Academic literature on the topic 'Plant-based phytochemicals and extract'
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Journal articles on the topic "Plant-based phytochemicals and extract"
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Husni, Patihul, and Zelika Mega Ramadhania. "Plant Extract Loaded Nanoparticles." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutics 3, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/idjp.v3i1.34032.
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Plant extract, a natural source containing complex mixture of compounds, offers many properties such as antiparasitic, antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, antiviral, insecticide, anticancer, antifungal, hypoglycemic properties. Recent research has been focused on developing formulation the plant extracts not only to deliver them safely but also to enhance its therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology-based strategies have been proposed as a system that can be used to formulate plant extracts. Plant extract loaded nanoparticles (NPs) is aimed to facilitate in crossing the biological barriers, to increase bioavailability of poorly water-soluble phytochemicals, to encapsulate mixture compounds of different phytochemicals, to provide targeted delivery of phytochemicals to specific organs resulting in low toxicity, to get effective purification process, to mask unpleasant taste and odor, to protect sensitive phytochemicals from biological (e.g. enzyme, pH) and environmental (e.g. light, temperature, humidity) degradation, to control release of encapsulated phytochemicals, and to provide a more flexible control over the size and shape of the NPs. This review is focused on plant extract loaded NPs including its advantages, stages for developing formulation of plant extract loaded NPs, and nanosystem used to loading plant extract. In addition, this review also depicts studies which have been conducted by many researchers in developing plant extract loaded NPs. The data were collected from published journals with 21 and 39 journals as primary and supporting literatures, respectively. Plant extracts loaded NPs could be a promising delivery system for active phytochemical contained in the plant extract which is not only to deliver them safely but also to enhance its therapeutic efficacy.Keywords: plant, extract, nanoparticle
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Poongodi K and Tamiliniyan P. "Qualitative phytochemical assessment of Leucas aspera (willd.) Link using various solvent extracts." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4224.
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Leucas aspera (Willd.) Linn. belonging to family Lamiaceae is well-known as ‘Thumbai' in Tamil Nadu with traditional medicinal value as an antipyretic and insecticide. The current research work has been carried out to screen the phytochemical content of the aqueous, hexane, ethanol and methanol extract from the whole plant of Leucas aspera. The percentage of yield of the extracts varied according to the organic solvents used in which aqueous yielded 5.4% and methanol yielded 7.8%, respectively. Among the 11 phytochemicals screened, the whole-plant extract showed the presence of 10 phytochemicals. The phytochemical screening result showed that the carbohydrate, protein, lipids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenols were present in the plant sample. Among the different solvent extract, methanol extract exhibited more number of phytochemical presence, and aqueous extract showed the least number of phytochemical presence. Among the different phytochemicals screened, carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, tannins were present in all the solvent extracts. In contrast, steroids were absent in all the solvent extracts, and lipid was present only in methanol extract. The result suggested that the presence of secondary metabolites of Leucas aspera could be a potential source for antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity and the methanolic extract of Leucas aspera could be explored for its potent pharmacological activities.
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Muddapur, Uday M., Aejaz A. Khan, Amal Bahafi, S. M. Shakeel Iqubal, Abdul Rahman Ikbal, Tasneem Mohammed, Kayamkani Abedulla Khan, and Muazzam Sheriff Maqbul. "Extraction of the Metabolites from Medicinal plant Euphorbia leaf." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 37, no. 5 (October 30, 2021): 1257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/370535.
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The antimicrobial, phytochemical contents of extracts obtained from the leaf extract of mature Euphorbia pilulifera (E. pilulifera) were examined in this research work. Using ethyl acetate extracts of the leaves of Euphorbia pilulifera, phytochemical metabolites were studied. Further using chromatography, different components were separated and its antimicrobial activity was studied. Different types of bacterial organisms were used for evaluating the antimicrobial activity. The results indicated that leaf extracts are more sensitive towards organisms. Thus the presence of phytochemicals in the leaf extract can be used for the treatment of different diseases.
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Wakhisi, Charles Wanjala, Gicheru Muita Michael, and Eric Mwangi. "Mineral and Phytochemical Composition of Cleome Gynandra Methanolic Extract." Advanced Journal of Graduate Research 8, no. 1 (April 11, 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajgr.8.1.18-26.
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The study was done to evaluate the mineral and phytochemical composition of the methanolic extract of Cleome gynandra (spider plant). The plant is used as a traditional vegetable in some communities in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. The plant has also been reported to have some medicinal effect due to presence of phytochemicals but its pharmacological and phytochemical profile has not been fully established. Collection and authentication of the plant was done followed by extraction using methanol as a solvent. The phytochemical investigation was done using both chemical analysis and chromatography method by use of a Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GCMS) system as per standard protocol. Cleome gynandra was found to contain some mineral compounds of nutritional importance and phytochemicals with potential medicinal importance. The phytochemicals analyzed include saponins, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, terpanoids and polyphenols. These different phytochemicals can be further studied and their potential medicinal importance analyzed. The study concluded that Cleome gynandra contains phytochemicals with potentially important medicinal value. The plant (Cleome gynandra) can also be used as an important nutritional source of some essential nutrients like Vitamin C and beta carotene. It can also be a good source of some mineral elements like iron, selenium, cobalt, copper, zinc and manganese. This can be important for families in rural areas and for the low-income households in both rural and urban areas as a source of nutrients.
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Malathi, R., D. Kaviyarasan, and S. Chandrasekar. "Study on Preliminary Phytochemicals and GC-MS Analysis of Justicia adhatoda Leaves Extract." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 4-s (August 19, 2019): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3380.
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Several natural products have been implemented as an alternative health care treatment and in discovery of effective modern drugs. A major focus of natural product chemistry has been toward drug design and discovery. Justicia adhatoda is a well-known Indian medicinal plant valued for its pharmacopeia. This plant root, bark, leaf and flower are used to heal several diseases and poisonous bites. The present work was to evaluate the phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of J. adhatoda leaves extracts. The extracts were subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The result showed that the phytochemicals present in the extract of J.adhatoda are alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, coumarins, hydroxy anthraquinones, tannins, phlobatannins, proteins, xantho protein, steroids and phenols. The GC-MS analysis of acetone extract showed the presence of many secondary metabolites like phytol (0.8%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z) (1.6%), butane, 2,2-dimethyl (0.21%), pentane, 2,3,3-trimethyl (0.22%), hexathiane (0.08%), and benzenesulfonic acid (0.22%). The diversity of phytochemical present in the plant suggests that J. adhatoda could serve as a source of useful drugs.
Keywords: Justicia adhatoda leaves, acetone extract, phytochemicals, GC-MS.
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Kumar N., Santhosh, Aliya Nusrath, and Dinesha Ramadas. "Quantitative analysis of chemical constituents in medicinal plant coleus aromaticus extracts." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20180630.
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Background: Indian medicinal plants have great potential towards curing many diseases. Medicinal plant Coleus aromaticus is known for its wide medical applications. The main objectives of the study undertaken were to analyze the phytochemicals and compare the concentration present in the dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract with various solvents.Methods: Various extracts of the medicinal plant Coleus aromaticus leaves such as dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein, hydro alcoholic extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract were prepared and analyzed for various phytochemical concentrations such as Total phenols (Folin-Ciocalteu method), Flavonoids (Aluminum chloride method), total sugars (Dubois method) and Proteins (Bradford’s method). Standard graph for each component was plotted.Results: The protein concentration in dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract is considerably higher (5.8μg/10μl) than hydro alcoholic extract (1.6μg/10μl), ethanol extract (5.2μg/10μl) and chloroform extract (2.8μg/10μl). The other phytochemicals like total phenol, flavonoids and total sugars were low in concentration in the dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract compared to hydro alcoholic extract, ethanol extract and chloroform extract.Conclusions: In this study, the protein concentration in dialyzed Coleus aromaticus protein extract is considerably higher than the same in other solvent extracts. This is the basis for further studies to unfold the antioxidant activity of Coleus aromaticus protein in vitro.
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Dahiru, Muhammad Mubarak, and Margret Samuel Nadro. "Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Potential of Hyphaene thebaica Fruit." Borneo Journal of Pharmacy 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v5i4.3632.
