Relevant bibliographies by topics / Plant communitie

Academic literature on the topic 'Plant communitie'

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Published: 1 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant communitie"

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Ульданова and Railya Uldanova. "Formation forest fitotsenozov Volga River right banks." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 1 (September 7, 2014): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3833.

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The coastal forests, presented by valuable deciduous and coniferous forests, grow in the northeastern and eastern parts of the Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan, skirting the high right bank of the Volga River. They contribute to the maintenance of biological diversity in nature. The study of the formation of coastal forest phytocenoses, their species diversity and the modern state is now urgent work, and development activities for the conservation of natural habitats of plants, improve the sustainability of forest ecosystems are perspective direction. According to research of the forests of the right bank of the river Volga, we present the structure of coastal forest ecosystems. The association of forest ecosystems to the various elements of the relief was installed. The types of soil and litter were presented. The estimation of α-diversity of vascular herbaceous plants and ß-diversity of the studied forest ecosystems were reported. The largest number of species of vascular plants in coastal forests are: oak plant communities; a second group includes birch plants, pine and willow; the third group - the lime and larch; the fourth group - maple plant communitie. The ß-diversity index (Whittaker’s index) of plants in the studied forests varies between 2.2-6.8. The Jaccard coefficient of floristic similarity between forest ecosystems varies from 0.01 to 0.30, which confirms the diversity of generated by coastal forest ecosystems. The greatest diversity of plants was found in forests of ash and mixed grass, mixed grass willow, oak and lime-grove, maple, ash and mixed grass larches, birch wood. The forestry activities in coastal areas should be aimed at creating productive, sustainable forest ecosystems with a rich biodiversity of flora and fauna.
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Dirnböck, Thomas, Stefan Dullinger, and Georg Grabherr. "A new grassland community in the Eastern Alps (Austria): Evidence of environmental distribution limits of endemic plant communities." Phytocoenologia 31, no. 4 (December 6, 2001): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/31/2001/521.

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Dahl, E. "Alpine-subalpine plant communities of South Scandinavia." Phytocoenologia 15, no. 4 (December 8, 1987): 455–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/15/1987/455.

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von Wehrden, Henrik, Karsten Wesche, and Georg Miehe. "Plant communities of the southern Mongolian Gobi." Phytocoenologia 39, no. 3 (October 21, 2009): 331–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0331.

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Freitag, Helmut, Valentin B. Golub, and Natalya Yuritsyna. "Halophytic plant communities in the northern Caspian lowlands: 1, annual halophytic communities." Phytocoenologia 31, no. 1 (March 23, 2001): 63–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/31/2001/63.

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Parolly, Gerald. "Phytosociological studies on high mountain plant communities of the South Anatolian Taurus mountains 1. Scree plant communities (Heldreichietea): A synopsis." Phytocoenologia 28, no. 2 (June 23, 1998): 233–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/28/1998/233.

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Rehder, H., E. Beck, and J. O. Kokwaro. "The afroalpine plant communities of Mt. Kenya (Kenya)." Phytocoenologia 16, no. 4 (December 7, 1988): 433–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/16/1988/433.

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Bergmeier, Erwin, Maria Konstantinou, Ioannis Tsiripidis, and Karlè V. Sýkora. "Plant communities on metalliferous soils in northern Greece." Phytocoenologia 39, no. 4 (December 30, 2009): 411–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269x/2009/0039-0411.

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Mucina, L. "Endangered ruderal plant communities of Slovakia and their preservation." Phytocoenologia 17, no. 2 (May 2, 1989): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/17/1989/271.

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Bornkamm, R., and H. Kehl. "The plant communities of the Western Desert of Egypt." Phytocoenologia 19, no. 2 (December 17, 1990): 149–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/phyto/19/1990/149.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant communitie"

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Swedo, Barbara L. "Plant-microbe associations controls on soil bacterial community structure and consequences for aboveground plant communities /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3337259.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 28, 2009). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-12, Section: B, page: 7260. Adviser: Heather L. Reynolds.
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Iglesias, Maria Claudia. "Spacial patterns of the genders in Dioecius plant species." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65458.

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Foy, Elizabeth Christina. "Riparian vegetation and forest structure of two unregulated tributaries, compared to the regulated Snake River, Grand Teton NP, WY." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/foy/FoyE1208.pdf.

