Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology"

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Bhati, Kaushal Kumar, Valdeko Kruusvee, Daniel Straub, Anil Kumar Nalini Chandran, Ki-Hong Jung, and Stephan Wenkel. "Global Analysis of Cereal microProteins Suggests Diverse Roles in Crop Development and Environmental Adaptation." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 10 (August 6, 2020): 3709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.400794.

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MicroProteins are a class of small single-domain proteins that post-translationally regulate larger multidomain proteins from which they evolved or which they relate to. They disrupt the normal function of their targets by forming microProtein-target heterodimers through compatible protein-protein interaction (PPI) domains. Recent studies confirm the significance of microProteins in the fine-tuning of plant developmental processes such as shoot apical meristem maintenance and flowering time regulation. While there are a number of well-characterized microProteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, studies from more complex plant genomes are still missing. We have previously developed miPFinder, a software for identifying microProteins from annotated genomes. Here we present an improved version where we have updated the algorithm to increase its accuracy and speed, and used it to analyze five cereal crop genomes – wheat, rice, barley, maize and sorghum. We found 20,064 potential microProteins from a total of 258,029 proteins in these five organisms, of which approximately 2000 are high-confidence, i.e., likely to function as actual microProteins. Gene ontology analysis of these 2000 microProtein candidates revealed their roles in stress, light and growth responses, hormone signaling and transcriptional regulation. Using a recently developed rice gene co-expression database, we analyzed 347 potential rice microProteins that are also conserved in other cereal crops and found over 50 of these rice microProteins to be co-regulated with their identified interaction partners. Overall, our study reveals a rich source of biotechnologically interesting small proteins that regulate fundamental plant processes such a growth and stress response that could be utilized in crop bioengineering.
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Aviña-Padilla, Katia, Octavio Zambada-Moreno, Gabriel Emilio Herrera-Oropeza, Marco A. Jimenez-Limas, Peter Abrahamian, Rosemarie W. Hammond, and Maribel Hernández-Rosales. "Insights into the Transcriptional Reprogramming in Tomato Response to PSTVd Variants Using Network Approaches." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 5983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115983.

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Viroids are the smallest pathogens of angiosperms, consisting of non-coding RNAs that cause severe diseases in agronomic crops. Symptoms associated with viroid infection are linked to developmental alterations due to genetic regulation. To understand the global mechanisms of host viroid response, we implemented network approaches to identify master transcription regulators and their differentially expressed targets in tomato infected with mild and severe variants of PSTVd. Our approach integrates root and leaf transcriptomic data, gene regulatory network analysis, and identification of affected biological processes. Our results reveal that specific bHLH, MYB, and ERF transcription factors regulate genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying critical signaling pathways. Functional enrichment of regulons shows that bHLH-MTRs are linked to metabolism and plant defense, while MYB-MTRs are involved in signaling and hormone-related processes. Strikingly, a member of the bHLH-TF family has a specific potential role as a microprotein involved in the post-translational regulation of hormone signaling events. We found that ERF-MTRs are characteristic of severe symptoms, while ZNF-TF, tf3a-TF, BZIP-TFs, and NAC-TF act as unique MTRs. Altogether, our results lay a foundation for further research on the PSTVd and host genome interaction, providing evidence for identifying potential key genes that influence symptom development in tomato plants.
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Bhati, Kaushal Kumar, Ulla Dolde, and Stephan Wenkel. "MicroProteins: Expanding functions and novel modes of regulation." Molecular Plant 14, no. 5 (May 2021): 705–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2021.01.006.

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Wu, Qingqing, Shangwei Zhong, and Hui Shi. "MicroProteins: Dynamic and accurate regulation of protein activity." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 64, no. 4 (February 28, 2022): 812–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13229.

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Eguen, Tenai, Jorge Gomez Ariza, Vittoria Brambilla, Bin Sun, Kaushal Kumar Bhati, Fabio Fornara, and Stephan Wenkel. "Control of flowering in rice through synthetic microProteins." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 62, no. 6 (October 16, 2019): 730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jipb.12865.

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Scheres, B. "Rooting plant development." Development 140, no. 5 (February 12, 2013): 939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.093559.

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Clark, Steven. "Plant Development." Cell 114, no. 1 (July 2003): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00516-6.

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Wu, Gang. "Plant MicroRNAs and Development." Journal of Genetics and Genomics 40, no. 5 (May 2013): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2013.04.002.

