Journal articles: 'Plant cytochemistry'

1

Gahan, P. B. "Quantitative enzyme cytochemistry in plant biotechnology." Phytochemical Analysis 2, no. 3 (July 1991): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.2800020302.

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2

Stussi-Garaud, Christiane, and Odette Rohfritsch. "Methods in Plant Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry." Plant Science 160, no. 4 (March 2001): 753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00434-9.

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3

Oxelfelt, Per, and Karin Tomenius. "Immunogold cytochemistry in plant virus research, A review." Agricultural and Food Science 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72263.

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The technique of using antibodies or protein A labelled with colloidal gold for the detection of antigens at the ultrastructural level has only recently come into use in plant virus research. The reports published to date are reviewed and some further possibilities for the use of immunogold techniques in plant virus research are discussed.

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4

Pargney, Jean-Claude. "Essais de caractérisation cytochimique des structures de l'interface au niveau du réseau de Hartig dans l'association ectomycorhizienne entre la truffe (Tuber melanosporum) et le noisetier (Corylus avellana)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-345.

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The interface established between Tuber melanosporum and Corylus avellana was studied cytochemically (PATAg test, Swift's reaction, wheat germ agglutinin – colloidal gold labelling) to characterize cell wall and matrix components. By combining ultrastructural cytochemistry and selective extractions of polysaccharides by various solvents (EDTA, dimethyl sulfoxide, methylamine) or enzymes (pectinase, cellulase, cytohelicase), some ultrastructural features were made evident. Ultrastructural cytochemical tests demonstrate different domains in the matrix. Cell wall and matrix components are similar, but the fungal chitin is not detected in the matrix. Key words: ectomycorrhiza, interface, ultrastructural cytochemistry, selective extractions.

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Synkova, H. "Dashek, W.V. (ed.): Methods in Plant Electron Microscopy and Cytochemistry." Biologia plantarum 45, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022334832678.

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6

Berg, R. Howard, and Lorraine McDowell. "Cytochemistry of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 2038–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-279.

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Development of the wall of infected cells in Casuarina actinorhizae differs from that of many actinorhizae. After the endophyte penetrates the wall of a cortical cell, that (primary) cell wall becomes lignified, based on histochemical (autofluorescence, phloroglucinol staining) and cytochemical (permanganate staining, enzyme etching) evidence. Subsequently, the remaining walls of the infected cell become lignified. Adjacent noninfected cells somehow are stimulated to deposit a lignified secondary wall only on those walls bordering the infected cell. This remarkable participation of all adjacent noninfected cells in the development of a given infected cell results in an increased thickness and strength of the wall material surrounding infected cells. When they mature, there is a further modification of some of the wall layers surrounding infected cells, manifested in a relative impermeability to en bloc staining with permanganate. Unlike lignified walls, the permanganate-impermeable region is selectively stained by osmium or ferricyanide-reduced osmium and is relatively resistant to concentrated chromic acid digestion. A region that remains permeable to (and stained by) permanganate (part of the secondary wall of bordering noninfected cells) may be developmentally related to phi thickenings. An earlier contention that the permanganate-impermeable region contains suberin is unconfirmed. This region is most likely an unusual lignin modification or results from unidentified material impregnated in its ligninlike matrix.

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Sharma, Akanksha, Mohan B. Singh, and Prem L. Bhalla. "Cytochemistry of pollen development in Brachypodium distachyon." Plant Systematics and Evolution 300, no. 7 (February 4, 2014): 1639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-0989-9.

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8

Mena, C. G., P. S. Testillano, P. González-Melendi, E. Gorab, and M. C. Risueño. "Immunoelectron Microscopy of RNA Combined with Nucleic Acid Cytochemistry in Plant Nucleoli." Experimental Cell Research 212, no. 2 (June 1994): 393–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/excr.1994.1160.

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9

Trick, H. N., and C. M. Pueschel. "Cytochemistry of pit plugs in Bossiella californica (Corallinales, Rhodophyta)." Phycologia 29, no. 4 (December 1990): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-29-4-403.1.

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10

Sumner, M. J., and L. Van Caeseele. "The ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the egg apparatus of Brassica campestris." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-026.