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The dynamic nature of rivers shapes riparian plant communities, and changes to the flow regime can have profound effects on these diverse ecosystems. To examine how riparian plant communities of the dam-regulated Snake River in Grand Teton National Park, WY respond to hydro-geomorphological factors, I studied the vegetation of two unregulated tributaries, Pacific Creek and Buffalo Fork, in relation to the main river. I considered three perspectives in this analysis. In chapter 2, I examined hydro-geomorphological processes shaping riparian vegetation in naturally flowing systems, by evaluating 15 environmental variables, and determining which were most related to vegetation. Using cluster analysis, I identified six distinct communities. I described environmental conditions associated with each community, using the unconstrained ordination technique NMDS, coupled with generalized additive models (GAMs). Community types occur on characteristic geomorphologic landforms. Depth to gravel, soil texture, pH, distance to bankfull channel, and elevation above water are all related to vegetation, and interact to determine where community types occur. In my third chapter, I compared the vegetation of the unregulated tributaries to the Snake River, as a means of assessing dam effects. Species richness per plot is higher on the tributaries, despite higher overall richness on the Snake River. Through the use of NMDS ordination and clustering techniques, I found the composition of the upper section of the Snake River, immediately below the dam, to be distinct. However, this section is naturally more incised, and the lower sections of the river do not seem to be influenced, suggesting dam impacts on vegetation are minimal. Environmental variables related to vegetation composition include elevation above water, depth to gravel, and geomorphological landform. In chapter 4, I compared age class distributions of spruce and cottonwoods across river sections, and found no evidence for a late-successional trend on the regulated river, versus unregulated tributaries. Age distribution is related to geomorphological landform, and browing also influences forest structure through root coppicing. Forest understory communities are structured by cottonwood age.
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Carlyle, Cameron Norman. "Interacting effects of climate change and disturbance on grassland plants and plant communities." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42269.

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Grasslands are threatened by urbanization, agricultural conversion, over-grazing, tree-encroachment, and invasive plants. Simultaneously, climate change acts on all levels of biological organization, from entire communities to the physiology of individuals. The environmental stresses induced by climate change have the potential to interact with human-caused disturbance, but the response of plants to these stresses and disturbances, and how they may interact, are not well known. To conserve grasslands it is critical to know which types of grassland and which plant species will be most affected. To understand the mechanisms of change at the ecosystem level it is necessary to study the response at lower levels of biological organization. Using a variety of approaches I studied the potentially interacting effects of stress (primarily reduced water availability) and disturbance (plant biomass removal) on different levels of biological organization. I ran a 4-year field experiment in which I manipulated water availability, temperature and clipping in three different grassland types. I found complex plant community structure and biomass response; treatments often interacted but the different grassland types had their own particular responses. As part of this experiment I monitored the effects of treatments on soil moisture and temperature and found that the effects are generally consistent with expectations, but treatments do not act exclusively or independently on target variables. In addition to stress and disturbance, competition is a key process structuring grasslands. In the greenhouse, I examined how plant competition is affected by stress and disturbance. I found that the interpretation of how competition is affected is dependent on the way competition is measured. Some measures of competition showed reduced competition across stress and disturbance gradients, but other measures showed no change. Finally, I examined the root traits of 18 species of grass in the greenhouse in response to reduced water availability. I found significant variation in traits among species, maintenance of trait hierarchies across environments and little evidence of plasticity, except for root: shoot ratio. Overall, stress, disturbance and their interactions are important in influencing individual plant performance, competition, structuring plant communities, and ecosystem function.
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Binney, Elizabeth P. "Comparative analysis of community and population levels of organization in the rare grass, Achnatherum hendersonii." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ27107.pdf.

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Boughton, Elizabeth Hermanson. "Understanding plant community composition in agricultural wetlands context dependent effects and plant interactions /." Orlando, Fla. : University of Central Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/CFE0002678.

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Laxton, Emma. "Relationship between leaf traits, insect communities and resource availability." Thesis, Electronic version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/483.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2005.
Bibliography: p. 178-203.
Introduction -- Study sites -- Leaf characteristics and resource availability -- Insect herbivory and resource availability -- Insect communities and resource availability -- Influence of resource availability on recovery from herbivory -- Conclusions.
This project used the resource availability hypothesis (Coley et al., 1985) as a framework for investigating the relationship between resource availability (as defined by soil nutrients), leaf traits, insect herbivore damage and insect community structure. According to the hypothesis, plants from low resource environments should be better-defended, have longer leaf lifespans and slower growth rates than plants from higher resource environments. Higher resource plant species are expected to suffer higher levels of herbivory and recover faster from herbivory than low resource plant species (Coley et al. 1985). A corollary to this hypothesis is that plants from higher resource sites should support greater densities of insect herbivores than low resource species. Comparisons between high and low resource sites were made in terms of: (i) leaf traits of mature and immature leaves; (ii) phenology of leaf maturation; (iii) herbivore damage in the field and laboratory; (iv) diversity and abundance of herbivorous insect fauna; and (v) ability to recover from herbivory.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
243 p. ill., maps
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Palisaar, Jaan. "The floodplain meadows of Soomaa National Park, Estonia vegetation - dispersal - regeneration /." Connect to this title online, 2006. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-regensburg/volltexte/2006/705/.

