Academic literature on the topic 'Plant biotechnology'

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Journal articles on the topic "Plant biotechnology"

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Khawar, Khalid Mahmood, Selma Onarici, Cigdem Alev Ozel, Muhammad Aasim, Allah Bakhsh, and Abdul Qayyum Rao. "Plant Biotechnology." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/736731.

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Boulay, Jean-Louis, and Sylvie Miot. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 11, no. 2 (April 2000): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00068-9.

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Chua, Nam-Hai, and Venkatesan Sundaresan. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 11, no. 2 (April 2000): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00069-0.

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Koncz, Csaba. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14, no. 2 (April 2003): 133–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(03)00032-6.

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Chua, Nam-Hai. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(96)80001-2.

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Beachy, Roger N. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 8, no. 2 (April 1997): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(97)80100-0.

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Hein, Mich. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 9, no. 2 (April 1998): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(98)80113-4.

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Maliga, Pal, and Ian Graham. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 7, no. 2 (April 2004): 149–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2004.01.016.

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Moloney, Maurice, and Jim Peacock. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 8, no. 2 (April 2005): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2005.02.001.

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Salmeron, John, and Luis R. Herrera-Estrella. "Plant biotechnology." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 9, no. 2 (April 2006): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2006.01.018.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant biotechnology"

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Nicholson, Tarryn Louise. "Carbon turnover and sucrose metabolism in the culm of transgenic sugarcane producing 1-Kestose." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/693.

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Poteete, Jean S. (Jean Schwartz). "Biotechnology manufacturing plant location decisions : Massachusetts case studies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69319.

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Williams, Heather Renee. "Examining industry concentration in the plant biotechnology sector /." View online, 2010. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131528776.pdf.

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Perry, Matthew D. "Improvements in the biotechnology of Theobroma cacao L." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324052.

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Hiten, Nicholas Fletcher. "The manipulation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels in sugarcane." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2873.

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Thesis (MSc (Plant Biotechnology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru 2,6-P2) is an important regulatory molecule in plant carbohydrate metabolism. There were three main objectives in this study. Firstly, to determine whether the recombinant rat 6-phosphofructo 2-kinase (6PF2K, EC 2.7.1.105) and fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase2, EC 3.1.3.11) enzymes, which catalyse the synthesis and degradation of Fru 2,6-P2 respectively, showed any catalytic activity as fusion proteins. Secondly, to alter the levels of Fru 2,6-P2 in sugarcane, an important agricultural crop due to its ability to store large quantities of sucrose, by expressing the recombinant genes. Thirdly, to investigate whether sugar metabolism in photosynthetic- (leaves) and non-photosynthetic tissue (internodes) were subsequently influenced. Activity tests performed on the bacterially expressed glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion 6PF2K and FBPase2 enzymes showed that they were catalytically active. In addition antibodies were raised against the bacterially expressed proteins. Methods for extracting and measuring Fru 2,6-P2 from sugarcane tissues had to be optimised because it is known that the extraction efficiencies of Fru 2,6-P2 could vary significantly between different plant species and also within tissues from the same species. A chloroform/methanol extraction method was established that provided Fru 2,6-P2 recoveries of 93% and 85% from sugarcane leaves and internodes respectively. Diurnal changes in the levels of Fru 2,6-P2, sucrose and starch were measured and the results suggested a role for Fru 2,6-P2 in photosynthetic sucrose metabolism and in the partitioning of carbon between sucrose and starch in sugarcane leaves. Transgenic sugarcane plants expressing either a recombinant rat FBPase2 (ODe lines) or 6PF2K (OCe lines) were generated. The ODe lines contained decreased leaf Fru 2,6-P2 levels but increased internodal Fru 2,6-P2 levels compared to the control plants. Higher leaf sucrose and reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) were measured in the transgenic plants than the control plants. The transgenic lines contained decreased internodal sucrose and increased reducing sugars compared to the control plants. Opposite trends were observed for Fru 2,6-P2 and sucrose when leaves, internodes 3+4 or internodes 7+8 of the different plant lines were compared. In contrast, no consistent trends between Fru 2,6-P2 and sucrose were evident in the OCe transgenic lines.
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Ombinda-Lemboumba, Saturnin. "Laser induced chlorphyll fluorescence of plant material /." Link to the online version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1149.