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Hanke, David E. "Plant growth and development: A molecular approach." Trends in Cell Biology 4, no. 11 (November 1994): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8924(94)90056-6.

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Leyser, Ottoline. "Plant development: a Special Issue." Development 143, no. 18 (September 13, 2016): 3223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.143594.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology"

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van, Zyl Albertha R. "Development of plant-produced Bluetongue virus vaccines." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28248.

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Bluetongue is a disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). It has caused several serious outbreaks, the most recent occurring in Northern Europe in 2006 during which high mortality rates of livestock were reported. The only vaccines currently approved and commercially available for use are live-attenuated or inactivated virus strains and although these are effective, there is the risk of reversion in the case of live-attenuated strains to more virulent forms by recombination. Another drawback associated with the use of live-attenuated virus vaccines is that they are not DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) compliant, this means that naturally infected animals cannot be distinguished from vaccinated animals. Recombinantly produced vaccines would be preferable to minimize the risks associated with live-attenuated virus vaccines and also enable the development of candidate vaccines that are DIVA-compliant. A number of recombinant vaccine candidates have been developed against BTV, with the most promising vaccine consisting of BTV virus-like particles (VLPs). BTV VLPs were successfully produced in insect cells by the co-expression of the four BTV capsid proteins (VP2, VP3, VP5 and VP7). Sheep vaccinated with insect cell-produced BTV VLPs were shown to be protected against challenge with wild type virus. However, the high costs associated with the production and scale-up of BTV VLPs in insect cells has possibly limited their widespread application. Plants – such as N. benthamiana – provides a safe, efficient and cost effective system for the production of recombinant proteins. In this study the best plant expression vector with which to co-express the four BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) VPs – which direct formation of BTV-8 VLPs – was identified. Expression and purification of the BTV-8 VLPs was optimised with the aim of producing a VLP-based vaccine for BTV-8. It was further undertaken to develop two novel second generation plant-produced protein body (PB) vaccines that are DIVA compliant. Mice were immunised with the plantproduced VLP and PB vaccines in order to analyse their ability to elicit humoral immune responses.
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Dennis, Susan Jennifer. "Development of plant-produced African horse sickness vaccines." Thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33687.

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African horse sickness is a devastating disease that causes great suffering and many fatalities amongst horses in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by nine different serotypes of the orbivirus African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and it is spread by Culicoid midges. The disease has significant economic consequences for the equine industry both in southern Africa and increasingly further afield as the geographic distribution of the midge vector broadens with global warming and climate change. Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) have been used with relative success for many decades, but carry the risk of reversion to virulence and/or genetic re-assortment between outbreak and vaccine strains. Furthermore, the vaccines lack DIVA capacity, the ability to distinguish between vaccine-induced immunity and that induced by natural infection. These concerns have motivated interest in the development of new, more favourable recombinant vaccines, initially focusing on the use of insect and mammalian cell expression systems. More recently, several studies have demonstrated the potential for using plant expression systems for the production of virus-like particles (VLPs), which are excellent vaccine candidates, as they do not contain virus genetic material and are DIVA compliant. A vaccine alternative to the currently used live vaccine necessarily needs to provide protection against all nine serotypes of the virus. Cross-protection has been shown to exist between certain serotypes of the virus and as capsid protein VP2 is the protein responsible for AHSV serotype specificity, the idea of a plant-produced VLP vaccine containing a representative VP2 protein from each of the different serotype groups, was conceived. Such a vaccine would potentially provideprotection against all 9 serotypes of the virus and would have DIVA capability. Furthermore, it would address local concerns regarding the use of a live vaccine and would serve as a potentially acceptable prophylactic or rapid response antidote in the wider international context. This work describes two approaches in the development of VLP vaccines in plants. In the first part of this study, the ability of 2 different serotypes of plant-produced AHSV VLPs to safely stimulate an immune response in horses, was investigated. Co-infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana plants with Agrobacterium constructs encoding the four AHSV serotype 5 structural proteins VP2, VP3, VP5 and VP7, was shown to result in assembly of complete VLPs. Furthermore, co-infiltration with the constructs, encoding VP3 and VP7, together with constructs encoding the two outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 of a second serotype, AHSV 4, resulted in assembly of complete AHSV 4 VLPs. Horses vaccinated with plant-produced AHSV 4 and 5 VLPs, all seroconverted after two doses of the vaccine and the virus neutralization titres indicated that the plant-produced VLP vaccines are likely to be at least as effective as the current LAV in protecting against AHSV 4 or AHSV 5. However, they have the added advantage of being free from any of the associated risks of a live vaccine, such as reversion to virulence or genetic re-assortment with field or vaccine strains. In the second part of the study, the use of the so-called SpyTag/SpyCatcher or bacterial “superglue” technology was investigated. This technology is based on the peptide SpyTag irreversibly coupling to the SpyCatcher protein, forming an isopeptide bond when the two are mixed together. The plant-based expression system was used to produce Spy VLPs consisting of either Acinetobacter phage (AP205) VLPs or tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) VLPs displaying a SpyTag or SpyCatcher peptide. In addition, AHSV 5 VP2 displaying SpyTag was expressed in plants and several coupling strategies were tested to determine whether AP205 particles displaying AHSV 5 VP2 could be formed as a result of binding between the SpyTag/SpyCatcher moieties of the recombinant proteins. Although it was not proven that coupling occurred, this research will pave the way towards developing a multivalent vaccine platform whereby VP2 of different AHSV serotypes can be displayed on the Spy VLP surface to allow optimal presentation of these proteins to the animal's immune system. Together, the results obtained in this study show that there is great potential for the production of novel, diverse, efficacious and economically viable AHSV VLP vaccines in plants.
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Cao, Jingyi. "CELL TYPE-SPECIFIC ALTERNATIVE POLYADENYLATION IN ARABIDOPSIS DURING DEVELOPMENT AND STRESS RESPONSE." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1492702815819455.

