinction of eucalypts from South America and probably New Zealand are considered, but remain obscure.
9
Grimes, James, and J. S. Beard. "Plant Life of Western Australia." Brittonia 43, no. 4 (October 1991): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807290.
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Carpenter, Raymond J., and Robert S. Hill. "Ginkgo Leaves from Paleogene Sediments in Tasmania." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 5 (1999): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt98018.
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A single nearly complete leaf and several fragments in Paleogene sediments from southern Tasmania confirm the Cenozoic presence of Ginkgo L. in Australia. The specimens, assigned to G. australis McCoy, add to our knowledge of probable deciduous forms in the southern Australian Paleogene, when winter darkness at the prevailing high latitudes made this strategy competitive.
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Borger, Catherine P. D., Guijun Yan, John K. Scott, Michael J. Walsh, and Stephen B. Powles. "Salsola tragus or S. australis (Chenopodiaceae) in Australia—untangling taxonomic confusion through molecular and cytological analyses." Australian Journal of Botany 56, no. 7 (2008): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08043.
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Salsola tragus sensu lato (Chenopodiaceae) is found throughout Western Australia and is considered to be a weed in both natural and agricultural ecosystems, although the current taxonomic status of this species is not clear. The taxonomic literature reports morphological variation within Australian populations of the weed, indicating that there may be genetically distinct ecotypes or unidentified subspecies present within the species. A genetic and cytological approach was used to detect variation between 22 populations of S. tragus sensu lato in the south-west of Western Australia. Out-groups used in this study included a population of S. tragus L. from the USA and Maireana brevifolia (R.Br.) Paul G.Wilson (Chenopodiaceae) from Lake Grace. Four genetically distinct groups were identified, which were not closely related to the S. tragus out-group (~60% similarity). Further, these groups and a S. australis R.Br. sample from the USA were all diploid (2n = 18), unlike the tetraploid (2n = 36) S. tragus. The predominant wheatbelt weed, group A, which was previously classified as S. tragus ssp. tragus L., was identified as S. australis. This species is probably native to Australia, given its arrival predated European invasion. Further research is required to clarify the taxonomic status of the other three possible taxa and determine their status in relation to S. australis.
12
Casanova, Michelle T., and Kenneth G. Karol. "Monoecious Nitella species (Characeae, Charophyta) from south-eastern mainland Australia, including Nitella paludigena sp. nov." Australian Systematic Botany 21, no. 3 (2008): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb07026.
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Identification of Australian species of Nitella is problematic. Several species of monoecious Nitella have been described from south-eastern mainland Australia, but identification of these based on current treatments has been difficult. In response to the discovery of a new monoecious Nitella from the swamps of the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, the monoecious species of Nitella from south-eastern mainland Australia were examined and compared. N. paludigena M.T.Casanova & K.G.Karol is distinguished from other monoecious species on the basis of its overall vegetative morphology and oospore morphology. N. paludigena is found in peaty tea-tree (Leptospermum sp) swamps on the Fleurieu Peninsula in South Australia, and in the south-west of Victoria. A description of the morphology and ecology of the five monoecious Nitella species from south-eastern mainland Australia is given, along with a key.
13
Bell, David T., Julie A. Plummer, and Susan K. Taylor. "Seed germination ecology in southwestern Western Australia." Botanical Review 59, no. 1 (January 1993): 24–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02856612.
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Janošík, Lukáš, Pamela S. Catcheside, David E. A. Catcheside, and Peter Döbbeler. "Octosporella australis sp. nov. and O. jungermanniarum agg. (Pezizales), two notable hepaticolous fungi from Australia." Nova Hedwigia 115, no. 1-2 (August 15, 2022): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2022/0699.
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Harvey, A. S., Wm J. Woelkerling, and A. J. K. Millar. "The genus Lithophyllum (Lithophylloideae, Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) in south-eastern Australia, with the description of L. riosmenae, sp. nov." Australian Systematic Botany 22, no. 4 (2009): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb08051.
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The genus Lithophyllum (Lithophylloideae, Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) is represented by six species in south-eastern Australia L. chamberlainianum Woelkerling & Campbell, L. corallinae (Crouan & Crouan) Heydrich, L. cuneatum Keats, L. pustulatum (Lamouroux) Foslie, L. riosmenae, sp. nov., and L. stictaeforme (Areschoug in Agardh) Hauck. Four of these taxa are commonly found in Australia, whereas L. cuneatum was previously known only from Fiji and L. riosmenae is newly described. Morphological and anatomical accounts are provided, including keys, information on distribution, nomenclature and habitat in south-eastern Australia. South-eastern Australian species are primarily delimited on characters relating to tetrasporangial conceptacles and the presence/absence of a semi-endophytic habit. Ten species of Lithophyllum are now confirmed to occur in Australia and their diagnostic characters are detailed. Confirmed Australian species of Lithophyllum are primarily delimited on characters relating to tetrasporangial conceptacles, the presence/absence of a semi-endophytic habit and the growth-form. Biogeographic comparisons between south-eastern Australia and other Australian biogeographic regions are also made. Eight species of Lithophyllum are known to occur in southern Australia, three in tropical eastern Australia and three in subtropical western Australia. Southern and south-eastern Australia show major overlap, with five species occurring in both regions. L. pustulatum and L. stictaeformae are widely distributed, having been confirmed to occur in eastern tropical, western subtropical, warm temperate and cold temperate waters within Australia.
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Wright, Boyd R., Donald C. Franklin, and Roderick J. Fensham. "The ecology, evolution and management of mast reproduction in Australian plants." Australian Journal of Botany 70, no. 8 (December 20, 2022): 509–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt22043.