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The nature and application of medicinal plants in managing complications of various ailments are attributed partly to the presence of different phytochemicals. Oxidative stress due to increased levels of reactive oxygen species is a challenge in the management of such ailments, which might lead to death. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Hyphaene thebaica fruit. The phytochemicals in methanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate extract were qualitatively determined, followed by quantitation of the ethyl acetate extract as it contains phytochemicals absent in the other extracts. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the ethyl acetate extract of H. thebaica fruit was also determined. The result revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and flavonoids in all the extracts. However, steroids were not detected in the aqueous extract, and glycoside was detected only in the ethyl acetate extract. Flavonoids (5.80±0.20%) were higher than all the other phytochemicals in the ethyl acetate extract, followed by saponins which were present up to 2.50±0.11%, then terpenoids. Glycosides were present in higher amounts compared to steroids. However, alkaloids (0.08±0.05%) were in smaller amounts compared to the other phytochemicals quantified. The antioxidant activity showed a concentration-dependent increase in absorbance of the extract as displayed by the standard (ascorbic acid). The extract had an IC50 of 52.21 µg/mL, significantly (p <0.05) higher than that of the standard (14.10 µg/mL). Due to its phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity, H. thebaica can be used as a medicinal plant.
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Kalita, Lawrence, Biswajit Dash, Uttam Borah, Juman Deka, and Suvakanta Dash. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF DRIED FRUITS OF SOLANUM TORVUM (FAMILY-SOLANACEAE)." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 9, no. 3 (May 5, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.19982.
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Objective: To study the antimicrobial activity ethanolic extracts of dried fruits of Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae) along with preliminary phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of dried fruits of the herb Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae) were prepared and analyzed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts were examined against 2 bacterial strains among one is gram positive and other is gram negative and 2 fungus using agar well diffusion method.Results: The present experiment shows the phytochemical analysis, antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of dried fruits of the plant Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae). Various phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, Steroids, proteins and amino acids and tannins. All the extracts of the plant showed antimicrobial activity against most of the test organisms.Conclusion: It can be concluded ethanolic extract of whole aerial parts of the Solanumtorvum (family-solanaceae) contain the high presence of phytochemicals. This extract was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards.
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Peduruhewa, P. S., K. G. L. R. Jayathunage, and R. Liyanage. "Phytochemical screening and antioxidants in vitro bioaccessibility of Coccinia grandis: an underutilized wild edible plant in Sri Lanka." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1094, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1094/1/012007.
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Abstract Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt is an underutilized wild edible plant in Sri Lanka that consists of a number of medicinal and nutritional values. Underutilized wild edibles have multiple positive health effects for humans, attributed to their bioactive compounds including minerals, antioxidants and phytochemicals. Even though these plant extracts are enriched with a number of bioactive compounds, the bioaccessibility as well as, the bioavailability of those compounds significantly depend on the structure and the form in which they are introduced into the human body. Therefore, crude extract of C. grandis was subjected to evaluate their phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and antioxidant in vitro bioaccessibility fraction of digested samples were calculated. Organic solvents namely, ethanol, hexane and chloroform were used to extract the samples and qualitative in vitro phytochemical screening was conducted to screen for the presence or absence of the phytochemicals. Results indicate that alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, quinone, terpenoids and steroids are the available phytochemicals in every organic extract of C. grandis. Evaluation of antioxidant activity was done by two different assays such as DPPH and ABTS. In the hexane extract it was detected relatively high antioxidant activity as 0.008 mg/mL (IC50) in DPPH assay and 561.94 mg TEAC/ g in ABTS assay. Antioxidant bioaccessibility was also tested through an in vitro digestion model and a 42% bioavailability rate was indicated against the corresponding antioxidant activity in un-digested ethanol extract of C. grandis. Based on the presence of various phytochemicals and is a natural source of antioxidants, this species can be used to improve the human diet, especially for low-income people.
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Pujar, Rashmi, Nivedita Pujari, Arun K. Shettar, Joy H. Hoskeri, and Ramesh Babu Y. "GC-MS based Phytochemical Profiling and investigation of in vitro pharmacological activity of Croton sparsiflorus." Research Journal of Biotechnology 17, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1711rjbt08018.
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Phytochemicals are major group of compounds responsible for potential pharmacological activity of plant Croton sparsiflorus. It is a herbal plant that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is reported with diverse therapeutic properties. In the current study, different solvent extracts (Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Ethanol and Distilled water) of Croton sparsiflorus were examined for phytochemical screening based on GC-MS analysis. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts was examined by DPPH, FRAP, H2O2 assay and anti-inflammatory was performed by in vitro protein denaturation assay. Phytochemical screening reported presence of phenols, terpenoids and fats in aqueous leaf extract and saponins were present in chloroform extract. GC-MS analysis reported presence of six compounds namely methyl palmitate, 9-octadecenoic acid (z)-, methyl ester, methyl stearate, methyl lignocerate pentacosane and tetratetracontane. These compounds were reported to have several biological and industrial applications. Overall antioxidant assays showed that aqueous leaf extract has shown significant comparable activity near to the standard drug ascorbic acid. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity results revealed that as compared to the standard aspirin drug, aqueous leaf extract showed less but appreciable activity. In future, Croton sparsiflorus plant can be used for treating oxidative stress and inflammation related disorders as it possesses potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Plant-based phytochemicals and extract"
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HEJNA, MONIKA. "PLANT-BASED STRATEGIES TO CONTROL THE ZINC AND THE COPPER OUTPUT FROM SWINE LIVESTOCK." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/821594.
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The current state of agriculture, where demand for safe food is increasing rapidly as a consequence of growing population, raises a number of questions related to the one health approach and sustainable animal production with minimal impact on the environment. Swine production is an important branch of food production where weaning is the most vulnerable phase for piglets, often associated with decrease of growth performance and diarrhoea. The maintenance of gut health is therefore a complex endeavour where nutrition is crucial in order to reduce the intestinal disorders. Antimicrobial resistance is also a significant global concern. Reducing antibiotic use in animal production systems decreased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in animals about 15%. In the last decade, the European Union banned the antibiotic use as growth promoters in livestock (EU Reg. 1831/2003). The first antibiotic alternative was the wide application of essential nutrients such as zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) salts in the form of premix in the diets of animals to control digestive disorders. Due to their low bioavailability, Zn and Cu are commonly found in animal’ manure as a reflection of their content in the feed. The use of Zn and Cu in feed may also have contributed to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Despite antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, the first adopted alternative against in-feed antibiotics became unsafe due to heavy metal’ pollution in livestock wastewater. In order to reduce the high concentration of Zn and Cu and the antibiotic use in animal diets, plant extracts and different phytochemicals are of potential interest due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, if nutritional ecology’ strategy is not sufficient to reduce the wastewater pollution of heavy metals from livestock production, the development of efficient methods such as multidisciplinary phytoremediation approach is required. First, the preliminary aim was to overview of the role and the main challenges related to the content of essential heavy metals in
animal feed and to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals from feed and faeces in animal rearing systems in northern Italy. Based on an overview, the main second aim was to develop a plant-based integrated approach to reduce the input and output of both Zn and Cu as well as the use of antibiotic compounds in pig production. Hence, in order to reduce input, the first aim was to test several natural plant-based phytochemicals compounds (tannins and leonardite) in vivo and to test of the anti-inflammatory effects of peppermint oil and spearmint oil with porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. The last aim was to assess the ability of two aquatic species, Typha latifolia and Thelypteris palustris to control the Zn and Cu output from contaminated livestock wastewaters as a cost-efficient phytoremediation strategy. The in vivo data revealed that natural plant extracts (leonarditre and tannins) improved animal health. High doses of tannins (1.25%) supplementation showed slight reduction of diet digestibility and protein utilization, however this did not influence on feed intake and growth performance of animals. The inclusion of 0.25% leonardite improved the zootechnical performance, serum lipid profile and gut epithelium integrity, indicating a good general health status. In vitro study results showed that both mint oils significantly reduced TNF-α secretion from macrophages. To conclude, leonardite supports an improved stress response in weaned piglets, high dose of tannins did not impair growth performance and both peppermint and spearmint oils had anti-inflammatory activities in vitro. Moreover, results obtained from the phytormediation trial showed that Typha latifolia and Thelypteris palustris can accumulate and translocate Zn and Cu from contaminated wastewater. Thus, phytoremediation was effective to counteract the output of zinc and copper, and possibly other heavy metals from the livestock industry. Hence, an integrated nutritional ecology strategy and phytoremediation approach, in accordance with the modern principles of agroecology is needed to reduce the antibiotics use and heavy metals pollution in food-producing animals. Moreover, plant-based strategy guarantees the improvement of the health status of human and animal and leads to increase of the sustainability in animal rearing systems.