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Hable, Whitney Elizabeth 1967. "Expression and regulation of phytoene desaturase during maize seed development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282172.

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An essential component of development is the accumulation of specific metabolites in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. The growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA), which accumulates at a specific time during seed development, is required for seed maturation and prevents the premature developmental switch from dormancy to germination ABA accumulates differently in two tissues of the seed; levels in the embryo are several-fold higher than in the endosperm and the temporal accumulation of ABA is also different between these tissues. To begin to understand how ABA accumulation is regulated during seed development, the regulation of ABA biosynthesis was investigated. The approach taken was to examine the expression of the biosynthetic enzyme, phytoene desaturase (PDS), which catalyzes a regulated step in ABA synthesis in several other organisms (Bramley, 1985, Sandmann et al., 1989, Hugueney et al., 1992 and Giuliano et al., 1993). Unlike ABA accumulation, PDS transcript and protein levels were higher in the endosperm than in the embryo. The spatial difference in PDS levels did correlate with levels of the pathway intermediate, beta-carotene, suggesting that PDS may control the synthesis of ABA precursors while subsequent enzymes may regulate ABA accumulation. The temporal expression of Pds was also unrelated to ABA accumulation. In the endosperm, transcript levels were initially high and declined during desiccation while protein levels remained high throughout development. In the embryo, transcript levels were low and constant while protein levels declined. There are several maize mutants (viviparous mutants) disrupted in ABA biosynthesis, resulting in decreased levels of ABA and premature germination. Analysis of the Pds allele and transcript in the viviparous-5 mutant showed that the gene contains multiple insertions and deletions, giving rise to a larger transcript. In addition, the 55 kDa PDS protein was not detected in the vp5 mutant by immunoblot analysis, indicating that the vp5 phenotype results from a mutation at the PDS locus. To determine whether the wild type protein encoded by the ABA mutant, vp2, or the pathway intermediate, lycopene, regulate PDS, transcript and protein levels were compared in wild type and mutant (vp2 and vp7, respectively) seeds. The levels of PDS were not significantly different in vp2 or vp7 wild type and mutant seeds, suggesting that neither the VP2 protein nor lycopene regulate PDS at the steady-state transcript or protein level.
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Murphy, Phillip James. "Plant-fungal interactions during vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza development : a molecular approach." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm9778.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 153-185. Vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza formation is a complex process which is under the genetic control of both plant and fungus. This project aims to develop a model infection system in Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) suitable for molecular analysis; to identify host plant genes differentially expressed during the early stages of the infection process; and to screen a mutant barley population for phenotypes which form abnormal mycorrhizas.
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Douglas, Stephanie. "The development of molecular markers for use across all plant species using expressed sequence tags." FIU Digital Commons, 2006. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3234.