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Australia is home to a diverse assemblage of plant species that display marked population-level variation in inter-annual flower or seed output (i.e. masting). These include a semelparous bamboo with an estimated inter-crop period of 40–50 years, numerous iteroparous masting gymnosperms, angiosperms that include landscape-dominant eucalypts, arid-zone wattles and spinifex (Triodia spp.) grasses, and a rich selection of species that display disturbance-related forms of masting such as pyrogenic flowering and environmental prediction. Despite the prevalence of masting in the Australian flora, there has been a paucity of research on these plants. Nevertheless, from the literature available, it appears that, similar to other parts of the world, a continuum of inter-year reproductive variability exists, with a small number of species displaying extreme–high inter-annual seeding variability. From experimental studies and many anecdotal reports, most of the fitness benefits associated with masting evident overseas also operate in Australia (e.g. predator satiation, improved pollination efficiency, and environmental prediction). Additionally, some Australian masting species offer periodically important food resources for Aboriginal nations in the form of seed or fruit. These include the bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii), members of the cycad genera Cycas and Macrozamia, spinifex (Triodia) grasses, and mulga shrubs (Acacia aneura). Key future research areas for effective conservation of Australian masting plants include (1) improved understanding of how management interventions such as burning and silvicultural thinning influence regeneration dynamics and higher-order trophic interactions, (2) further longitudinal monitoring across a range of habitats to identify other, as yet unknown, species that display reproductive intermittency, and (3) elucidation of how changes to temperature, precipitation and fire regimes under climate change will affect reproduction and regeneration dynamics of the Australian masting flora.
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Murray, B. R., C. R. Dickman, C. H. S. Watts, and S. R. Morton. "The dietary ecology of Australian rodents." Wildlife Research 26, no. 6 (1999): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97046_co.
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Very little systematic information has been collected on the diets of Australian rodents in arid and semiarid regions. The information that is available is restricted generally to short periods of sampling and small sample sizes. Here we review the diets of 15 extant and one extinct species of Australian desert rodents, and provide new results of dietary analyses for (1) Leggadina forresti, Pseudomys desertorand Rattus villosissimus from the Simpson Desert, south-western Queensland, (2) P. albocinereus and P. bolami from the western goldfields of Western Australia, and (3) Notomys alexis, P. desertor and P. hermannsburgensis from the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory. Overwhelmingly, omnivory is the predominant dietary strategy, with most species (11) taking substantial amounts of invertebrate, seed and green plant material. Of the other five species, four can be considered herbivores and one a granivore. Of the four herbivores, however, one is extinct (Leporillus apicalis), one is restricted to an offshore island (Lep. conditor), while another (P. fieldi) is classified as a herbivore from a diet sample of four individuals only. Similarly, P. occidentalis is classified as a granivore on the basis of dietary sampling of two individuals alone. These findings indicate that omnivory, over and above any other dietary strategy including granivory, is predominant among rodents inhabiting Australian deserts.
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Johnston, Peter R. "Rhytismatales of Australia: the genus Marthamyces." Australian Systematic Botany 19, no. 2 (2006): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb05010.
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Six species of Marthamyces are reported for Australia. Three of the species are described as new, the others had previously been reported from Australia as species in the genera Propolis and Naemacyclus. Most of the Australian species are host-specialised: M. emarginatus is known only from Eucalyptus, M. gilvus from Cyperaceae, M. hakeae from Hakea, and M. oritis from Orites. Marthamyces barbatus, common on Eucalyptus, is known also from a single collection on Richea. Marthamyces quadrifida, although known from only a few Australian collections, is a widespread tropical species and is likely to be common on a range of hosts in northern Australia. All species are described and illustrated, and a key to the Australian Marthamyces species is provided.
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Entwisle, Timothy J., and John Huisman. "Algal systematics in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 11, no. 2 (1998): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb97006.
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Documentation of the algal flora of Australia had its beginnings in the seventeenth century and has progressed sporadically but with increasing vigour ever since. Earlier studies dealing with Australian algae were undertaken by overseas phycologists working with specimens collected during scientific voyages or short visits. Recent floristic studies have concentrated on specific regions, isolated localities, or particular taxonomic or ecological groupings. The algal flora of Australia is unevenly documented: northern Australia remains largely uncollected for seaweeds and marine phytoplankton, freshwater algal sampling sites are eclectically scattered across Australia, and collecting of terrestrial algae has been almost completely neglected. At present, numbers and names of species reported from Australia can only be provisional, and an immense amount of floristic and revisionary work is needed before we can match our current knowledge of the vascular plant flora. Until recently, documentation of records was poor and voucher material seldom adequate. We recommend extensive collecting, thorough taxonomic revisions, and regular contribution to Floras and guidebooks. A critical corollary is the training and employment of systematic phycologists in Australian herbaria and universities. Only then can we follow the path that leads ‘beyond the Floras’.
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Paynter, Q., S. M. Csurhes, T. A. Heard, J. Ireson, M. H. Julien, J. Lloyd, W. M. Lonsdale, W. A. Palmer, A. W. Sheppard, and R. D. van Klinken. "Worth the risk? Introduction of legumes can cause more harm than good: an Australian perspective." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 1 (2003): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01025.
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Weeds are serious threats to Australia's primary production and biodiversity conservation. For example, a recent Australia Bureau of Statistics survey found that 47% of farmers across Australia have a significant weed problem. A literature review revealed that legumes represent a significant proportion of the national weed problem and most serious Australian legume weeds are exotic thicket-forming species that were deliberately introduced for their perceived beneficial properties, such as for shade and fodder, or even quite trivial reasons, such as garden ornamentals. The low economic value of the rangelands most of these species infest, compared with control costs, hinders chemical and mechanical control of these weeds, such that biological control, which takes time, is expensive to implement and has no guarantee of success, may represent the only economically viable alternative to abandoning vast tracts of land. We argue that, because the behaviour of an introduced species in a novel environment is so hard to forecast, better predictive techniques should be developed prior to further introductions of plant species into novel environments. We also discuss the potential of legumes currently being promoted in Australia to become weeds and suggest the recent trend of exporting Australian Acacia spp. to semiarid regions of Africa risks history repeating itself and the development of new weed problems that mirror those posed by Australian Acacia spp. in southern Africa.