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Gosper, Carl R. "Consequences of weed invasion and control on plant-bird interactions and bird communities." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050221.155953/index.html.

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Zuefle, Marion E. "The impact of non-native woody plants on the native herbivorous insect community of northern Delaware." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 75 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1163239621&sid=7&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Books on the topic "Plant communitie"

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Eggers, Steve D. Wetland plants and plant communities of Minnesota & Wisconsin. [St. Paul, Minn.?]: US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1988.

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Eggers, Steve D. Wetland plants and plant communities of Minnesota & Wisconsin. 2nd ed. [St. Paul, Minn.]: US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1997.

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Eggers, Steve D. Wetland plants and plant communities of Minnesota & Wisconsin. [St. Paul, Minn?]: US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1987.

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M, Reed Donald, and United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. St. Paul District, eds. Wetland plants and plant communities of Minnesota & Wisconsin. St. Paul, Minn.?]: US Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul District, 1988.

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Hall, Robichaux Robert, ed. Ecology of Sonoran Desert plants and plant communities. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1999.

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Eggers, S. D. Wetland plants and plant communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin. S.l: s.n, 1987.

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Herbert, Sukopp, Hejný Slavomil, Kowarik I, and International Botanical Congress (14th : 1987 : Berlin, Germany), eds. Urban ecology: Plants and plant communities in urban environments. The Hague, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing bv, 1990.

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S, Rodwell J., Nature Conservancy Council (Great Britain), and Joint Nature Conservation Committee (Great Britain), eds. British plant communities. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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1911-, Hara Hiroshi, ed. Origin and evolution of diversity in plants and plant communities. Tokyo: Academia Scientific Book Co., 1985.

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Johnson, Ian R. PLANTMOD 2.1: Exploring the physiology of plant communities. Armidale, N.S.W: Greenhat Software, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant communitie"

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Campbell, Gaylon S., and John M. Norman. "Plants and Plant Communities." In An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics, 223–46. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1626-1_14.

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Callaway, Ragan M., and Jacob E. Lucero. "Soil biota and non-native plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 45–66. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0045.

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Abstract The trajectory of plant invasions - for better or for worse - can be tied to interactions between plants and the soil community. Here, we highlight five broad ways in which belowground interactions can influence the trajectory of biological invasions by non-native plant species. First, many non-native plant species in their non-native ranges can interact very differently with the resident soil community than do native species. Second, non-native plant species often interact very differently with the soil community in their non-native ranges than in their native ranges, which can result in enemy release from antagonistic interactions. Third, non-native plant species can cultivate a soil community that disproportionately harms native competitors in invaded communities. Fourth, antagonistic soil biota in invaded communities can reduce the performance of non-native plant species, resulting in meaningful biotic resistance against invasion. Fifth, besides or in addition to antagonistic interactions with soil biota, soil mutualisms can promote the success of invasive plant species (i) when mutualists co-invade with non-native plant species that require obligate specialist mutualists, (ii) when mutualists enhance the performance of non-native plant species in their non-native ranges, and (iii) when biotic interactions in the invaded community suppress the soil mutualists of native plant species. We conclude that management practices aimed at manipulating plant - soil interactions have considerable potential to help control plant invasions, but further work is needed to understand the spatial, temporal, taxonomic and biogeographic drivers of context dependence in interactions among plants and soil biota.
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Lack, Andrew, and David Evans. "Plant communities." In Plant Biology, 206–8. 2nd ed. London: Taylor & Francis, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203002902-62.

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Pignatti, Sandro, and Erika Pignatti Wikus. "Plant Communities." In Geobotany Studies, 125–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85329-7_4.

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Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Erwin Beck, Nina Buchmann, Stephan Clemens, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein, and Michael Scherer-Lorenzen. "Spatial Distribution of Plants and Plant Communities." In Plant Ecology, 657–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56233-8_18.