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There are over a half a million plant species on earth, and we use them in virtually every aspect of our lives. Little or no genomic information exists about the vast majority of these plants. This study investigated the use of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) to locate highly conserved sequences from which to design a set of universal molecular markers for all plant species. Plant species for this study were chosen to representative of the plant kingdom. This was done by sampling several individuals of at least one species from all of the major terrestrial plant groups. Conserved sequences are generally found in a wide range of plants species and often in all plant species. A set of eight degenerate primers was designed specifically to detect Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) using capillary array electrophoresis-single stranded conformational polymorphism (CAE-SSCP). The results of this research confirmed that homologous regions of the genome could be used to design universal molecular markers for all plant species.
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Paddock, Troy N. "Genetic manipulation of NADPH: Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase content in Arabidopsis reveals essential roles in prolamellar body formation and plant development." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1211899658.

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Wehmeyer, Nadja. "Arabidopsis class I small heat shock proteins: Regulation and functional analysis during seed development." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284011.

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The goal of this dissertation was to analyze the regulation and function of cytoplasmic class I small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) during seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Results show that two class I sHSPs accumulate in late seed maturation, persist in the dry seed and decline rapidly during germination. HSP17.4 accounts for 90% of total class I sHSP in the dry seed. The temporal pattern of sHSP accumulation during seed development suggests that HSP17.4 may help establish seed properties that are acquired during late seed maturation, such as dormancy or desiccation tolerance. Several mutants with reduced seed dormancy were determined to accumulate wild type levels of HSP17.4, however, all desiccation intolerant seeds analyzed had decreased levels of HSP17.4. Thus, HSP17.4 reduction correlates with desiccation intolerance. In total, these data suggest that HSP17.4 is not sufficient for seed dormancy and that it may be necessary for desiccation tolerance. The localization and regulation of HSP17.4 were examined in developing Arabidopsis seeds by transforming plants with hsp17.4 promoter fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene. HSP17.4::GUS expression was detected in the cotyledons early in seed development and eventually throughout the embryo. Arabidopsis embryos showed a much different pattern of HSP17.4::GUS expression in response to heat indicating distinct mechanisms regulate sHSP transcription during heat shock and during development. To analyze seed specific transcriptional activator regulation of HSP17.4 transcription, HSP17.4::GUS transgenic plants were crossed to seed transcriptional activator mutants. Results showed aberrant localization of HSP17.4::GUS in fus3-3 and lec1-2 seeds and negligible levels in abi3-6. These results strongly implicate AB13 in the transcriptional regulation of HSP17.4. To analyze more specifically HSP17.4 function, transgenic antisense technology was used to suppress hsp17.4 expression to 30--50% of wild type. These lines exhibited a reduced dormancy phenotype as assayed by reduced sensitivity to germination on ABA and by the ability of fresh seed to germinate. These data provide insight into the localization, regulation and function of HSP17.4 during seed maturation. The seed-specific transcriptional activator ABI3 is implicated in controlling hsp17.4 expression during development. Overall, these results demonstrate the importance of HSP17.4 during seed maturation, and establish a role for sHSPs in dormancy.
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Xu, Limin. "Development of molecular approaches in the study of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) population biology." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49561/.

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Downy mildew of lettuce caused by Bremia lactucae is a serious disease resulting in yield loss. The population structure of the pathogen in the UK is poorly understood. This PhD project concentrated on developing molecular markers to differentiate the genotypic variation of B. lactucae populations, with the aim of improving methods to investigate lettuce - Bremia interactions. Thirty-seven B. lactucae isolates (including single-spore and new field isolates) were collected and characterized for virulence using the conventional International Bremia Evaluation Board (IBEB) differential set. Microsatellite markers (SSR, ISSR) were investigated for Bremia race specific marker development. Three isolates of B. lactucae were characterized by ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) primers, although the polymorphic DNA could not be cloned in this project due to the highly variable results of the ISSR process. Some microsatellite repeats were found in B. lactucae isolates sequences that amplified by Plasmopara viticola (grape downy mildew) SSR markers. The development of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers from Bremia genomic DNA was not successful, which might result from the primers used being unsuitable for Bremia microsatellite enrichment. Bremia specific ITS primers were used for quantitative PCR. RxLR primers obtained from UC Davis (USA) were tested using the collection of B. lactucae isolates. RxLR1 primers distinguished between isolates BL801 and BL806. Eight SNPs were identified in three isolates amplified by RxLR5. No polymorphism was observed on the gel for the remaining RxLR primers on single spore races. Unrefined field isolates showed more polymorphisms on the gel than single spore isolates. The phenotypic differences between these two isolates have been identified by the IBEB differential set. Microscopy and qPCR quantification were used to investigate the compatible and incompatible interactions. The results suggest that BL801 is more virulent than BL806, as more infection structures were observed in IBEB resistant cultivars. Results of qPCR and spore count/unit weight of cotyledons showed that BL801 and BL806 were significantly different. The qPCR quantification results from 4 and 5 dpi were correlated with the spore count/unit weight of cotyledons. Although further work is required to develop race specific markers, the methods used in this project demonstrate the potential use of molecular markers to investigate lettuce - Bremia interactions.
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Calixte, Sophie. "RNA processing of the ccmFn-rps1 and rpl5-Psirps14-cox3 loci in wheat mitochondria during seedling development." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27580.