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Williams, Jann, and Derek Eamus. "Plant Ecophysiology: Linking Pattern and Process—a Review." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 2 (1997): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97030.
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Introduction The Symposium ‘Plant Ecophysiology: Linking Pattern and Process’ was held as part of the 1995 meeting of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA). The aim of the Symposium was to highlight work that examined mechanisms underlying ecological patterns and linked them to ecological and/or evolutionary processes. Another aim was to expose ecologists to the methods available to examine the mechanistic and functional basis of the organisms and systems under study. Much early ecological research has been concerned with the description and classification of vegetation types, with relatively little effort devoted to understanding the underlying processes that determined distribution. A more quantitative approach based on knowledge of the underlying mechanisms can further improve understanding of systems. This was amply demonstrated in a Symposium on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on vegetation dynamics, also held in conjunction with an ESA meeting (see papers in Australian Journal of Botany, Volume 40(2)). Recent technological advances have stimulated rapid progress in the field of ecophysiology and hence an increasing process-based understanding is developing. The 1995 Symposium was seen as an opportunity to highlight more recent work in what is a relatively new field in Australia (albeit a well-established field in Europe and America), especially in situ studies and research from relatively little studied areas like northern Australia. The response to the Symposium was encouraging, with 25 spoken papers and poster-papers presented. In this paper, some of the unifying aspects of the papers presented in the symposium are drawn together, and placed in the context of likely future developments in ecophysiology in Australia. Based on this analysis, future directions and gaps are identified.
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Field, Ashley Raymond. "Classification and typification of Australian lycophytes and ferns based on Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification PPG I." Australian Systematic Botany 33, no. 1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb18011.
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The classification and typification of all Australian ferns and lycophytes is updated to reflect the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I classification and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, presenting 8 new nomenclatural combinations as well as 85 lectotypifications. The Australian fern and lycophyte flora comprises 2 classes, 14 orders, 32 families, 134 genera and 528 species and subspecies with the addition of 8 newly recorded and 6 newly recognised species since the publication of the Flora of Australia fern volume in 1998. Overall, 208 species are endemic to Australia, with Queensland having the highest species diversity and endemism by state or territory, and Lord Howe Island having the highest concentration of species and endemics per unit area. The Australian fern and lycophyte flora shows diverse links with Africa, Asia and Oceania, with the largest overlaps being shared with Asia and Oceania. More species are endemic to Australia+Oceania than to Australia+Asia. Contrasting with the classification presented in the Flora of Australia, no genera of ferns and lycophytes are now considered to be wholly endemic to Australia.
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Egidi, Eleonora, and Ashley E. Franks. "Incorporating fungal community ecology into invasion biology: challenges and opportunities." Microbiology Australia 39, no. 1 (2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma18015.
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Recently, the role of the plant-associated mycobiome (i.e. the fungal community) in influencing the competitive success of invasive plant species has received increasing attention. Fungi act as primary drivers of the plant invasion process due to their ability to form both beneficial and detrimental relationships with terrestrial plant species. Here we review the role of the plant mycobiome in promoting or inhibiting plant species invasion into foreign ecosystems. Moreover, the potential to exploit these relationships for invasive plant control and restoration of native communities is discussed. Incorporating fungal community ecology into invasion and restoration biology will aid in the management and control of invasive plant species in Australia.
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Kato, Masahiro, Yoko Kita, and Satoshi Koi. "Molecular phylogeny, taxonomy and biogeography of Malaccotristicha australis comb. nov. (syn. Tristicha australis) (Podostemaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 2 (2003): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb02020.
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The systematic relationship of Tristicha australis C.Cusset & G.Cusset in northern Australia was investigated by comparative morphology and molecular phylogeny. Both lines of evidence show that it is most closely related to Malaccotristicha malayana (J.Dransf. & Whitmore) C.Cusset & G.Cusset and distinct from Tristicha trifaria (Bory ex Willd.) Sprengel and consequently the nomenclatural combination of Malaccotristicha australis is made. It is suggested that M. australis rapidly gained its characteristic morphology that is distinct from Malaccotristicha and resembles Tristicha. Phylogeographically, Australian Podostemaceae with two species, M.�australis and Cladopus queenslandicus (Domin) C.D.K. Cook & Rutishauser, are probably derived, compared with the tropical Asian sisters. A key is provided to the species of Tristichoideae to distinguish M. australis and the other species.
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TAYLOR, GARY S., and DEBORAH S. KENT. "Potential economic pests of solanaceous crops: a new species of Solanum-feeding psyllid from Australia and first record from New Zealand of Acizzia solanicola (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)." Zootaxa 3613, no. 3 (February 11, 2013): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.3.4.
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Acizzia credoensis sp. n. is described from a single population on the native plant, Solanum lasiophyllum, from semi-arid Western Australia. The host range of Acizzia solanicola Kent & Taylor, initially recorded as damaging eggplant, S. mel-ongena, in commercial crops and gardens and on wild tobacco bush, S. mauritianum in eastern Australia, is expanded to include the following Solanaceae: rock nightshade, S. petrophilum, cape gooseberry, Physalis peruviana, and an undeter-mined species of angel’s trumpet Brugmansia and Datura. New Zealand specimens of A. solanicola collected in early 2012 from S. mauritianum are the first record for this species from outside Australia, and possibly represent a very recent incursion. The potential for the solanaceous-inhabiting Psyllidae to vector Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, an ec-onomically important plant pathogen, on native Australian Solanaceae is discussed. The occurrence of A. credoensis and A. solanicola on native Australian Solanum supports the Australian origin for the solanaceous-inhabiting Acizzia psyllids.
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Davis, Richard I., Lynne M. Jones, Bradley Pease, Sandy L. Perkins, Harshitsinh R. Vala, Pere Kokoa, Marilyn Apa, and Christopher J. Dale. "Plant Virus and Virus-like Disease Threats to Australia’s North Targeted by the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102175.