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Mbandezi, Yamkela. "Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of gold nanoparticles naturally synthesised from South African indigenous medicinal plant extracts." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6786.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScNanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in the quest to address health conditions. Green nanotechnology is a fairly new branch of nanotechnology, which aims to produce and utilize nanomaterials in a way that is safe for living organisms and their environment. Plant extracts are increasingly used in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which involves the reduction of sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) dehydrate by phytochemicals present in the plant extract. It is probable that the green synthesised AuNPs are more biocompatible than chemically synthesised AuNPs as biomolecules of plant origin are involved in the synthesis process. Therefore, this study aimed to explore various water extracts from indigenous South African plants, which included Perlagonium capitatum, Otholobium bracteolatum, Gerbera linnae, Morrella quercifolia, Searsia lucida, Phylica bubescens, Euclea racemosa, Tetragonia fruticosa, and Searsia glauca for their potential to synthesize AuNPs and to investigate their toxicity towards several microorganisms known to cause skin infections. These organisms play a significant role in delaying the healing of wounds. The antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles are increasing exploited in the production of wound treatments.
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Champagne, Donald Edmond. "Insect antifeedant and growth regulating activity of phytochemicals and extracts from the plant family Meliaceae." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29069.
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This thesis represents studies on aspects of the defenses against insect herbivores in species of the plant family Meliaceae, particularly with regard to phytochemicals. Methanolic extracts of foliage from thirty species in twenty-two genera were bioassayed for toxicity and growth inhibitory activity against the variegated cutworm, Peridroma sauciaf and for feeding inhibition against the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes. All but three species were inhibitory to P. saucia, members of the tribe Melieae being most inhibitory. Members of the subfamily Melioideae were more active than members of the Swieteniodeae. Newly identified species with activity comparable to neem (Azadirachta indica) foliage extracts included Aglaia odorata and Turreae holstii. Deciduous species produced extracts which were significantly more active than evergreen species, indicating a greater reliance on phytochemical-based defenses. Evidence is also presented to suggest that the leaves of evergreen species are tougher than deciduous species, and that there is a negative correlation between leaf toughness factors (physical defenses) and phytochemical-based defenses. These results are in agreement with predictions of the resource availability hypothesis.
The phytochemistry of Aglaia odorata, A. odoratissima. and A. argentia was examined in detail. Compounds identified included the dammaranes, aglaiondiol and aglaitriol, and the bis-amides (S,S)-odorine, (S,R)-odorine (a new natural product), (S,S)-odorinol, and (S,R)-odorincT. Three dihydroflavanones were identified from the Meliaceae for the first time: 3-hydroxy-5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavanone (a new natural product), 5,7,4'-trimethoxyflavanone, and 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavanone. All compounds were inactive against P. saucia. The inhibitory activity of A. odorata appeared to be due to a compound, tentatively identified as a limonoid, which may be acting in conjunction with a synergist. This compound inhibits P. saucia larval growth in the absence of antifeedant activity.
The toxicology of limonoids, representing the major biosynthetic classes, was examined against P. saucia and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Cedrelone and anthothecol inhibited P. saucia growth by 90%, but not feeding, when applied in diet at 0.5 μmol/g fwt. Cedrelone also inhibited O. fasciatus molting, with an MD₅₀ of 12.2 μg/nymph. In contrast, anthothecol, with an acetoxy function at C-11, was inactive against O. fasciatus. The D-seco compound gedunin, and the A,D-seco limonoids obacunone, nomilin, and pedonin were inactive in these assays; harrisonin initially inhibited feeding by neonate P. saucia but produced no long-term effects on growth rate. Bussein inhibited growth by 35% but entandrophragmin had no effect.
Azadirachtin was the most toxic compound examined in this study. Peridroma saucia growth (EC₅₀ =0.4 nmol/g diet fwt), survivorship (LC₅₀ =5.2 nmol/g), pupation, pupal weight, and adult emergence were decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Chemosensory antifeedant activity was implicated in neonates but was much less marked with third instar larvae. Azadirachtin decreased relative growth and consumption rates at doses lower than those affecting nutritional efficiency, or feeding in the choice tests. This suggests an action directly on the gut or on the neural regulation of feeding. Bioactivity of other limonoids did not correlate with measures of skeletal oxidation or rearrangement, although these are dominant themes in the evolution of the limonoids.
Melanoplus sanauinipes lacked an antifeedant response to azadirachtin, up to concentrations of 500 ppm. However, subsequent molting was markedly effected. Application of azadirachtin orally, topically, or by injection, allowed determination of the role of the gut and integument in limiting the bioavailability of this compound to putative target site(s) within the insect. The oral MD50, 10.8 μg/g insect fwt, was significantly higher than the injected MD₅₀, 3.01 μg/g, indicating a barrier to bioavailability in the gut. The oral activity of azadirachtin was synergised by coadministration of piperonyl butoxide, indicating that the barrier is due largely to oxidative metabolism. There was no significant difference between topical (3.8 μg/g) and injected activity, indicating that the integument does not pose a barrier to bioavailability. Azadirachtin decreased growth and consumption at doses which did not affect nutritional efficiency, again indicating an effect on the gut or neural regulation of feeding. No difference was seen in nutritional indices of nymphs treated with azadirachtin at 10 and 15 μq/q, although these doses produced markedly different effects on molting. This observation suggested that effects on endocrine events are not directly related to nutritional effects. The effects of azadirachtin treatment were not alleviated by dietary supplementation with cholesterol, and azadirachtin did not affect the hemolymph transport or metabolism of ¹⁴C-β-sitosterol, indicating that sterol metabolism is not the target for azadirachtin activity. Azadirachtin also did not form adducts with cysteine, suggesting that non-specific binding to sulfhydryl-rich protein is also unlikely as a mechanism of action.Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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Kumar, Suresh. "In vitro effects of medicinal plant extracts and phytochemicals on factors implicated in Alzheimer's disease." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577147.
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BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial neurological disorder characterized by an insidious onset with progressive symptoms of memory impairment, language deficit, behavioural problems including agitation, mood disturbances and poor judgment. AD involves multiple pathogenetic factors such as A~ production and aggregation, oxidative stress, tau protein aggregation, metal ions (e.g. Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+) and reduced levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. All these factors play important roles in neurodegeneration associated with AD. These provide diverse multiple targets for examining AD-modifying drugs. In view of this, the study was focussed on finding natural plant extracts used traditionally for centuries to treat memory and cognition related disorders specifically AD. Attention was also focussed on certain phytochemicals to find their therapeutic values in AD. AIMS: To find the neuroprotective, anti-cholinesterase and antioxidant activities of an aqueous extract of Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Salvia patens, Salvia elegans, Capsicum annum, Uncaria tomentosa, Melissa officinalis and Centella asiatica plants. Four phytochemicals namely allicin, ajoene, capsaicin and asiatic acid were also examined for these activities. The targets chosen in this study were AChE and BuChE, neurotoxic A~ fibrils and oxidative stress pathway using in vitro models. METHDOLOGY: The aqueous extracts were obtained by boiling dried powdered plant materials in deionized water for 25 min. Enzyme assay were performed to determine anti-ChE activity by Ellman's method, while kinetics (Km and Vmax) were analyzed using Lineweaver-Burk plot method. Antioxidant capacities of these plant extracts and phytochemicals were determined using FRAP and TEAC assays. The neuroprotective activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals were determined under in vitro condition in differentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell culture against H202 and A~ induced toxicities. X111 The anti-aggregation property was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence assay. RESUL TS: An aqueous extract of W somnifera showed dual inhibitory activities against both AChE and BuChE. The ICso values for AChE and BuChE were O.l5±0.007 and 0.80±0.005mg/mL, respectively. The potency of inhibition was greater for AChE compared with BuChE. The mode of inhibition was non- competitive mixed inhibition. Other plant extracts displayed either weak or negligible enzyme inhibition activity. In contrast, allicin demonstrated potent dual enzyme inhibitory activity. The ICso values for AChE and BuChE inhibition were 0.01±0.009 and 0.05±0.018mg/mL, respectively, while ajoene demonstrated weak enzyme inhibitory activity compared with allicin. The ICso values for AChE and BuChE inhibition of ajoene were 0.55±0.012 and 0.07±0.015mg/mL, respectively. Most of the plant extracts possessed high antioxidant capacities; FRAP values: 4242±112 to 1364644±130J,!mol Fe2+E/g dried weight; TEAC values: 1.89±0.12 to 26.20±0.05 mmol Trolox E/g dried weight. In contrast, allicin, ajoene and capsaicin showed weak antioxidant capacities; FRAP values: 1615±90, 934±35 and 1423±75 umol Fe2+E/g dried weight, respectively, whereas asiatic acid showed no apparent antioxidant capacity. These results led to the second part of the study in which these aqueous extracts and phytochemicals were examined for their neuroprotective properties under in vitro conditions in differentiated PC12 cells against H202 and A~ induced toxicity. The neuroprotective effect varied from plant to plant. An aqueous extract of W somnifera, B. monniera, S. elegans, U tomentosa, C. asiatica and pure compounds asiatic acid and capsaicin showed up to 70-90% protection of PC 12 cells against H202 and A~ induced toxicity whereas, allicin and M ofjicinalis extract showed no protective effects. Anti-aggregation measured by TEM and ThT fluorescence assay showed that an aqueous extract of W somnifera and allicin strongly inhibited fibril formation compared with control samples. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of W somnifera root and allicin have an ability to inhibit formation of mature fibrils which leads to plaque formation. XIV CONCLUSION: These finding demonstrate that that an aqueous extract prepared from these medicinal plants and phytochemicals have significant neuroprotective activities against different targets including AChE, BuChE, ROS and A~ implicated in AD. Hence, these results provide evidence of the usefulness of these medicinal plants and phytochemicals which may be used in the future to develop new therapeutic strategies for the prevention of and treatment of AD.