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Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, Erwin Beck, Nina Buchmann, Stephan Clemens, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein, and Michael Scherer-Lorenzen. "Thermal Balance of Plants and Plant Communities." In Plant Ecology, 303–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56233-8_9.

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da Silva, Fernanda Ribeiro, and Marco Aurélio Pizo. "Restoration of seed dispersal interactions in communities invaded by non-native plants." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 391–401. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0391.

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Abstract Restoration aims to rebuild not only species but also the tangled interactions between species that ensure communities perpetuate by themselves. In tropical forests, restoration of seed dispersal interactions is essential because most plant species depend on animals to spread their seeds. A big challenge in restoring such forests is dealing with invasion by non-native species. Non-native plant species may outcompete and eliminate native species from the community, potentially disrupting or arresting the restoration process. Once established, invasive non-native plants are usually incorporated into the local seed dispersal network, potentially causing loss of biodiversity by competition with native species. This chapter reports on a case study of a 25-year old restored forest invaded by several bird-dispersed plant species. We assessed network metrics at the species level to specifically evaluate the role performed by invasive non-native species in the structure of the bird - seed dispersal network. The removal of invasive non-native plants and the re-establishment of native plant communities should be considered for the restoration of habitats invaded by non-native plants. For this reason, we discuss the impacts of removing such non-native plants and explore the consequences for the structure of the overall network. Because restoration areas are open systems, even after the removal of invasive non-native plant species they can return via seed dispersal. So, both the control and management of invasive non-native species would be more effective if planned with a landscape perspective. We also point out relevant management aspects to avoid the negative influence of invasive non-native plants on the seed dispersal interactions occurring between native plant and bird species in restored tropical forests.
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Kendig, Amy E., S. Luke Flory, Erica M. Goss, Robert D. Holt, Keith Clay, Philip F. Harmon, Brett R. Lane, Ashish Adhikari, and Christopher M. Wojan. "The role of pathogens in plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions, 208–25. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0208.

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Abstract Plant-pathogen interactions occur throughout the process of plant invasion: pathogens can acutely influence plant survival and reproduction, while the large densities and spatial distributions of invasive plant species can influence pathogen communities. However, interactions between invasive plants and pathogens are often overlooked during the early stages of invasion. As with introductions of invasive plants, the introduction of agricultural crops to new areas can also generate novel host-pathogen interactions. The close monitoring of agricultural plants and resulting insights can inform hypotheses for invasive plants where research on pathogen interactions is lacking. This chapter reviews the known and hypothesized effects of pathogens on the invasion process and the effects of plant invasion on pathogens and infectious disease dynamics throughout the process of invasion. Initially, pathogens may inhibit the transport of potentially invasive plants. After arrival in a new range, pathogens can facilitate or inhibit establishment success of introduced plants depending on their relative impacts on the introduced plants and resident species. As invasive plants spread, they may encounter novel pathogens and alter the abundance and geographic range of pathogens. Pathogens can mediate interactions between invasive plants and resident species and may influence the long-term impacts of invasive plants on ecosystems. As invasive plants shift the composition of pathogen communities, resident species could be subject to higher disease risk. We highlight gaps in invasion biology research by providing examples from the agricultural literature and propose topics that have received little attention from either field.
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Casper, S. J., H. D. Krausch, and W. Scheffler. "The plant communities." In Lake Stechlin, 129–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5506-6_5.

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Pregill, Gregory K. "Plant–Vertebrate Communities." In West Southwest, 65–134. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351020060-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant communitie"

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Pavuk, Daniel M. "Influences of agroecosystem edge plant communities on insect community structure." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.114946.

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Cepeda, Joseph C., and Pamela S. Allison. "Plant communities and geologically significant plants of the Four Corners area." In 48th Annual Fall Field Conference. New Mexico Geological Society, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/ffc-48.283.

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Zaitseva, Yu V., A. V. Sidorov, and O. A. Marakaev. "Quorum Sensing regulation in the microbial-plant community Dactylorhiza incarnata (L.) Soó (Orchidaceae)." In IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-175.

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Chromec, Peter R., and Raymond J. Burelle. "Integration of an Energy From Waste Facility Into an Urban Environment." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2320.