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The Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) is a biosecurity initiative operated by the Australian federal government’s Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE). It is unique worldwide because it deals specifically with the potential arrival via unregulated pathways of exotic threats from overseas in a vast and sparsely populated region. It aims to protect the nation’s animal- and plant-based production industries, as well as the environment, from incursions of organisms from countries that lie immediately to the north. These are diseases, pests, and weeds present in these countries that are currently either absent from, or under active containment in, Australia and may arrive by natural or human-assisted means. This review article focuses on the plant viruses and virus-like diseases that are most highly targeted by the NAQS program. It presents eight pathogen species/group entries in the NAQS A list of target pathogens, providing an overview of the historical and current situation, and collates some new data obtained from surveillance activities conducted in northern Australia and collaborative work overseas.
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Greenwood, DR. "Eocene monsoon forests in central Australia?" Australian Systematic Botany 9, no. 2 (1996): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9960095.
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The Australian Tertiary plant fossil record documents rainforests of a tropical to temperate character in south-eastern and south-western Australia for much of the Early Tertiary, and also shows the climatically mediated contraction of these rainforests in the mid to Late Tertiary. The fossil record of Australian monsoon forests, that is semi-evergreen to deciduous vine forests and woodlands of the wet-dry tropics, however, is poorly known. Phytogeographic analyses have suggested an immigrant origin for some floral elements of present day monsoon forests in northern Australia, while other elements appear to have a common history with the tropical rainforests sensu stricto and/or the sclerophyllous flora. Early Tertiary macrofloras in northern South Australia may provide some insight into the origins of Australian tropical monsoon forests. The Middle Eocene macrofloras of the Poole Creek palaeochannel, and the ?Eocene-Oligocene silcrete macrofloras of Stuart Creek, both in the vicinity of modern Lake Eyre South, have foliar physiognomic characteristics which distinguish them from both modern rainforest and Eocene-Oligocene floras from south-eastern Australia. Preliminary systematic work on these floras suggests the presence of: (1) elements not associated today with monsoon forests (principally 'rainforest' elements, e.g. Gymnostoma, cf. Lophostemon, cf. Athertonia, Podocarpaceae, ?Cunoniaceae); (2) elements typical of both monsoon forests and other tropical plant communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, cf. Syzygium, and Elaeocarpaceae); (3) elements likely to be reflecting sclerophyllous communities (e.g. cf. Eucalyptus, Banksieae and other Proteaceae); and (4) elements more typically associated with, but not restricted to, monsoon forests (e.g. Brachychiton). The foliar physiognomic and floristic evidence is interpreted as indicating a mosaic of gallery or riverine rainforests, and interfluve sclerophyllous plant communities near Lake Eyre in the Early Tertiary; deciduous forest components are not clearly indicated. Palaeoclimatic analysis of the Eocene Poole Creek floras suggests that rainfall was seasonal in the Lake Eyre area in the Eocene; however, whether this seasonality reflects a monsoonal airflow is not clear.
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Meudt, Heidi M., Michael J. Thorsen, and Jessica M. Prebble. "Taxonomic revision of the Myosotis australis group (Boraginaceae) native to Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea." Australian Systematic Botany 33, no. 6 (2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb20014.
Full textAbstract:
The three main aims of this study were to circumscribe the Myosotis australis R.Br. group, determine the taxonomic utility of pollen characters, and delimit species and revise their taxonomy using macro-morphological and palynological data. The M. australis group is here recircumscribed to comprise two species, M. saxatilis Petrie (Marlborough and Otago, New Zealand) and M. australis. Myosotis australis is a widespread, morphologically variable species with two subspecies. M. australis subsp. australis comprises all Australian and most New Zealand specimens, including M. mooreana Lehnebach, M. lytteltonensis (Laing & A.Wall) de Lange, and several white- or yellow-flowered tag-named taxa from New Zealand, whereas M. australis subsp. saruwagedica (Schltr. ex Brand) Meudt, Thorsen & Prebble, comb. et stat. nov. is endemic to New Guinea. The M. australis group can be distinguished from all other ebracteate-erect Myosotis plants sampled to date, including the Australian endemic, M. exarrhena F.Muell., by a suite of characters, i.e. included anthers, calyx with both retrorse and hooked trichomes, rosette leaf trichomes retrorse abaxially and oblique to the midrib adaxially, and leaf length:width ratio of >2:1. Other characters can distinguish the group from M. discolor Pers., M. arvensis (L.) Hill, and M. umbrosa Meudt, Prebble & Thorsen respectively. Pollen characters were not useful for species delimitation within the M. australis group, but they can help distinguish several species outside it, including natural hybrids of M. australis and M. exarrhena in Australia. Myosotis australis, M. saxatilis and M. exarrhena are included in the taxonomic treatment, whereas introduced species M. discolor and M. arvensis are included in the key only.
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Murray, B. R., C. R. Dickman, C. H. S. Watts, and S. R. Morton. "The dietary ecology of Australian desert rodents." Wildlife Research 26, no. 4 (1999): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97046.
Full textAbstract:
Very little systematic information has been collected on the diets of Australian rodents in arid and semiarid regions. The information that is available is restricted generally to short periods of sampling and small sample sizes. Here we review the diets of 15 extant and one extinct species of Australian desert rodents, and provide new results of dietary analyses for (1) Leggadina forresti, Pseudomys desertorand Rattus villosissimus from the Simpson Desert, south-western Queensland, (2) P. albocinereus and P. bolami from the western goldfields of Western Australia, and (3) Notomys alexis, P. desertor and P. hermannsburgensis from the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory. Overwhelmingly, omnivory is the predominant dietary strategy, with most species (11) taking substantial amounts of invertebrate, seed and green plant material. Of the other five species, four can be considered herbivores and one a granivore. Of the four herbivores, however, one is extinct (Leporillus apicalis), one is restricted to an offshore island (Lep. conditor), while another (P. fieldi) is classified as a herbivore from a diet sample of four individuals only. Similarly, P. occidentalis is classified as a granivore on the basis of dietary sampling of two individuals alone. These findings indicate that omnivory, over and above any other dietary strategy including granivory, is predominant among rodents inhabiting Australian deserts.
