Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant defenses

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant defenses'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant defenses"

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Dalling, James W., Adam S. Davis, A. Elizabeth Arnold, Carolina Sarmiento, and Paul-Camilo Zalamea. "Extending Plant Defense Theory to Seeds." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 51, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-115156.

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Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural enemies but has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and mature plants. Here we describe the diverse ways in which seeds are chemically and physically defended. We suggest that through associations with other traits, seeds are likely to exhibit defense syndromes that reflect constraints or trade-offs imposed by selection to attract dispersers, enable effective dispersal, ensure appropriate timing of seed germination, and enhance seedling performance. We draw attention to seed and reproductive traits that are analogous to defense traits in mature plants and describe how the effectiveness of defenses is likely to differ at pre- and postdispersal stages. We also highlight recent insights into the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between seeds and microbial communities, including fungi and endohyphal bacteria, that can influence seed survival in the soil and subsequent seedling vigor.
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Hines, P. J. "Plant Defenses." Science Signaling 4, no. 203 (December 13, 2011): ec347-ec347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.4203ec347.

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Fritz, R. "Plant Defenses." Science 256, no. 5057 (May 1, 1992): 680–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.256.5057.680.

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Zhang, Peng-Jun, Jia-Ning Wei, Chan Zhao, Ya-Fen Zhang, Chuan-You Li, Shu-Sheng Liu, Marcel Dicke, Xiao-Ping Yu, and Ted C. J. Turlings. "Airborne host–plant manipulation by whiteflies via an inducible blend of plant volatiles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 15 (March 25, 2019): 7387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818599116.

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The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the world’s most important invasive crop pests, possibly because it manipulates plant defense signaling. Upon infestation by whiteflies, plants mobilize salicylic acid (SA)-dependent defenses, which mainly target pathogens. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent defenses are gradually suppressed in whitefly-infested plants. The down-regulation of JA defenses make plants more susceptible to insects, including whiteflies. Here, we report that this host–plant manipulation extends to neighboring plants via airborne signals. Plants respond to insect attack with the release of a blend of inducible volatiles. Perception of these volatiles by neighboring plants usually primes them to prepare for an imminent attack. Here, however, we show that whitefly-induced tomato plant volatiles prime SA-dependent defenses and suppress JA-dependent defenses, thus rendering neighboring tomato plants more susceptible to whiteflies. Experiments with volatiles from caterpillar-damaged and pathogen-infected plants, as well as with synthetic volatiles, confirm that whiteflies modify the quality of neighboring plants for their offspring via whitefly-inducible plant volatiles.
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Lima, T. E., A. L. B. Sartori, and M. L. M. Rodrigues. "Plant antiherbivore defenses in Fabaceae species of the Chaco." Brazilian Journal of Biology 77, no. 2 (September 5, 2016): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.12815.

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Abstract The establishment and maintenance of plant species in the Chaco, one of the widest continuous areas of forests in the South American with sharp climatic variations, are possibly related to biological features favoring plants with particular defenses. This study assesses the physical and chemical defenses mechanisms against herbivores of vegetative and reproductive organs. Its analyses of 12 species of Fabaceae (Leguminosae) collected in remnants of Brazilian Chaco shows that 75% present structural defense characters and 50% have chemical defense – defense proteins in their seeds, like protease inhibitors and lectins. Physical defenses occur mainly on branches (78% of the species), leaves (67%), and reproductive organs (56%). The most common physical characters are trichomes and thorns, whose color represents a cryptic character since it does not contrast with the other plant structures. Defense proteins occur in different concentrations and molecular weight classes in the seeds of most species. Protease inhibitors are reported for the first time in seeds of: Albizia niopoides, Anadenanthera colubrina, Mimosa glutinosa, Prosopis rubriflora, and Poincianella pluviosa. The occurrence of physical and chemical defenses in members of Fabaceae indicate no associations between defense characters in these plant species of the Chaco.
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Gewin, Virginia. "Priming Plant Defenses." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 6 (August 2005): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868557.

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Hines, P. J. "Coordinating Plant Defenses." Science's STKE 2007, no. 375 (February 27, 2007): tw72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.3752007tw72.

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Arnason, John T., and Mark A. Bernards. "Impact of constitutive plant natural products on herbivores and pathogensThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 7 (July 2010): 615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z10-038.