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Plant mitochondria possess a gene expression system in which post-transcriptional events, such as transcript end maturation and turnover mechanisms play a key role in regulating the transcriptome. In addition, during early developmental stages of embryo germination, differing transcript profiles have been seen. This research focuses on two loci in wheat mitochondria, ccmFn-rps1 and rpl5-Psirps14-cox3, to elucidate the transcription and post-transcriptional events involved in their expression. Northern analysis of the ccmFN-rps1 genes during early seed-to-seedling development reveals a 3.2 kb primary transcript and a 2.7 kb bicistronic mRNA. A 0.7 kb monocistronic rps1 mRNA is detectable up to 2d but there is no detectable monocistronic ccmFN transcript during the stages examined. Transcript ends were mapped using circular-RT-PCR and phosphatase treatment at three different developmental stages and revealed two processing sites as well as a single 3' end common to all three transcripts. The 5' ends of the processed rps1 transcripts are heterogeneous and do not always include the start codon, questioning the rps1 transcript functionality. Gene order varies between plant species due to the high recombination rate in mitochondrial genomes, as is seen for rpl5-Psirps14 in wheat and rice. In both plants, the functional rps14 gene is encoded in the nucleus and the mitochondrial rps14 copy is a pseudogene. In wheat, rpl5-Psirps14 are co-transcribed with cox3 as two RNA species of 3.5 kb and 2.7 kb at 24hr post-imbibition and exhibit developmentally-specific differences in abundance in seedlings. Two promoter regions were mapped in wheat upstream of rpl5 and both transcripts have the same 3' end. In rice 24hr and 6d however, rpl5-Psirps14 are co-transcribed as a 1.4 kb bicistronic mRNA. This presumably reflects the different regulatory signals used in different species. In addition, rpl5 has been subject to several independent gene transfers to the nucleus in the cereal lineages. For example, there is a functional copy of rpl5 in the mitochondria and the nucleus in wheat but it is absent from the mitochondria in rye and maize. In oat mitochondria, rpl5 appears to be a pseudogene and in barley, rearrangements at the 3' end and low transcript levels question its functionality. The characterization of transcription initiation sites, processing sites and 3' ends for these two loci reflect the relaxed nature and flexibility of signals exploited by plant mitochondria. This research supports the significant role of post-transcriptional events in the regulation of gene expression in plant mitochondria.
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Books on the topic "Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology"

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I, Jenkins Gareth, Schuch Wolfgang, and Society for Experimental Biology (Great Britain), eds. Molecular biology of plant development. Cambridge: Published for the Society for Experimental Biology by the Company of Biologists Ltd., Dept. of Zoology, University of Cambridge, 1991.

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Gloria, Coruzzi, Puigdomènech Pere, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., and NATO Advanced Study Institute on Molecular Biology (7th : 1993 : Cala Viñas, Mallorca, Spain), eds. Plant molecular biology: Molecular genetic analysis of plant development and metabolism. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.

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A, Larkins B., and Vasil I. K, eds. Cellular and molecular biology of plant seed development. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.

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Larkins, Brian A., and Indra K. Vasil, eds. Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plant Seed Development. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3.

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1948-, Gresshoff Peter M., ed. Plant biotechnology and development. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1992.

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1940-, Davies Peter J., ed. Plant hormones: Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. 2nd ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1995.

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1933-, Wiessner Wolfgang, Robinson David G, Starr R. C. 1924-, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen., and Symposium on Experimental Phycology (3rd : 1986 : Göttingen, Germany), eds. Algal development: Molecular and cellular aspects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987.

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Plant growth and development: A molecular approach. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Molecular Biology in Plant Pathogenesis and Disease Management: Disease Development Volume 2. Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2008.