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Helal, Racha [Verfasser]. "Biopharmaceutical investigations of the effects of immune-modulatory plant extracts and phytochemicals on lysozyme expression in human cells / Racha Helal." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1025490010/34.
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Harris, Taahir. "Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean) from Mpumalanga province of South Africa: phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of seeds and product extracts." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2789.
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Thesis MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) an indigenous legume cultivated in Sub-Saharan Africa has been proclaimed to have medicinal properties from communities and in rural areas. However, there is not enough scientific information to validate these claims. Therefore, this study aimed to identify possible medicinal properties of Bambara groundnut (BGN), by analysing the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of BGN seed and product extracts from Mpumalanga province within South Africa. The BGN extracts (70% methanol, 70% ethanol, milli-Q water) from seeds and products (milk and yoghurt) were screened for the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, riboflavin and thiamine using analytical laboratory methods for basic screening, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) for quantification. The antimicrobial activity involved direct bioautography and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606T, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC 33591 and Candida albicans ATCC 24433. For the seed extracts, flavonoids and phenols were highly concentrated in the red and brown hulls of BGN compared to whole and dehulled BGN. Organic solvents in comparison to water yielded the highest concentration of flavonoids, whilst water yielded the highest concentration for phenols. Flavonoid compounds that were detected at the highest concentrations were rutin (24.458 ± 0.234 mg.g-1, brown hull extracted with 70% methanol), quercetin (0.070 ± 0.043 mg.g-1, red hull extracted with 70% methanol), kaempferol (0.391 ± 0.161 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with 70% ethanol) and myricetin (1.800 ± 0.771 mg.g-1; red hull extracted with 70% methanol). For phenol compounds, gallic acid (0.009 ± 0.004 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with milli-Q water), catechin (0.026 ± 0.041 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with milli-Q water), methyl gallate (0.008 ± 0.013 mg.g-1; brown whole extracted with milli-Q water), chlorogenic acid (0.115 ± 0.199 mg.g-1; brown hull extracted with milli-Q water) and ellagic acid (0.105 ± 0.082 mg.g-1; red hull extracted with milli-Q water) were detected. Vitamins B1 and B2 (riboflavin and thiamine) were mostly present in milli-Q water extracts. Black-eye hull had the highest concentration of thiamine (vitamin B1) and riboflavin (vitamin B2) consisting of 0.072 mg.g-1 (extracted with milli-Q water) and 0.002 mg.g-1 (extracted with 70% ethanol and 70% methanol). Red and brown hull extracts from organic solvents (70% ethanol and 70% methanol) showed the highest antimicrobial activity, whereas the whole, dehulled and hulls (black-eye and brown-eye) extracts had no antimicrobial activity. As for BGN products extracts, flavonoid compounds that were detected at the highest concentrations were rutin (5.694 mg.g-1, whole BGN milk, milli-Q water), quercetin (0.703 mg.g-1, whole BGN yoghurt, milli-Q water) and myricetin (0.987 mg.g-1, whole BGN yoghurt, 70% ethanol).
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Staffa, Pumla. "Anti-tick activities of extracts of Tulbaghia violacea (Alliaceae) cultivated in hydroponic media amended with entomopathogenic fungi (Hypocreales)." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2830.
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Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Ticks and tick-borne diseases are important limiting factors to the attainment of sustainable animal and human health, affecting livelihood of resource poor farming communities in developing countries. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum (Ixodidae) are among the most troubling tick species in Africa. While ticks can be controlled by applying chemical acaricides, these chemicals are quite expensive, especially, for small-scale famers in developing countries. Hence, the quest for alternative tick control over the years have revealed that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and plant extracts have huge prospects as sustainable alternatives for tick control. Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales) is a fungal entomopathogen with the ability to colonize plants endophytically and induce secondary metabolite production in plants, and it has been found to be a potential biological control agent against a wide range of arthropods. Several plant species including plant species belonging to the family Alliaceae possess anti-tick activities (repellent and toxic); therefore, integrating the two strategies by inoculating Tulbaghia violacea with B. bassiana could enhance secondary metabolite contents in extracts obtained from the plant and increase medicinal materials. The primary purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of indigenous endophytic entomopathogens inoculation of T. violacea on the plant growth, tissue nutrient contents and secondary metabolites, and anti-tick activities of extracts of T. violacea. The specific objectives were: (i) to carry out a study on the effects of inoculating T. violacea with fungal strains of B. bassiana and Clonostachys rosea on plant growth and tissue nutrient contents in extracts of T. violacea with the view of selecting one of the two fungi for further investigation (ii) to compare secondary metabolite profiles of extracts obtained from plants exposed to fungus (EPF) inoculum and control treatment during cultivation, and (iii) to determine whether exposure of T. violacea to an endophytic fungus (B. bassiana) during cultivation affects the repellent and acaricidal activities of extracts of T. violacea on A. variegatum and R. appendiculatus. The study had two experiments, presented in chapters two and three. In the first experiment, eight weeks old potted seedlings of T. violacea were inoculated separately with B. bassiana (strain SM3) and C. rosea (strain SM8) conidia suspended at concentrations of 1 x 106 conidia mL-1. Plant growth parameters, such as number of leaves, plant height (aerial part), fresh weights of aerial parts, and tissue nutrient contents were assessed. Results indicated that B. bassiana induced higher growth of plants than C. rosea. Inoculation with B. bassiana did not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) influence most of the growth parameters, number of leaves, fresht weight of roots and of fresh weight aerial parts (leaves) of T. violacea assessed in the current study. However, mean plant heights and root lengths were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in favour of B. bassiana treated plants compared to those in C. rosea. Fe contents in the roots (1416.3 ± 305.10 mg/kg) were found to be positively influenced (P < 0.05) by the fungal inoculation. There was a significant difference in roots (P < 0.05) on the uptake of Mn in C. rosea treated plants (243 ± 19 mg/kg) compared to the control group (169 ± 16.37 mg/kg) and B. bassiana treated roots (161.3 ± 14.44 mg/kg). Macro nutrients up take did not differ significantly among treatments on both leaves and roots (P > 0.05).