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Plants defend themselves from pests with deterrent or toxic phytochemicals. In addition to the development of preformed mechanical barriers such as cutin and suberin, the first line of defense for plants against pathogens and herbivores is constitutive (preformed) biologically active inhibitors. Because of the adaptation of insects and pathogens to these inhibitors, plants have evolved a stunning diversity of new and different bioactive molecules to combat pests. Some representative mechanisms of plant defense include the use of antimicrobial, anitfeedant, and phototoxic molecules. Examples of natural product defenses of specific plant families are also described. Diversity and redundancy in plant defenses is key to slowing pest resistance to host-plant defenses.
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Sobral, Mar, Luis Sampedro, Isabelle Neylan, David Siemens, and Rodolfo Dirzo. "Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: Inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2005865118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005865118.

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As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined differences between seedlings and reproductive plants in current and transgenerational plasticity in chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage, but only chemical defenses were inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical and chemical defenses, particularly in adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational plasticity in plant defenses in response to herbivore offense differs for physical and chemical defense and changes across plant life stages.
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Oukala, Nadira, Victoria Pastor, and Kamel Aissat. "Bacterial Endophytes: The Hidden Actor in Plant Immune Responses against Biotic Stress." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10051012.

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Bacterial endophytes constitute an essential part of the plant microbiome and are described to promote plant health by different mechanisms. The close interaction with the host leads to important changes in the physiology of the plant. Although beneficial bacteria use the same entrance strategies as bacterial pathogens to colonize and enter the inner plant tissues, the host develops strategies to select and allow the entrance to specific genera of bacteria. In addition, endophytes may modify their own genome to adapt or avoid the defense machinery of the host. The present review gives an overview about bacterial endophytes inhabiting the phytosphere, their diversity, and the interaction with the host. Direct and indirect defenses promoted by the plant–endophyte symbiont exert an important role in controlling plant defenses against different stresses, and here, more specifically, is discussed the role against biotic stress. Defenses that should be considered are the emission of volatiles or antibiotic compounds, but also the induction of basal defenses and boosting plant immunity by priming defenses. The primed defenses may encompass pathogenesis-related protein genes (PR family), antioxidant enzymes, or changes in the secondary metabolism.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant defenses"

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Prusak, Anne C. "Activated and constitutive chemical defenses in freshwater plants." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131334/unrestricted/prusak%5Fanne%5Fc%5F200405%5Fms.pdf.

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Heckman, Melanie L. "A test of optimal defense theory vs. the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis as predictors of seaweed palatability and defenses." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42720.

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Because organisms have limited resources to allocate to multiple life history traits, the Optimal Defense Theory (ODT) and the Growth-Differentiation Balance Hypothesis (GDBH) were developed by terrestrial plant ecologists to predict intraindividual defense allocation based on the cost of defense and these life history trade-offs. However, these theories have garnered equivocal experimental support over the years and are rarely experimentally extended from predictions of plant physiology to the palatability of the tissues an herbivore experiences. We therefore examined tissue palatability, nutritional value, and defense mechanisms in multiple Dictyotalean seaweeds in two Caribbean locations, using two herbivores. Relative palatability of tissues varied greatly with algal species, grazer species, and location. Because older bases were not consistently defended, GDBH did not predict relative palatability. We could not reject ODT without intensive measures of tissue fitness value and herbivore risk, and this theory was therefore not useful in making broad predictions of tissue palatability. In testing the physiological predictions of these theories, we found the young, growing apices of these seaweeds to be generally more nutritionally valuable than the old, anchoring bases and found organic-rich apices to be more chemically deterrent, thus supporting ODT. However, the combined chemical, nutritional, and structural traits of these algae all influenced herbivore choice. As a result, these patterns of apical value and chemical defense reflected palatability of live tissues for only one of five algal species, which rendered ODT and GDBH poor predictors of relative palatability for most algae.
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Tsuji, Kaoru. "Sexual difference in plant defenses and herbivore adaptation." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157819.

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Fung, King-leung. "Purification of Brassica juncea chitinase BJCHI1 from transgenic tobacco." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22956347.

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Winger, Alison Marie. "Impact of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in Arabidopsis mitochondria /." Connect to this title, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0121.

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Brown, Rebecca L. "Regulation of jasmonate-dependent defence responses in arabidopsis /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16087.pdf.