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The egg apparatus of Brassica campestris L. cv. Candle (canola-rapeseed) is composed of an egg and two synergids juxtaposed at the extreme micropylar end of the megagametophyte with the egg cell displaced in a chalazal direction. The cell walls of the synergids and egg are uniformly PAS and PA–TCH–SP-positive, but contained β-linked glucans only in the micropylar region. The number and development of the cytoplasmic organelles suggested that the egg cell is relatively inactive metabolically while the synergid cells are active. The synergids contain large numbers of dictyosomes with PA–TCH–SP-positive vesicles at the maturing face. These vesicles appear to fuse with the plasma membrane in the region of the filiform apparatus. The filiform apparatuses of the synergids are micropylar finger-like projections that extend into the cytoplasm of the synergid. These are PAS and PA–TCH–SP-positive, fluoresce in uv light when stained with Calcofluor, and show a positive response for acidic polysaccharides when stained with alcian blue. After treatment with cellulase, fluorescence was not observed. The incipient degenerate synergid was intensely stained by cationic dyes 24–36 h after anthesis.

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11

Amarasinghe, Vindhya, and John E. Carlson. "Subcellular localization of polyamines in embryogenie callus of white spruce (Picea glauca)." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 788–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-100.

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Polyamines were localized in embryogenic callus cells of Picea glauca by the fluorescent dye o-phthalaldehyde and polyclonal antibodies raised against putrescine, spermidine, and spermine. Localization by both methods showed higher levels of polyamines in the nuclei and nucleoli than in the cytoplasm. In contrast with previous reports on cytochemical localization of polyamines in animal cells, stain was always excluded from the condensed chromatin of spruce somatic embryo cells. Key words: polyamines, cytochemistry, immunolocalization, white spruce.

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12

Daniel, G., B. Pettersson, T. Nllsson, and J. Volc. "Use of immunogold cytochemistry to detect Mn(II)-dependent and lignin peroxidases in wood degraded by the white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Lentinula edodes." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 4 (April 1, 1990): 920–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-118.

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Using antibodies raised against Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase and transmission electron microscopy immunogold cytochemistry, the spatial distribution of Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase during degradation of wood and wood fragments by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Lentinula edodes was studied. In P. chrysosporium, the enzyme was localized in peripheral regions of the fungal hyphae on the cell membrane, on membranes of vesicule-like structures, and on the cell wall. The cytoplasmic distribution of Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase appeared similar to that of lignin peroxidase, as determined by double immunogold labeling procedures and antibodies raised against lignin peroxidase. In wood blocks of Betula verrucosa degraded by P. chrysosporium and L. edodes, Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase was detected on all wood cell wall layers showing signs of decay, whether at early or advanced stages of attack. In particular, the enzyme was localized in zones of degradation produced within the S2 wood cell walls. These regions displayed a looser, more open fibrillar structure than unattacked wood cell walls and were readily penetrated by purified preparations of Mn(II)-dependent and lignin peroxidases. With L. edodes, Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase was found to accumulate in middle lamellar regions selectively degraded by the fungus. Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase diffusion into undecayed wood cell walls was not observed. Key words: Mn(II)-dependent peroxidase, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinula edodes, immunogold cytochemistry, white rot decay, transmission electron microscopy.

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13

Klomparens-Baker, Karen, and David L. Roberts. "Applications of Electron Microscopy to Plant Pathology." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100119843.

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With the publication of the first micrograph of tobacco mosaic virus by Ruska and his collaborators in 1939, the electron microscope, specifically the transmission microscope (TEM) was launched as a useful tool in plant pathology. While both the TEM and scanning EM (SEM) are used in basic and applied plant science research in studies of morphological and structural development, their use in plant pathology extends to diagnosis of diseases, studies on the subcellular interactions of plant hosts, pathogens and their vectors, morphological development of pathogens, effects of environmental factors, ultrastructural effects of disease control measures and detection of such disease agents as viruses and virions which are unresolvable with other methods. In addition, recent advances in EM analytical techniques such as energy dispersive x-ray analysis, cytochemistry and immunologic labeling have lent themselves well to new applications in basic plant pathology research.