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Samodien, Mugammad Ebrahim. "Analysis of enzymes involved in starch phosphate metabolism." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2633.

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Thesis (MSc (Genetics. Plant Biotechnology)) --University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This project examined the role of proteins in starch phosphate metabolism. The first part was aimed at the functional characterization of the SEX4, LSF1 and LSF2 genes in both plants and bacteria. Constructs were produced to allow for expression of the three proteins in E. coli with the SEX4 and LSF2 proteins being successfully purified and used to produce antibodies. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the antibodies recognised the repective proteins in extracts, but it was not clear if they actually recognised the proteins or the GST tags they were fused to. Virus induced gene silencing constructs were also produced to allow repression of these three genes in Nicotiana benthamiana. This resulted in a starch excess phenotype being observed in the leaves of silenced plants which is consistent with the known or presumed roles for the genes. The antibodies produced were not specific enough to confirm that the respective protein were actually repressed, but it is likely that this was the case as plants infiltrated at the same time with a VIGS vector designed to repress phytoene desaturase exhibited a chlorophyll bleaching phenotype. These data confirm that SEX4 and LSF1 probable play the same role in N. benthamiana as in Arabidopsis, and provide evidence that LSF2 is also necessary for starch degradation. It was also attempted to characterise these proteins with respect to their substrate utilization by setting up a glyco-array experiment. Various potato starches from genetically modified plants were subjected to hydrolytic attack by starch degrading enzymes and fractionated by anion exchange chromatography to produce a multitude of glucans. These will be spotted onto glass filters and probed with the purified proteins to see if they bind to specific starch breakdown products preferentially. iv The project also involved investigating the effect the SEX4 protein has on E. coli glycogen contents. SEX4 was expressed in wild type and glgX mutant E. coli strains as it has been shown that this stops glycogen accumulation in the wild type, but not the glgX mutant. The cells were grown in liquid culture and glycogen contents measured. In liquid cultures SEX4 had no effect on glycogen contents in the wild type, possible because of problems with plasmid stability in the strain used. This final part of the project investigated the effect that a gwd mutation has on carbohydrate metabolism in leaves and fruits of the Micro-tom tomato cultivar. Starch and soluble sugar contents were measured in leaves and ripening fruits. A starch excess phenotype was found in the leaves, but no change in starch contents was determined in either the placenta or pericarp of the fruit. Soluble sugar contents were reduced in the fruit tissues, although the reason for this in unclear.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie projek het die rol van proteine in stysel-fosfaat metabolisme ondersoek. Die eerste deel handel oor die funksionele karaktiseering van die SEX4, LSF1 en LSF2 gene in beide plante en bakteriee. Vektore is gekonstrueer om die uitdrukking van die drie proteine in E.coli toe te laat terwyl die SEX4 en LSF2 proteine suksesvol gesuiwer is vir die gebruik vir teenliggaam produksie. Immunoklad analises het getoon dat die teenligame die spesifieke proteine in die ekstrak herken het, maar dit was nie duidelik of dit die onderskeie proteine was of die GST-verklikker waaraan die onderskeie proteine verbind was nie. Virus geindiseerde geen onderdrukking konstrukte is ook geproduseer om toe te laat vir die onderdrukking van hierdie drie gene in Nicotiana benthamiana. Dit het ‘n stysel oorskot fenotipe tot gevolg gehad in die blare van onderdrukte plante wat konstant is met die bekende of voorgestelde rolle van die gene. Die teenliggame wat geproduseer is was nie spesifiek genoeg om te bewys dat die onderskeie proteine wel onderdrukis nie. Dit kon wel die geval gewees het want plante geinfiltreer op dieselfde tyd met ‘n VIGS vektor wat ontwerp is om phytoene desaturase te onderdruk het ‘n chlorofil bleikings fenotipe getoon. Hierdie data bevestig dus dat SEX4 en LSF1 moontlik dieselfde rol speel in N. benthamiana as in Arabidopsis, en toon bewyse dat LSF2 ook nodig is vir stysel afbreek. Karakterisasie van die onderskeie proteine met respek tot hul substraat gebruik is ondersoek deur ‘n gliko-array eksperiment. Verskillende aartappel stysels van genetiese gemodifiseerde plante was geonderwerp aan hydrolitiese afbreek deur stysel afbrekende ensieme en geskei deur anioon uitruilings chromotografie om veelvuldige glukans te vi vervaardig. Dit is geplaas op glas filters en is ondersoek saam met die gesuiwerde proteine om te sien of dit mag bind aan spesifieke stysel afbreek produkte. ‘n Verdere ondersoek is onderneem na die effek van die SEX4 protein op E. coli glikogeen inhoud. SEX4 was uitgedruk in die E .coli wildetipe en glgX mutant omdat dit reeds bewys is dat SEX4 glikogeen ophoping veroorsaak in die wildetipe maar nie in die glgX mutant. Die selle is opgegroei in vloeibare media en glikogeen inhoud is gemeet. In vloeibare media het SEX4 geen effek op die wildetipe se glikogeen inhoud nie wat moontlik kan wees as gevolg van plasmied stabiliteit in die E. coli ras wat gebruik is. Die finale deel van die projek was om die effek van ‘n gwd mutasie op koolhidraat metabolisme in blare en vrugte van die Micro-tom tamatie kultivar te ondersoek. Stysel en oplosbare suikers is gemeet in blare en rypwordende vrugte. ‘n Oortollige stysel fenotipe is in die blare gevind maar geen verandering in stysel inhoud is waargeneem in die plasenta of perikarp van die vrug nie. Oplosbare suiker inhoud het afgeneem in die vrugweefsel dog is die rede hiervoor nie te verstane.
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Goshu, Abraha Tsion. "Isolation and characterisation of a culm-specific promoter element from sugarcane." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/949.