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Sá, Mário Moniz de. "Induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism in elicitor-treated hybrid poplar suspension-cultured cells." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30296.

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Induction of phenylpropanoid metabolism in many plants is associated with the induction of plant defence responses. Among these are the accumulation of phenylpropanoid-derived phytoalexins, increase in lignification around infected sites, and the accumulation of wall-bound phenolic compounds. I show in this work, that H11 hybrid cell suspension cultures when treated with either of three elicitors respond with an increase in phenylpropanoid metabolism. Activation proceeds rapidly from PAL and 4CL mRNA accumulation, to a massive increase in extractable PAL enzyme activity and finally there is accumulation of specific phenolic compounds in the cell extracts, culture filtrates, and cell walls. In addition, elicitor treatment causes cells to turn brown, indicative of phenolic compound accumulation. As in other plants, induction is dependent on culture age, is dose dependent, and the kinetics of induction is the same with all three elicitors. Based on the previously established mode of action of PGA lyase as an elicitor, it is concluded that in poplar, as in other plants, defence responses can be induced by elicitors from both fungal and plant cell wall origin. These results illustrate the successful use of plant suspension cultures as a simplified system to study inducible defence responses. In addition, and consistent with the ubiquitous nature of phenolics in poplar, phenylpropanoid metabolism may play an important role in plant defence responses in this species.
Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate
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Shoemaker, Erica Felton Gary W. "Lepidopteran larval salivary secretions and their effect on tomato plant defenses." [University Park, Pa.] : Pennsylvania State University, 2009. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/PSUonlyIndex/ETD-4633/index.html.

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Mahadevan, Geetha B. "Viral suppression of host defenses." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0507104-110551.

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Katsir, Leron J. "Biochemical characterization of the COI1-JAZ receptor for jasmonate." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.

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Books on the topic "Plant defenses"

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Thomas, Palo R., and Robbins Charles T, eds. Plant defenses against mammalian herbivory. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991.

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Mattson, William J., Jean Levieux, and C. Bernard-Dagan, eds. Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3828-7.

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Andreas, Schaller, ed. Induced plant resistance to herbivory. [Berlin]: Springer, 2008.

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Derek, Chadwick, Goode Jamie, Novartis Foundation, and Symposium on Insect-Plant Interactions and Induced Plant Defence (1998 : Novartis Foundation), eds. Insect-plant interactions and induced plant defence. Chichester: Wiley, 1999.

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Burov, V. N. Indut︠s︡irovannai︠a︡ ustoĭchivostʹ rasteniĭ k fitofagam = Induced plant resistance to phytophages. Moskva: Tovarishchestvo nauchnykh izdaniĭ KMK, 2012.

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Kourtchenko, Olga. Biochemical studies of plant defense responses against pathogens. Göteborg: Göteborg University, Faculty of Science, 2008.

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T, Romeo John, Saunders James A, Barbosa Pedro 1944-, and Phytochemical Society of North America. Meeting, eds. Phytochemical diversity and redundancy in ecological interactions. New York: Plenum Press, 1996.

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Hayat, Shamsul. Nitric oxide in plant physiology. Weinheim: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Mantus, Ellen Keihn. Synthesis, biological investigations, and structural elucidation of secondary plant metabolites. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2005.

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A, Rosenthal Gerald, and Berenbaum M, eds. Herbivores, their interactions with secondary plant metabolites. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant defenses"

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Moura, Renan F., Eva Colberg, Estevão Alves-Silva, Isamara Mendes-Silva, Roberth Fagundes, Vanessa Stefani, and Kleber Del-Claro. "Biotic Defenses Against Herbivory." In Plant-Animal Interactions, 93–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66877-8_5.

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Smith, C. Michael. "Biochemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores." In All Flesh Is Grass, 287–310. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9316-5_13.

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Farha-Rehman, Fareed A. Khan, Shoeba B. Anis, and S. M. A. Badruddin. "Plant Defenses Against Insect Herbivory." In Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests and Insect Borne Diseases, 189–208. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8606-8_8.

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Heil, Martin. "Airborne Induction and Priming of Defenses." In Plant-Environment Interactions, 137–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89230-4_8.