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14

Eliseu, Susana A., and Augusto M. Dinis. "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry ofEucalyptus globulus(Myrtaceae) pollen grain." Grana 47, no. 1 (May 2008): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173130801923364.

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15

Weis, K., and V. S. Polito. "Cytochemistry and ultrastructure of the dehiscence zone of almond (Prunus dulcis) fruits." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-010.

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At maturity, the almond pericarp dehisces along the ventral suture, a region that originates by fusion of epidermal cells and subsequently differentiates into a separation layer. We have characterized the ontogeny of the fusion–dehiscence zone with emphasis on cell wall characteristics by using cytochemical methods for detection of pectin, cutin, cellulose, and lignin to examine the middle lamellae and primary and secondary walls in dehiscence-zone cells. Carpel margins became united postgenitally along opposing epidermal layers giving rise to the suture. Fusion-zone cells host epidermal characteristics, elaborated broad pectinaceous walls, and ultimately formed a discrete band of cells that dehisced along the original line of fusion by dissolution of cell wall pectins. Treatment of treeborne fruits with 1 ppm ethylene gas or extraction of sectioned material with cell wall hydrolases resulted in cell wall changes similar to those in predehiscent fruits.

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16

Hunter, DG, and JW Bowyer. "Location of lettuce mosaic virus in mature lettuce seed tissues by immunogold cytochemistry." Australasian Plant Pathology 20, no. 1 (1991): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9910003.

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17

Greilhuber, J. "Cytochemistry and C-values: The Less-well-known World of Nuclear DNA Amounts." Annals of Botany 101, no. 6 (March 13, 2008): 791–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcm250.

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18

Satiat-Jeunemaitre, Beatrice. "Cell Wall Morphogenesis and Structure in Tropical Tension Wood." IAWA Journal 7, no. 2 (1986): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000980.

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Differentiating tension wood was observed in order to analyse the changes occurring during cell wall morphogenesis. Specimens were taken from trees in Guyana. Wall texture was analysed by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry. Modifications were encountered in fibre and vessel walls of tension wood when compared to typical wood. The changes were twofold: variation in the layering of polylamellate walls, and the deposition of a gelatinous layer in the fibre cell walls. Results are discussed in terms of variations in the rhythmic nature of cell wall deposition. Data confirm that the morphogenesis of the wall is a modular process allowing the cells to adapt to growth constraints.

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19

Kimbrough, James W., and Jack L. Gibson. "Ultrastructural and cytological observations of apothecial tissues of Geopyxis carbonaria (Pezizales, Ascomycetes)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-034.

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Cytological observations are made on apothecial tissues of Geopyxis carbonaria, using transmission electron microscopy. Characteristic features of both the medullary and ectal excipula are examined. Changes in ascus apex and wall structures are examined during ascus ontogeny, especially in relation to operculum position and structure. Ultrastructure of septum configuration is observed and compared in the excipulum, ascogenous hyphae, paraphyses, and at the base of young asci. Ascosporogenesis is observed from the ascus mother cell stage and initial spore delimitation until secondary wall formation. The cytological and ultrastructural observations on this species are discussed in relation to their possible taxonomic or phylogenetic value. Key words: ascosporogenesis, Discomycetes, ascospore ultrastructure, septal ultrastructure, cytochemistry.

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20

Duckett, Jeffrey G., Karen S. Renzaglia, and Keith Pell. "Desiccation causes the proliferation of multicellular hairs, but not mucilage papillae, in Cryptothallus mirabilis (Hepatophyta): a correlated light and electron microscope study." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-091.

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When Cryptothallus dries out over periods of 4–20 days, the dorsal surfaces of the thalli become covered with multicellular hairs. The distribution of mucilage papillae and the endophytic fungus are not affected by desiccation. The hairs are thin walled and highly vacuolated whereas the mucilage papillae, like their secretory counterparts in Marchantia and mosses, are thick walled with dense cytoplasm containing stacks of endoplasmic reticulum and numerous Golgi bodies. Cytochemistry shows that the secretion is rich in carbohydrates and is derived from Golgi vesicles. After an active secretory phase, senescence of the mucilage papillae is associated with acid phosphatase activity. Key words: Aneura, Cryptothallus, desiccation, liverwort, mucilage papilla, multicellular hair, ultrastructure.