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Schafer, Wolfgang Erich. "Characterisation of sucrose synthase activity in the sugarcane culm." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16068.

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Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study had three main goals: 1. to investigate the occurrence on the protein level of sucrose synthase (SuSy) isoforms in sugarcane sink tissue, 2. to determine the kinetic properties of these isoforms, 3. to establish the tissue localisation of SuSy in the sugarcane culm The results are summarised below: Three SuSy isoforms were obtained from leaf roll tissue. The SuSyA and SuSyB isoforms differed in terms of charge characteristics, with SuSyA not binding to an anion exchange column that bound SuSyB and SuSyC under the same conditions. Both SuSyB and SuSyC isoforms were eluted at 180 mM KCl. The SuSyA and SuSyB isoforms were present during autumn, but during winter only the SuSyC isoform could be isolated. Even though they eluted at the same salt concentration, SuSyB and SuSyC were different isoforms, because they had different kinetic parameters, as well as different immunological properties. SuSyB and SuSyC could not have been mixtures of the same isoforms, since a polyclonal antiserum against SuSyB, which inactivates native SuSyB, did not inactivate SuSyC. All three isoforms had significantly different kinetic parameters, with the SuSyA isoform also having a much lower sucrose breakdown/synthesis ratio than the other two isoforms. Therefore, at least three SuSy isoforms occur in sugarcane leaf roll tissue on the protein level. The SuSyC isoform was subsequently kinetically characterised in detail. Data showed that the enzyme employs an ordered ternary complex mechanism, with UDP binding first and UDP-glucose dissociating last. These experimentally obtained kinetic parameters were then used to extend a kinetic model of sucrose accumulation. Data show that when the experimentally determined SuSy kineticparameters were entered into the model, a 40 % increase in sucrose concentration and 7 times reduction in fructose concentration resulted. These data illustrate the pronounced physiological effects that may result from the presence of different SuSy isoforms. SuSy protein localisation data, obtained by an immunohistochemical approach, indicated that SuSy protein was present in both storage parenchyma and vascular tissue of young, intermediate, and mature internodes. SuSy enzyme activity in different parts of the internodes was similar, except for internode 3, which had much higher activity in the bottom part of the internode, possibly because growth is faster here, hence a higher demand for sucrose cleavage exists here.