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Hernández, Iker, Jana Cela, Leonor Alegre, and Sergi Munné-Bosch. "Antioxidant Defenses Against Drought Stress." In Plant Responses to Drought Stress, 231–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32653-0_9.

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Berenbaum, May R. "Metabolic Detoxification of Plant Prooxidants." In Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defenses in Biology, 181–209. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9689-9_5.

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Brisset, M. N., M. Faize, S. Cesbron, M. Tharaud, S. V. Thomson, and J. P. Paulin. "Biotic and Abiotic Elicitation of Apple Defenses Against Fire Blight." In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 184–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0003-1_41.

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Hammerschmidt, Ray, and Jack C. Schultz. "Multiple Defenses and Signals in Plant Defense against Pathogens and Herbivores." In Phytochemical Diversity and Redundancy in Ecological Interactions, 121–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1754-6_5.

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Berryman, Alan A. "Towards a Unified Theory of Plant Defense." In Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects, 39–55. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3828-7_2.

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Becana, Manuel, Manuel A. Matamoros, Javier Ramos, Maria C. Rubio, and Martha Sainz. "Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species and Antioxidant Defenses in Lotus japonicus." In Compendium of Plant Genomes, 137–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44270-8_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant defenses"

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Rivera Vega, Loren. "Insect saliva as the first line of defense against plant defenses." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.113345.

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Szczepaniec, Ada. "Neonicotinoid insecticides alter plant defenses and drive changes in arthropod communities in crop plants." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.106186.

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Pallini, Angelo. "Foodweb ecology of an invasive mite that manipulates plant defenses." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105608.

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Clifton, Eric H. "Can entomopathogenic fungi induce plant defenses to suppress soybean aphid?" In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111169.

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Jones, Anne C. "The effect of caterpillar oral secretions on indirect plant defenses." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111614.

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Jo, Young G. "Practical Procedures for Estimation of Plant Specific Common Cause Failure Quantification Parameters for Plants With Accumulated Operating Experiences." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49215.

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One of the major tasks in a plant specific common cause failure (CCF) analysis is to determine the overall event applicability factors of the original CCF events. The overall event applicability factor of a CCF event, which is used for specializing the impact of the original event for a target system, should be determined by considering the target system’s defenses against such CCF. However, lack of currently available detailed guidelines made it difficult to determine the overall event applicability factors in a systematic and consistent manner. In this paper, practical procedures for plant specific CCF analysis were developed. Especially, guidelines and a set of criteria were developed for more systematic and consistent determination of the overall event applicability factors. Additional set of criteria was also developed especially for crediting plants with many years of operations for their enhanced defenses against CCFs based on accumulated operating experiences. The developed procedures were successfully implemented for three plant specific CCF analyses. It is believed that the use of the developed procedures would significantly facilitate a plant CCF analysis and produce consistent results.
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Peng, Yongsen, and Zhengjie Liu. "The Research on Common Cause Failure Analysis and Countermeasures for Nuclear Safety Ventilation and Air Conditioning System." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-93557.

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Abstract By studying relevant regulations, standards and good practices, this paper discusses the typical types of common cause failures (CCFs) and general countermeasures in nuclear power plants, and summarizes the methodology, process and defenses for CCFs analysis of safety ventilation and air-conditioning (VAC) system in nuclear power plants. The typical CCFs are divided into four categories, namely functional dependency, spatial dependencies, inherent dependencies and human-related dependencies, and the corresponding defences are functional isolation, physical isolation, and diversity respectively. Comprehensive CCFs risk analysis of VAC system involves plant fault study, equipment FMECA analysis, PSA analysis, hazards analysis and other fields. For the identified CCF points, The optimal solution can be determined by combining factors which include technology maturity, feasibility, engineering cost, etc., and methods such as equipment diversity, physical isolation and functional isolation can be used to reduce or eliminate CCF points, to achieve as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) risk of CCFs. The CCFs analysis methodology, process and defences summarized in this paper can provide reference for the CCFs of other nuclear safety supporting and auxiliary systems in nuclear power plants.
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Benrey, Betty. "Tissue specific effects of plant domestication on chemical defenses: The case of beans andBrassica." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94760.

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Jo, Young G. "Insights From Plant Specific Common Cause Failure Analysis." In 12th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone12-49232.