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21

Koshy, Eapen P., Blessymole K. Alex, and Philip John. "General Histochemistry and enzyme Cytochemistry of the Female Reproductive Structure ofPsophocarpus tetragonolobus(L.) Dc." Vegetos- An International Journal of Plant Research 28, no. 4 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2229-4473.2015.00078.6.

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22

Harder, D. E., J. Chong, R. Rohringer, K. Mendgen, A. Schneider, K. Welter, and G. Knauf. "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of extramural substances associated with intercellular hyphae of several rust fungi." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 2043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-258.

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Several types of extramural substance(s) associated with rust fungal intercellular hyphae were identified using a variety of tissue processing techniques. With conventional glutaraldehyde–OsO4 fixing and uranyl acetate – lead citrate staining, little material could be discerned on the hyphal surfaces in nonsporulating areas except at locations of cell–cell contact, where a lightly staining fibrous or darker staining amorphous material was apparent. Freeze-substitution or freeze-fracturing preserved greater amounts of coating material, which could be distinguished from the outer fungal wall layers. In freeze-substituted samples the extramural material was amorphous in nonsporulating areas, whereas near sporulating zones it had a fibrous consistency, with the fibrils oriented perpendicularly to the fungal wall. At locations of cell–cell contact there was additional extramural material that was composed of randomly oriented fibrils or was amorphous and densely staining. All types of extramural material stained positively with the periodate – thiocarbahydrazide – silver proteinate or periodate – chromate–phosphotungstate stains, but Concanavalin A bound only to some of the dense amorphous material. Sodium ethoxide etching and platinum–carbon shadowing also revealed the extramural material. When rust-infected wheat leaves were flooded with suspensions of colloidal gold, adhesion of gold particles occurred outside the hyphal walls and coincided with the location of extramural material.

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23

Fedorova, E. E., and S. Brown. "Cytochemistry of proteolytic activity and pH status of vacuoles in Medicago truncatula root nodules." Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 54, no. 1 (February 2007): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1021443707010049.

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24

LIGRONE, R., and C. LOPES. "Ultrastructure, development and cytochemistry of storage cells in the'tubers'of Phaeoceros laevis Prosk. (Anthocerotophyta)." New Phytologist 112, no. 2 (June 1989): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02387.x.

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25

Ruch, Donald G., and Jerome J. Motta. "Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of Dormant Basidiospores ofPsilocybe Cubensis." Mycologia 79, no. 3 (May 1987): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1987.12025395.

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26

Davis, W. L., R. G. Jones, and D. B. Goodman. "Cytochemical localization of malate synthase in amphibian fat body adipocytes: possible glyoxylate cycle in a vertebrate." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 34, no. 5 (May 1986): 689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/34.5.3701032.

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The adipocytes of amphibian abdominal fat bodies contain typical microperoxisomes, as indicated by their fine structure. Electron microscopic cytochemistry showed that these organelles contain the enzymes catalase, typical for peroxisomes, and malate synthase. The latter is an enzymatic component characteristic of the glyoxylate cycle, a biochemical pathway known to exist in plant glyoxysomes (peroxisomes). This metabolic pathway makes possible the net conversion of lipid to carbohydrate. Toad adipocytes may represent yet another example of vertebrate peroxisomes which contain one of the marker enzymes (malate synthase) characteristic of the glyoxylate shunt.

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27

Olmedilla, A., P. S. Testillano, O. Vicente, M. Delseny, and M. C. Risueno. "Ultrastructural rRNA localization in plant cell nucleoli. RNA/RNA in situ hybridization, autoradiography and cytochemistry." Journal of Cell Science 106, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 1333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.106.4.1333.