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Vicente, David Gil Marques Borrero. "An overview of the role of cytochrome P450 enzyme system in food-drug interactions and possible applications in veterinary medicine." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1003.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaCytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are hemoproteins belonging to the group of monooxygenases and one of the main enzymatic systems responsible for drug metabolism. In the present study, in vitro approach was applied to evaluate the relation of CYP-catalyzed activities between human, rabbit, minipig and mouse, using single substrate assays (MultiCYP 7-ethoxycoumarin 0-deethylase (ECOD), CYP1A1/2 7-ethoxyresorufin 0- deethylase (EROD), CYP2A6 coumarin 7-hydroxylase (COH), CYP3A4 midazolam 1- hydroxylase (OH-MDZ), and CYP2E1 chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylase (OH-CLZ)). It was also studied plant extracts (Pinus sylvestris, Angelica archangelica, Mentha sp., Citrus grandis) and phytochemicals (8-Hydroxybergapten, 5,6-dihydroxyangelicin, α, β-Thujone, α-Thujone, angelicin, bergamottin, bergapten, bergaptol, cnidilin, imperatorin, isobergapten, isopimpinellin, lanatin, phellopterin, psoralen, sphondin, xanthotoxin) as potential inhibitors in CYP-related activities of hepatic human microsomes (CYP1A1/2 (EROD), CYP2A6 (COH), CYP3A4 (OH-MDZ)). This study showed that the lowest ECOD activity was detected in humans and there was no similarity between other species. CYP1A1/2 showed equivalent activities. The highest CYP activities in humans were found for CYP2A6 and CYP3A4. In CYP2E1 activity, two similar groups were recognized: human and mouse versus rabbit and minipig. EROD reaction was the most inhibited CYP-mediated reaction. COH reaction was inhibited by few compounds. The highest inhibition was detected among angular furocoumarins. Linear furocoumarins group had the lower inhibitory concentration of CYP3A4. Thujone showed weak inhibition of CYP activities.
RESUMO - As enzimas do sistema citocromo P450 (CYP) são hemoproteinas pertencentes ao grupo das monoxigenases e um dos principais sistemas enzimáticos responsáveis pela metabolização de fármacos. Neste estudo foi avaliada a relação da actividade catalítica de diferentes CYPs entre humanos, coelhos, minipig e murganhos, recorrendo a substratos como sondas individuais in vitro para mensurar reacções especificas (MultiCYP 7-etoxicumarina 0-deetilase (ECOD), CYP1A1/2 7-etoxiresorufina 0-deetilase (EROD), CYP2A6 cumarina 7-hidroxilase (COH), CYP3A4 midazolam 1-hidroxilase (OH-MDZ), e CYP2E1 clorozoxazona 6-hidroxilase (OH-CLZ)). Também foram estudados extractos de plantas (Pinus sylvestris, Angelica archangelica, Mentha sp., Citrus grandis) e fitoquímicos (8-hidroxibergaptem, 5,6-dihidroxiangelicina, α, β-tujona, α-tujona, angelicina, bergamottin, bergapteno, bergaptol, cnidilina, imperatorina, isobergapteno, isopimpinelina, lanatin, felopterina, psoraleno, sphondin, xantotoxina) como potenciais inibidores da actividade catalítica dos CYPs microssomais hepáticos humanos (CYP1A1/2 (EROD), CYP2A6 (COH), CYP3A4 (OH-MDZ)). Neste estudo não foram detectadas actividades similires entre espécies na reacção ECOD e a actividade mais baixa foi detectada nos humanos. A reacção EROD dos CYP1A1/2 demonstrou actividades similares entre as diferentes espécies. As maiores actividades cataliticas verificadas nos humanos correspondem aos CYP2A6 e CYP3A4. No estudo da reacção do CYP2E1 foram determinados dois grupos distintos com actividades cataliticas similares: 1) humanos e murganhos, 2) coelhos e minipigs. No estudo de potenciais inibidores dos CYPs, a reacção EROD foi a mais inibida. Pelo contrário, a reacção COH foi inibida por poucos compostos. A maioria das inibições ocorreu por exposição a furocumarinas angulares. O grupo de furocumarinas lineares teve a menor concentração inibitória da reacção OH-MDZ do CYP3A4. Os fitoquímicos α, β-tujona e α- tujona demonstraram ter um fraco poder inibitório na actividade dos CYPs analisados.
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Marques, Milene Bueno. "Triagem fitoquímica e avaliação da sensibilidade antimicrobiana e da genotoxicidade de Sedum praealtum DC. (Bálsamo)." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2015. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/102.
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-25Sedum praealtum DC. (Crassulaceae) is one of 350 species pharmacologically active from the genus Sedum, whose actions in treatment of eyes (pain and swelling) and ulcer, inflammatory problems, as contraception and anti-fertilization, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory have been reported. The objective was to evaluate the hydroethanolic extract of S. praealtum regarding their potential antimicrobial in vitro (some bacteria, yeasts and micobactéria strains), cytotoxic in vitro and genotoxic in vivo. A fast phytochemical screening of this extract was also performed. The antimicrobial activities were carried out by microdilution in broth and agar diffusion methods (CLSI). The genotoxic effects and systemic toxic and cytotoxicity were evaluated by micronucleus assay in mice bone marrow and cell cultures of Aedes albopictus, respectively. The selectivity index was also established (SI = CI50/MIC). Dosages of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were done by colorimetric and precipitation techniques. A high amount of phenolic compounds were identified in S. praealtum root. The S. praealtum leaves showed broad spectrum of action and variables MICs: Gram-negative bacteria (E. aerogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens and S. typhimurium), gram-positive (B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, M. luteus and S. aureus) and yeast (S. cerevisiae). The stem and root were restricted to gram-positive bacteria and S. cerevisiae, other than E. coli (stem) and P. mirabilis (root) microbicidal action microorganism- and anatomical part-dependent (leaf, stem or root). S. praealtum showed no inhibition against C. albicans, M. tuberculosis and M. bovis. The root showed acceptable SI (SI 1) for P. mirabilis; B. subtilis; B. cereus; M. luteus; E. faecalis; S. aureus and S. cerevisiae, whereas the sheet only for S. cerevisiae. The hydroalcoholic extract of S. praealtum leaves revealed no genotoxic effects (no clastogeny and/or aneugeny) and toxicity in bone marrow of mice, dose (0.5-2 g.Kg-1) and time-independent (24-48 hours), but sex-dependent (male and female). This was the first scientific study of this nature involving S. praealtum and partially the results provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive development and utilization of plant resources. However, advanced phytochemical characterization together with the various pharmacological and pharmacogenomic studies should be conducted in order to characterize their effects and, importantly, for the establishment of limits for human consumption, the delineation of potential risks to human health, and for rational strategies for implementing chemo-preventive measures.
Sedum praealtum DC. (Crassulaceae) é uma das 350 espécies farmacologicamente ativas do gênero Sedum, cujas ações no tratamento dos olhos (dores e inchaços) e úlcera, de problemas inflamatórios, como contraceptivo e antifertilização, antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória foram relatadas. O objetivo foi avaliar o extrato hidroetanólico de S. praealtum quanto aos seus prováveis potenciais antimicrobiano in vitro de algumas cepas de bactérias, de leveduras e de micobactérias, citotóxico in vitro e genotóxico in vivo. Uma rápida triagem fitoquímica desse extrato também foi realizada. As atividades antimicrobianas foram realizadas empregando-se os métodos de microdiluição em caldo e em difusão em agar (CLSI). Os efeitos genotóxicos e tóxicos sistêmicos e a citotoxicidade foram avaliados pelo ensaio do micronúcleo na medula óssea de camundongos e pelas culturas celulares de Aedes albopictus, respectivamente. O índice de seletividade também foi estabelecido (IS = CI50/CIM). Dosagens de flavonoides e compostos fenólicos foram feitas usando técnicas colorimétricas e de precipitação. Uma elevada quantia de compostos fenólicos foi identificada na raiz de S. praealtum. As folhas de S. praealtum mostraram ação de amplo espectro e CIM variáveis: bactérias gram-negativas (E. aerogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. marcescens e S. typhimurium), gram-positivas (B. cereus, B. subtilis, E. faecalis, M. luteus e S. aureus) e levedura (S. cerevisiae). O caule e a raiz foram restritos às bactérias gram-positivas e S. cerevisiae, exceto E. coli (caule) e P. mirabilis (raiz) ação microbicida micro-organismo-dependente e parte anatômica-dependente (folha, caule ou raiz). S. praealtum não apresentou ação contra C. albicans, M. tuberculosis e M. bovis. A raiz mostrou IS aceitável (IS 1) para P. mirabilis; B. subtilis; B. cereus; M. luteus; E. faecalis; S. aureus e S. cerevisae, enquanto que a folha apenas para S. cerevisae. O extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de S. praealtum revelou efeitos não genotóxicos (ausência de clastogenia e/ou aneugênia) e efeitos tóxicos na medula óssea de camundongos, dose- (0,5-2 g.Kg-1) e tempo-independente (24-48h), porém sexo-dependente (macho e fêmea). Este foi o primeiro estudo científico dessa natureza envolvendo S. praealtum e, parcialmente, os resultados fornecem uma base para a utilização e para o desenvolvimento compreensivo de recursos vegetais. Todavia, a caracterização fitoquímica avançada aliada aos diversos estudos farmacológicos e farmacogenômicos deveriam ser conduzidos a fim de caracterizar os seus efeitos e, mais importante, estabelecer limites para o consumo popular, delinear os riscos potenciais à saúde humana, e implementar estratégias racionais e medidas quimio-preventivas.