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad: 1. om die teenwoordigheid van sukrose sintase (SuSy) isovorme in suikkerriet swelgweefsel te ondersoek 2. om die kinetiese eienskappe van hierdie isovorme te ondersoek 3. om die weefsellokalisering van SuSy in die suikerrietstingel te bepaal Die resultate word hieronder opgesom: Drie SuSy isovorme is gevind in blaarrol weefsel. Die SuSyA en SuSyB isovorme het verskil in terme van ladingseienskappe, met SuSyA wat nie aan ‘n anioonuitruilkolom gebind het nie waaraan SuSyB en SuSyC wel onder dieselfde kondisies gebind het. Beide SuSyB en SuSyC isovorme is geëlueer van die kolom teen 180 mM KCl. Die SuSyA en SuSyB isovorme was teenwoordig gedurende herfs, maar in die winter was slegs SuSyC teenwoordig. Ten spyte van die feit dat SuSyB en SuSyC teen dieselfde soutkonsentrasie geëlueer is, het hulle verskillende isovorme verteenwoordig, aangesien hulle kinetiese en immunologiese eienskappe verskil het. SuSyB en SuSyC kon nie mengsels van dieselfde isovorme gewees het nie, want ‘n poliklonale antiserum teen SuSyB, wat SuSyB geïnaktiveer het, het nie SuSyC geïnaktiveer nie. Al drie isovorme het betekenisvol verskil wat kinetiese eienskappe betref, met die SuSyA isovorm wat ook ‘n baie laer sukrose afbraak/sintese verhouding gehad het as die ander twee isovorme. Daar is dus ten minste drie SuSy isovorme teenwoordig op die proteïen vlak in suikerriet blaarrol weefsel. Die in-detail kinetiese analise van die SuSyC isovorm het getoon dat die ensiem ‘n geordende drietallige kompleks meganisme het, met UDP wat eerste bind en UDP-glukose wat laaste dissosieer. Die eksperimenteel bepaalde kinetiese parameters is toe gebruik om ‘n kinetiese model van sukrose akkumulering uit tebrei. Data het getoon dat wanneer die generiese SuSy kinetiese parameters in die oorspronklike model vervang word met die eksperimenteel bepaalde waardes, die berekende sukrose konsentrasie met ongeveer 40 % toeneem, terwyl die fruktose konsentrasie ongeveer 7 keer afneem. Hierdie resultaat toon die groot fisiologiese effek wat die uitdrukking van verskillende SuSy isovorme op suikermetabolisme kan hê. Die SuSy proteïen lokaliseringsdata, wat met ‘n immunohistochemiese benadering verkry is, het aangedui dat SuSy in beide bergingsparenchiemselle sowel as vaatweefsel teenwoordig is in jong, intermediêre en volwasse internodes. SuSy ensiemaktiwiteit in verskillende dele van die internodes was soortgelyk, behalwe in internode 3, wat baie hoër aktiwiteit gehad het in die onderste deel van die internode as bo, moontlik weens vinniger groei in hierdie deel van die internode, wat afhanklik is van afbraakprodukte van sukrose.
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De, Witt Riaan Neethling. "Correlating metabolite and transcript profiles in transgenic sugarcane lines." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80286.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: See item for full abstract
AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: Sien item vir volteks
IPB, National Research Foundation (NRF) and SASRI for funding
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Books on the topic "Plant biotechnology"

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Ricroch, Agnès, Surinder Chopra, and Marcel Kuntz, eds. Plant Biotechnology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68345-0.

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Halford, Nigel G., ed. Plant Biotechnology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470021837.

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Hammond, John, Peter McGarvey, and Vidaldi Yusibov, eds. Plant Biotechnology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60234-4.