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The distribution of ribosomal transcripts in the plant nucleolus has been studied by non-isotopic in situ hybridization in ultrathin Lowicryl K4M sections and by high-resolution autoradiography after labelling with tritiated uridine. In parallel, cytochemical techniques were applied to localize RNA on different plant nucleolar components of Allium cepa L. root meristematic cells and Capsicum annuum L. pollen grains. For RNA/RNA in situ hybridization, several biotinylated single-stranded ribosomal RNA probes were used for mapping different fragments of the 18 S and the 25 S rRNA gene transcribed regions. Ribosomal RNAs (from pre-rRNAs to mature 18 and 25 S RNAs) were found in the nucleolus, in the dense fibrillar (DFC) and granular components (GC). Hybridization signal was found at the periphery of some fibrillar centres (FCs) with probes recognizing both 18 and 25 S rRNA sequences. A quantitative study was performed to analyze the significance of this labelling. Incorporation of tritiated uridine into roots was carried out and, later, after a long time-exposure, autoradiography revealed the presence of newly synthesized RNA mainly in the DFC and at the periphery of the FCs. The presence of RNA in these areas was also confirmed by the cytochemical techniques used in this study. Taken together, these data favour the hypothesis that transcription can begin at the periphery of the FCs, although we cannot exclude the possibility that the DFC plays a role in this process.

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28

DULBERGER, R. "Fine Structure and Cytochemistry of the Stigma Surface and Incompatibility in some Distylous Linum Species." Annals of Botany 59, no. 2 (February 1987): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087303.

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29

Ylimartimo, A., G. Laflamme, M. Simard, and D. Rioux. "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of early stages of colonization by Gremmeniella abietina in Pinus resinosa seedlings." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-123.

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This paper provides details on the infection processes at the ultrastructural level in Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings during early stages of colonization by Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerb.) Morelot. Different gold-conjugated enzymes and antibodies were used to cytochemically localize cellulose, pectin, fungal laccase, and the pathogen cells in host tissues. Gremmeniella abietina penetrated into the host through stomata of the short shoot bracts and sparsely colonized both intercellular and intracellular areas of the bract tissues. The colonizing hyphae usually had a thick wall surrounded by an extracellular sheath composed of fibrillar material. Microhyphaelike cells were observed as having penetrated host cell walls. The fungal cells (except the extracellular sheath), even when embedded in cellulosic or pectic material of host tissues, did not appear to contain cellulose or pectin. We suggest that G. abietina is able to degrade cellulose and pectin and that phenoloxidases secreted by the pathogen could be involved in host cell wall degradation. The results indicate that the extracellular sheath of G. abietina is implicated in host–pathogen interactions such as attachment of hyphae to the host surface and cell wall degradation during colonization of host tissues. Key words: Gremmeniella, Pinus, infection processes, cell wall degradation, extracellular fungal sheath, gold labelling.

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Grünwald, C., K. Ruel, Y. S. Kim, and U. Schmitt. "On the Cytochemistry of Cell Wall Formation in Poplar Trees." Plant Biology 4, no. 1 (January 2002): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-20431.

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31

Nicole, Michel R., and Nicole Benhamou. "Pectin degradation during root decay of rubber trees by Rigidoporus lignosus." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-041.

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Aplysia gonad lectin, which binds polygalacturonic acid, was complexed to colloidal gold and used for localizing molecules that contain polygalacturonic acid in rubber tree roots infected with the white-rot root fungus Rigidoporus lignosus. Colonization of root tissues was associated with strong wall alteration of phloem cells and with degradation of the compound middle lamella in both the phloem (10 weeks after inoculation) and the xylem (15 weeks after inoculation). Our data suggest that pectin breakdown during root decay likely occurs after cellulose and lignin breakdown and may result from the fungal pectinase activities that were detected in vitro. Released pectin oligomers may act as inducers of both fungal laccase and of the tree defense system during root invasion. Key words: root rotting fungi, rubber, pectin, cellulose, cytochemistry.

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Kim, Gwang Hoon, and Lawrence Fritz. "ULTRASTRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF EARLY SPERMATANGIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANTITHAMNION NIPPONICUM (CERAMIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)1." Journal of Phycology 29, no. 6 (December 1993): 797–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1993.00797.x.

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Silva, Elaine Maria J., and Silvia Rodrigues Machado. "Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the pearl gland in Piper regnellii (Piperaceae)." Nordic Journal of Botany 19, no. 5 (December 1999): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb01152.x.

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34

Chaubal, Rajendra, V. A. Wilmot, and Willard K. Wynn. "Visualization, adhesiveness, and cytochemistry of the extracellular matrix produced by urediniospore germ tubes of Puccinia sorghi." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 9 (September 1, 1991): 2044–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-257.