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Martin, Helene A. "The history of the family Onagraceae in Australia and its relevance to biogeography." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 5 (2003): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03033.
Full textAbstract:
The family Onagraceae is a relatively minor part of the Australian flora but it has a long history in Australia: a probable Ludwigia dates from the Eocene; Fuchsia, not native to Australia today, is present from early Oligocene times; and Epilobium is found only in the Pleistocene. Onagraceae first appears in the Late Cretaceous in northern South America and southern North America, where it is thought to have originated, and Ludwigia dates from the Palaeocene. It is thought that Ludwigia migrated into Australia via a northern route. Fuchsia in Australia predates its first appearance in New Zealand, suggesting that New Zealand Fuchsia may have been derived from the Australian Fuchsia.
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Renner, Matt A. M., Margaret M. Heslewood, Simon D. F. Patzak, Alfons Schäfer-Verwimp, and Jochen Heinrichs. "The genera Chiastocaulon, Cryptoplagiochila and Pedinophyllum (Plagiochilaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 29, no. 5 (2016): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb16029.
Full textAbstract:
Molecular and morphological data support the recognition of seven species of Chiastocaulon in Australia, of which four, namely C. braunianum and C. geminifolium comb. nov. from tropical north-eastern Queensland and C. proliferum and C. flamabilis sp. nov. from Tasmania (and New Zealand), represent new records. The other three species accepted for Australia are C. biserialis, C. dendroides and C. oppositum. Chiastocaulon conjugatum is excluded from the Australian flora, because previous Australian records are based on misidentifications of C. braunianum and Plagiochila retrospectans. Pedinophyllum monoicum, reported for Australia from a single locality in Victoria, is excluded from the Australian flora because all credible records are based on misidentifications of Syzygiella tasmanica. The Papua New Guinean Chiastocaulon takakii comb. nov. is reinstated from synonymy under C. dendroides on the basis of morphological evidence. Descriptions and illustrations of all Australian species, and dichotomous keys to species of the Chiastocaulon lineage in Australia and New Zealand, are provided.
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MOSYAKIN, SERGEI L. "Salsola strobilifera (Chenopodiaceae), a new combination for a remarkable Australian taxon." Phytotaxa 409, no. 5 (July 15, 2019): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.409.5.4.
Full textAbstract:
The new combination Salsola strobilifera is proposed for the morphologically remarkable Australian taxon originally described by Bentham as S. kali var. strobilifera (basionym). The latter name is lectotypified on a specimen from K (barcode K000899590) that was collected in New South Wales by Beckler during the Burke and Wills Victoria Exploring Expedition of 1860–1861, and was studied by Bentham for his Flora Australiensis. Earlier taxonomic treatments and other studies of “strobiliferous” native Australian plants (having short ovoid to almost globular strobile-like terminal inflorescences which are easily broken off at maturity) are briefly discussed and summarized. Judging from available morphological and partly molecular evidence, there are at least two “strobiliferous” morphotypes in Australia, one probably more closely related to S. australis sensu stricto and another more similar to S. sabrinae (= S. tragus subsp. grandiflora). It is concluded that Salsola sensu stricto is represented in Australia and adjacent islands by several (four or five, probably more) rather distinct native taxa that should be better recognized as separate species. On the basis of their morphological distinctiveness, these taxa are comparable to many other currently recognized Eurasian ones. The presence of Eurasian alien species also cannot be excluded. The need for a comprehensive study of Australian taxa of Salsola is emphasized.
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BRUMLEY, CAMERON. "A checklist and host catalogue of the aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) held in the Australian National Insect Collection." Zootaxa 4728, no. 4 (January 24, 2020): 575–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4728.4.12.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to provide a checklist for Australian collected aphids present in the Australian National Insect Collection. Host plants for each species are provided, alongside Australian State and territory distribution. Six species are documented for the first time in Australia: Aphis forbesi, Micromyzella filicis, Trichosiphonaphis polygoni, Wahlgreniella nervata, Reticulaphis distylii and Reticulaphis inflata. A total of 137 new host plant associations are documented, spread across 51 species of aphids. A list of the remaining species previously published as present in Australia is also included.
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Duke, NC. "An endemic mangrove species, Avicennia integra sp. nov. (Avicenniaceae), in northern Australia*." Australian Systematic Botany 1, no. 2 (1988): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9880177.
Full textAbstract:
This taxon was recognised in Australian mangrove assemblages as Avicennia oficinalis L., which is commonly found in Indo-Malesia and southern New Guinea. However, it is morphologically distinct, and the major distinguishing character of entire margins for calyx and bracts is unique in the genus. This species, described here as A. integra, occurs only in the Northern Territory of Australia. It therefore has the dual distinction for an Australian mangrove species of not only being endemic, but also being absent from the floristically rich tidal forests of north-eastern Queensland. Notes on its floral phenology, distribution and ecology are also given.* Aust. Inst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 417.