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Maciel, Mônica Jachetti. "Atividade antibacteriana de antibióticos, de desinfetantes e de extrações vegetais sobre Salmonella padrão e Salmonelas isoladas em produtos de origem animal." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131252.
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O gênero Salmonella constitui um problema para a saúde animal e humana. Com a finalidade de evitar a ocorrência da transmissão deste microrganismo e a interrupção da doença provocada por eles, deve-se utilizar desinfetantes e antibióticos. A exposição continuada a estes agentes pode resultar no surgimento de resistência microbiana. Tendo em vista este fenômeno, a pesquisa por novos agentes antimicrobianos a partir de extratos vegetais se faz necessária, pois existe a possibilidade de se encontrar substâncias eficazes contra a resistência de micro-organismos já disseminados no ambiente. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: monitorar a resistência das 134 amostras de Salmonella isoladas em produtos de origem animal frente a antibióticos comumente utilizados na rotina veterinária; testar a atividade dos desinfetantes frente às Salmonellas resistentes; testar a hipótese de resistência cruzada entre grupos antibióticos e desinfetantes; avaliar a atividade bactericida de extratos de plantas medicinais nativas no Rio Grande do Sul sobre salmonelas padrão; avaliar a atividade antibacteriana do macerado hidroalcoólico de Achyrocline satureioides frente às salmonelas resistentes; fazer prospecção fitoquímica do macerado hidroalcoólico e do decocto de Achyrocline satureioides, Realizou-se o teste de sensibilidade a antibióticos frente a 134 amostras de Salmonella spp. isoladas em produtos de origem animal. Cinquenta e uma (51) salmonelas foram resistentes a pelo menos um antibiótico. Após, utilizou-se o teste de suspensão da avaliação quantitativa da atividade bactericida de desinfetantes. Foram testados os desinfetantes cloreto de cetil trimetilamônio (amônia quaternária), digluconato de clorexidina (clorexidina), hipoclorito de sódio e iodóforo, em quatro concentrações frente salmonelas resistentes, nos tempos 5, 15 e 60 minutos, densidade populacional 107 UFC/ mL. O iodóforo e o hipoclorito de sódio inativaram os isolados na maior parte dos experimentos. Porém, cloreto de cetil trimetilamônio (amônia quaternária) e digluconato de clorexidina (clorexidina) mesmo nas maiores concentrações do desinfetante, houveram micro-organismos resistentes. Pode-se perceber que não houveram relações concomitantes de resistência entre antibióticos e desinfetantes, levando-se em consideração todas as variáveis testadas. Na triagem inicial da atividade antibacteriana das plantas medicinais, utilizou-se a proporção de 10 g de planta para 100 mL do líquido extrator, em 8 e 24 horas, densidade populacional de Salmonella Choleraesuis (ATCC 10.708) 107, 106 e 105 UFC/ mL e formas decocção e maceração hidroalcoólica das plantas Achyrocline satureioides, Bidens pilosa, Conyza bonariensis, Jacaranda micrantha, Myrciaria cuspidata e Smilax cognata. A. satureioides, como macerado hidroalcoólico apresentou inativação nos tempos 8 e 24 horas, mostrando maior redução logarítmica. A. satureioides no macerado hidroalcoólico foi testada frente a 51 salmonelas resistentes. Observou-se que quanto maior o tempo de contato, nas menores densidades populacionais, maior foi o número de inativações. A atividade antibactericida do macerado hidroalcoólico de A. satureioides sugere o seu uso como ingrediente antisséptico em pomadas para uso animal ou humano, ou ser empregado na imersão de utensílios e partes removíveis de maquinários das indústrias alimentícias, frigoríficos, tendo como objetivo promover a desinfecção destes insumos. A prospecção fitoquímica realizada com o decocto e com o macerado hidroalcoólico de A. satureioides detectou a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos hidrolisáveis e condensados, flavonóis e saponinas. O decocto de A. satureioides, diferentemente do macerado hidroalcoólico, não apresentou taninos hidrolisáveis e saponinas.The genus Salmonella constitutes a problem for animal and human health. In order to prevent the transmission of this organism and the interruption of the disease caused by them, you should use disinfectants and antibiotics. Continued exposure to these agents can result in the emergence of microbial resistance. In view of this phenomenon, the search for new antimicrobials from plant extracts is necessary, because there is a possibility to find effective substances against the resistance of microorganisms already disseminated in the environment. The objectives of this study were: to monitor the resistance of 134 samples of Salmonella isolated in products of animal origin in front of antibiotics commonly used in veterinary routine; test the activity of disinfectants against the salmonellas resistant; test the hypothesis of cross-resistance between antibiotics and disinfectants; evaluate the bactericidal activity of extracts of medicinal plants native to the Rio Grande do Sul on Salmonella standard; evaluate the antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic macerate to Achyrocline satureioides to Salmonella resistant; do the hydroalcoholic macerate phytochemical prospecting and to Achyrocline satureioides vegetable water, antibiotic sensitivity testing in front of 134 samples of Salmonella spp. isolated in products of animal origin. Fifty-one (51) Salmonella were resistant to at least one antibiotic. After, we used the suspension test of quantitative evaluation of bactericidal activity of disinfectants. Have been tested the disinfectants cetyl trimetilamônio chloride (quaternary ammonia), chlorhexidine digluconate (chlorhexidine), sodium hypochlorite, iodophor in four concentrations Salmonella resistant front, 5 times, 15 and 60 minutes, population density 107 CFU/ mL. The iodophor and sodium hypochlorite inactivated isolates in most experiments. However, cetyl trimetilamônio chloride (quaternary ammonia) and chlorhexidine digluconate (chlorhexidine) even in the largest concentrations of disinfectant, there were resistant microorganisms. One can notice that there were no concurrent relationships of resistance between antibiotics and disinfectants, taking into account all the variables tested. In the initial screening of antibacterial activity of medicinal plants, the proportion of 10 g of plant for 100 mL of liquid Extractor, in 8 and 12:00 hour, population density of Salmonella Choleraesuis (ATCC 10,708) 107, 106 and 105 CFU/ mL decoction and hydroalcoholic maceration and the plants Achyrocline satureioides, Bidens pilosa, Conyza bonariensis, Jacaranda micrantha, Myrciaria cuspidata and Smilax cognate. A. satureioides hydroalcoholic macerate as presented 8 and 12 hour in inactivation, showing greater logarithmic reduction. A. satureioides in hydroalcoholic macerate has been tested in front of Salmonella resistant 51. It was observed that the longer the time of contact, the smallest population densities, higher number of inactivation. The antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic macerate of A. satureioides suggests its use as an antiseptic ingredient in ointments for human or animal use, or be employed in the immersion of utensils and removable parts of machinery of food industries, refrigerators, aiming to promote the disinfection of these inputs. The phytochemical held prospecting with the vegetable water and hydroalcoholic macerate of A. satureioides detected the presence of phenolic compounds, hydrolysable and condensed tannins, flavonols and saponins. The vegetable water of A. satureioides, unlike the hydroalcoholic macerate, hydrolysable tannins and failed to provide saponins.
Books on the topic "Plant-based phytochemicals and extract"
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An evidence-based approach to dietary phytochemicals. New York, NY: Thieme, 2007.
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Tucci, S. A. Phytochemicals for the control of human appetite and body weight. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.
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International, Phytochemical Conference (6th 2006 Buena Park Calif ). Phytochemicals: Aging and health. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
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Colleen, Carkeet, ed. Phytochemicals: Health promotion and therapeutic potential. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis/CRC Press, 2013.
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Eisenbrand, Gerhard. Risk assessment of phytochemicals in food: Novel approaches, symposium. Edited by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. Senatskommission zur Beurteilung der Gesundheitlichen Unbedenklichkeit von Lebensmitteln. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2011.
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G, Fraga Cesar, ed. Phenolic compounds of plant origin and human health: Biochemistry behind their nutritional and pharmacological value. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2009.
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G, Fraga Cesar, ed. Plant phenolics and human health: Biochemistry, nutrition, and pharmacology. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.