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Insights from three plant specific common cause failure (CCF) analyses, which used CCF Data Base and Analysis System software by US NRC, were presented in this paper. It was found that detailed guidelines/criteria were needed for performing a plant specific CCF analysis, especially for more systematic and consistent determination of the impacts of historical CCF events on a specific target system. Information collection task, impact of using unscreened independent events, and insights from specific components CCF analyses were also discussed. Finally, the following recommendations were made: (1) Develop procedures and criteria, like those developed for the plant specific CCF analyses, for more systematic and consistent plant specific CCF analysis. In developing criteria, it should be considered to credit existing plants for the enhanced defenses against CCFs based on their accumulated operating experiences. (2) Use of generic CCF data is strongly discouraged. Instead, perform plant specific CCF analysis, at least initial screening of the original events as a minimum, in order to avoid potential over-conservatism. (3) Enhance the current internet based information data bases and develop a communication network among CCF analysts in order to facilitate the information collection task.
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Tooker, John F. "Insight on evolution of gall induction from species of Lepidoptera and Diptera that appear to evade host-plant defenses similarly by altering phytohormone levels." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94195.

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Reports on the topic "Plant defenses"

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Elderd, Bret D., Brian J. Rehill, and Greg Dwyer. Insect Outbreaks, Host-Pathogen Interactions, and Induced Plant Defenses. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada519351.

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Ivan Hiltpold, Ivan Hiltpold. Birds eavesdrop on plant indirect defenses to locate insect preys. Experiment, February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/10790.

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Whitecloud, Simone, Holly VerMeulen, Franz Lichtner, Nadia Podpora, Timothy Cooke, Christopher Williams, Michael Musty, Irene MacAllister, and Jason Dorvee. Understanding plant volatiles for environmental awareness : chemical composition in response to natural light cycles and wounding. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45961.

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Plants emit a bouquet of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses and, simultaneously, eavesdrop on emit-ted signals to activate direct and indirect defenses. By gaining even a slight insight into the semantics of interplant communications, a unique aware-ness of the operational environment may be obtainable (e.g., knowledge of a disturbance within). In this effort, we used five species of plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, Panicum virgatum, Festuca rubra, Tradescantia zebrina, and Achillea millefolium, to produce and query VOCs emitted in response to mechanical wounding and light cycles. These plants provide a basis for further investigation in this communication system as they span model organisms, common house plants, and Arctic plants. The VOC com-position was complex; our parameter filtering often enabled us to reduce the noise to fewer than 50 compounds emitted over minutes to hours in a day. We were able to detect and measure the plant response through two analytical methods. This report documents the methods used, the data collected, and the analyses performed on the VOCs to determine if they can be used to increase environmental awareness of the battlespace.
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Morin, Shai, Gregory Walker, Linda Walling, and Asaph Aharoni. Identifying Arabidopsis thaliana Defense Genes to Phloem-feeding Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699836.bard.