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B, Goldberg Robert, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company., and UCLA Symposium on the Molecular Basis of Plant Development (1988 : Steamboat Springs, Colo.), eds. The Molecular basis of plant development: Proceedings of an E.I. du Pont de Nemours-UCLA symposium held in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, March 26-April 2, 1988. New York: A.R. Liss, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology"

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Scheres, Ben, Viola Willemsen, Kees Janmaat, Harald Wolkenfelt, Liam Dolan, and Peter Weisbeek. "Analysis of Root Development in Arabidopsis Thaliana." In Plant Molecular Biology, 41–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78852-9_5.

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Grierson, Donald, and Simon N. Covey. "Regulation of Differential Gene Expression during Plant Development." In Plant Molecular Biology, 99–122. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9649-2_5.

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Grierson, Donald, and Simon N. Covey. "Regulation of Differential Gene Expression during Plant Development." In Plant Molecular Biology, 99–122. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3666-6_5.

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Bartels, D., M. Singh, and F. Salamini. "Onset of Desiccation Tolerance During Barley Embryo Development." In Plant Molecular Biology, 626. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7598-6_61.

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Grierson, Donald, and Simon N. Covey. "Gene Expression during Development of Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules." In Plant Molecular Biology, 123–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9649-2_6.

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Grierson, Donald, and Simon N. Covey. "Gene Expression during Development of Nitrogen-Fixing Root Nodules." In Plant Molecular Biology, 123–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3666-6_6.

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Meyerowitz, Elliot M. "The Genetic and Molecular Basis of Flower Development in Arabidopsis." In Plant Molecular Biology, 1–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78852-9_1.

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Dean, Caroline, and Ian Bancroft. "Development of an efficient transposon tagging system in Arabidopsis thaliana." In Plant Molecular Biology, 527–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78852-9_48.

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Lyndon, R. F., and D. Francis. "Plant and organ development." In 10 Years Plant Molecular Biology, 51–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2656-4_4.

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Barlow, Peter W. "The Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Quiescent Centre in Relation to Root Development." In Plant Molecular Biology, 17–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78852-9_3.

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Reports on the topic "Plant development, Microproteins, Molecular Biology"

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Ohad, Nir, and Robert Fischer. Control of Fertilization-Independent Development by the FIE1 Gene. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575290.bard.

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A fundamental problem in biology is to understand how fertilization initiates reproductive development. During plant reproduction, one sperm cell fuses with the egg to form an embryo, whereas a second sperm cell fuses with the adjacent central cell nucleus to form the endosperm tissue that supports embryo and/or seedling development. To understand the mechanisms that initiate reproduction, we have isolated mutants of Arabidopsis that allow for replication of the central cell and subsequent endosperm development without fertilization. In this project we have cloned the MEA gene and showed that it encode a SET- domain polycomb protein. Such proteins are known to form chromatin-protein complexes that repress homeotic gene transcription and influence cell proliferation from Drosophylla to mammals. We propose a model whereby MEA and an additional polycomb protein we have cloned, FIE , function to suppress a critical aspect of early plant reproduction and endosperm development, until fertilization occurs. Using a molecular approach we were able to determine that FIE and MEA interact physically, suggesting that these proteins have been conserved also during the evolution of flowering plants. The analysis of MEA expression pattern revealed that it is an imprinted gene that displays parent-of- origin-dependent monoallelic expression specifically in the endosperm tissue. Silencing of the paternal MEA allele in the endosperm and the phenotype of mutant mea seeds support the parental conflict theory for the evolution of imprinting in plants and mammals. These results contribute new information on the initiation of endosperm development and provide a unique entry point to study asexual reproduction and apomixis which is expected to improve crop production.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. MAP kinase cascades activated by SlMAPKKKε and their involvement in tomato resistance to bacterial pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699834.bard.