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Ricroch, Agnès, Surinder Chopra, and Shelby J. Fleischer, eds. Plant Biotechnology. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06892-3.

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Shain-dow, Kung, and Arntzen Charles J, eds. Plant biotechnology. Boston: Butterworths, 1989.

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Agriculture, Association of, ed. Plant biotechnology. London: Association of Agriculture, 1990.

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Lindsey, K. Plant biotechnology in agriculture. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1990.

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Rady, Mohamed Ramadan. Plant Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22929-0.

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Lindsey, K. Plant biotechnology in agriculture. Chichester: Wiley, 1992.

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Arora, R., ed. Medicinal plant biotechnology. Wallingford: CABI, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845936785.0000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Plant biotechnology"

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Khan, Firdos Alam. "Plant Biotechnology." In Biotechnology Fundamentals, 133–62. Third edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2020.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003024750-6.

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Schillberg, Stefan. "Plant biotechnology." In Technology Guide, 162–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88546-7_31.

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Szöke, Éva, Ágnes Kéry, and Éva Lemberkovics. "PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY." In From Herbs to Healing, 513–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17301-1_6.

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Lucas, George B., C. Lee Campbell, and Leon T. Lucas. "Biotechnology." In Introduction to Plant Diseases, 112–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7294-7_8.

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Schuchardt, Frank. "Composting of Plant Residues and Waste Plant Materials." In Biotechnology, 101–25. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620968.ch3.

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Petersen, Maike, and August Wilhelm Alfermann. "Plant Cell Cultures." In Biotechnology, 577–614. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527620821.ch17.

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Rady, Mohamed Ramadan. "Plant Biotechnology and Periwinkle." In Plant Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants, 1–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22929-0_1.

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Rady, Mohamed Ramadan. "Plant Biotechnology and Foxglove." In Plant Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants, 149–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22929-0_3.

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Hokanson, Stan C., and John L. Maas. "Strawberry Biotechnology." In Plant Breeding Reviews, 139–80. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650196.ch4.

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Berger, Ralf G. "Plant Catalysts." In Aroma Biotechnology, 116–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79373-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Plant biotechnology"

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Bills, Donald D., and Shain-dow Kung. "BIOTECHNOLOGY AND PLANT PROTECTION." In Fifth International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814532716.

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Bills, Donald D., and Shain-Dow Kung. "Biotechnology and Plant Protection." In Fourth International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814534031.

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STEWART, C. NEAL, MATTHEW D. HALFHILL, and HAROLD A. RICHARDS. "GFP IN PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE." In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811158_0110.

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Šarčević-Todosijević, Ljubica, Snežana Đorđević, Bojana Petrović, Vera Popović, Jelena Golijan-Pantović, Vladimir Filipović, and Nikola Đorđević. "BIOLOGIAL ACTIVITY OF PLANT METABOLITES." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.32lst.

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As part of theoretical and applied botanical research, medicinal plant raw materials and their ingredients are studied. Certain plant species contain active substances, compounds with proven pharmacological, that is, biological activity. The mentioned compounds mainly belong to the secondary metabolites of plants.
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"Haploid biotechnology in the selection of Triticum aestivum L." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-012.

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"New antimicrobial gene promoters from chickweed (Stellaria media) for biotechnology of cultivated plants." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-048.

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"Breeding for high sugar content, plant stalk juice and plant height characters in sweet sorghum." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2019-203.

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Zhou, Weijia, R. J. Bula, and N. A. Duffie. "Performance Evaluation of the Commercial Plant Biotechnology Facility." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/981666.

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Nevidomaya, М. V., L. V. Khotskova, and A. O. Yasyuk. "Practical research work with schoolchildren in the Biotechnology Training Course on Plant Cloning Biotechnology." In Botanical Gardens as Centers for Study and Conservation of Phyto-Diversity. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-956-3-2020-44.

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"Autor index." In Plant Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Biotechnology. Novosibirsk ICG SB RAS 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/plantgen2021-223.