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The maximum environmental benefits from a new Energy from Waste (EFW) facility may require locating the new plant close to both the source of the waste and the potential energy customers. This paper will present design features that were incorporated into several new EFW facilities to allow them to be located directly into urban environments while minimizing their impact on the community and often improving the quality of life for the surrounding communities. Locating the EFW facility directly into an urban community: • Minimizes the cost and the environmental impact of waste transport. • Allows electrical power to be generated at the point of consumption. • Provides thermal energy for district heating and cooling. • Reduces the dependence on imported fossil fuel for electrical generation and for heating / cooling. • Provides secure and well paying jobs for members of the community. • Reduces the carbon foot print of the community. • An EFW plant typically leads to higher recycling rate, both pre and post combustion. Some of the specific measures that have been considered for EFW plants in urban environment have included architectural enhancements, more stringent noise and odor control, significant reduction or even elimination of visible plumes. The two case studies included in this paper will be the new Isse´ane EFW plant in Paris and the recently awarded Riverside EFW plant in London.
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Kamaluddin, Abdul Kadir, Fadila Tamnge, and Mahdi Tamrin. "Contribution of Agroforestry to the Plant Communities and Community Welfare in Ternate." In 5th International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources (FANRes 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aer.k.200325.005.

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TELLO-RUIZ, MARCELA. "Finding and fixing antation errors through community curation." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1332340.

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Lainfiesta, Maximiliano, and Xuewei Zhang. "Planning a Solar-Powered Microgrid for Remote Rural Communities on Mountainous Terrain." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7525.

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Based on a real-world scenario in Central America, this work is to plan and design a solar-powered microgrid for the rural communities who have had no access to electric power due to their distance from the grid as well as the mountainous terrain. The minimum spanning tree method is used to generate the initial grid topology and the difference between the results with and without the consideration of actual terrain effects is shown. The design of solar generation and energy storage has 3 options: a centralized solar park powering all communities, each community with a solar plant, and distributed generation at household level. Using dc power flow, we develop optimization algorithm to improve the solutions and compare the designs in terms of feasibility and resilience (against power congestion) or robustness (against structural damage). Through this case, it is demonstrated that our methodology can inform and assist the planning of solar-powered microgrids for remote communities.
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Rossbach, Thomas J., Jennifer A. Nelson, and Jessica G. Davis. "SUSTAINABILITY: THRIVING COMMUNITIES, THRIVING PLANET – AN UNDERGRADUATE FRESHMAN THEMED LEARNING COMMUNITY." In 52nd Annual North-Central GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018nc-311898.

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Clore, Amy. "Divergence of Bacterial Endophyte Communities Within Differentiating Tissues of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L." In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.171218.

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Szczepaniec, Ada. "Neonicotinoid insecticides alter plant defenses and drive changes in arthropod communities in crop plants." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.106186.

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Reports on the topic "Plant communitie"

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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.
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Minz, Dror, Stefan J. Green, Noa Sela, Yitzhak Hadar, Janet Jansson, and Steven Lindow. Soil and rhizosphere microbiome response to treated waste water irrigation. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598153.bard.