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Tokusoglu, Ozlem. Fruit and cereal bioactives: Sources, chemistry, and applications. Boca Raton, [Fla.]: CRC Press, 2011.
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Sheppard-Hanger, Sylla. The aromatherapy practitioner reference manual: A complete reference book of over 350 aromatic plant extracts, index of biologiclly active phytochemicals, clinical index and taxonomical index. Edited by Lisin Galina, Watt Martin, and Moyler David. Tampa, Florida: Atlantic Insitute of Aromatherapy, 1995.
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American Institute for Cancer Research. and American Institute for Cancer Research. Conference, eds. Nutrition and cancer prevention: New insights into the role of phytochemicals. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Plant-based phytochemicals and extract"
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Londonkar, Ramesh, and Maithilee Kesralikar. "In Vitro Anticancer Screening of Methanolic Extract of Stachytarpheta Mutabilis." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 188–204. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_19.
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AbstractIn therapeutic plants, phytochemicals are found in abundance. A family of verbena known as vervain (verbenaceae) consists of over 100 genera and nearly 2600 species. Among the Verbenaceae family is Stachytarpheta, a green perennial herb. The species is being examined in this study for its phytochemical, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Stachytarpheta mutabilis methanol extracts were studied for their phytochemical screening, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancerous effects in the current study. Phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, and saponins, among other phytoconstituents. One fungus, Aspergillus niger, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis, as well as four-gram (+) pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, and two gram (-) pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were disc diffusion tested for antibacterial activity. The nitric oxide scavenging assay was used to test for anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro. DPPH, ABTS, and total antioxidant tests were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Analyses such as TLC, GC-MS, and were performed as per common procedure. A nitric oxide scavenging experiment was utilised to determine the anti-inflammatory properties of the drug in vitro. Tests for antioxidant activity were conducted using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and total antioxidant tests. MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) analysis has been used to do anticancer screening. Extracts from Stachytarpheta mutabilis were found to include flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds as well as terpenoids and steroids in their phytochemical analysis. Squalene, octadecanal, and butan-1-one were found in the GC-MS study as were thirty other bioactive chemicals such as 4-isopropylcinnamic acid and octadecanoic acid. The methanolic fractions of plant extracts were shown to be effective against all bacteria. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant experiments performed in the lab revealed the compounds’ potent inhibition activity. Analysis of the GC-MS data revealed the existence of thirty distinct components. MTT assay on the extract revealed anticancer activity. The data shows that the methanolic extract has a significant properties. Stachytarpheta mutabilis has therapeutic value and other pharmaceutical qualities may be assessed as a result of these results, which support the traditional usage of folk medicine as well.
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Sharma, Bechan, and Nitika Singh. "Phytochemicals as DNA protectants and genotoxicants A. Phytochemicals as genotoxicants. B. Plant extract as DNA protectants. C. Isolated compounds as DNA protectants." In Environmental Damage to DNA and the Protective Effects of Phytochemicals, 63–74. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429342059-7.
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Kaithal, Poonam, Rajiv Kant, Rohit Lall, Archana Verma, and Preetam Verma. "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Madhuca longifolia and Its Antibiofilm Potential." In Proceedings of the Conference BioSangam 2022: Emerging Trends in Biotechnology (BIOSANGAM 2022), 156–67. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-020-6_16.
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AbstractThe synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extract as a capping agent has been very easy, economical and environment friendly method. The Madhuca longifolia is one of the well-known trees for its various benefits from food industry to its medicinal applications. It is indigenous to India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. In the present aqueous extract was used from leaves of M. lngifolia has been used as a capping agent to form AgNPs by reducingsilver nitrate with the help of green synthesis route. UV-visible spectroscopicy gave maximaat 420 nmconfirmed the synthesis of M. longifolia AgNPs. Characterization was done by TEM, SEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. FTIR confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals and formation of nanoparticles. XRD confirmed the formation of crystalline structure of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The shape of silver nanoparticles was irregular and spherical. The reaction solution turned brown which is the primary indication of formation of AgNPs. Crystalline size was calculated and found to be 10–25 nm; and TEM showed the size of nanoparticles around 5–40 nm. The M. longifolia based Silver nanoparticles were evaluated for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activity on Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) by disc diffusion and percentage inhibition methods was confirmed.
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Rudrapal, Mithun, Nazim Hussain, and Chukwuebuka Egbuna. "Diabetes Mellitus and it Management with Plant-Based Therapy." In Dietary Phytochemicals, 125–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72999-8_7.
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Sharma, Monika, Jyotsana Dwivedi, Bhanu Kumar, Bramhanand Singh, and A. K. S. Rawat. "Plant-Based Secondary Metabolites for Health Benefits." In Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants, 33–64. Series statement: Innovations in plant science for better health: from soil to fork: Apple Academic Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429203220-3.
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Aquilato, Andrea, Barbara B. Doonan, Tze-chen Hsieh, and Joseph M. Wu. "Molecular Sensors and Mediators of Skin Cancer Preventative Phytochemicals." In Bioactive Dietary Factors and Plant Extracts in Dermatology, 291–314. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-167-7_27.
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Dereli, Fatma Tuğçe Gürağaç. "Plant-Based Bioactive Components: Phytochemicals: A Review." In Bioactive Components, 27–33. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2366-1_2.
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Nath, Arijit, Titas Ghosh, Abinit Saha, Klára Pásztorné Huszár, Szilvia Bánvölgyi, Renáta Gerencsérné Berta, Ildikó Galambos, et al. "Soybean-Based Functional Foods Through Microbial Fermentation: Processing and Biological Activities." In Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 3–33. Series statement: Innovations in plant science for better health : from soil to fork: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003055419-1.
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Chaudhuri, Rituparna Kundu, and Dipankar Chakraborti. "Bioactive Compounds from In-Vitro Culture of Swertia Chirayita (Roxb. Ex Flem.) Karsten: Identification and Quantification." In Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 311–34. Series statement: Innovations in plant science for better health : from soil to fork: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003055419-10.
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Benedek, Csilla, John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu, Zsanett Bodor, and Zoltan Kovacs. "Honey-Based Polyphenols: Extraction, Quantification, Bioavailability, and Biological Activities." In Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 35–63. Series statement: Innovations in plant science for better health : from soil to fork: Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003055419-2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Plant-based phytochemicals and extract"
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Sahoo, Debasish, Virendra Vaishnav, Tanushree Chatterjee, and Navita Gupta. "HERBAL DIETARY SUPPLEMENT – A MODERN APPROACH IN COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM) IN HEALTH CARE SCIENCE." In International Conference on Public Health and Medical Sciences. Goodwood Conferences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35912/icophmeds.v1i1.24.
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Preliminary pharmacological study of herbal based dietary supplement formulation based on extracts or whole plants derived from fruits, root, berries, macrofungus and leaves as a promising, safe and effective alternative to synthetic and pharmaceutical dietary supplements, in-vitro studies such as antibacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity for extract of dietary supplements. Nutritional assessment of nutritional attributes as suggested by AOAC method, Phytochemical analysis by standard chemical procedures, Quantitative estimate Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Phenolic, Tannin. In-vitro studies of anti-microbial (well diffusion), anti-oxidant assay (DPPH assay), anti-inflammatory assay (albumin denaturation assay). FTIR analysis for detection of different functional group. The finding suggest that the plant extract have a better nutritional aspect. The extracts for the food supplement showed positive results for anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. More studies has to be concluded in respect to in-vivo tests that will conclude other pharmacological aspect of the food supplements. Reduced concentration of heavy metals and other contaminants will increase the therapeutical potency of the supplement. Stability, hold time study, dose and dosage form must be concluded in respect to achieve maximum efficacy. The herbal dietary supplement tend to better option against chemical based multi-vitamins and dietary supplements. These will enact the general well-being along with other pharmacological activities due to presence of phytochemicals present in the supplement.
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Som, Ayub Md, Norizan Ahmat, Hairul Amani Abdul Hamid, Siti Raihanah Abdul Rahman, Nurul Amirrah Rahimudin, Nur Amira Zainidi, and Adilah Amirah Ayub. "Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity of <i>Hylocereus undatus</i> Foliage: Effects of Using Different Drying and Assays Methods." In 5th International Conference on Global Sustainability and Chemical Engineering 2021 (ICGSCE2021). Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-m2r02u.