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The research problem: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria (Xcv) are the causal agents of tomato bacterial speck and spot diseases, respectively. These pathogens colonize the aerial parts of the plant and cause economically important losses to tomato yield worldwide. Control of speck and spot diseases by cultural practices or chemicals is not effective and genetic sources of resistance are very limited. In previous research supported by BARD, by gene expression profiling we identified signaling components involved in resistance to Xcvstrains. Follow up experiments revealed that a tomato gene encoding a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKe) is required for resistance to Xcvand Pststrains. Goals: Central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which MAPKKKεand associated MAP kinase cascades regulate host resistance. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine whether MAPKKKεplays a broad role in defense signaling in plants; 2. Identify components of MAP kinase cascades acting downstream of MAPKKKε; 3. Determine the role of phosphorylation-related events in the function of MAPKKKε; 4. Isolate proteins directly activated by MAPKKKε-associatedMAPK modules. Our main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Characterization of MAPKKKεas a positive regulator of cell death and dissection of downstream MAP kinase cascades (Melech-Bonfil et al., 2010; Melech-Bonfil and Sessa, 2011). The MAPKKKεgene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Xcvand Pstbacterial strains and for hypersensitive response cell death triggered by different R gene/effector gene pairs. In addition, overexpression analysis demonstrated that MAPKKKεis a positive regulator of cell death, whose activity depends on an intact kinase catalytic domain. Epistatic experiments delineated a signaling cascade downstream of MAPKKKεand identified SIPKK as a negative regulator of MAPKKKε-mediated cell death. Finally, genes encoding MAP kinase components downstream of MAPKKKεwere shown to contribute to tomato resistance to Xcv. 2. Identification of tomato proteins that interact with MAPKKKεand play a role in plant immunity (Oh et al., 2011). We identified proteins that interact with MAPKKKε. Among them, the 14-3-3 protein TFT7 was required for cell death mediated by several R proteins. In addition, TFT7 interacted with the MAPKK SlMKK2 and formed homodimersin vivo. Thus, TFT7 is proposed to recruit SlMKK2 and MAPKKK client proteins for efficient signal transfer. 3. Development of a chemical genetic approach to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase cascades (Salomon et al., 2009, 2011). This approach is based on engineering the kinase of interest to accept unnatural ATP analogs. For its implementation to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase modules, we sensitized the tomato MAP kinase SlMPK3 to ATP analogs and verified its ability to use them as phosphodonors. By using the sensitized SlMPK3 and radiolabeled N6(benzyl)ATP it should be possible to tag direct substrates of this kinase. 4. Development of methods to study immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in tomato and N. benthamiana plants (Kim et al., 2009; Nguyen et al. 2010). We developed protocols for measuring various PTI-associatedphenotypes, including bacterial populations after pretreatment of leaves with PAMPs, induction of reporter genes, callose deposition at the cell wall, activation of MAP kinases, and a luciferase-based reporter system for use in protoplasts. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized a signal transduction pathway mediating plant immunity to bacterial pathogens. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease. In addition, we successfully developed new biochemical and molecular methods that can be implemented in the study of plant immunity and other aspects of plant biology.
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Bar-Joseph, Moshe, William O. Dawson, and Munir Mawassi. Role of Defective RNAs in Citrus Tristeza Virus Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575279.bard.

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This program focused on citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and one of the most complex RNA-plant-viruses. The economic importance of this virus to the US and Israeli citrus industries, its uniqueness among RNA viruses and the possibility to tame the virus and eventually turn it into a useful tool for the protection and genetic improvement of citrus trees justify these continued efforts. Although the overall goal of this project was to study the role(s) of CTV associated defective (d)-RNAs in CTV-induced diseases, considerable research efforts had to be devoted to the engineering of the helper virus which provides the machinery to allow dRNA replication. Considerable progress was made through three main lines of complementary studies. For the first time, the generation of an engineered CTV genetic system that is capable of infecting citrus plants with in vitro modified virus was achieved. Considering that this RNA virus consists of a 20 kb genome, much larger than any other previously developed similar genetic system, completing this goal was an extremely difficult task that was accomplished by the effective collaboration and complementarity of both partners. Other full-length genomic CTV isolates were sequenced and populations examined, resulting in a new level of understanding of population complexities and dynamics in the US and Israel. In addition, this project has now considerably advanced our understanding and ability to manipulate dRNAs, a new class of genetic elements of closteroviruses, which were first found in the Israeli VT isolate and later shown to be omnipresent in CTV populations. We have characterized additional natural dRNAs and have shown that production of subgenomic mRNAs can be involved in the generation of dRNAs. We have molecularly cloned natural dRNAs and directly inoculated citrus plants with 35S-cDNA constructs and have shown that specific dRNAs are correlated with specific disease symptoms. Systems to examine dRNA replication in protoplasts were developed and the requirements for dRNA replication were defined. Several artificial dRNAs that replicate efficiently with a helper virus were created from infectious full-genomic cDNAs. Elements that allow the specific replication of dRNAs by heterologous helper viruses also were defined. The T36-derived dRNAs were replicated efficiently by a range of different wild CTV isolates and hybrid dRNAs with heterologous termini are efficiently replicated with T36 as helper. In addition we found: 1) All CTV genes except of the p6 gene product from the conserved signature block of the Closteroviridae are obligate for assembly, infectivity, and serial protoplast passage; 2) The p20 protein is a major component of the amorphous inclusion bodies of infected cells; and 3) Novel 5'-Co-terminal RNAs in CTV infected cells were characterized. These results have considerably advanced our basic understanding of the molecular biology of CTV and CTV-dRNAs and form the platform for the future manipulation of this complicated virus. As a result of these developments, the way is now open to turn constructs of this viral plant pathogen into new tools for protecting citrus against severe CTV terms and development of virus-based expression vectors for other citrus improvement needs. In conclusion, this research program has accomplished two main interconnected missions, the collection of basic information on the molecular and biological characteristics of the virus and its associated dRNAs toward development of management strategies against severe diseases caused by the virus and building of novel research tools to improve citrus varieties. Reaching these goals will allow us to advance this project to a new phase of turning the virus from a pathogen to an ally.
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5