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The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is a serious agricultural pest that afflicts a wide variety of ornamental and vegetable crop species. To enable survival on a great diversity of host plants, whiteflies must have the ability to avoid or detoxify numerous different plant defensive chemicals. Such toxins include a group of insect-deterrent molecules called glucosinolates (GSs), which also provide the pungent taste of Brassica vegetables such as radish and cabbage. In our BARD grant, we used the whitefly B. tabaci and Arabidopsis (a Brassica plant model) defense mutants and transgenic lines, to gain comprehensive understanding both on plant defense pathways against whiteflies and whitefly defense strategies against plants. Our major focus was on GSs. We produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants accumulating high levels of GSs. At the first step, we examined how exposure to high levels of GSs affects decision making and performance of whiteflies when provided plants with normal levels or high levels of GSs. Our major conclusions can be divided into three: (I) exposure to plants accumulating high levels of GSs, negatively affected the performance of both whitefly adult females and immature; (II) whitefly adult females are likely to be capable of sensing different levels of GSs in their host plants and are able to choose, for oviposition, the host plant on which their offspring survive and develop better (preference-performance relationship); (III) the dual presence of plants with normal levels and high levels of GSs, confused whitefly adult females, and led to difficulties in making a choice between the different host plants. These findings have an applicative perspective. Whiteflies are known as a serious pest of Brassica cropping systems. If the differences found here on adjacent small plants translate to field situations, intercropping with closely-related Brassica cultivars could negatively influence whitefly population build-up. At the second step, we characterized the defensive mechanisms whiteflies use to detoxify GSs and other plant toxins. We identified five detoxification genes, which can be considered as putative "key" general induced detoxifiers because their expression-levels responded to several unrelated plant toxic compounds. This knowledge is currently used (using new funding) to develop a new technology that will allow the production of pestresistant crops capable of protecting themselves from whiteflies by silencing insect detoxification genes without which successful host utilization can not occur. Finally, we made an effort to identify defense genes that deter whitefly performance, by infesting with whiteflies, wild-type and defense mutated Arabidopsis plants. The infested plants were used to construct deep-sequencing expression libraries. The 30- 50 million sequence reads per library, provide an unbiased and quantitative assessment of gene expression and contain sequences from both Arabidopsis and whiteflies. Therefore, the libraries give us sequence data that can be mined for both the plant and insect gene expression responses. An intensive analysis of these datasets is underway. We also conducted electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings of whiteflies feeding on Arabidopsis wild-type and defense mutant plants in order to determine the time-point and feeding behavior in which plant-defense genes are expressed. We are in the process of analyzing the recordings and calculating 125 feeding behavior parameters for each whitefly. From the analyses conducted so far we conclude that the Arabidopsis defense mutants do not affect adult feeding behavior in the same manner that they affect immatures development. Analysis of the immatures feeding behavior is not yet completed, but if it shows the same disconnect between feeding behavior data and developmental rate data, we would conclude that the differences in the defense mutants are due to a qualitative effect based on the chemical constituency of the phloem sap.
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Avni, Adi, and Kirankumar S. Mysore. Functional Genomics Approach to Identify Signaling Components Involved in Defense Responses Induced by the Ethylene Inducing Xyalanase Elicitor. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7697100.bard.

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Plant-microbe interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for plants to protect themselves against pathogen attack. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (EIX) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses, like hypersensitive response (HR), in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The central goal of this proposal was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that allow plants to specifically activate defense responses after EIX treatment. We proposed to identify cellular signaling components involved in the induction of HR by the EIX elicitor. The molecular genetic analysis of the signal transduction pathway that modulates hypersensitive responses is an important step in understanding the induction of plant defense responses. The genes that mediate LeEIX2-EIX dependent activation of resistance mechanisms remain to be identified. We used two approaches to identify the cellular signaling components that induce HR mediated by the EIX elicitor. In the first approach, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening using LeEix2 as bait to identify plant proteins that interact with it. In the second approach, we used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) for a high-throughput screen to identify genes that are required for the induction of LeEIX2-EIX mediated HR. VIGS will also be used for functional characterization of genes that will be identified during the yeast two-hybrid screen. This investigation will shed light on cellular processes and signaling components involved in induction of general plant defense against pathogens and will provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches to improve plant resistance to pathogens. Several genes were indentified by the two approaches. We used the VIGS and yeast two hybrid approaches to confirm that activity of the genes initially identified by different procedure. Two genes inhibit the induction of HR by the fungal elicitor in the different systems; Tobacco-Harpin binding protein 1 and cyclopropyl isomerase.
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Avni, Adi, and Gitta L. Coaker. Proteomic investigation of a tomato receptor like protein recognizing fungal pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600030.bard.