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Reports on the topic "Plant biotechnology"

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Lewinsohn, Efraim, Eran Pichersky, and Shimon Gepstein. Biotechnology of Tomato Volatiles for Flavor Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575277.bard.

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The main objectives of the research project were: 1. The manipulation, by genetic engineering techniques, of the terpenoid pathway in tomato fruit. Specifically, to test the hypothesis whether overexpression of linalool synthase in tomato fruits will result in the diversion of intermediates of the carotene biosynthetic pathway to linalool, demonstrating that linalool synthase is a key regulatory enzyme, and possibly improving tomato flavor. 2. The elucidation of the biochemical pathway leading to eugenol and methyl eugenol, and the manipulation of this pathway to determine key enzymes and to improve flavor in tomato. Background, conclusions and implications The different proportions of volatile components present in foods often determine their flavor properties. Two of the ten most important flavor compounds in tomatoes, linalool and eugenol, are emitted by the flowers of Clarkia breweri, (Onagraceae), a plant native to California, and are also present in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae). We have studied the key enzymes and genes involved in the production of these flavorants. Linalool synthase, the key enzyme in linalool biosynthesis and its corresponding gene were isolated and characterized from Clarkia breweri. The gene was coupled to a fruit-specific tomato promotor (E8) and was used to transform tomatoes. The transgenic tomatoes produced S-linalool and 1-hydroxylinalool, compounds absent from the fruits of controls. The transgenesis did not adversely affect the overall appearance of the plants nor the levels of other terpenoids present such as carotenoids and vitamin E. Our work has proven that the terpenoid pathway in tomatoes can be modified by the introduction and expression of foreign genes coding for the enzymes controlling the production of monoterpenoid flavor compounds. We have also isolated novel enzymes and genes that are involved in the formation of eugenol and methyl eugenol from Clarkia breweri and basil. An EST library of basil glandular trichomes (the site of eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis) was prepared. More than 1,200 genes have been preliminary characterized and a few of them have been confirmed by functional expression, to be involved in eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis. These genes have augmented the still small repertoire of genes that are available to modify the aroma of agricultural produce by genetic engineering.
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Sherman, A., D. N. Kuhn, Y. Cohen, R. Ophir, and R. Goenaga. Exploring the polyembryonic seed trait in mango as a basis for a biotechnology platform for fruit tree crops. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134176.bard.

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Mango is one of the most important fruit crops. However, the biology of this fruit tree is under studied. The lack of genetic and genomic resources has limited progress in mango research and breeding. Several research groups have recently started developing genomic tools for mango by creating transcriptome and genomic data. Sexual reproduction in plants is the main pathway for the creation of new genetic combinations. In modern agriculture, breeders exploit the genetic diversity generated through sexual reproduction to develop elite cultivars; however, these cultivars require genetic stabilization before they are suitable for mass propagation for uniform crop production. In heterozygous plants such as fruit trees, vegetative propagation (cloning) is the primary path for the propagation of genetically uniform plants. Another natural plant mechanism that can create genetically uniform plants (clones) is apomixes. Apomixis is defined as asexual reproduction through seeds that lead to the production of clonal progeny whose genotype is identical to that of the mother plant. In fruit crops like citrus and mango, sporophytic apomixes result in polyembryony, where seeds contain multiple embryos, one of which is sexually originated, and the others are clones of the mother tree. As part of this research, the reference genome of mango was established as a basic platform for mango breeding and research. It was used to map two important mango traits fruit size and polyembryony. The draft genome 'Tommy Atkins' sequence was generated using NRGene de-novo Magic on high molecular weight DNA of 'Tommy Atkins,' supplemented by 10X Genomics long read sequencing to improve the initial assembly. The final 'Tommy Atkins' genome assembly was a consensus sequence that included 20 pseudomolecules representing the 20 chromosomes of mango. The availability of a genome enables the genetic dissection of important traits. We demonstrated the utility of the genome assembly and the 'Tommy Atkins' x 'Kensington Pride' map by analyzing fruit weight phenotypic data and identifying two QTLs for this trait.
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Savaldi-Goldstein, Sigal, and Siobhan M. Brady. Mechanisms underlying root system architecture adaptation to low phosphate environment. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600024.bard.