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Judd, S., J. E. M. Watson, and A. W. T. Watson. "Diversity of a semi-arid, intact Mediterranean ecosystem in southwest Australia." Web Ecology 8, no. 1 (July 2, 2008): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/we-8-84-2008.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The drier parts of the Mediterranean biome of southwest Australia contain the largest remaining Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands on Earth. Despite this, there has been no formal, comprehensive assessment of their biodiversity. The region abuts the southwest Australian floristic region which has received much scientific attention. The aim of this paper is to provide the first general overview of the biodiversity of part of this intact, yet relatively unknown, Mediterranean ecosystem. We do this by synthesizing data from State Government agencies and published research. We found that, like other parts of southwest Australia, the region has globally significant levels of plant species diversity. More than 2400 plant species, including 291 species considered threatened, have been recorded, representing one-sixth of all Australia’s vascular plant species. Eleven of Australia’s 23 major vegetation groups are represented even though the region covers less than 1% of continental Australia. We documented 170 vertebrate species, including 31 threatened species, with a particularly high richness of reptile species (n = 46). We highlight how little is known about this region. For example, 116 vertebrate species not recorded in the region probably occur there based on their habitat requirements and known distributions. An examination of plant and vertebrate diversity in the region, using a half degree latitude and longitude grid cells, showed a highly heterogeneous pattern of species richness and vulnerability, with a general decline in species richness from southwest to northeast. Conservation strategies that rely on capturing the highest levels of biodiversity in a series of protected areas are unlikely to guarantee protection for all species given these high levels of heterogeneity. Instead, a region-wide conservation plan should involve targeted ecological research, consideration of ecological processes and stakeholder consultation.
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Carpenter, RJ, and M. Pole. "Eocene plant fossils from the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages, Western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 8, no. 6 (1995): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9951107.
Full textAbstract:
Forty-two dispersed cuticle taxa are described from late Middle Eocene drill core samples in the Lefroy and Cowan paleodrainages (Kambalda–Norseman region), Western Australia. They are preserved in fluvial-marginal marine sediments of the Pidinga and Werillup Formations. Thirty-four distinct cuticle taxa occur in the richest sample including Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae (Agathis), Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus, Acmopyle, Dacrydium), Cunoniaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae, Casuarinaceae (Gymnostoma), Nothofagus subgenus Lophozonia and tribes Embothrieae, Macadamieae and Banksieae of the Proteaceae. The presence of at least 12 taxa of Proteaceae provides further support for palynological evidence of a rich proteaceous component in Eocene Western Australian assemblages.
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Comben, D. F., G. A. McCulloch, G. K. Brown, and G. H. Walter. "Phylogenetic placement and the timing of diversification in Australia’s endemic Vachellia (Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoid Clade, Fabaceae) species." Australian Systematic Botany 33, no. 1 (2020): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb19013.
Full textAbstract:
The genus Vachellia Wight & Arn. has a pantropical distribution, with species being distributed through Africa, the Americas, Asia and Australia. The relationships among the lineages from Africa and America are well understood, but the phylogenetic placement and evolutionary origins of the Australian species of Vachellia are not known. We, therefore, sequenced four plastid genes from representatives of each of the nine Australian species of Vachellia, and used Bayesian inference to assess the phylogenetic placement of these lineages, and a relaxed molecular clock to assess the timing of diversification. The Australian species of Vachellia form a well-supported monophyletic clade, with molecular-dating analysis suggesting a single dispersal into Australia 6.5 million years ago (95% range 13.9–2.7 million years ago). Diversification of the Australian clade commenced more recently, c. 3.1 million years ago (95% range 9.2–1.2 million years ago), perhaps driven by the increased aridification of Australia at this time. The closest relatives to the Australian Vachellia were not from the Malesian bioregion, suggesting either a long-distance dispersal from Africa, or two separate migrations through Asia. These results not only improve our understanding of the biogeography of Vachellia species, but also have significant implications for the biological control of invasive Vachellia species in Australia.
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Burgman, MA. "Cladistics, Phenetics and Biogeography of Populations of Boronia inornata Turcz. (Rutaceae) and the Eucalyptus diptera Andrews (Myrtaceae) Species Complex in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850419.
Full textAbstract:
Numerical cladistic and phenetic analyses were undertaken on morphometric data from 22 Western Australian populations of the southern Australian shrub Boronia inornata and from the southern Western Australian tree Eucalyptus diptera and its unnamed allies. The E. diptera species complex includes four taxa, three of which are at present unnamed. These species are largely allopatric, although in one location the ranges of two species overlap. Two subspecies of Boronia inornata are described and one of them, subsp. leptophylla, contains three informal variants. Subsp. inornata and two of the variants of subsp. leptophylla are restricted to Western Australia. One variant of subsp. leptophylla is sympatric with subsp. inornata in Western Australia and also occurs in southern South Australia. The events which gave rise to the four species of the E. diptera complex and to the subspecies and variants of B. inornata occurred within the semiarid mallee zone of Western Australia, probably during the Quaternary. Speciation has occurred in a replacement pattern across the southern transitional rainfall zone, which is reflected in at least one other, unrelated taxon.
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Vellinga, Else C. "Chlorophyllum and Macrolepiota (Agaricaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 16, no. 3 (2003): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb02013.
Full textAbstract:
A checklist of and a key to seven species of Chlorophyllum Massee and Macrolepiota Singer in Australia are given. Two species are described as new: C. nothorachodes Vellinga & Lepp from Australian Capital Territory and M. eucharis Vellinga & Halling from Queensland. Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) Vellinga is adopted as name for Leucoagaricus fimetarius (Cooke & Massee → Sacc.) Aberdeen. Chlorophyllum brunneum (Farl. & Burt) Vellinga is the correct name for the species often referred to as M. rachodes in Australia. Macrolepiota clelandii Grgur. is variable in colour and especially in the number of spores per basidium and the shape of the cheilocystidia and encompasses all Australian collections under the names M. konradii, M. gracilenta, M. mastoidea and M. procera.
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Hill, Robert S., and Gregory J. Jordan. "Deep history of wildfire in Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (2016): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt16169.