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Research objectives : Identify genetic potential and community structure of soil and rhizosphere microbial community structure as affected by treated wastewater (TWW) irrigation. This objective was achieved through the examination soil and rhizosphere microbial communities of plants irrigated with fresh water (FW) and TWW. Genomic DNA extracted from soil and rhizosphere samples (Minz laboratory) was processed for DNA-based shotgun metagenome sequencing (Green laboratory). High-throughput bioinformatics was performed to compare both taxonomic and functional gene (and pathway) differences between sample types (treatment and location). Identify metabolic pathways induced or repressed by TWW irrigation. To accomplish this objective, shotgun metatranscriptome (RNA-based) sequencing was performed. Expressed genes and pathways were compared to identify significantly differentially expressed features between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW. Identify microbial gene functions and pathways affected by TWW irrigation*. To accomplish this objective, we will perform a metaproteome comparison between rhizosphere communities of plants irrigated with FW and TWW and selected soil microbial activities. Integration and evaluation of microbial community function in relation to its structure and genetic potential, and to infer the in situ physiology and function of microbial communities in soil and rhizospere under FW and TWW irrigation regimes. This objective is ongoing due to the need for extensive bioinformatics analysis. As a result of the capabilities of the new PI, we have also been characterizing the transcriptome of the plant roots as affected by the TWW irrigation and comparing the function of the plants to that of the microbiome. *This original objective was not achieved in the course of this study due to technical issues, especially the need to replace the American PIs during the project. However, the fact we were able to analyze more than one plant system as a result of the abilities of the new American PI strengthened the power of the conclusions derived from studies for the 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ objectives. Background: As the world population grows, more urban waste is discharged to the environment, and fresh water sources are being polluted. Developing and industrial countries are increasing the use of wastewater and treated wastewater (TWW) for agriculture practice, thus turning the waste product into a valuable resource. Wastewater supplies a year- round reliable source of nutrient-rich water. Despite continuing enhancements in TWW quality, TWW irrigation can still result in unexplained and undesirable effects on crops. In part, these undesirable effects may be attributed to, among other factors, to the effects of TWW on the plant microbiome. Previous studies, including our own, have presented the TWW effect on soil microbial activity and community composition. To the best of our knowledge, however, no comprehensive study yet has been conducted on the microbial population associated BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 2 of 16 BARD Report - Project 4662 Page 3 of 16 with plant roots irrigated with TWW – a critical information gap. In this work, we characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on root-associated microbial community structure and function by using the most innovative tools available in analyzing bacterial community- a combination of microbial marker gene amplicon sequencing, microbial shotunmetagenomics (DNA-based total community and gene content characterization), microbial metatranscriptomics (RNA-based total community and gene content characterization), and plant host transcriptome response. At the core of this research, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to study and characterize the effect of TWW irrigation on tomato and lettuce plants. A focus of this study was on the plant roots, their associated microbial communities, and on the functional activities of plant root-associated microbial communities. We have found that TWW irrigation changes both the soil and root microbial community composition, and that the shift in the plant root microbiome associated with different irrigation was as significant as the changes caused by the plant host or soil type. The change in microbial community structure was accompanied by changes in the microbial community-wide functional potential (i.e., gene content of the entire microbial community, as determined through shotgun metagenome sequencing). The relative abundance of many genes was significantly different in TWW irrigated root microbiome relative to FW-irrigated root microbial communities. For example, the relative abundance of genes encoding for transporters increased in TWW-irrigated roots increased relative to FW-irrigated roots. Similarly, the relative abundance of genes linked to potassium efflux, respiratory systems and nitrogen metabolism were elevated in TWW irrigated roots when compared to FW-irrigated roots. The increased relative abundance of denitrifying genes in TWW systems relative FW systems, suggests that TWW-irrigated roots are more anaerobic compare to FW irrigated root. These gene functional data are consistent with geochemical measurements made from these systems. Specifically, the TWW irrigated soils had higher pH, total organic compound (TOC), sodium, potassium and electric conductivity values in comparison to FW soils. Thus, the root microbiome genetic functional potential can be correlated with pH, TOC and EC values and these factors must take part in the shaping the root microbiome. The expressed functions, as found by the metatranscriptome analysis, revealed many genes that increase in TWW-irrigated plant root microbial population relative to those in the FW-irrigated plants. The most substantial (and significant) were sodium-proton antiporters and Na(+)-translocatingNADH-quinoneoxidoreductase (NQR). The latter protein uses the cell respiratory machinery to harness redox force and convert the energy for efflux of sodium. As the roots and their microbiomes are exposed to the same environmental conditions, it was previously hypothesized that understanding the soil and rhizospheremicrobiome response will shed light on natural processes in these niches. This study demonstrate how newly available tools can better define complex processes and their downstream consequences, such as irrigation with water from different qualities, and to identify primary cues sensed by the plant host irrigated with TWW. From an agricultural perspective, many common practices are complicated processes with many ‘moving parts’, and are hard to characterize and predict. Multiple edaphic and microbial factors are involved, and these can react to many environmental cues. These complex systems are in turn affected by plant growth and exudation, and associated features such as irrigation, fertilization and use of pesticides. However, the combination of shotgun metagenomics, microbial shotgun metatranscriptomics, plant transcriptomics, and physical measurement of soil characteristics provides a mechanism for integrating data from highly complex agricultural systems to eventually provide for plant physiological response prediction and monitoring. BARD Report
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Leis, Sherry, Mike DeBacker, Lloyd Morrison, Gareth Rowell, and Jennifer Haack. Vegetation community monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, Version 4.0. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294948.