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In order to advance our understanding towards potential biotechnology improvement of plant performance, we studied root responses to limited P in two different plants, Arabidopsis and tomato. Arabidopsis is among the most studied model plants that allows rapid application of molecular and developmental experiments while tomato is an important crop, with application in agriculture. Using Arabidopsis we found that steroid hormones modulate the extent of root elongation in response to limited P, by controlling the accumulation of iron in the root. We also found that the availability of P and iron control the activity of the steroid hormone in the root. Finally, we revealed the genes involved in this nutrient-hormone interaction. Hence, the ferroxidase LPR1 that promotes iron accumulation in response to low P is repressed by the transcription factor BES1/BZR1. Low P inhibits the steroid hormone pathway by enhancing the accumulation of BKI1. High levels of BKI1 inhibit the activity of the steroid hormone receptor at the cell surface and iron accumulation increases inside the root, resulting in a slow growth. Together, the extent of root elongation depends on interactions between an internal cue (steroid hormone) and cues derived from the availability of P and iron in the environment. Using tomato, we found that the response of two cultivated tomato varieties (M82 and New Yorker) to limited P is distinct from that of the wild species, Solanumpennellii. This is implicated at both the levels of root development and whole plant physiology. Specifically, while the root system architecture of cultivated tomato is modulated by limited P availability, that of the wild type species remained unaffected. The wild species appears to be always behaving as if it is always in phosphate deprived conditions, despite sufficient levels of phosphate. Hyper-accumulation of metals appears to mediate this response. Together, this knowledge will be used to isolate new genes controlling plant adaptation to limited P environment.
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Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner, and Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.
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Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber, and Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.

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Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.
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Stern, David, and Gadi Schuster. Manipulation of Gene Expression in the Chloroplast. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575289.bard.

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The steady-state level of a given mRNA is determined by its rates of transcription and degradation. The stabilities of chloroplast mRNAs vary during plant development, in part regulating gene expression. Furthermore, the fitness of the organelle depends on its ability to destroy non-functional transcripts. In addition, there is a resurgent interest by the biotechnology community in chloroplast transformation due to the public concerns over pollen transmission of introduced traits or foreign proteins. Therefore, studies into basic gene expression mechanisms in the chloroplast will open the door to take advantage of these opportunities. This project was aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into mRNA processing and degradation in the chloroplast and to engineer transcripts of varying stability in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA stability, processing, degradation and translation. In particular, the processing of the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs was shown to be important determinants in translation. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis. RNA polyadenylation has been characterized in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chloroplast transformants carrying polyadenylated sequences were constructed and analyzed. Data obtained to date suggest that chloroplasts have gene regulatory mechanisms which are uniquely adapted to their post-endosymbiotic environment, including those that regulate RNA stability. An exciting point has been reached, because molecular genetic studies have defined critical RNA-protein interactions that participate in these processes. However, much remains to be learned about these multiple pathways, how they interact with each other, and how many nuclear genes are consecrated to overseeing them. Chlamydomonas is an ideal model system to extend our understanding of these areas, given its ease of manipulation and the existing knowledge base, some of which we have generated.
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Watad, Abed A., Paul Michael Hasegawa, Ray A. Bressan, Alexander Vainstein, and Yigal Elad. Osmotin and Osmotin-Like Proteins as a Novel Source for Phytopathogenic Fungal Resistance in Transgenic Carnation and Tomato Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573992.bard.