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Adherence of germinating urediniospores of the common maize rust fungus (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) to substrata was studied by ultrastructural and cytochemical examination of extracellular matrix produced by germ tubes in conjunction with measurements of adhesion to plastic and glass surfaces. Copious amounts of extracellular matrix on germ tubes could consistently be visualized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy only when (i) a cationic detergent (cetylpyridinium chloride, polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride) or a cationic stain (ruthenium red, alcian blue, cuprolinic blue) was added to the fixation solutions, (ii) germ tubes were fixed by rapid-freezing and freeze-substitution and observed with a scanning electron microscope, or when (iii) germ tubes were observed in a frozen-hydrated state by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy. Incubation of germinated spores with dilute alkalies (NaOH, KOH), pronase E (nonspecific protease), and laminarinase (β-1,3 (1,3; 1,4-glucanase) removed the extracellular matrix and detached germ tubes from surfaces. Treatments with water, dilute acids, ionic and neutral detergents, organic solvents, hydrocarbons, and several polysaccharide-degrading enzymes did not remove the extracellular matrix and also did not detach germ tubes. These results, together with staining patterns obtained with lectins and other polysaccharide-specific reagents, indicate that the extracellular matrix is composed mainly of glycoproteins rich in acidic amino acids and β-1,3-glucan polymers, and that it is probably responsible for the adhesion of the rust germ tubes to the host leaf surfaces. Key words: Puccinia sorghi, germ tube adhesion, extracellular matrix, cytochemistry.

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35

Harder, D. E., J. Chong, R. Rohringer, and W. K. Kim. "Structure and cytochemistry of the walls of urediospores, germ tubes, and appressoria of Puccinia graminis tritici." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 476–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-062.

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Several cytochemical methods demonstrated that urediospore walls of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici were probably composed of five layers, including the pellicle as the outermost layer. Two previously undescribed layers were located around the inner periphery of the spore walls. Staining for periodate-sensitive glycosubstances occurred uniformly and heavily throughout the wall except that the pellicle was unstained, and the innermost layer (3c) was more lightly stained by periodic acid – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate. There was little wheat germ lectin or concanavalin A binding to the urediospore wall except in the hilar region, where wheat germ lectin bound heavily, and in the germ pore region, where binding of concanavalin A occurred. The walls of about one-half of the urediospores that were examined contained silicon deposits. Germ tube walls were composed of two layers: a broad outer layer and a narrower inner layer. The inner layer stained more heavily for periodate-sensitive glycosubstances than did the outer layer. Germ tube walls bound wheat germ lectin, but not concanavalin A. Appressorial walls were also composed of two layers, but the inner layer was much broader than that of germ tube walls, and the outer layer stained more heavily for periodate-sensitive glycosubstances. There was strong wheat germ lectin binding to the appressorial walls, but concanavalin A binding was sparse. Both germ tubes and appressoria were coated with a mucilagenouslike substance.

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CIAMPOLINI, F. "The Structure and Cytochemistry of the Stigma-style Complex ofCorylus avellanaL. 'Tonda Gentile delle Langhe' (Corylaceae)." Annals of Botany 81, no. 4 (April 1998): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1998.0586.

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37

Kobayashi, Issei, Yuhko Kobayashi, Naoto Yamaoka, and Hitoshi Kunoh. "An immunofluorescent cytochemical technique applying micromanipulation to detect microtubules in plant tissues inoculated with fungal spores." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2634–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-329.

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An immunofluorescent cytochemical technique to detect microtubules was developed to examine the involvement of microtubules in incipient responses of barley coleoptile cells to fungal attacks. Infiltration of antibodies into target cells was promoted by scratching cell walls of chemically-fixed coleoptile cells with a micromanipulator. In uninoculated control cells, cortical microtubules were arranged obliquely or transversely to the longitudinal axis of the cells. On the other hand, in coleoptile cells which had been fixed 8–10 h after inoculation with a nonpathogen, Erysiphe pisi, microtubules gathered in coleoptile cells beneath mature appressoria of the fungus. When coleoptiles had been fixed 12 h after inoculation, many of the microtubules gathered around an incipient, small papilla, giving a network appearance. The present technique would be helpful for studying the role of microtubules in host cell responses to fungal attack. Key words: microtubules, immunofluorescent cytochemistry, barley coleoptile, Erysiphe pisi.