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Phytochemical screening was conducted on Hylocereusundatus foliage to determine the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins using methanol and chloroform solvents via oven-dried and open air-dried methods. As for the antioxidant activity, powdered Hylocereusundatus foliage were extracted using both solvents through Ferric Reduction Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay; and the findings were then compared to 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Ipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay from previous studies. Results revealed that for both methods in phytochemical screening, flavonoids were present only in methanol extract; however, saponins were present in both extracts. No alkaloid and tannins were present in both extracts using both methods. Antioxidant activity results revealed that the methanol extract (59.05%) and chloroform extract (20.58%) using the FRAP assay were comparable to that of DPPH assay in which methanol extract (88.81%) and chloroform extract (38.30%) were obtained. It concludes that Hylocereusundatus has comparable phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity based on the different drying and assay methods.
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Marquardt, P., A. Schubert, V. Ahyi, and K. Fester. "Antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Combretum collinum leaves extract." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400133.
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Loseva, Anna, Lyubov Dyshlyuk, Margarita Drozdova, and Irina Milentyeva. "PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE EXTRACT OF THE PLANT AMELANCHIER OVALIS, GROWING ON THE TERRITORY OF THE SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-77.
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Antioxidants from plant raw materials are promising substances for suppressing excess free
radicals formed as a result of oxidative stress and contributing to the development of a number of
diseases. Objective: to study the phytochemical composition of Amelanchier ovalis. Gallic,
chlorogenic, protocatechic acids and their derivatives were found in the dry extract of Amelanchier
ovalis berries.
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Zhussupova, A., Y. Ikhsanov, D. Kasymova, and G. Zhusupova. "Comparative phytochemical study of various extracts from Limonium gmelinii." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399873.
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NASER, Estabraq H., and Haifaa R. ALANSARI. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE SEQUENTIAL EXTRACTION PROCEDURES FOR SECONDARY METABOLITES IN SEEDS OF PORTULACA OLERACEA PLANT BY GC.MS TECHNIQUE." In IV.International Scientific Congress of Pure,Appliedand Technological Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/minarcongress4-30.
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Secondary metabolites referred to as phytochemical compounds that have importance in the recovery of many ailments. In order to identify these compounds and get their benefits, they must be identified and isolated from their parent plant; one of them is Portulaca oleracea that is belongs to portulacaceae family. The seeds are extracted by three different sequential extraction methods including petroleum ether, Ethylacetate, and methanol in way based on gradual increasing solvent polarity. The quantification and identification of the compounds were carried out by gas chromatography mass detection apparatus. The result shown that these seeds contain many secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds. The GC-MS analysis of the seeds extracts showed the presence of many important compunds such as, trans-geranylgeraniol, tetracosanoic acid, trans-farnesol, digitoxin, vitamin E, estrol and cis-6-octadecenoic acid in high percent in addition to little percent distributed between β-sitosterol, gitoxigenin, (+)-α-tocopherol, camphene, hexadecane, δ-elemene, 3- methoxybenzyl alcohol, ecgonine, (-)-myrtenol, cholecalciferol, 9cis-retinal, limonene-6-ol,pivalate, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, humulene, patulin, 1,12tridecadiene, isopropyl linoleate, pentadecane, elaidic acid, ascorbic acid,permethyl-, dodecanedioic acid, carvedilol, heptadecanoic acid, linolenic acid, kampferol-3,4'-dimethyl ether, and scopoletin, it is important to mention that these compounds can be utilized in the treatment of many diseases as single drug. Key words: Digitoxin, Vitamin E, Portulacaceae, GC.MS, Phytochemical Screening.
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Kamble, Swapnil, Ravikiran Humbare, Joyita Sarkar, and Anjali Kulkarni. "Assessment of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Root Extracts of Rubia cordifolia L. in Different Solvent Systems." In The 1st International Electronic Conference on Plant Science. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2020-08625.
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Ferrante, C., G. Orlando, L. A. Recinella, A. Chiavaroli, S. Leone, L. Brunetti, and L. Menghini. "Phytochemical and pharmaco-toxicological characterization on water hemp water extracts." In 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3399720.
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Cunha, Heloíza Rabêlo, Johann Victor Neves de Souza, Ana Luzia Ferreira Farias, Patrick de Castro Cantuária, and Sheylla Susan Moreira da Silva de Almeida. "Obtaining alcoholic extract from leaves from species Sapindus Saponarial. (sapindaceae) for phytochemical analysis." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-020.
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Abstract Phytochemical analysis aims to know the secondary metabolites. According to Simões et. al. (2010), metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that are continuously occurring in each cell, being divided into primary and secondary. Beings and general m have primary metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). Plants, micro-organisms and a few animals also have secondary metabolism (whose products, although not necessarily essential for the producing organism, guarantee advantages for their survival and the perpetuation of their species, in its ecosystem). Such metabolites can trigger reactions in the body, which according to dosage can be toxic or beneficial, which is why there is interest in the study of plant extracts (FRANCO et al., 2021).
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Pantoja, Eduardo Kauê Mota, Matheus Da Silva Sardinha, Ana Luzia Ferreira Farias, Patrick de Castro Canterbury, and Sheylla Susan Moreira da Silva de Almeida. "Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of the Mussaenda alicia plant." In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-038.
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Abstract Studies in the area of natural products have been developed with the biomonitoring of their plant extracts, a fact that improves research on bioactive substances of economic interest. Therefore, there is a demand for scientific studies involving plants with biological activity, so that such practice should be encouraged, forming a promising and effective path for the discovery of new drugs. These new products can bring foreign exchange, besides offering opportunities for job creation along the production chain, not only in the urban area, but, above all, in the rural area, contributing to the deconcentration of income and, therefore, to the internalization of the development of the Amazon (SILVA, 2013).
Reports on the topic "Plant-based phytochemicals and extract"
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Eyal, Yoram, and Sheila McCormick. Molecular Mechanisms of Pollen-Pistil Interactions in Interspecific Crossing Barriers in the Tomato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573076.bard.
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During the evolutionary process of speciation in plants, naturally occurring barriers to reproduction have developed that affect the transfer of genes within and between related species. These barriers can occur at several different levels beginning with pollination-barriers and ending with hybrid-breakdown. The interaction between pollen and pistils presents one of the major barriers to intra- and inter-specific crosses and is the focus of this research project. Our long-term goal in this research proposal was defined to resolve questions on recognition and communication during pollen-pistil interactions in the extended tomato family. In this context, this work was initiated and planned to study the potential involvement of tomato pollen-specific receptor-like kinases (RLK's) in the interaction between pollen and pistils. By special permission from BARD the objectives of this research were extended to include studies on pollen-pistil interactions and pollination barriers in horticultural crops with an emphasis on citrus. Functional characterization of 2 pollen-specific RLK's from tomato was carried out. The data shows that both encode functional kinases that were active as recombinant proteins. One of the kinases was shown to accumulate mainly after pollen germination and to be phosphorylated in-vitro in pollen membranes as well as in-vivo. The presence of style extract resulted in dephosphorylation of the RLK, although no species specificity was observed. This data implies a role for at least one RLK in pollination events following pollen germination. However, a transgenic plant analysis of the RLK's comprising overexpression, dominant-negative and anti-sense constructs failed to provide answers on their role in pollination. While genetic effects on some of the plants were observed in both the Israeli and American labs, no clear functional answers were obtained. An alternative approach to addressing function was pursued by screening for an artificial ligand for the receptor domain using a peptide phage display library. An enriched peptide sequence was obtained and will be used to design a peptide-ligand to be tested for its effect o pollen germination and tube growth. Self-incompatibility (SI) in citrus was studied on 3 varieties of pummelo. SI was observed using fluorescence microscopy in each of the 3 varieties and compatibility relations between varieties was determined. An initial screen for an S-RNase SI mechanism yielded only a cDNA homologous to the group of S-like RNases, suggesting that SI results from an as yet unknown mechanism. 2D gel electrophoresis was applied to compare pollen and style profiles of different compatibility groups. A "polymorphic" protein band from style extracts was observed, isolated and micro-sequenced. Degenerate primers designed based on the peptide sequence date will be used to isolate the relevant genes i order to study their potential involvement in SI. A study on SI in the apple cultivar Top red was initiated. SI was found, as previously shown, to be complete thus requiring a compatible pollinator variety. A new S-RNase allele was discovered fro Top red styles and was found to be highly homologous to pear S-RNases, suggesting that evolution of these genes pre-dated speciation into apples and pears but not to other Rosaceae species. The new allele provides molecular-genetic tools to determine potential pollinators for the variety Top red as well as a tool to break-down SI in this important variety.