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Native and restored plant communities are part of the foundation of park ecosystems and provide a natural context to cultural and historical events in parks throughout the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN). Vegetation communities across the HTLN are primarily of three types: prairie, woodland, and forest. Park resource managers need an effective plant community monitoring protocol to guide the development and adaptation of management strategies for maintaining and/or restoring composition and structure of prairies, woodland, and forest communities. Our monitoring design attempts to balance the needs of managers for current information and the need for insight into the changes occurring in vegetation communities over time. This monitoring protocol consists of a protocol narrative (this document) and 18 standard operating procedures (SOPs) for monitoring plant communities in HTLN parks. The scientific objectives of HTLN plant community monitoring are to (1) describe the species composition, structure, and diversity of prairie, woodland, and forested communities; (2) determine temporal changes in the species composition, structure and diversity of prairie, woodland, and forested communities; and (3) determine the relationship between temporal and spatial changes and environmental variables, including specific management practices where possible. This protocol narrative describes the sampling design for plant communities, including the response design (data collection methods), spatial design (distribution of sampling sites within a park), and revisit design (timing and frequency of monitoring visits). Details can be found in the SOPs, which are listed in the Revision History section and available at the Integrated Resource Management Applications (IRMA) website (irma.nps.gov). Other aspects of the protocol summarized in the narrative include procedures for data management and reporting, personnel and operating requirements, and instructions for how to revise the protocol.
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Leis, Sherry. Vegetation community monitoring trends in restored tallgrass prairie at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield: 2008–2020. National Park Service, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293117.

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Plant community monitoring at Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield (NB) focused on the restored tallgrass prairie community. Six monitoring sites were visited four times and observations of plant species and ground cover were made. In addition to those observations, we included two environmental factors in this report—precipitation and recent fire history—to help understand the vegetation data status and trends. Precipitation data (standardized vegetation index) indicated drought conditions in 2012 and some dry periods in 2016. Although prairies are adapted to drought, we found that species richness at the site and community scales (alpha and gamma diversity) were reduced in dry years. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping the plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became less frequent through the monitoring period. Also, additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, likely shaped the prairie community. Tree regeneration and nonnative plants in particular may have been affected by these techniques. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness varied over time and was correlated with precipitation; diversity indices (H′ and J′) were similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) demonstrated differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the park, were abundant and statistically similar across years. Many guilds were quite variable across the sites, but nonnative forbs declined, and nonnative grasses increased. Overstory trees and canopy cover, measured for the first time in 2020, have likely influenced the composition of one site. The composition of this site points to a shrubland-savanna community. Four of the sites tended towards shrubland rather than tallgrass prairie. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2008 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. An anticipated decline in species richness was observed in 2012 and 2016, but we were unable to isolate sample design as the cause. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded by tallying seedlings and saplings in the field. Our quality assurance procedures indicated that our observer error from pseudoturnover was 20.2%, meeting our expectations. Cover class estimates agreed 73% of the time, with all disagreements within one cover class. Coordinating management actions to achieve plant community goals like structure and composition of tallgrass prairie will be critical to the survival of the prairie species at the park. Fire and nonnative plant treatments along with the reduction of woody cover including trees are needed to arrest the transition to savanna and woodland community types. Frequent prescribed fire is an integral process for this community and there is no equivalent substitute. Continued focus on management for the desired tallgrass prairie community will also provide needed habitat for imperiled pollinators such as the monarch butterfly. Best management practices for pollinators on federal lands specify that treatments (prescribed fire, mowing or haying) should not occur during the blooming season or when pollinator breeding, egg, larval or pupal stages are present.
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Leis, Sherry, and Lloyd Morrison. Plant community trends at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve: 1998–2018. National Park Service, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294512.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network monitors plant communities at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve and evaluates a variety of environmental variables that affect vegetation patterns, including climate and ecological disturbances such as fire and grazing. Here we report on 2002–2018 trends in management actions (fire and grazing) and key plant community indicators. Temperature has increased over the past 50 years in the region. Precipitation and a standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index included a high degree of interannual variability and did not demonstrate directional change. We documented a decline in disturbance intensity (i.e., less frequent prescribed fire and lower stocking rates) since 2006. A preserve goal is to maintain 30 to 60% of the area as bare ground (soil and rock) for ideal greater prairie-chicken habitat. Bare areas have been in decline and minimally meet the goal preserve wide. Bare areas vary by pasture and year, with bare areas exceeding the threshold in earlier years and Big Pasture and Red House Pasture falling short in some recent years. Although the preserve-scale mean minimally met the objective, there was a great deal of heterogeneity across monitoring sites. Litter cover and depth were greater than ecological recommendations for the greater prairie-chicken, especially in 2018. Litter depth demonstrated a great deal of variability and included deep litter. Woody plants were targeted to remain below 5% cover. Preserve- and pasture-scale cover means were well below this threshold but are increasing. Species richness on a per site basis (alpha diversity) and preserve-wide richness (gamma diversity) showed no apparent directional change when corrected for differences in sample size. Comparison of native species composition between 2002 and 2018 revealed a 36.9% difference in the Sørensen Index, although observer error accounted for almost 2/3 of this apparent change. The preserve continues to have characteristic tallgrass prairie species, and nonnative species continue to be low. Similar to targeted invasive plant monitoring, we found the target species Kentucky bluegrass to be below park thresholds. Continued evaluation of fire frequency and grazing intensity will be critical to achieving ecological goals including conserving the greater prairie-chicken. Development of a grazing plan may assist with prescribing stocking rates that are consistent with the preserve’s ecological and cultural objectives and could include alternative herbivores, such as goats or expansion of bison.
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Leis, Sherry, and Mary Short. George Washington Carver National Monument plant community report: 2004–2020. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288500.