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38

Ruch, Donald G., and Jerome J. Motta. "Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of Dormant Basidiospores of Psilocybe cubensis." Mycologia 79, no. 3 (May 1987): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3807461.

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39

Séjalon, N., R. Dargent, F. Villalba, A. Bottin, M. Rickauer, and M. T. Esquerré-Tugayé. "Characterization of a cell-surface antigen isolated from the plant pathogen Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1 (December 31, 1995): 1104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-365.

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The genus Phytophthora contains several species that are pathogenic to plants. Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae is the causal agent of the black shank disease of tobacco. From this fungus we have isolated and purified to homogeneity a 34-kDa glycoprotein (GP34) that elicits defence responses in tobacco. Among other features, this glycoprotein contains the rare amino acid hydroxyproline. Antibodies against GP34 permitted us to study its localization in vitro and in planta. Ultrastructural cytochemistry using immunogold labelling shows that GP34 is present in the cell wall into which it is secreted by vesicles when the fungus is grown on synthetic medium. In zoospores, labelling precedes and is strictly associated with the formation of a new cell wall. At early stages of infection of tobacco, only a faint labelling of the mycelium is observed. Later on it is enhanced in the incompatible interaction between the fungus and a resistant host cultivar. Key words: cell wall, elicitor, hydroxyproline, Phytophthora, tobacco.

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40

Benhamou, Nicole. "Hyphal Interactions BetweenTrichoderma harzianumandRhizoctonia solani: Ultrastructure and Gold Cytochemistry of the Mycoparasitic Process." Phytopathology 83, no. 10 (1993): 1062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-83-1062.

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41

Raikov, I. B., and B. P. Karadzhan. "Fine structure and cytochemistry of the nuclei of the primitive ciliateTracheloraphis crassus (Karyorelictida)." Protoplasma 126, no. 1-2 (February 1985): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01287678.

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42

Dunlap, John R., Patricia L. Walne, and Peter A. Kivic. "Cytological and taxonomic studies of the Euglenales. II. Comparative microarchitecture and cytochemistry of envelopes ofStrombomonasandTrachelomonas." British Phycological Journal 21, no. 4 (December 1986): 399–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071618600650461.

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43

Benhamou, Nicole. "Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of Pectin and Cellulose Degradation in Tobacco Roots Infected byPhytophthora parasiticavar.nicotianae." Phytopathology 82, no. 4 (1992): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-82-468.

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44

VARKEY, JACOB P., MATHEW J. NADAKAVUKAREN, and DEREK A. McCRACKEN. "LOCALIZATION OF AMYLOSE AND AN AMYLOSE-BINDING LIPOPROTEIN IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA HYPHAE BY CYTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY." New Phytologist 101, no. 4 (December 1985): 623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02868.x.

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45

Mateos, Pedro F., David L. Baker, Saleela Philip-Hollingsworth, Andrea Squartini, Angelo D. B. Paruffo, Marco P. Nuti, and Frank B. Dazzo. "Direct in siut identification of cellulose microfibrils associated with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii attached to the root epidermis of white clover." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-028.

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Firm attachment of Rhizobium species to the legume root epidermis involves the elaboration of extracellular microfibrils extending from the bacteria and contacting the root surface at multiple sites. We investigated the nature of these extracellular microfibrils associated in situ with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii colonized on the root epidermal surface of its legume host, white clover (Trifoiium repens L.). Scanning electron microscopy of seedling roots inoculated with the wild-type strain ANU843 showed that these extracellular microfibrils were associated with the bacteria attached not only to root hairs but also to the non-root-hair epidermis and the external environment under the influence of the developing root. Polystyrene microspheres adsorbed to the root surface did not accumulate similar microfibrils, ruling out their formation by nonspecific deposition of mucigel or self-assembly of rhizoplane fibrils of plant origin. An isozyme of cellulase was purified from Streptomyces sp. strain A20, shown to exhibit high substrate specificity for β-1,4-glucans, and used in enzyme cytochemistry to investigate the nature of these extracellular microfibrils. Combined scanning electron microscopy and computer-assisted image analysis indicated that the extracellular microfibrils associated with attached bacteria were degraded by a brief exposure to the purified cellulase but not by a broad-spectrum protease. These results provide direct in situ evidence of the cellulosic nature of the extracellular microfibrils associated with cells of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii that have colonized the root environment of its legume host, white clover.Key words: Rhizobium, clover, cellulose microfibrils, enzyme cytochemistry, surface ecology, rhizoplane.