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Maximizing food production with minimal negative effects on the environment remains a long-term challenge for sustainable food production. Microbial pathogens cause devastating diseases, minimizing crop losses by controlling plant diseases can contribute significantly to this goal. All plants possess an innate immune system that is activated after recognition of microbial-derived molecules. The fungal protein Eix induces defense responses in tomato and tobacco. Plants recognize Eix through a leucine-rich-repeat receptor- like-protein (LRR-RLP) termed LeEix. Despite the knowledge obtained from studies on tomato, relatively little is known about signaling initiated by RLP-type immune receptors. The focus of this grant proposal is to generate a foundational understanding of how the tomato xylanase receptor LeEix2 signals to confer defense responses. LeEix2 recognition results in pattern triggered immunity (PTI). The grant has two main aims: (1) Isolate the LeEix2 protein complex in an active and resting state; (2) Examine the biological function of the identified proteins in relation to LeEix2 signaling upon perception of the xylanase elicitor Eix. We used two separate approaches to isolate receptor interacting proteins. Transgenic tomato plants expressing LeEix2 fused to the GFP tag were used to identify complex components at a resting and activated state. LeEix2 complexes were purified by mass spectrometry and associated proteins identified by mass spectrometry. We identified novel proteins that interact with LeEix receptor by proteomics analysis. We identified two dynamin related proteins (DRPs), a coiled coil – nucleotide binding site leucine rich repeat (SlNRC4a) protein. In the second approach we used the split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid (Y2H) screen system to identified receptor-like protein kinase At5g24010-like (SlRLK-like) (Solyc01g094920.2.1) as an interactor of LeEIX2. We examined the role of SlNRC4a in plant immunity. Co-immunoprecipitation demonstrates that SlNRC4a is able to associate with different PRRs. Physiological assays with specific elicitors revealed that SlNRC4a generally alters PRR-mediated responses. SlNRC4a overexpression enhances defense responses while silencing SlNRC4 reduces plant immunity. We propose that SlNRC4a acts as a non-canonical positive regulator of immunity mediated by diverse PRRs. Thus, SlNRC4a could link both intracellular and extracellular immune perception. SlDRP2A localizes at the plasma membrane. Overexpression of SlDRP2A increases the sub-population of LeEIX2 inVHAa1 endosomes, and enhances LeEIX2- and FLS2-mediated defense. The effect of SlDRP2A on induction of plant immunity highlights the importance of endomembrane components and endocytosis in signal propagation during plant immune . The interaction of LeEIX2 with SlRLK-like was verified using co- immunoprecipitation and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. The defence responses induced by EIX were markedly reduced when SlRLK-like was over-expressed, and mutation of slrlk-likeusing CRISPR/Cas9 increased EIX- induced ethylene production and SlACSgene expression in tomato. Co-expression of SlRLK-like with different RLPs and RLKs led to their degradation, apparently through an endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation process. We provided new knowledge and expertise relevant to expression of specific be exploited to enhance immunity in crops enabling the development of novel environmentally friendly disease control strategies.
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Coplin, David L., Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. roles Hrp-dependent effector proteins and hrp gene regulation as determinants of virulence and host-specificity in Erwinia stewartii and E. herbicola pvs. gypsophilae and betae. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587216.bard.

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Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria employ specialized type-III secretion systems (TTSS) to deliver an arsenal of pathogenicity proteins directly into host cells. These secretion systems are encoded by hrp genes (for hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) and the effector proteins by so-called dsp or avr genes. The functions of effectors are to enable bacterial multiplication by damaging host cells and/or by blocking host defenses. We characterized essential hrp gene clusters in the Stewart's Wilt of maize pathogen, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (Pnss; formerly Erwinia stewartii) and the gall-forming bacterium, Pantoea agglomerans (formerly Erwinia herbicola) pvs. gypsophilae (Pag) and betae (Pab). We proposed that the virulence and host specificity of these pathogens is a function of a) the perception of specific host signals resulting in bacterial hrp gene expression and b) the action of specialized signal proteins (i.e. Hrp effectors) delivered into the plant cell. The specific objectives of the proposal were: 1) How is the expression of the hrp and effector genes regulated in response to host cell contact and the apoplastic environment? 2) What additional effector proteins are involved in pathogenicity? 3) Do the presently known Pantoea effector proteins enter host cells? 4) What host proteins interact with these effectors? We characterized the components of the hrp regulatory cascade (HrpXY ->7 HrpS ->7 HrpL ->7 hrp promoters), showed that they are conserved in both Pnss and Fag, and discovered that the regulation of the hrpS promoter (hrpSp) may be a key point in integrating apoplastic signals. We also analyzed the promoters recognized by HrpL and demonstrated the relationship between their composition and efficiency. Moreover, we showed that promoter strength can influence disease expression. In Pnss, we found that the HrpXY two-component signal system may sense the metabolic status of the bacterium and is required for full hrp gene expression in planta. In both species, acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing may also regulate epiphytic fitness and/or pathogenicity. A common Hrp effector protein, DspE/WtsE, is conserved and required for virulence of both species. When introduced into corn cells, Pnss WtsE protein caused water-soaked lesions. In other plants, it either caused cell death or acted as an Avr determinant. Using a yeast- two-hybrid system, WtsE was shown to interact with a number of maize signal transduction proteins that are likely to have roles in either programmed cell death or disease resistance. In Pag and Pab, we have characterized the effector proteins HsvG, HsvB and PthG. HsvG and HsvB are homologous proteins that determine host specificity of Pag and Pab on gypsophila and beet, respectively. Both possess a transcriptional activation domain that functions in yeast. PthG was found to act as an Avr determinant on multiple beet species, but was required for virulence on gypsophila. In addition, we demonstrated that PthG acts within the host cell. Additional effector genes have been characterized on the pathogenicity plasmid, pPATHₚₐg, in Pag. A screen for HrpL- regulated genes in Pnsspointed up 18 candidate effector proteins and four of these were required for full virulence. It is now well established that the virulence of Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria is governed by Hrp-dependent effector proteins. However; the mode of action of many effectors is still unresolved. This BARD supported research will significantly contribute to the understanding of how Hrp effectors operate in Pantoea spp. and how they control host specificity and affect symptom production. This may lead to novel approaches for genetically engineering plants resistant to a wide range of bacterial pathogens by inactivating the Hrp effectors with "plantabodies" or modifying their receptors, thereby blocking the induction of the susceptible response. Alternatively, innovative technologies could be used to interfere with the Hrp regulatory cascade by blocking a critical step or mimicking plant or quorum sensing signals.
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Levy, Maggie, Raymond Zielinski, and Anireddy S. Reddy. IQD1 Function in Defense Responses. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699842.bard.