Full textAbstract:
Australian plant species vary markedly in their fire responses, and the evolutionary histories of the diverse range of traits that lead to fire tolerance and fire dependence almost certainly involves both exaptation and traits that evolved directly in response to fire. The hypothesis that very long-term nutrient poverty in Australian soils led to intense fires explains many of the unusual responses to fire by Australian species, as does near global distribution of evidence for fire during the Cretaceous, possibly driven by high atmospheric oxygen concentration. Recent descriptions of leaf fragments from a Late Cretaceous locality in central Australia have provided the first fossil evidence for ancient and possibly ancestral fire ecology in modern fire-dependent Australian clades, as suggested by some phylogenetic studies. The drying of the Australian climate in the Neogene allowed the rise to dominance of taxa that had their origin in the Late Cretaceous, but had not been prominent in the rainforest-dominated Paleogene. The Neogene climatic evolution meant that fire became an important feature of that environment and fire frequency and intensity began to grow to high levels, and many fire adaptations evolved. However, many plant species were already in place to take advantage of this new fire regime, and even though the original drivers for fire may have changed (possibly from high atmospheric oxygen concentrations, to long, hot, dry periods at different times in different parts of the continent), the adaptations that these species had for fire tolerance meant they could become prominent over much of the Australian continent by the time human colonisation began.
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Conn, BJ, and EA Broen. "Notes on Strychnos L. (Loganiaceae) in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 6, no. 4 (1993): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9930309.
Full textAbstract:
Four species of Strychnos are recognised for Australia (S. arboren, S. lucida, S. minor and S. psilosperma). The South-east Asian species, Strychnos axillaris is excluded from Australia, being regarded as extending no further south than New Guinea. A key to the Australian species, together with descriptions, distributional, habitat. and other notes are provided.
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Whattam, Mark, Adrian Dinsdale, and Candace E. Elliott. "Evolution of Plant Virus Diagnostics Used in Australian Post Entry Quarantine." Plants 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071430.
Full textAbstract:
As part of a special edition for MDPI on plant virology in Australia, this review provides a brief high-level overview on the evolution of diagnostic techniques used in Australian government Post-Entry Quarantine (PEQ) facilities for testing imported plants for viruses. A comprehensive range of traditional and modern diagnostic approaches have historically been employed in PEQ facilities using bioassays, serological, and molecular techniques. Whilst these techniques have been effective, they are time consuming, resource intensive and expensive. The review highlights the importance of ensuring the best available science and diagnostic developments are constantly tested, evaluated, and implemented by regulators to ensure primary producers have rapid and safe access to new genetics to remain productive, sustainable and competitive.
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Bean, Anthony R. "A new system for determining which plant species are indigenous in Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 20, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb06030.
Full textAbstract:
An examination of Floras and related literature from various countries of the world has revealed a wide range of interpretations and concepts for indigenous plants. Nevertheless, an indigenous plant species has been universally defined as one that was not deliberately or accidentally introduced by man. An important recent addendum to the ‘indigenous’ definition is that it must disperse from an area where it is considered native. Particularly problematic are the so-called ‘pantropical’ or ‘cosmopolitan’ plants. These species are usually invasive and abundant, but most could not have crossed major barriers without the assistance of humans, and hence should be regarded as non-native species throughout much of their range. The accurate assessment of the alien or indigenous status of these and other taxa has been hampered by a lack of knowledge about their geographic origins and dispersal ability. Australian botanists have frequently adhered to a concept of indigenous plants being any that were thought to be present before European settlement in their region of interest – 1788 for the Sydney area, and as late as the 1850s for northern Australia. This definition is unrealistic and unworkable, especially when considering the ‘pantropical’ species. The transport of plants by maritime traders and explorers into the Indonesian and west Pacific areas has occurred for at least the past 3000 years. European colonisation in those areas from the 16th century accelerated plant introductions. Some of those plant species undoubtedly made their way to Australia before European settlement. This paper presents explicit definitions for indigenous (native) or alien (exotic, introduced, non-indigenous) plant species in Australia. A system of assessment using a combination of ecological, phytogeographical and historical criteria (the EPH system) allows the determination of ‘origin status’ for individual species. As a case study, data are presented for 40 plant species of disputed origin status. These species are assessed against the criteria, and a recommended origin status given for Australian occurrences.
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García, Adriana. "Charophyte Flora of South-eastern South Australia and South-western Victoria, Australia: Systematics, Distribution and Ecology." Australian Journal of Botany 47, no. 3 (1999): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97084.
Full textAbstract:
The charophytes (Charales, Charophyta) from south-eastern South Australia and south-western Victoria were studied on the basis of collections from 56 waterbodies, 39 of which included charophytes. Chara globularis var. globularis (Thuillier) Wood, C. globularis var. virgata (KÜtzing) Wood, C. fibrosa var. fibrosa (Agardh ex Bruzelius) Wood, C. fibrosa var. acanthopitys (Braun) Wood, C. hookeri Braun, C. preissii (Braun) Wood, Lamprothamnium macropogon (Braun) Ophel, Nitella ignescens García, N. ungula García, N. lhotzkyi (Braun) Braun, N. aff. lhotzkyi, and N. congesta (Brown) Braun were recognised. An identification key for these species makes determination possible. A brief characterisation of the environment where the charophytes were found is provided, as a first approximation of the ecological requirements of Australian charophytes. At this stage their distribution can be mainly related to salinity, with charophytes living in fresh to hypersaline conditions (0.0–58.0 g L–1). Special attention is put on L. macropogon, a euryhaline calcifying species, which has the broadest distribution in the area. The floristic analysis shows endemism, dioecism and a high diversification of non-calcifying taxa as the main characteristics of the charophyte flora analysed.
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McAlpine, David K. "Review of the Australian stilt flies (Diptera : Micropezidae) with a phylogenetic analysis of the family." Invertebrate Systematics 12, no. 1 (1998): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it96018.