Horwitz, Benjamin A., and Barbara Gillian Turgeon. Fungal Iron Acquisition, Oxidative Stress and Virulence in the Cochliobolus-maize Interaction. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7709885.bard.

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Our project focused on genes for high affinity iron acquisition in Cochliobolus heterostrophus, a necrotrophic pathogen of maize, and their intertwined relationship to oxidative stress status and virulence of the fungus on the host. An intriguing question was why mutants lacking the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene (NPS6) responsible for synthesis of the extracellular siderophore, coprogen, are sensitive to oxidative stress. Our overall objective was to understand the mechanistic connection between iron stress and oxidative stress as related to virulence of a plant pathogen to its host. The first objective was to examine the interface where small molecule peptide and reactive oxygen species (ROS) mechanisms overlap. The second objective was to determine if the molecular explanation for common function is common signal transduction pathways. These pathways, built around sensor kinases, response regulators, and transcription factors may link sequestering of iron, production of antioxidants, resistance to oxidative stress, and virulence. We tested these hypotheses by genetic manipulation of the pathogen, virulence assays on the host plant, and by following the expression of key fungal genes. An addition to the original program, made in the first year, was to develop, for fungi, a genetically encoded indicator of redox state based on the commercially available Gfp-based probe pHyper, designed for animal cell biology. We implemented several tools including a genetically encoded indicator of redox state, a procedure to grow iron-depleted plants, and constructed a number of new mutants in regulatory genes. Lack of the major Fe acquisition pathways results in an almost completely avirulent phenotype, showing how critical Fe acquisition is for the pathogen to cause disease. Mutants in conserved signaling pathways have normal ability to regulate NPS6 in response to Fe levels, as do mutants in Lae1 and Vel1, two master regulators of gene expression. Vel1 mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and the reason may be underexpression of a catalase gene. In nps6 mutants, CAT3 is also underexpressed, perhaps explaining the sensitivity to oxidative stress. We constructed a deletion mutant for the Fe sensor-regulator SreA and found that it is required for down regulation of NPS6 under Fe-replete conditions. Lack of SreA, though, did not make the fungus over-sensitive to ROS, though the mutant had a slow growth rate. This suggests that overproduction of siderophore under Fe-replete conditions is not very damaging. On the other hand, increasing Fe levels protected nps6 mutants from inhibition by ROS, implying that Fe-catalyzed Fenton reactions are not the main factor in its sensitivity to ROS. We have made some progress in understanding why siderophore mutants are sensitive to oxidative stress, and in doing so, defined some novel regulatory relationships. Catalase genes, which are not directly related to siderophore biosynthesis, are underexpressed in nps6 mutants, suggesting that the siderophore product (with or without bound Fe) may act as a signal. Siderophores, therefore, could be a target for intervention in the field, either by supplying an incorrect signal or blocking a signal normally provided during infection. We already know that nps6 mutants cause smaller lesions and have difficulty establishing invasive growth in the host. Lae1 and Vel1 are the first factors shown to regulate both super virulence conferred by T-toxin, and basic pathogenicity, due to unknown factors. The mutants are also altered in oxidative stress responses, key to success in the infection court, asexual and sexual development, essential for fungal dissemination in the field, aerial hyphal growth, and pigment biosynthesis, essential for survival in the field. Mutants in genes encoding NADPH oxidase (Nox) are compromised in development and virulence. Indeed the triple mutant, which should lack all Nox activity, was nearly avirulent. Again, gene expression experiments provided us with initial evidence that superoxide produced by the fungus may be most important as a signal. Blocking oxidant production by the pathogen may be a way to protect the plant host, in interactions with necrotrophs such as C. heterostrophus which seem to thrive in an oxidant environment.
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