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The main objective of the proposed research was to study IQD1's mechanism of action and elucidate its role in plant protection. Preliminary experiments suggest that IQD1 binds CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner and functions in general defense responses. We propose to identify proteins and genes that interact with IQD1, which may provide some clues to its mechanism of action. We also plan to dissect IQD1's integration in defense pathways and to study and modulate its binding affinity to CaM in order to enhance crop resistance. Our specific objectives were: (1) Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties; (2) Identification of IQD1 targets;(3) Dissection of IQD1 integration into defense signaling pathways. Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties defined four potential classes of sequences that should affect CaM binding: one is predicted to raise the affinity for Ca²⁺-dependent interaction but have no effect on Ca²⁺-independent binding; a second is predicted to act like the first mutation but eliminate Ca²⁺-independent binding; a third has no predicted effect on Ca²⁺-dependent binding but eliminates Ca²⁺-independent binding; and the fourth is predicted to eliminate or greatly reduce both Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding. Following yeast two hybrid analysis we found that IQD1 interact with AtSR1 (Arabidopsis thalianaSIGNALRESPONSIVE1), a calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, which has been shown to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. We tested IQD1 interaction with both N-terminal or C-terminal half of SR1. These studies have uncovered that only the N-terminal half of the SR1 interacts with the IQD1. Since IQD1 has an important role in herbivory, its interaction with SR1 suggests that it might also be involved in plant responses to insect herbivory. Since AtSR1, like IQD1, is a calmodulin-binding protein and the mutant showed increased sensitivity to a herbivore, we analyzed WT, Atsr1 and the complemented line for the levels of GS to determine if the increased susceptibility of Atsr1 plants to T. ni feeding is associated with altered GS content. In general, Atsr1 showed a significant reduction in both aliphatic and aromatic GS levels as compared to WT. In order to study IQD1's molecular basis integration into hormone-signaling pathways we tested the epistatic relationships between IQD1 and hormone-signaling mutants. For that purpose we construct double mutants between IQD1ᴼXᴾ and mutants defective in plant-hormone signaling and GS accumulation. Epitasis with SA mutant NahG and npr1-1 and JA mutant jar1-1 suggested IQD1 function is dependent on both JA and SA as indicated by B. cinerea infection assays. We also verified the glucosinolate content in the crosses siblings and found that aliphatic GSL content is reduced in the double transgenic plants NahG:IQD1ᴼXᴾ as compare to parental lines while the aliphatic GSL content in the npr1-1:IQD1ᴼXᴾ and jar1-1: IQD1ᴼXᴾ double mutants was intimidated to the parental lines. This suggests that GSL content dependency on SA is downstream to IQD1. As a whole, this project should contribute to the development of new defense strategies that will improve crop protection and reduce yield losses and the amount of pesticides required; these will genuinely benefit farmers, consumers and the environment.
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Sessa, Guido, and Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.
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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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