Full textAbstract:
The Australian taxa of Micropezidae (listed at end of paper) are keyed and described. Crus, Scela, Veru and Seva are new subgenera of Metopochetus Enderlein. In all, 21 new species are described in the genera Metopochetus, CothornobataCzerny, CrepidochetusEnderlein and Mimegralla Rondani. Cothornobata inermis (Malloch) is a new combination (from Grammicomyia). Lectotypes are designated for Calobata compressa Walker (now in Metopochetus), Calobata bivittata Macquart (now in Metopochetus),Mimegralla contingens australicaHennig (now M. australica), Calobata contraria Walker [synonym ofMimegralla sepsoides (Walker)]. Records of the following from Australia are found to be erroneous: Calobata albimana Macquart [synonym ofTaeniaptera trivittata (Macquart)],Mimegralla abana (Walker), Calobata brevicellulata Macquart (now in Mimegralla), Calobata coeruleifrons Macquart (now in Mimegralla) and Metopochetus tipuloides (Walker). The erroneous record of Cothornobata viriata (Enderlein) from Papua New Guinea is corrected. Distributions of species are recorded by means of grid references to a key map. Information on ecology and habits of Australian micropezids is summarised. The populations of two flightless species are vulnerable, because each is apparently dependent on an ecologically vulnerable host-plant species (families Brassicaceae and Cephalotaceae). A phylogeny of the recognised subfamilies and tribes of Micropezidae is given. Literature on fossil micropezids is reviewed.
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Byrne, Margaret, and Daniel J. Murphy. "The origins and evolutionary history of xerophytic vegetation in Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (2020): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20022.
Full textAbstract:
The xeromorphic vegetation is a significant component of the Australian flora and phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of xeromorphic plants provides a basis for understanding the origins and evolutionary history of the Australian vegetation. Here we expand on previous reviews of the origins and maintenance of the Australian flora with an emphasis on the xeromorphic component. Phylogenetic evidence supports fossil evidence for evolution of sclerophyll and xeromorphic vegetation from the Eocene with lineages becoming more common in the Oligocene and Miocene, a time of major change in climate and vegetation in Australia. Phylogenetic evidence supports the mesic biome as ancestral to the arid zone biome in Australia in phylogenies of key groups. The diversification and radiation of Australian species shows single origins of xeromorphic group mainly at deeper levels in phylogenies as well as multiple origins of arid occurring species at shallower levels. Divergence across the Nullarbor is also evident and speciation rates in south-western Australia were higher than in the south-east in several plant families. Estimates of timing of diversification generally show either constant rates of diversification or increased diversification from the mid to late Miocene. Phylogeographic studies consistently demonstrate high localised genetic diversity and geographic structure in xeromorphic species occupying both mesic and arid biomes.
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Cairns, Andi, David Meagher, Rodney Seppelt, and Andrew Franks. "The moss family Octoblepharaceae A.Eddy ex M.Menzel in Australia." Telopea 23 (2020): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea14820.
Full textAbstract:
This is the first treatment of the family Octoblepharaceae for Australia. The only known Australian species, Octoblepharum albidum Hedw., is described and illustrated, and a map of its known and potential distribution in Australia is included. Octoblepharum exiguum Müll.Hal. is here treated as a new synonym of O. albidum.
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Grice, A. C., and T. G. Martin. "Guest Editorial: Rangelands, weeds and biodiversity." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 1 (2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06000.
Full textAbstract:
Australian rangelands are important for the diverse assemblages of native plants and animals that they support as well as for the wide variety of products and services that they provide. These assemblages are of national and international, cultural, social, ecological and economic significance. Woinarski (2001) identified several processes that are threatening the biodiversity of Australian rangelands, including grazing pressure, the proliferation of artificial watering points, vegetation clearing, predation by introduced animals and inappropriate fire regimes. His review also highlighted the importance of invasion by non-native plant species, a threatening process for ecosystems in other parts of Australia and around the world. Biological invasions pose a major risk for individual native species, communities and the ecological processes upon which they depend. The papers in this Special Issue of The Rangeland Journal consider non-native plant species in relation to the threats that they pose to the biodiversity of Australian rangelands and how those threats may be managed.
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Pole, M. "Keeping in Touch: Vegetation Prehistory on Both Sides of the Tasman." Australian Systematic Botany 6, no. 5 (1993): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9930387.
Full textAbstract:
At the end of the Cretaceous New Zealand broke away from the Australian-Antarctic continental mass and was physically isolated by the Tasman Sea. Early in the Tertiary New Zealand moved a long way north relative to Australia, but with the rapid northward movement of Australia, starting in the Eocene, Australia overtook New Zealand, so that much of the South Island of New Zealand now lies south of Tasmania. The northward and relative movements of the two blocks provide an interesting framework for comparing the development of their vegetation. In the Late Cretaceous, New Zealand and Australia were physically attached and shared a flora dominated by podocarp and araucarian conifers and deciduous angiosperms, consistent with growth in a polar latitude with periods of winter darkness. When New Zealand broke away and moved north, a typically evergreen angiosperm-dominated flora developed. This showed similarities to the extant and fossil flora of the Australian mainland. To the south, Tasmania developed a quite distinct flora often dominated by conifers. In the Early-mid Miocene, when New Zealand lay at the same latitude as south eastern Australia, a change from Nothofagus dominated rainforest to, at times, drier vegetation including wet sclerophyll with Eucalyptus, occurred in both regions. This may record the roughly synchronous effects of more northerly tracking Sub Tropical High Pressure systems. In the Late Miocene-Pliocene there was a return to Nothofagus-podocarp dominance in both Australia and New Zealand. Today, the conifer-dominated communities of Tasmania have largely retreated to montane regions where they form dwarf shrublands, and have disappeared from the Australian mainland. In New Zealand the situation has quite reversed from that of much of the Tertiary, and conifers now form a prominent part of many rainforest communities. The evidence suggests Australia and New Zealand can be thought of as a single biogeographic entity, with the vegetation in both landmasses responding principally to climate change, with relatively free exchange, at least in one direction, of plants, rather than evolving in isolation since Late Cretaceous oceanic rifting.
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MOEZEL, PAUL G., and DAVID T. BELL. "Plant species richness in the mallee region of Western Australia." Austral Ecology 14, no. 2 (June 1989): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1989.tb01429.x.
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