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The goal of this project is to enhance fungal resistance of carnation and tomato through the ectopic expression of osmotin and other pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The research objectives were to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of osmotin and osmotin and other PR protein combinations against phytopathogens (including Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae, Botrytus cinerea or Phytophthora infestans), develop protocols for efficient transformation of carnation and tomato, express PR proteins in transgenic carnation and tomato and evaluate fungal resistance of transgenic plants. Protocols for microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation were developed that are applicable for the biotechnology of numerous commercial cultivars. Research established an efficient organogenetic regeneration system, optimized gene delivery and transgene expression and defined parameters requisite to the high frequency recovery of transgenic plants. Additionally, an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol was developed for tomato that is applicable for use with numerous commercial varieties. Rigorous selection and reducing the cytokinin level in medium immediately after shoot induction resulted in substantially greater frequency of adventitious shoots that developed defined stems suitable for rooting and reconstitution of transgenic plants. Transformation vectors were constructed for co-expression of genes encoding osmotin and tobacco chitinase Ia or PR-1b. Expression of osmotin, PR-1 and/or chitinase in transgenic carnation mediated a high level resistance of cv. White Sim (susceptible variety) to F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, race 2 in greenhouse assays. These plants are being evaluated in field tests. Comprehensive analysis (12 to 17 experiments) indicated that germination of B. cinerea conidia was unaffected by PR protein expression but germ tube elongation was reduced substantially. The disease severity was significantly attenuated by PR protein expression. Constitutive expression of osmotin in transgenic tomato increased resistance to B. cinerea, and P. infestans. Grey mold and late blight resistance was stable through the third selfed generation. The research accomplished in this project will have profound effects on the use of biotechnology to improve carnation and tomato. Transformation protocols that are applicable for efficient stable gene transfer to numerous commercial varieties of carnation and tomato are the foundation for the capacity to bioengineer these crops. The research further establishes that PR proteins provide a measure of enhanced disease resistance. However, considerations of PR protein combinations and conditional regulation and targeting are likely required to achieve; sustained level of resistance.
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8

Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.

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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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9

Delmer, Deborah P., Douglas Johnson, and Alex Levine. The Role of Small Signal Transducing Gtpases in the Regulation of Cell Wall Deposition Patterns in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570571.bard.

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The combined research of the groups of Delmer, Levine and Johnson has led to a number of interesting findings with respect to the function of the small GTPase Rac in plants and also opened up new leads for future research. The results have shown: 1) The Rac13 protein undergoes geranylgeranlyation and is also translocated to the plasma membrane as found for Rac in mammals; 2) When cotton Rac13 is highly- expressed in yeast, it leads to an aberrant phenotype reminiscent of mutants impaired in actin function, supporting a role for Rac13 in cytoskeletal organization; 3) From our searches, there is no strong evidence that plants contain homologs of the related CDC42 genes found in yeast and mammals; 4) We have identified a rather unique Rac gene in Arabidopsis that has unusual extensions at both the N- and C-terminal portions of the protein; 5) New evidence was obtained that an oxidative burst characterized by substantial and sustained production of H202 occurs coincident with the onset of secondary wall synthesis in cotton fibers. Further work indicates that the H202 produced may be a signal for the onset of this phase of development and also strongly suggests that Rac plays an important role in signaling for event. Since the secondary walls of plants that contain high levels of lignin and cellulose are the major source of biomass on earth, understanding what signals control this process may well in the future have important implications for manipulating the timing and extent of secondary wall deposition. 6) When the cotton Rac13 promoter is fused to the reporter gene GUS, expression patterns in Arabidopsis indicate very strong and specific expression in developing trichomes and in developing xyelm. Since both of these cell types are engaged in secondary wall synthesis, this further supports a role for Rac in signaling for onset of this process. Since cotton fibers are anatomically defined as trichomes, these data may also be quite useful for future studies in which the trichomes of Arabidopsis may serve as a model for cotton fiber development; the Rac promoter can therefore be useful to drive expression of other genes proposed to affect fiber development and study the effects on the process; 7) The Rac promoter has also been shown to be the best so far tested for use in development of a system for transient transformation of developing cotton fibers, a technique that should have many applications in the field of cotton biotechnology; 8) One candidate protein that may interact with Rac13 to be characterized further in the future is a protein kinase that may be analogous to the PAK kinase that is known to interact with Rac in mammals.
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10

Pilot plant operator killed in pressure vessel release at a Massachusetts biotechnology company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshsface94ma019.

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