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The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network completed its sixth year of plant community monitoring at George Washington Carver National Monument in 2020. Plant community monitoring focused on the restored prairie community. We visited seven monitoring sites in each of the six years and collected data on plant species and ground cover. In this report we also included two environmental factors—precipitation and recent fire history—to better understand the vegetation community status and trends. Since 2000, precipitation has often been below the 30-year normal. Moreover, annual precipitation was below normal for all but one of the monitoring years. We found that the drought in 2012 stood out as possibly influencing plant guild cover. Although prairies are adapted to drought, further analyses might reveal more about the role of climate change in these vegetation communities. Fire management also plays an important role in shaping plant communities. Prescribed fire occurrence became more frequent and consistent through the period of plant monitoring. Additional treatments, including herbicide and mowing, also supported a healthy prairie. The prairie plant community continues to be moderately diverse despite recent increases in tree seedlings and small saplings. Species richness in 2012 was different than in two of the six years monitored. However, diversity indices (H′ and J′) were very similar across monitored years. Species guilds (also known as functional groups) exhibited differing patterns. Woody plants, long a concern at the monument, were statistically similar across years. In 2020, grass-like species increased, but grass species appeared to have declined below prior years. Grass cover in 2004 was statistically different (greater) than in 2008 and 2020. The reasons for this are not clear. Of particular interest to the park is the status of two sumac species (Rhus glabra and R. copallinum). These species were in decline as a result of focused management actions since 2012. However, the blackberry species (Rubus spp.) seemed to be replacing the sumac in some sites. In 2020, nonnative species richness and cover were below peak levels, demonstrating management actions have been successful in maintaining low levels. The vegetation monitoring protocol experienced some changes between 2004 and 2020. A key difference was a shift from sampling twice during the field season to sampling only once in a monitoring year. Although a decline in species richness was anticipated, that pattern was not apparent. However, the abundance of grasses may have been affected by the shift in seasonality of sampling. Additionally, we remedied inconsistencies in how tree regeneration was recorded (stem tallies in some cases and cover estimates in other cases). We converted all cover data to stem tallies and density was calculated to be consistent with the protocol. The monument has had success with coordinating fire management and invasive species management. A decrease in sumac across the prairie is evidence of this success. These actions will continue to be important for maintaining the prairie in good condition into the future.
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Perkovich, Cynthia. Differentiated plant-defense strategies: herbivore community dynamics affect plant-herbivore interactions. Kent State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21038/perk.2021.0101.

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Mayanja, Maureen Nanziri, Rebecca Nalubega, John R. S. Tabuti, and Collins Grace Atuheire. Effectiveness of Ethnoveterinary Medicinal Plants of Eastern Africa in Control of Livestock Pests or Disease Pathogens: A Systematic Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0006.

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Review question / Objective: a) What is the current state and distribution of evidence on medicinal plants for ethnoveterinary practice in livestock keeping communities in Eastern Africa? b) What evidence exists about the pharmacological activities and effectiveness in control of livestock pests or disease pathogens, of ethnoveterinary medicinal plants accessible to the drylands of Eastern Africa? Information sources: This systematic review will consider both experimental and quasi-experimental evaluation studies that report positive outcomes; in-vivo and in-vitro assays and phytochemical composition assessment. Qualitative studies that focus on ethnoveterinary medicinal plant use including, but not limited to qualitative description and action research, will also be considered. In addition, systematic reviews that meet the inclusion criteria will be considered.
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Fredrickson, Herbert, John Furey, David Price, Chris Foote, and Margaret Richmond. Root Zone Microbial Communities and Restoration of Plant Communities in Owens Valley, California - Phase 1. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada472131.

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Tapia, Amy S. 2018 Community Commitment Plan Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1483467.

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