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46

Berggren, Britt. "Structure and cytochemistry of the procambium in Salix buds during dormancy and dormancy breaking." Nordic Journal of Botany 7, no. 2 (April 1987): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb00928.x.

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47

Rejon, Emmanuelle, Catherine Bajon, Annie Blaize, and Daniel Robert. "RNA in the nucleus of a motile plant spermatozoid: Characterization by enzyme-gold cytochemistry and in situ hybridization." Molecular Reproduction and Development 1, no. 1 (1988): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080010108.

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Healy, Rosaria A., Harry T. Horner, and Charlotte R. Bronson. "Visual characterization of the extracellular matrix of Cochliobolus heterostrophus and a mutant strain with a modified matrix." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-145.

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Two layers of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a film secreted outside the layers were visualized on germlings of Cochliobolus heterostrophus Drechsler grown on glass slides, cellophane membranes, and the surface of maize leaves. A mutant of C. heterostrophus, less virulent than the wild type, possessed the inner layer of ECM and the film, but not the outer layer. Using cytochemical and morphological methods, we explored the hypothesis that the reduced virulence of the mutant in leaves was due to the absence of the outer layer of the ECM. All ECMs were characterized using ruthenium red fixation, cryopreservation, immunocytochemistry, and colloidal gold labeling, before being examined with light and electron microscopy. With immunocytochemistry, antigens were localized in islands stained with ruthenium red within the scaffolding of the outer layer of the wild-type ECM on leaf surfaces and within the leaf. In the mutant, antigens were localized in the film on leaf surfaces. Comparisons between leaves infected by the two strains showed hyphae to be enclosed within material interpreted to be host response within intercellular spaces of leaves infected by the mutant, but not the wild type.Key words: Cochliobolus, cytochemistry, extracellular matrix, microscopy, mutant, virulence.

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Kim, Jong Sik, and Geoffrey Daniel. "DISTRIBUTION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, PECTINS AND HEMICELLULOSES IN MATURE PIT MEMBRANES AND ITS VARIATION BETWEEN PIT TYPES IN ENGLISH OAK XYLEM (QUERCUS ROBUR)." IAWA Journal 37, no. 3 (September 7, 2016): 402–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20160143.

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Although there is considerable information on the chemistry of bordered intervessel pit membranes, little is known on the pit membrane chemistry of other pit types in hardwoods. This study investigated distribution of phenolic compounds, pectins and hemicelluloses in different mature pit membranes of English oak xylem using transmission electron microscopy coupled with cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry. Mature bordered intertracheid (vasicentric)- and tracheid-vessel pits showed presence of xyloglucan and heteromannan (hemicelluloses) epitopes across the pit membrane (except for the annulus regions) with differences in amounts of epitopes between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW). In contrast, pectin epitopes were detected only in the annulus regions of pit membranes. Unlike bordered pits, half-bordered (tracheary-parenchyma pits) and simple (parenchyma pits) pit membranes were rich in pectin epitopes but lacked heteromannan epitopes, indicating difference in pit membrane chemistry between pit types. Distribution of phenolic compounds also differed between pit types and between EW and LW. LW also showed great variations in distribution of phenolic compounds between vessels. Together, this study demonstrates that there are great variations in pit membrane chemistry between pit types and between EW and LW in English oak xylem.

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Radek, Renate, Joachim R�sel, and Klaus Hausmann. "Light and electron microscopic study of the bacterial adhesion to termite flagellates applying lectin cytochemistry." Protoplasma 193, no. 1-4 (March 1996): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01276639.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Plant cytochemistry'

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